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1 war-induced
Военный термин: вызванный войной -
2 war-induced
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3 war-induced
English-Russian dictionary of terms that are used in computer games > war-induced
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4 war induced
adj породжений війною -
5 Kriegsbeschädigtenrente
Kriegsbeschädigtenrente
war disablement pension;
• Kriegsbeschädigter war-disabled, ex-service man;
• Kriegsbeschädigung war disablement;
• Kriegsbesteuerung war[time] taxation;
• Kriegsbeteiligung co-belligerency;
• Kriegsbewirtschaftung wartime control;
• Kriegsdienstverweigerer conscientious objector;
• Kriegseinkommen wartime earnings;
• Kriegsentschädigung war indemnity (-damage compensation), reparation;
• Kriegsereignis event of the war;
• Kriegsfolgen results of war;
• Kriegsfolgeschäden war-induced damage;
• Kriegsgefahr hazards of war;
• Kriegsgefahrklausel war-risk clause;
• Kriegsgewinn war profit, excess profits;
• Kriegsgewinnsteuer express profits duty (Br.), war profits tax (US);
• Kriegshandlung act of war;
• Kriegshausse war boom;
• Kriegsindustrie war[time] industry;
• Kriegsklauseln institute-war (Br.) (war risk) clauses;
• Kriegskonjunktur war boom;
• Kriegskorrespondent war correspondent;
• Kriegslasten war burden;
• Kriegslieferungen war deliveries;
• Kriegsnachwirkungen aftermath of war;
• Kriegsopfer war victim;
• Kriegsproduktion wartime (war, defense, US, defence, Br.) production;
• Kriegsrecht martial (military, sword) law.Business german-english dictionary > Kriegsbeschädigtenrente
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6 вызванный войной
Military: war-induced -
7 Kriegsfolgeschäden
Kriegsfolgeschäden
war-induced damage -
8 luz
f.1 light.apagar la luz to switch off the lightestas farolas dan poca luz these streetlights don't shine very brightly o aren't very brighta la luz de in the light ofa plena luz del día in the full light of dayarrojar luz sobre to shed light ona todas luces whichever way you look at itdar a luz (un niño) to give birth (to a child)dar luz verde to give the green light o the go-aheadsacar a la luz to bring to light2 electricity.cortar la luz to cut off the electricity supplyse ha ido la luz the lights have gone outpagar (el recibo de) la luz to pay the electricity (bill)3 gap.4 luz.5 airway.* * *► nombre femenino (pl luces)1 (gen) light2 familiar (electricidad) electricity3 (iluminación) lighting4 ARQUITECTURA span5 (modelo) torch\a la luz del día in daylighta plena luz del día in broad daylighta todas luces obviously, clearlydar a luz to give birthdar luz verde a to give the green light tosacar a la luz to bring to lightsalir a la luz to come outluces de cruce dipped headlightsluces de posición sidelightsluces cortas dipped headlightsluces de carretera full beamluz del día daylightluz del sol sunlightluces largas full beam* * *noun f.1) light2) electricity3) span•* * *SF1) (=claridad) lightuna casa con mucha luz — a very bright house, a house that gets a lot of light
•
a media luz, la habitación estaba a media luz — the room was in half-darkness•
a primera luz — at first lightaparta de ahí, que me quitas o tapas la luz — get out of the way, you're in my light
estar entre dos luces — * (=borracho) to be mellow, be tipsy
- ver la luz al final del túnelluz del día, se despierta con la luz del día — she wakes up when it gets light o liter at first light
con la luz del día lo veremos de otra manera — we'll see things differently in the cold light of day
luz de (la) luna, a la luz de la luna — by the light of the moon, by moonlight
luz de las velas, a la luz de las velas — by candlelight
brillarluz y sonido, un espectáculo de luz y sonido — a son et lumière show
2) (=lámpara, foco) light•
apagar la luz — to switch o turn o put the light offluces altas — Chile full-beam headlights (Brit), high beams (EEUU)
luces cortas — dipped headlights, low beams (EEUU)
poner las luces cortas o Chile bajas — to dip one's headlights, dim one's headlights (EEUU)
luces de aterrizaje — (Aer) landing lights
luces de balización — (Aer) runway lights
luces de carretera — full-beam headlights (Brit), high beams (EEUU)
poner las luces de carretera — to put one's headlights on full beam o (EEUU) high beam
poner las luces de cruce — to dip one's headlights, dim one's headlights (EEUU)
luces de frenado, luces de freno — brake lights
luces largas — = luces de carretera
luces traseras — rear lights, tail lamps
luz de Bengala — (Mil) flare, star-shell; LAm (=fuego de artificio) sparkler
luz de cortesía — courtesy light; CAm sidelight
luz de situación — sidelight, parking light
luz piloto — sidelight, parking light
luz relámpago — (Fot) flashlight
dar luz verde a un proyecto — to give a project the go-ahead o the green light
recibir luz verde — to get the go-ahead o the green light
traje IIluz vuelta — Méx direction indicator
3) (=suministro de electricidad) electricity¿cuánto has pagado de luz este mes? — how much was your electricity bill this month?
4) (tb: luz pública)ver la luz — [libro, disco] to appear, come out
5) (Med)6) Cono Sur (=ventaja)7) (=aclaración) lightarrojar luz sobre algo — to cast o shed o throw light on sth
8) (Arquit) [de puerta, hueco] span; [de edificio] window, opening; [de puente] spancorto de luces, de pocas luces — dim, stupid
10) ( Hist, Literat)12) And ** dough **, money* * *1)a) ( claridad) lightluces y sombras — (Art) light and shade
entre dos luces — (liter) ( al amanecer) at daybreak (liter); ( al anochecer) at twilight (liter)
sacar algo a la luz — <secreto/escándalo> to bring something to light; < publicación> to bring out
salir a la luz — secreto/escándalo to come to light; publicación to come out
tener pocas luces — (fam) to be dim-witted
ver la luz — (liter) persona to come into the world (liter); publicación to be published ( for the first time)
a todas luces: esto es, a todas luces, una injusticia — whichever way you look at it, this is an injustice
2) (fam) ( electricidad) electricityse fue la luz — ( en una casa) the electricity went off; ( en una zona) there was a power cut
3) ( dispositivo) lightencender or (AmL) prender la luz — to turn on o switch on the light
apagar la luz — to turn off o switch off the light
comerse una or la luz — (Ven fam) to go through a red light
dar luz verde a algo — to give something the green light
4) (Arquit, Ing) span* * *= illumination, light, power, light fitting, light fixture, lighting fixture.Ex. Also if the illumination is uneven, comfort conditions can be impaired.Ex. Examination reveals positions on the cards where the light passes through all the cards in a stack.Ex. This article covers requirements of space, power, environment, security and alarm systems, and data and telecommunications.Ex. During the war, all of the light fittings on the bridge were screened as a blackout measure.Ex. By replacing the five most frequently used light fixtures in your home with energy-saving models, you can save more than $65 each year.Ex. Deuxville's main downtown library was beautifully decorated in rare woods and marbles, bronze lighting fixtures and stained glass.----* a años luz de = light years away from.* a la luz de = in light of, in the light of.* a la luz de la luna = by moonlight, in the moonlight, moonlit.* a la luz de las estrellas = by starlight.* a la luz de las velas = by candlelight, candlelight, candlelit.* a la luz del día = in the light of day.* a la luz de una lámpara de gas = by gaslight.* a la velocidad de la luz = at the speed of light.* año luz = light year.* apagar la luz = turn + the light off.* apagón de luz = electrical power blackout.* a plena luz del día = in broad daylight.* araña de luces = chandelier.* arrojar luz = shed + light (on/upon), shed + understanding.* arrojar luz sobre = throw + light on, cast + light on.* a todas luces = patently.* bombilla de la luz = light bulb.* con poca luz = badly-lit.* contador de la luz = electric meter, electricity meter.* corte de luz = power outage, power failure, outage, disruption in the flow of electricity, power cut.* corto de luces = dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], dim-witted [dimwitted].* dar a luz = birth, deliver.* dar a luz a = give + birth to.* dar luz verde = give + green light, give + the go-ahead.* de pocas luces = dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], dim-witted [dimwitted].* desvanecerse la luz = light + fail.* emisor de luz = light-emitting.* emitir luz = emit + light.* encender la luz = turn + the light on.* enchufe de la luz = light socket.* epilepsia causada por la luz = photosensitive epilepsy.* epilético sensible a la luz = photosensitive epileptic.* exponer a la luz = expose to + light.* exponer a la luz del día = expose to + daylight.* exponer a la luz del sol = expose to + sunlight.* fuente de luz = light source.* hacer que se encienda una luz = activate + light.* haz de luz = beam.* inducido por la luz = light-induced.* LED [diodo emisor de luz] = LED [light-emitting diode].* llenar de luz = flood with + light, brighten up.* luces de emergencia = blackout facilities, hazard lights.* luz + apagarse = light + go out.* luz artificial = artificial light.* luz cálida = warm white light.* luz cegadora = blinding light.* luz de aviso = warning light.* luz débil = glimmer.* luz de emergencia = emergency warning light.* luz de frenado = brake light, stoplamp, stoplight.* luz de freno = brake light, stoplamp, stoplight.* luz de la luna = moonlight.* luz delantera = headlight, headlamp.* luz de las estrellas = starlight.* luz del día = daylight.* luz del sol = sunlight, sunshine.* luz de mesa = table light.* luz de mesita de noche = bedside lamp.* luz descendente = downlight.* luz deslumbradora = glare.* luz embutida = recessed light, recessed downlight, downlight.* luz empotrada = recessed light, recessed downlight, downlight.* luz guía = beacon light.* luz natural = daylight, natural daylight, natural light.* luz piloto = pilot light.* luz posterior = tail light.* luz roja = red light.* luz tenue = glimmer.* luz trasera = tail light.* luz ultravioleta = UV light.* luz verde = green light, go-ahead.* luz y guía = lodestar.* media luz = half-light.* noche de luz de luna = moonlight night.* no expuesto a la luz = unexposed.* no tener pocas luces = as daft as a brush.* plantear a la luz de = discuss + in the light of.* poste de la luz = lamppost, light pole.* punto de luz = power point, electrical outlet, socket outlet, outlet.* rayo de luz = light beam, light ray, ray of light.* reflejar la luz = trap + light.* sacar a la luz = bring to + light, dredge up.* salir a la luz = come to + light, go + live.* sensible a la luz = light-sensitive.* Siglo de las Luces, el = Enlightenment, the, Age of Enlightenment, the.* sin luz de luna = moonless.* tener pocas luces = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, knucklehead.* toma de luz = outlet, power point, socket, socket outlet.* toques de luz = highlights.* un rayo de luz esperanzador = a faint glimmer of light.* velocidad de la luz, la = speed of light, the.* ver la luz = see + the light.* ver la luz al final del túnel = see + the light at the end of the tunnel.* ver la luz del día = see + the light of day.* * *1)a) ( claridad) lightluces y sombras — (Art) light and shade
entre dos luces — (liter) ( al amanecer) at daybreak (liter); ( al anochecer) at twilight (liter)
sacar algo a la luz — <secreto/escándalo> to bring something to light; < publicación> to bring out
salir a la luz — secreto/escándalo to come to light; publicación to come out
tener pocas luces — (fam) to be dim-witted
ver la luz — (liter) persona to come into the world (liter); publicación to be published ( for the first time)
a todas luces: esto es, a todas luces, una injusticia — whichever way you look at it, this is an injustice
2) (fam) ( electricidad) electricityse fue la luz — ( en una casa) the electricity went off; ( en una zona) there was a power cut
3) ( dispositivo) lightencender or (AmL) prender la luz — to turn on o switch on the light
apagar la luz — to turn off o switch off the light
comerse una or la luz — (Ven fam) to go through a red light
dar luz verde a algo — to give something the green light
4) (Arquit, Ing) span* * *= illumination, light, power, light fitting, light fixture, lighting fixture.Ex: Also if the illumination is uneven, comfort conditions can be impaired.
Ex: Examination reveals positions on the cards where the light passes through all the cards in a stack.Ex: This article covers requirements of space, power, environment, security and alarm systems, and data and telecommunications.Ex: During the war, all of the light fittings on the bridge were screened as a blackout measure.Ex: By replacing the five most frequently used light fixtures in your home with energy-saving models, you can save more than $65 each year.Ex: Deuxville's main downtown library was beautifully decorated in rare woods and marbles, bronze lighting fixtures and stained glass.* a años luz de = light years away from.* a la luz de = in light of, in the light of.* a la luz de la luna = by moonlight, in the moonlight, moonlit.* a la luz de las estrellas = by starlight.* a la luz de las velas = by candlelight, candlelight, candlelit.* a la luz del día = in the light of day.* a la luz de una lámpara de gas = by gaslight.* a la velocidad de la luz = at the speed of light.* año luz = light year.* apagar la luz = turn + the light off.* apagón de luz = electrical power blackout.* a plena luz del día = in broad daylight.* araña de luces = chandelier.* arrojar luz = shed + light (on/upon), shed + understanding.* arrojar luz sobre = throw + light on, cast + light on.* a todas luces = patently.* bombilla de la luz = light bulb.* con poca luz = badly-lit.* contador de la luz = electric meter, electricity meter.* corte de luz = power outage, power failure, outage, disruption in the flow of electricity, power cut.* corto de luces = dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], dim-witted [dimwitted].* dar a luz = birth, deliver.* dar a luz a = give + birth to.* dar luz verde = give + green light, give + the go-ahead.* de pocas luces = dim [dimmer -comp., dimmest -sup.], dim-witted [dimwitted].* desvanecerse la luz = light + fail.* emisor de luz = light-emitting.* emitir luz = emit + light.* encender la luz = turn + the light on.* enchufe de la luz = light socket.* epilepsia causada por la luz = photosensitive epilepsy.* epilético sensible a la luz = photosensitive epileptic.* exponer a la luz = expose to + light.* exponer a la luz del día = expose to + daylight.* exponer a la luz del sol = expose to + sunlight.* fuente de luz = light source.* hacer que se encienda una luz = activate + light.* haz de luz = beam.* inducido por la luz = light-induced.* LED [diodo emisor de luz] = LED [light-emitting diode].* llenar de luz = flood with + light, brighten up.* luces de emergencia = blackout facilities, hazard lights.* luz + apagarse = light + go out.* luz artificial = artificial light.* luz cálida = warm white light.* luz cegadora = blinding light.* luz de aviso = warning light.* luz débil = glimmer.* luz de emergencia = emergency warning light.* luz de frenado = brake light, stoplamp, stoplight.* luz de freno = brake light, stoplamp, stoplight.* luz de la luna = moonlight.* luz delantera = headlight, headlamp.* luz de las estrellas = starlight.* luz del día = daylight.* luz del sol = sunlight, sunshine.* luz de mesa = table light.* luz de mesita de noche = bedside lamp.* luz descendente = downlight.* luz deslumbradora = glare.* luz embutida = recessed light, recessed downlight, downlight.* luz empotrada = recessed light, recessed downlight, downlight.* luz guía = beacon light.* luz natural = daylight, natural daylight, natural light.* luz piloto = pilot light.* luz posterior = tail light.* luz roja = red light.* luz tenue = glimmer.* luz trasera = tail light.* luz ultravioleta = UV light.* luz verde = green light, go-ahead.* luz y guía = lodestar.* media luz = half-light.* noche de luz de luna = moonlight night.* no expuesto a la luz = unexposed.* no tener pocas luces = as daft as a brush.* plantear a la luz de = discuss + in the light of.* poste de la luz = lamppost, light pole.* punto de luz = power point, electrical outlet, socket outlet, outlet.* rayo de luz = light beam, light ray, ray of light.* reflejar la luz = trap + light.* sacar a la luz = bring to + light, dredge up.* salir a la luz = come to + light, go + live.* sensible a la luz = light-sensitive.* Siglo de las Luces, el = Enlightenment, the, Age of Enlightenment, the.* sin luz de luna = moonless.* tener pocas luces = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, knucklehead.* toma de luz = outlet, power point, socket, socket outlet.* toques de luz = highlights.* un rayo de luz esperanzador = a faint glimmer of light.* velocidad de la luz, la = speed of light, the.* ver la luz = see + the light.* ver la luz al final del túnel = see + the light at the end of the tunnel.* ver la luz del día = see + the light of day.* * *A1 (claridad) lightla luz del sol the sunlighta las 10 de la noche todavía hay luz it's still light at 10 o'clock at nightla habitación tiene mucha luz it's a very light room, the room gets a lot of lightme está dando la luz en los ojos the light's in my eyesa plena luz del día in broad daylightesta bombilla da muy poca luz this bulb isn't very bright o doesn't give off much lightno leas con tan poca luz don't read in such poor lightla habitación estaba a media luz the room was in semi-darkness/half-lightesta planta necesita mucha luz this plant needs a lot of lightme estás tapando or quitando la luz you're in my light, you're blocking the lightclaro como la luz del día: fue él, eso está claro como la luz del día it was him, that's patently obvious, it was him, it's as plain as daylightbueno ¿te ha quedado claro? — como la luz del día right, is that clear then? — crystal cleardar a luz to give birthdio a luz (a) un precioso bebé she gave birth to a beautiful baby boyentre dos luces ( liter) (al amanecer) at daybreak ( liter), at first light ( liter), at dawn; (al anochecer) at twilight ( liter), at dusksacar algo a la luz ‹secreto/escándalo› to bring sth to light;‹publicación› to bring outsalir a la luz «secreto/escándalo» to come to light;«publicación» to come outel diario salió a la luz en 1951 the newspaper first came out o was first published in 1951el segundo número nunca salió a la luz the second issue never saw the light of day o was never publishedtiene pocas luces he's a bit dim-witted o dim, he's not very brightser una luz ( Arg); to be as bright as a button«publicación» to be published ( for the first time)2(que permite la comprensión): a la luz de los últimos acontecimientos in the light of recent eventsarrojar or echar luz sobre algo to throw o cast o shed light on stha todas luces: esto es, a todas luces, una injusticia whichever way o however o no matter how you look at it, this is an injusticehacérsele la luz a algn: entonces se me hizo la luz then it became clear to meCompuestos:artificial lightwhite lightoverhead lightnatural lightblack lightB ( fam) (electricidad) electricityles cortaron la luz their electricity was cut offel recibo de la luz the electricity billse fue la luz (en la casa) the power went off, the electricity went (off); (en toda la calle, zona) there was a power cutC (dispositivo) lightse ha fundido la luz del cuarto de baño the bathroom light's fused o goneencender or ( AmL) prender la luz to turn on o switch on the lightda la luzor dale a la luz ( Esp); turn on o switch on the lightapagar la luz to turn off o switch off the light¿qué haces todavía con la luz encendida or ( AmL) prendida? what are you doing with the light still on?las luces de la ciudad the city lightsdejó la luz de la mesita encendida he left the table lamp oncruzó con la luz roja she crossed when the lights were redbrillar con luces propias: un discípulo suyo que ya brilla con luces propias a student of his who has now become a great scholar ( o performer etc) in his own right, a student of his who has now become famous in his own rightdar luz verde a algo to give sth the green light o the go-aheadCompuestos:fpl dipped headlights (pl)fpl warning lights (pl)fpl landing lights (pl)fpl parking lights (pl)fpl colored* lights (pl)fpl dipped headlights (pl)fpl clearance lights (pl)fpl navigation lights (pl)fpl runway lightsfpl:pon las luces largas put the headlights on main o full beamA ( Art) light and shadeB (aspectos buenos y malos) the good and the badluces y sombras en el balance del gobierno the good and bad aspects of the government’s performancecourtesy lightcourtesy lightstoplight, brake light ( BrE)( Arg) indicatormercury vapor* lampneon lightsodium vapor* lamppilot lightson et lumièreD ( Taur):siempre había soñado con vestirse de luces he had always dreamed of becoming a bullfightertraje de luces (↑ traje (1))* * *
luz sustantivo femenino
1 ( en general) light;
me da la luz en los ojos the light's in my eyes;
a plena luz del día in broad daylight;
este reflector da mucha luz this spotlight is very bright;
leer con poca luz to read in poor light;
a la luz de los últimos acontecimientos in the light of recent events;
a todas luces: whichever way you look at it;
dar a luz to give birth;
sacar algo a la luz ‹secreto/escándalo› to bring sth to light;
‹ publicación› to bring out;◊ salir a la luz [secreto/escándalo] to come to light;
[ publicación] to come out
2
se fue la luz ( en una casa) the electricity went off;
( en una zona) there was a power cut
encender or (AmL) prender or (Esp) dar la luz to turn on o switch on the light;◊ apagar la luz to turn off o switch off the light;
cruzar con la luz roja to cross when the lights are red;
luces de estacionamiento or (Esp) de situación parking lights (pl) (AmE), sidelights (pl) (BrE);
luces de cruce or cortas or (AmL) bajas dipped headlights (pl);
poner las luces largas or altas to put the headlights on high (AmE) o (BrE) full beam;
luz de frenado stoplight, brake light (BrE);
luz de giro (Arg) indicator
luz sustantivo femenino
1 light
luz natural, sunlight
2 (foco) light: apaga las luces, por favor, put out the lights, please
3 (electricidad) me cortaron la luz, my electricity has been cut off
4 Auto light
luz larga, headlights pl; luces de cruce, dipped headlights
luces de posición, sidelights 5 luces, (entendimiento) intelligence sing; tener pocas luces, to be dim-witted 6 traje de luces, bullfighter's costume
♦ Locuciones: figurado dar a luz, (parir) to give birth to
figurado dar luz verde a, to give the green light to
a la luz de, in the light of
a todas luces, obviously
' luz' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amortiguar
- ancha
- ancho
- año
- apagar
- apagada
- apagado
- aviso
- brillar
- brillo
- buena
- bueno
- cañón
- cegador
- cegadora
- cobrador
- cobradora
- contador
- corta
- cortar
- corto
- dar
- débil
- desconectar
- deslumbrar
- día
- divisar
- domiciliar
- encenderse
- enchufar
- enfocar
- escasa
- escaso
- gasto
- haz
- interruptor
- irradiar
- linterna
- oscilar
- oscuras
- oscuridad
- piloto
- precisa
- preciso
- proyectar
- proyector
- ráfaga
- rayo
- reflector
- reflectora
English:
beam
- birth
- blaze
- blind
- blink
- board
- bright
- brilliance
- brownout
- burn
- candlelight
- cast
- catch
- chink
- come through
- cut out
- dark
- day
- daylight
- deflect
- die
- diffuse
- dim
- disconnect
- dull
- electricity bill
- emit
- exposure
- fade
- flash
- flicker
- fluorescent light
- fuel
- give off
- glare
- glaring
- glimmer
- glow
- glowing
- go off
- go on
- go out
- go-ahead
- infrared
- lay on
- leave on
- light
- light year
- moonlight
- nod
* * *luz nf1. [foco, energía, luminosidad] light;[destello] flash (of light);se veía una luz a lo lejos a light could be seen in the distance;estas farolas dan poca luz these streetlights don't shine very brightly o aren't very bright;esta habitación tiene mucha luz you get a lot of sunlight in this room;ya no hay luz a esas horas it's no longer light at that time of day, the light has gone by that time of day;apagar la luz to switch off the light;la habitación estaba a media luz [con luz natural] it was almost dark in the room;[con luz artificial] the room was dimly lit;ponlo a la luz, que lo veamos mejor hold it up to the light so we can see it better;con las primeras luces [al amanecer] at first light;quitarle la luz a alguien [ponerse en medio] to block sb's light;leer a la luz de una vela to read by the light of a candle;una cena a la luz de las velas a candlelit dinner;Figa la luz de [los hechos, los acontecimientos] in the light of;a plena luz del día in the full light of day;arrojar luz sobre to shed light on;a todas luces whichever way you look at it;dar a luz (un niño) to give birth (to a child);con luz y taquígrafos with absolute transparency;dar luz verde (a) to give the green light o the go-ahead (to);Literario [entre la noche y el día] at first light; Fam Fig [achispado] tipsy;sacar algo a la luz [revelar] to bring sth to light;[publicar] to bring sth out, to publish sth;salir a la luz [descubrirse] to come to light;[publicarse] to come out; RP Famser una luz to be a bright spark;ver la luz [publicación, informe] to see the light of day;[tras penalidades] to see the light at the end of the tunnel luz blanca white light;luz cenital light from above;luz del día daylight;luz de discoteca strobe light;luz eléctrica electric light;luz de luna moonlight;RP luz mala will-o'-the-wisp;luz natural [del sol] natural light;luz de neón neon light;luz del sol sunlight;luz solar sunlight2. [electricidad] electricity;cortar la luz a alguien to cut off sb's electricity supply;se ha ido la luz the lights have gone out;pagar (el recibo de) la luz to pay the electricity (bill)3.luces [de automóvil] lights;darle las luces a alguien to flash (one's lights) at sb;dejarse las luces del coche puestas to leave one's lights onAm luces altas: Am luces bajas Br dipped headlights, US low beams;luces de carretera: [m5] poner las luces de carretera to put one's headlights on Br full o US high beam;luces de frenado brake lights;luces de freno brake lights;luces de gálibo clearance lights;Arg luz de giro Br indicator, US turn signal;luz de marcha atrás reversing light;luces de navegación navigation lights;luces de niebla fog lamps o lights;luces de posición sidelights;luces de señalización traffic lights;luces de situación sidelights;luces de tráfico traffic lights;4.[ancho de ventana] spanluces [inteligencia] intelligence;* * *f light;a la luz del día in daylight;dar la luz turn on the light;arrojar luz sobre algo fig shed light on s.th.;dar a luz give birth to;sacar a la luz fig bring to light;salir a la luz fig come to light;a todas luces evidently, clearly;de pocas luces fig fam dim fam, not very bright* * *1) : light2) : lighting4) : window, opening5) : light, lamp6) : span, spread (between supports)7)a la luz de : in light of8)dar a luz : to give birth9)traje de luces : matador's costume* * *luz n1. (en general) light2. (electricidad) electricity -
9 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
10 policy
n1) политика; политический курс; стратегия; система; ( towards smth) позиция•to abandon policy — отходить / отказываться от политики
to adhere to policy — придерживаться политики; быть верным какой-л. политике
to administer policy — проводить политику; осуществлять политику
to adopt policy — принимать политику, брать на вооружение политический курс
to back down from policy — отказываться от какой-л. политики
to be at odds with policy — противоречить какой-л. политике
to be committed to one's policy — быть приверженным своей политике
to be wary about smb's policy — настороженно относиться к чьему-л. политическому курсу
to break away from smb's policy — отходить от чьей-л. политики
to camouflage one's policy — маскировать свою политику
to carry out / to carry through policy — проводить политику
to champion policy — защищать / отстаивать политику
to conflict with smb's policy — противоречить чьей-л. политике
to coordinate one's policy over smth — координировать свою политику в каком-л. вопросе
to cover up one's policy — маскировать свою политику
to decide policy — определять политику, принимать политические решения
to develop / to devise policy — разрабатывать политику
to dismantle one's policy — отказываться от своей политики
to dissociate oneself from smb's policy — отмежевываться от чьей-л. политики
to dither about one's policy — колебаться при проведении своей политики
to effect a policy of insurance — страховаться; приобретать страховой полис
to embark on / to embrace policy — принимать какой-л. политический курс
to execute / to exercise policy — проводить политику
to follow policy — следовать политике; проводить политику
to harmonize policy — координировать / согласовывать политику
to justify one's policy — оправдывать свою политику
to lay policy before the electorate for approval — излагать политический курс для его одобрения избирателями
to make clear one's policy — разъяснять свою политику
to overturn policy — отвергать политику, отказываться от какой-л. политики
to proclaim one's commitment to policy — публично обязываться проводить какую-л. политику
to propagate policy — пропагандировать / рекламировать политику
to put across smb's policy to smb — доводить свою политику до кого-л.
to railroad through one's policy — протаскивать свою политику
to reappraise one's policy — пересматривать свою политику
to reassess one's policy toward a country — пересматривать свою политику по отношению к какой-л. стране
to reconsider one's policy — пересматривать свою политику
to relax one's policy towards smb — смягчать свою политику по отношению к кому-л.
to rethink one's policy — пересматривать свою политику
to reverse one's policy — изменять свою политику
to shape policy — определять / разрабатывать политику
to spearhead one's policy — направлять острие своей политики
to spell out one's policy in advance — заранее излагать свою политику
to stick to a policy — придерживаться какой-л. политики
to thrash out policy — вырабатывать / обсуждать политику
to tone down one's more controversial policy — ограничивать свои менее популярные политические меры
- active policyto validate policy — поддерживать какую-л. политику / политическую линию
- adventurist policy
- adventuristic policy
- advocacy of policy
- advocate of policy
- aggressive policy
- agrarian policy
- agricultural policy
- alternative policy
- annexationist policy
- anti-inflationary policy
- anti-national policy
- anti-nuclear policy
- anti-recessionary policy
- appropriate policy
- architect of policy
- arms policy
- austere policy
- austerity policy
- autonomous policy
- balanced policy
- banking policy
- bankrupt policy
- basic policy
- beggar-my-neighbor policy
- bellicose policy
- big stick policy
- big-time policy
- bipartisan policy
- blind-eye policy
- bloc policy
- bomb-in-the-basement policy
- breach of policy
- bridge-building policy
- brinkmanship policy
- brink-of-war policy
- broad-brush policy
- budget policy
- cadres policy
- carrot and stick policy
- cautious policy
- centrist policy
- champion of policy
- change in policy
- change of emphasis in policy
- change of policy
- circumspect policy
- class policy
- clean-air policy
- closed-door trade policy
- coherent policy
- cold war policy
- colonial policy
- colonialist policy
- commercial policy
- commitment to policy of nonintervention
- common policy
- comprehensive national science and technology policy
- comprehensive set of policy
- concerted policy
- conduct of policy
- confrontation policy
- consistent policy
- containment policy
- continuity in policy
- continuity of policy
- continuity with smb's policy
- controversial policy
- coordinated policy
- cornerstone of policy
- counterproductive policy
- country's fundamental policy
- credible policy
- credit card policy
- credit policy
- crumbling policy
- cultural policy
- current policy
- damaging policy
- defeatist policy
- defense policy
- deflationary policy
- demilitarization policy
- democratic policy
- departure in policy
- destabilization policy
- deterrent policy
- development policy
- diametrically opposed policy
- dilatory policy
- diplomatic policy
- disarmament policy
- discretionary policy
- discriminatory policy
- disinflation policy
- distortion of policy
- divide-and-rule policy
- domestic policy
- dynamic policy
- economic and commercial policy
- economic policy
- embargo policy
- emigration policy
- emission policy
- employment policy
- energy policy
- environmental policy
- erroneous policy
- European policy
- even-handed policy
- expansionary policy
- expansionist policy
- experience of policy
- extreme right-wing policy
- fair policy
- farm policy
- far-reaching policy
- far-sighted policy
- federal policy
- financial policy
- firm policy
- fiscal policy
- flexible policy
- for reasons of policy
- foreign aid policy
- foreign policy
- foreign trade policy
- foreign-economic policy
- formation of foreign policy
- formulation of policy
- forward-looking policy
- framework for policy
- free trade policy
- general policy
- generous policy
- give-and-take policy
- global policy
- godfather to policy
- good neighbor policy
- government policy
- government's policy
- great-power policy
- green policy
- gunboat policy
- hands-off policy
- hard-line policy
- harmful policy
- harmonized policy
- health policy
- hegemonic policy
- high-risk policy
- home policy
- ill-thought-out policy
- imperial policy
- imperialist policy
- import policy
- import substitution policy
- in line with policy
- in the field of foreign policy
- inadmissibility of policy
- independent line of policy
- independent policy
- industrial policy
- inflationary policy
- inhuman policy
- instigatory policy
- insurance policy
- internal policy
- international policy
- internment policy
- interventionist policy
- intolerableness of policy
- investment policy
- iron-fist policy
- irreversible policy
- it's against our policy
- kid-glove policy
- labor mediation policy
- laissez-faire policy
- land policy
- language policy
- leash-loosening policy
- left-wing policy
- lending policy
- liberal policy
- liberalization of policy
- liberalized policy
- line of policy
- long-range policy
- long-term policy
- lunatic policy
- main plank of smb's policy
- major changes to policy
- manifestation of policy
- maritime policy
- marketing policy
- massive condemnation of smb's policy
- militaristic policy
- misconduct of policy
- mobile policy
- moderate policy
- monetarist policy
- monetary policy
- much-heralded policy
- mushy policy
- national policy
- nationalistic policy
- nationalities policy
- native policy
- nativist policy
- neo-colonialist policy
- NEP
- neutral policy
- neutrality policy
- New Economic Policy
- news policy
- nonaligned policy
- nonalignment policy
- noninterference policy
- nonintervention policy
- nonnuclear policy
- nuclear defense policy
- nuclear deterrent policy
- nuclear policy
- nuclear-free policy
- obstructionist policy
- official policy
- official trade policy
- oil policy
- old faces can't make new policy
- one-child-family policy
- one-sided policy
- open-door policy
- openly pursued policy
- opportunistic policy
- optimal policy
- ostrich policy
- ostrich-like policy
- outward-looking policy
- overall policy
- overtly racist policy
- parliamentary policy
- party policy
- passive policy
- pay-curb policy
- peace policy
- peaceful policy
- peace-loving policy
- personnel policy
- plunderous policy
- policy from positions of strength
- policy from strength
- policy in science and technology
- policy is bearing fruit
- policy is constitutional
- policy of a newspaper
- policy of aid
- policy of alliances
- policy of amicable cooperation with smb
- policy of appeasement
- policy of belt-tightening
- policy of capitulation
- policy of compromise
- policy of conciliation
- policy of confrontation
- policy of connivance
- policy of containment
- policy of cooperation
- policy of democracy and social progress
- policy of détente
- policy of deterrence
- policy of dictate
- policy of discrimination
- policy of economic blockade and sanctions
- policy of economy
- policy of elimination
- policy of expansion and annexation
- policy of fiscal rigor
- policy of freedom of expression
- policy of friendship
- policy of genocide
- policy of good-neighborliness
- policy of goodwill
- policy of inaction
- policy of intervention
- policy of intimidation
- policy of isolation
- policy of militarism
- policy of militarization
- policy of military confrontation
- policy of military force
- policy of national reconciliation
- policy of neutrality
- policy of nonalignment
- policy of noninterference
- policy of nonintervention
- policy of nonviolence
- policy of obstruction
- policy of openness
- policy of pacification
- policy of peace
- policy of peaceful co-existence
- policy of plunder
- policy of protectionism
- policy of racial segregation and discrimination
- policy of reconciliation
- policy of reform
- policy of reforms
- policy of regulating prices
- policy of renewal
- policy of restraint
- policy of revanche
- policy of revenge
- policy of subjugation
- policy of violence
- policy of wage restraint
- policy of war
- policy towards a country
- policy vis-à-vis a country
- policy with regard to a country
- policy won out
- political policy
- population policy
- position-of-strength policy
- practical policy
- predatory policy
- price control policy
- price-formation policy
- price-pricing policy
- pricing policy
- principled policy
- progressive policy
- proponent of policy
- protagonist of policy
- protectionist policy
- pro-war policy
- pro-Western policy
- public policy
- push-and-drag policy
- racial policy
- racist policy
- radical policy
- rapacious policy
- reactionary policy
- realistic policy
- reappraisal of policy
- reassessment of policy
- recession-induced policy
- reevaluation of policy
- reexamination of policy
- reform policy
- reformist policy
- regional policy
- renewal of policy
- re-orientation of policy
- repressive policy
- resettlement policy
- rethink of policy
- retrograde policy
- revanchist policy - revisionist policy
- rigid economic policy
- robust foreign policy
- ruinous policy
- safe policy
- sanctions policy
- scientifically substantiated policy
- scorched-earth policy
- selfless policy
- separatist policy - short-sighted policy
- single-child policy
- social policy
- socio-economic policy
- sound policy
- splitting policy
- state policy
- state remuneration of labor policy
- stated policy
- staunch policy
- sterile policy
- stick-and-carrot policy
- stringent policy
- strong policy
- structural policy
- suitable policy
- sustained policy
- sweeping review of policy
- switch in policy
- tariff policy
- tax policy
- taxation policy
- technological policy
- tight policy
- tightening of policy
- time-serving policy
- tough policy
- toughening of policy
- trade policy
- trade-unionist policy
- traditional policy
- treacherous policy
- turn in policy
- turning point in policy
- unified policy
- united policy
- unsophisticated policy
- U-turn in policy
- viability of policy
- vigorous policy
- vote-losing policy
- wage policy
- wage-freeze policy
- wages policy
- wait-and-see policy
- war-economy policy
- wealth-creating policy
- whip-and-carrot policy
- wise policy
- world policy
- zigzags in policy -
11 weapon
оружие; система оружия; боевое [огневое] средство; боеприпас; средство поражения; АБ; pl. вооружение, боевая техника; оснащать оружием, вооружать; см. тж. cannon, gun, missile, systemdepressed trajectory (capability) weapon — орудие для настильной стрельбы; боеприпас с пологой траекторией (подхода к цели)
enhanced (penetrating) radiation weapon — оружие с повышенным уровнем [выходом] начальной [проникающей] радиации
ethnic (group selection) weapon — этническое оружие, поражающее отдельные группы населения
neutral (charge) beam weapon — пучковое оружие; оружие, поражающее узконаправленным потоком нейтральных частиц
reduced blast and heat (nuclear) weapon — ЯО с пониженным действием ударной волны и теплового [светового] излучения
— acoustic wave weapon— aerial warfare weapon— antiarmor-capable weapon— dirty nuclear weapon— fission -type weapon— flame-blast weapon— fusion-type weapon— genetic weapon— high-yield nuclear weapon— howitzer-type weapon— limited-yield nuclear weapon— loader's station weapon— low-yield nuclear weapon— medium-yield nuclear weapon— nominal nuclear weapon— optimum-yield nuclear weapon— point-target weapon— recoil-energy operated weapon— rifled-bore weapon— satellite-borne weapon— second-strike retaliatory weapon— supporting weapon— vehicle-mounted weapon -
12 muovere
1. v/t move2. v/i partire move off (da from)muovere incontro a qualcuno move towards s.o.* * *muovere v.tr.1 to move (anche fig.): muovere la testa, to move one's head; l'acqua muove la ruota del mulino, the water drives (o moves) the millwheel; questa leva muove l'intero congegno, this lever moves the whole mechanism; non muovetelo finché non arriva il dottore, don't move him until the doctor comes; muovere una pedina, to move a piece; il cane muoveva la coda, the dog wagged its tail; chi ha mosso i miei libri?, who shifted my books?; il vento muoveva le foglie, the wind was stirring the leaves; muovere il fuoco, to poke the fire; muovere un passo, to make (o to take) a step; muovere i primi passi, (anche fig.) to take one's first steps; non muoverebbe un dito per aiutarmi, he wouldn't lift a finger to help me // (mil.): muovere il campo, to break camp; muovere le truppe, to move troops // (Borsa) muovere la posizione, to substitute one's securities portfolio2 ( sollevare) to raise, to bring* up: muovere guerra contro un paese, to wage war on a country; muovere critiche, to criticize; muovere difficoltà, to raise (o to make) difficulties; muovere un dubbio, to raise a doubt; muovere rimproveri a qlcu., to scold (o to reproach) s.o. // (dir.): muovere causa a qlcu., to sue s.o.; muovere un'accusa a qlcu., to indict s.o. (o to bring a charge against s.o.)3 ( indurre) to move, to induce, to prompt: che cosa lo mosse a farlo?, what moved (o induced) him to do it?; muovere qlcu. al pianto, al riso, alla pietà, to move s.o. to tears, to laughter, to pity; è mosso solo da interessi personali, he is only acting out of personal interest◆ v. intr. to move: la strada muove dal paese, the road starts from the village; muovere alla volta di un luogo, to set off (o out) for a place; muovere in direzione di, to move in the direction of; muovere verso, to move towards.◘ muoversi v.rifl. o intr.pron.1 to move; to stir: non riusciva a muovere a causa di un forte dolore, she couldn't move because of a severe pain; ho proprio voglia di muovermi, I really want to stretch my legs; nessuno si mosse quando entrai, nobody stirred when I went in; nessuno si mosse in suo aiuto, (fig.) nobody moved to help him; non mi muoverò da qui, I shan't move from here; non mi sono mosso da casa, I haven't set foot outside the house; quel bambino non fa che muovere, that child is never still (o is always on the go); non posso muovermi perché aspetto una telefonata, I can't move because I'm waiting for a phonecall // se non ti muovi perderai il treno, if you don't hurry up you'll miss the train; muoviti!, hurry up! (o fam. get a move on!); ti muovi?, are you coming? // eppur si muove!, but it does move!2 (fig.) ( commuoversi) to be moved: si mosse a compassione del cane e se lo portò a casa, he was moved by pity at the sight of the dog and he brought it home.* * *1. ['mwɔvere]vb irreg vt1) (gen) to move, (macchina, ruota) to drivemuovere i primi passi — to take one's first steps, fig to be starting out
non muove un passo senza interpellare la moglie fig — he never does anything without asking his wife
2)(
fig : sollevare) muovere un'accusa a o contro qn — to make an accusation against sbmuovere guerra a o contro qn — to wage war against sb
3)muovere a compassione — to move to pity4) Scacchi to move1) (gen) to movemuovere verso; muovere in direzione di — to move towards
2)muovere da — to derive fromle sue osservazioni muovono da una premessa errata — his comments are based on a mistaken o wrong assumption
3. vr (muoversi)1) to move2) (sbrigarsi) to hurry up, get a move onmuoviti, o perdiamo il treno! — hurry up, or we'll miss the train!
muoviti, cammina! — hurry up and get moving!
4. vip (muoversi)1)muoversi a compassione o pietà — to be moved to pity2) (essere in movimento) to move* * *['mwɔvere] 1.verbo transitivo1) (mettere in movimento) to move [braccio, gamba, testa, meccanismo]2) (spostare) to move [tavolo, sedia, cursore]; to move, to advance [ pedina]3) fig.muovere qcn. a compassione, al pianto — to move sb. to pity, tears
2.muovere un'obiezione contro qcn. — to object to sb
verbo intransitivo (aus. essere, avere)1) (avanzare)muovere incontro a qcn. — to go to meet sb
2) fig. (derivare)3.il tuo discorso muove da... — your speech is based on
verbo pronominale muoversi1) to movenon muoverti, arrivo! — don't move, I'm coming!
2) fig. (sbrigarsi)su, muoviti! — go on! get moving!
3) fig. (adoperarsi)nessuno si mosse per aiutarmi — nobody made a move o intervened to help me
4) fig. (cavarsela)5) fig. (recedere)••* * *muovere/'mwɔvere/ [62]1 (mettere in movimento) to move [braccio, gamba, testa, meccanismo]2 (spostare) to move [tavolo, sedia, cursore]; to move, to advance [ pedina]; il vento muove le foglie the breeze stirs the leaves3 fig. muovere qcn. a compassione, al pianto to move sb. to pity, tears; muovere al riso to provoke laughter(aus. essere, avere)1 (avanzare) muovere incontro a qcn. to go to meet sb.III muoversi verbo pronominale1 to move; non muoverti, arrivo! don't move, I'm coming! non si muove più di casa he doesn't go out any more2 fig. (sbrigarsi) muoviti! siamo in ritardo get a move on! we're late! su, muoviti! go on! get moving!4 fig. (cavarsela) - rsi bene in un luogo to be well acquainted with a place; non sa come -rsi in società he's got no social skills -
13 दुर् _dur
दुर् ind. (A prefix substituted for दुस् before words beginning with vowels or soft consonants in the sense of 'bad'. 'hard' or 'difficult to do a certain thing'; for compounds with दुस् as first member see दुस् s. v.).-Comp. -अक्ष a.1 weak-eyed.-2 evileyed.(-क्षः) 1 a loaded or false die.-2 dishonest gambling.-अक्षरम् an evil word; श्रुतिं ममाविश्य भवद्दुरक्षरं सृजत्यदः कीटकवदुत्कटा रुजः N.9.63.-अतिक्रम a. difficult to be overcome or conquered, unconquerable; सर्वं तु तपसा साध्यं तपो हि दुरति- क्रमम् Ms.11.2.38; स्वभावो दुरतिक्रमः 'nature cannot be changed'; स्वजातिर्दुरतिक्रमा Pt.1.-2 insurmountable, impassable; B. R.6.18-19.-3 inevitable. (-मः) an epithet of Viṣṇu.-अत्यय a.1 difficult to be overcome; स्वर्गमार्गपरिघो दुरत्ययः R.11.88.-2 hard to be attained or fathomed; स एष आत्मा स्वपरेत्यबुद्धिभिर्दुरत्यया- नुक्रमणो निरूप्यते Bhāg.7.5.13.-अदृष्टम् ill-luck, misfortune.-अधिग, -अधिगम a.1 hard to reach or attain, unattainable; Bhāg.3.23.8; दुरधिगमः परभागो यावत्पुरुषेण पौरुषं न कृतम् Pt.1.33.-2 insurmountable.-3 hard to be studied or understood; इह दुरधिगमैः किञ्चि- देवागमैः Ki.5.18.-अधिष्ठित a. badly performed, managed, or executed. (-तम्) improper stay at a place.-अधीत a. badly learnt or read.-अध्यय a.1 difficult of attainment; सहस्रवर्त्मा चपलैर्दुरध्ययः Śi.12.11.-2 hard to be studied.-अध्यवसायः a foolish undertaking.-अध्वः a bad road; स्वयं दुरध्वार्णवनाविकाः कथं स्पृशन्तु विज्ञाय हृदापि तादृशीम् N.9.33.-अन्त a.1 whose end is difficult to be reached, endless, infinite; संकर्षणाय सूक्ष्माय दुरन्तायान्तकाय च Bhāg.-2 ending ill or in misery, unhappy; अहो दुरन्ता बलवद्विरोधिता Ki.1.23; नृत्यति युवति- जनेन समं सखि विरहिजनस्य दुरन्ते (वसन्ते) Gīt.1; इयमुदरदरी- दुरन्तधारा यदि न भवेदभिमानभङ्गभूमिः Udb.-3 hard to be understood or known.-4 insurmountable.-अन्तक a. = दुरन्त q. v. (-कः) an epithet of Śiva.-अन्वय a.1 difficult to be passed along; Mb.14.51.17.-2 hard to be carried out or followed.-3 difficult to be attained. or understood; बुद्धिश्च ते महाप्राज्ञ देवैरपि दुरन्वया Rām.3. 66.18.-4 not suitable, improper; वचो दुरन्वयं विप्रास्तूष्णी- मासन्भ्रमद्धियः Bhāg.1.84.14.(-यः) 1 a wrong conclusion, one wrongly inferred from given premisses.-2 (in gram.) a false agreement.-अपवादः ill report. slander.-अभिग्रह a. difficult to be caught.-अभि- मानिन् a. vain-glorious, disagreeably proud.- अवगम a. incomprehensible; Bhāg.5.13.26.-अवग्रह a.1 difficult to be restrained or subjugated; भक्ता भजस्व दुरवग्रह मा त्यजास्मान् Bhāg.1.29.31.-2 disagreeable.-अवग्राह a. difficult to be attained; Bhāg.7.1.19.-अवच्छद a. difficult to be hidden; हेतुभिर्लक्षयांचक्रुराप्रीतां दुरवच्छदैः Bhāg.1.62.28.-अवबोध a. unintelligible. Bhāg.1.49.29.-अवसित a. unfathomed, difficult to be ascertained, द्युपतिभिरजशक्रशंकराद्यैर्दुरवसितस्तवमच्युतं नतो$स्मि Bhāg.12.12.67.-अवस्थ a. ill off, badly or poorly circumstanced.-अवस्था, -स्थानम् a wretched or miser- able state; Bhāg.5.3.12.-अवाप a. difficult to be gained or fulfilled; Ś.1.-अवेक्षितम् an improper look.-अह्नः a bad day.-आकृति a. ugly, mis-shaped.-आक्रन्द a. crying bitterly or miserably; किं क्रन्दसि दुराक्रन्द स्वपक्ष- क्षयकारक Pt.4.29.-आक्रम a.1 invincible, unconquer- able.-2 difficult to be passed.-आक्रमणम् 1 unfair attack.-2 difficult approach.-आगमः improper or illegal acquisition.-आग्रहः foolish obstinacy, head- strongness, pertinacity; ममाहमित्यूढदुराग्रहाणां पुंसाम् Bhāg.3. 5.43.- आचर a.1 hard to be performed.-2 incurable (as a disease).-आचार a.1 ill-conducted, badly be- haved.-2 following bad practices, wicked, depraved; अपि चेत्सुदुराचारो भजते मामनन्यभाक् Bg.9.3. (-रः) bad practice, ill-conduct, wikedness.-आढ्य a. not rich, poor.-आत्मता vileness, baseness, wickedness.-आत्मन् a. evil-natured, low, wicked, vile, base, mean; ये च प्राहुर्दुरात्मानो दुराराध्या महीभुजः Pt.1.39. (-m.) a rascal, villain, scoundrel.- आधर a. difficult to be withstood or overpowered, irresistible.-आधर्ष a. hard to be approached or assailed, unassailable जगन्नाथो दुराधर्षो गङ्गां भागीरथीं प्रति Mb.-2 not to be attacked with impu- nity.-3 haughty. (-र्षः) white mustard.-आधारः an epithet of Śiva.-आधिः (m.)1 distress or anxiety of mind; निरस्तनारीसमया दुराधयः Ki.1.28.-2 indignation.-आधी a. Ved. malignant, thinking ill of.- आनम a. difficult to bend or draw; स विचिन्त्य धनुर्दुरानमम् R.11.38.-आप a.1 difficult to be obtained; श्रिया दुरापः कथमीप्सितो भवेत् Ś.3.13; R.1.72;6.62.-2 difficult to be ap- proached; Pt.1.67.-3 hard to be overcome.-आपादन a. difficult to be brought about; किं दुरापादनं तेषाम् Bhāg.3.23.42.-आपूर a. difficult to be filled or satisfied; Bhāg.7.6.8.-आबाध a. hard to be molested. (-धः) N. of Śiva.-आमोदः bad scent, stench; शवधूमदुरामोदः शालिभक्ते$त्र विद्यते Ks.82.22.-आराध्य a. difficult to be propitiated, hard to be won over or conciliated; दुराराध्याः श्रियो राज्ञां दुरापा दुष्परिग्रहाः Pt.1.38.-आरुह a. difficult to be mounted.(-हः) 1 the Bilva tree.-2 the cocoanut tree.-3 the date tree.-आरोप a. difficult to be strung (bow); दुरारोपमैन्दुशेखरं धनुर्दुर्निवारा रावणभुजदण्डाः B. R.1.46-47.-आरोह a. difficult of ascent.(-हः) 1 The cocoanut tree.-2 the palm tree.-3 the date tree.-आलापः 1 a curse, imprecation.-2 foul of abusive language.-आलोक a.1 difficult to be seen or perceived.-2 painfully bright, dazzling; दुरालोकः स समरे निदाघाम्बररत्नवत् K. P.1. (-कः) dazzling splendour.-आव(वा)र a.1 difficult to be covered or filled up; दुरावरं त्वदन्येन राज्यखण्डमिदं महत् Rām.2.15.5.-2 difficult to be restrained, shut in, kept back or stopped.-आवर्त a. difficult to be convinced or set up; भवन्ति सुदुरावर्ता हेतुमन्तो$पि पण्डिताः Mb.12.19.23.- आशय a.1 evil-minded, wicked, malicious, स्फुटनिर्भिन्नो दुराशयो$धमः Śi. उपेयिवान् मूलमशेषमूलं दुराशयः कामदुघाङ्घ्रिपस्य Bhāg.3.21.15.-2 having a bad place or rest. (-m.) the subtle body which is not destroyed by death (लिङ्गदेह); एतन्मे जन्म लोके$स्मिन्मुमुक्षूणां दुराशयात् Bhāg.3.24. 36.-आशा 1 a bad or wicked desire.-2 hoping against hope.-आस a. difficult to be abided or associated with; संघर्षिणा सह गुणाभ्यधिकैर्दुरासम् Śi.5.19.- आसद a.1 difficult to be approached or overtaken; स सभूव दुरासदः परैः R.3.66; 8.4; Mv.2.5; 4.15.-2 difficult to be found or met with.-3 unequalled, unparalleled.-4 hard to be borne, insupportable.-5 difficult to be conquered, unassailable, unconquerable; जहि शत्रुं महाबाहो कामरूपं दुरासदम् Bg.3.43. (-दः) an epithet of Śiva.-इत a.1 difficult.-2 sinful.(-तम्) 1 a bad course, evil, sin; दरिद्राणां दैन्यं दुरितमथ दुर्वासनहृदां द्रुतं दूरीकुर्वन् G. L.2; R.8.2; Amaru.2; Mv.3.43.-2 a difficulty, danger.-3 a calamity, evil; अपत्ये यत्तादृग्- दुरितमभवत् U.4.3.-इतिः f. Ved.1 a bad course.-2 difficulty.-इष्टम् 1 a curse, imprecation.-2 a spell or sacrificial rite performed to injure another person.-ईशः a bad lord or master.-ईषणा, -एषणा 1 a curse, an imprecation.-2 an evil eye.-उक्त a. harshly utter- ed; Pt.1.89.-उक्तम्, -उक्तिः f. offensive speech, reproach, abuse, censure; लक्ष्मि क्षमस्व वचनीयमिदं दुरुक्तम् Udb.-उच्छेद a. difficult to be destroyed.-उत्तर a.1 unanswerable.-2 difficult to be crossed; दुरुत्तरे पङ्क इवान्धकारे Bk.11.2; प्राप्तः पङ्को दुरुत्तरः Ki.15.17.- उदय a. appearing with difficulty, not easily manifested; यो$ नात्मनां दुरुदयो भगवान्प्रतीतः Bhāg.3.16.5.-उदर्क a. having bad or no consequences; N.5.41.-उदाहर a. diffi- cult to be pronounced or composed; अनुज्झितार्थसंबन्धः प्रबन्धो दुरुदाहरः Śi.2.73.-उद्वह a. burdensome, unbear- able.- उपसद a. difficult of approach; Ki.7.9.-उपसर्पिन् a. approaching incautiously; एकमेव दहत्यग्निर्नरं दुरुपसर्पिणम् Ms.7.9.-ऊह a. abstruse; जानीते जयदेव एव शरणः श्लाघ्ये दुरूहद्रुते Gīt.-एव a. Ved.1 having evil ways.-2 irresis- tible, unassailable. (-वः) a wicked person.-ओषस् a. Ved. slow, lazy.- ग 1 difficult of access, inaccessible, impervious, impassable; दुर्गस्त्वेष महापन्थाः Mb.12.3. 5; दुर्गं पथस्तत्कवयो वदन्ति Kaṭh.1.3.14.-2 unattain- able.-3 incomprehensible.-4 following wicked path, vicious; Rām.2.39.22.(-गः, -गम्) 1 a difficult or narrow passage through a wood or over a stream, mountain &c., a defile, narrow pass.-2 a citadel. fortress, castle; न दुर्गं दुर्गमित्येव दुर्गमं मन्यते जनः । तस्य दुर्गमता सैव यत्प्रभुस्तस्य दुर्गमः ॥ Śiva. B.16.61.-3 rough ground.-4 difficulty, adversity, calamity, distress, danger; निस्तारयतिं दुर्गाच्च Ms.3.98;11.43; मच्चित्तः सर्व- दुर्गाणि मत्प्रसादात्तरिष्यसि; Bg.18.58.(-गः) 1 bdellium.-2 the Supreme Being.-3 N. of an Asura slain by Durgā (thus receiving her name from him). ˚अध्यक्षः, ˚पतिः, ˚पालः the commandant or governor of a castle. ˚अन्तः The suburb of a fort; दुर्गान्ते सिद्धतापसाः Kau. A. 1.12. ˚कर्मन् n. fortification. ˚कारक a. making difficult. (-कः) the birch tree. ˚घ्नी N. of Durgā. ˚तरणी an epithet of Sāvitrī. सावित्री दुर्गतरणी वीणा सप्तविधा तथा Mb. ˚मार्गः a defile, gorge. ˚लङ्घनम् surmounting difficu- lties. (-नः) a camel. ˚संचरः1 a difficult passage as to a fort &c., a bridge &c. over a defile. ˚संस्कारः Repairs to the old forts; अतो दुर्गसंस्कार आरब्धव्ये किं कौमुदीमहोत्सवेन Mu. ˚सिंहः N. of the author of कलापपरिशिष्ट. ˚व्यसनम् a defect or weak point in a fortress. (-र्गा) an epithet of Pārvatī, wife of Śiva.-2 the female cuckoo-3 N. of several plants. ˚नवमी the 9th day of the bright half of कार्तिक. ˚पूजा the chief festival in honour of दुर्गा in Bengal in the month of Āśvina.-गत a.1 unfortunate, in bad circumstances; समाश्वसिमि केनाहं कथं प्राणिमि दुर्गतः Bk.18.1.-2 indigent, poor.-3 distressed, in trouble.-गतता ill-luck, poverty, misery; तावज्जन्मातिदुःखाय ततो दुर्गतता सदा Pt.1.265.-गतिः f.1 misfortune, poverty, want, trouble, indigence; न हि कल्याणकृत्कश्चिद् दुर्गतिं तात गच्छति Bg.6.4.-2 a difficult situation or path.-3 hell.-गन्ध a. ill-smelling.(-न्धः) 1 bad odour, stink-2 any ill-smelling substance.-3 an onion.-4 the mango tree. (-न्धम्) sochal salt.-गन्धि, -गन्धिन् a. ill-smelling.-गम a.1 impassable, inaccessible, impervious; कामिनीकायकान्तारे कुचपर्वतदुर्गमे Bh.1.86; Śi. 12.49.-2 unattainable, difficult of attainment.-3 hard to be understood. (-मम्) a difficult place like hill etc; भ्राम्यन्ते दुर्गमेष्वपि Pt.5.81.-गाढ, -गाध, -गाह्य a. difficult to be fathomed or investigated, unfathomable.-गुणितम् not properly studied; चिराम्यस्तपथं याति शास्त्रं दुर्गुणितं यथा Avimārakam.2.4.-गोष्ठी evil association; conspiracy. वृद्धो रक्कः कम्पनेशो दुर्गोष्ठीमध्यगो$भवत् Rāj. T.6. 17.-ग्रह a.1 difficult to be gained or accomplished.-2 difficult to be conquered or subjugated; दुर्गाणि दुर्ग्रहाण्यासन् तस्य रोद्धुरपि द्विषाम् R.17.52.-3 hard to be understood.(-हः) 1 a cramp, spasm.-2 obstinacy.-3 whim, monomania; कथं न वा दुर्ग्रहदोष एष ते हितेन सम्य- ग्गुरुणापि शम्यते N.9.41.-घट a.1 difficult. कार्याणि घटयन्नासीद् दुर्घटान्यपि हेलया Rāj. T.4.364.-2 impossible.-घण a.1 closely packed together, very compact.-घुरुटः An unbeliever; L. D. B.-घोषः 1 a harsh cry.-2 a bear.-जन a.1 wicked, bad, vile.-2 slanderous, malicious, mischievous; यथा स्त्रीणां तथा वाचां साधुत्वे दुर्जनो जनः U.1.6. (-नः) a bad or wicked person, a malicious or mischievous man, villain; दुर्जनः प्रियवादी च नैतद्विश्वास- कारणम् Chāṇ.24,25; शाम्येत्प्रत्यपकारेण नोपकारेण दुर्जनः Ku.2.4. (दुर्जनायते Den. Ā. to become wicked; स्वजनो$पि दरिद्राणां तत्क्षणाद् दुर्जनायते Pt.1.5.). (दुर्जनीकृ [च्वि] to make blameworthy; दुर्जनीकृतास्मि अनेन मां चित्रगतां दर्शयता Nāg.2).-जय a. invincible. (-यः) N. of Viṣṇu.-जर a.1 ever youthful; तस्मिन्स्तनं दुर्जरवीर्यमुल्बणं घोराङ्कमादाय शिशोर्दधावथ Bhāg.1.6.1.-2 hard (as food), indigestible.-3 difficult to be enjoyed; राजश्रीर्दुर्जरा तस्य नवत्वे भूभुजो$भवत् Rāj. T.5.19.-जात a.1 unhappy, wretched.-2 bad-tempered, bad, wicked; Rāj. T.3. 142.-3 false, not genuine. ˚जीयिन् a. one who is born in vain; यो न यातयते वैरमल्पसत्त्वोद्यमः पुमान् । अफलं जन्म तस्याहं मन्ये दुर्जातजायिनः ॥ Mb.(-तम्) 1 a misfortune, calamity, difficulty; त्वं तावद् दुर्जाते मे$त्यन्तसाहाय्यकारिणी भव M.3; दुर्जातबन्धुः R.13.72. 'a friend in need or adversity.'-2 impropriety.-जाति a.1 bad natured, vile, wicked; रुदितशरणा दुर्जातीनां सहस्व रुषां फलम् Amaru.96.-2 out- cast. (-तिः f.) misfortune, ill condition.-ज्ञान, -ज्ञेय a. difficult to be known, incomprehensible. उच्चावचेषु भुतेषु दुर्ज्ञेयामकृतात्मभिः Ms.6.73. (-यः) N. of Śiva.-णयः, -नयः, -नीतिः 1 bad conduct.-2 impropriety-3 in- justice.-णामन्, -नामन् a. having a bad name.-णीत a.1 ill-behaved.-2 impolitic.-3 forward. (-तम्) miscon- duct; दुर्णीतं किमिहास्ति किं सुचरितं कः स्थानलाभे गुणः H.-दम, -दमन, -दम्य a. difficult to be subdued, untamable, indomitable.-दर्श a.1 difficult to be seen.-2 dazzling; सुदुर्दर्शमिदं रूपं दृष्टवानसि यन्मन Bg.11.52.-दर्शन a. ugly, ill-looking; दुर्दर्शनेन घटतामियमप्यनेन Māl.2.8.-दशा a misfortune, calamity.-दान्त a.1 hard to be tamed or subdued, untamable; Śi.12.22.-2 intractable, proud, insolent; दुर्दान्तानां दमनविधयः क्षत्रियेष्वायतन्ते Mv.3.34.(-तः) 1 a calf.-2 a strife, quarrel.-3 N. of Śiva.-दिन a. cloudy, rainy.(-नम्) 1 a bad day in general; तद्दिनं दुर्दिनं मन्ये यत्र मित्रागमो हि न Subhāṣ.-2 a rainy or cloudy day, stormy or rainy weather; उन्नमत्यकालदुर्दिनम् Mk.5; Ku.6 43; Mv.4.57.-3 a shower (of any- thing); द्विषां विषह्य काकुत्स्थस्तत्र नाराचदुर्दिनम् ॥ सन्मङ्गलस्नात इव R.4.41,82;5.47; U.5.5.-4 thick darkness; जीमूतैश्च दिशः सर्वाश्चक्रे तिमिरदुर्दिनाः Mb. (दुर्दिनायते Den. Ā. to become cloudy.)-दिवसः a dark or rainy day; Pt.1.173.-दुरूटः, -ढः 1 an unbeliever-2 an abusive word.-दृश a.1 disagreeable to the sight, disgusting; दुर्दृशं तत्र राक्षसं घोररूपमपश्यत्सः Mb.1.2.298.-2 difficult to be seen; पादचारमिवादित्यं निष्पतन्तं सुदुर्दृशम् Rām.7.33.5.-दृष्ट a. ill- judged or seen, wrongly decided; Y.2.35.-दैवम् ill-luck, misfortune.-द्यूतम् an unfair game.-द्रुमः onion (green).-धर a.1 irresistible, difficult to be stopped.-2 difficult to be borne or suffered; दुर्धरेण मदनेन साद्यते Ghat.11; Ms.7.28.-3 difficult to be accomplished.-4 difficult to be kept in memory. (-रः) quicksilver.-धर्ष a.1 inviolable, unassailable.-2 inaccessible; संयोजयति विद्यैव नीचगापि नरं सरित् । समुद्रमिव दुर्धर्षं नृपं भाग्य- मतः परम् ॥ H. Pr.5.-3 fearful, dreadful.-4 haughty.-धी a. stupid, silly.-नयः 1 arrogance.-2 immorality.-3 evil strategy; उन्मूलयितुमीशो$हं त्रिवर्गमिव दुर्नयः Mu.5.22.-नामकः piles. ˚अरिः a kind of bulbous root (Mar. सुरण).-नामन् m. f. a cockle. (-n.) piles.-निग्रह a. irre- pressible, unruly; मनो दुर्निग्रहं चलम् Bg.6.35.-निमित a. carelessly put or placed on the ground; पदे पदे दुर्निमिते गलन्ती R.7.1.-निमित्तम् 1 a bad omen; R.14.5.-2 a bad pretext.-निवार, -निवार्य a. difficult to be check- ed or warded off, irresistible, invincible.-नीतम् 1 mis- conduct, bad policy, demerit, misbehaviour; दुर्णीतं किमि- हास्ति Pt.2.21; H.1.49.-2 ill-luck.-नीतिः f. mal- administration; दुर्नीतिं तव वीक्ष्य कोपदहनज्वालाजटालो$पि सन्; Bv.4.36.-नृपः a bad king; आसीत् पितृकुलं तस्य भक्ष्यं दुर्नृप- रक्षसः Rāj. T.5.417.-न्यस्त a. badly arranged; दुर्न्यस्त- पुष्परचितो$पि Māl.9.44.-बल a.1 weak, feeble.-2 enfeebled, spiritless; दुर्बलान्यङ्गकानि U.1.24.-3 thin, lean, emaciated; U.3.-4 small, scanty, little; स्वार्थोप- पत्तिं प्रति दुर्बलाशः R.5.12.-बाध a. Unrestrained (अनिवार); दुर्बाधो जनिदिवसान्मम प्रवृद्धः (आधिः); Mv.6.28.-बाल a.1 bald-headed.-2 void of prepuce.-3 having crook- ed hair.-बुद्धि a.1 silly, foolish, stupid.-2 perverse, evil-minded, wicked; धार्तराष्ट्रस्य दुर्बुद्धेर्युद्धे प्रियचिकीर्षवः (समा- गताः) Bg.1.23-बुध a. wicked-minded, silly; Mb. 11.4.18.-बोध a. unintelligible, unfathomable, inscru- table; निसर्गदुर्बोधमबोधविक्लवाः क्व भूपतीनां चरितं क्व जन्तवः Ki. 1.6.-भग a.1 unfortunate, unlucky; श्रीवल्लभं दुर्भगाः (निन्दन्ति) Pt.1.415.-2 not possessed of good features, ill-looking.-भगा 1 a wife disliked by her husband; दुर्भगाभरणप्रायो ज्ञानं भारः क्रियां विना H.1.17.-2 an ill-tempered woman, a shrew.-3 a widow;-भर a. insupportable, burdensome, heavily laden with (comp.); ततो राजाब्रवीदेतं बहुव्यसनदुर्भरः Ks.112.156.-भाग्य a. unfortunate, unlucky. (ग्यम्) ill-luck.-भावना 1 an evil thought.-2 a bad tendency.-भिक्षम् 1 scarcity of provisions, dearth, famine; Y.2.147; Ms.8.22; उत्सवे व्यसने चैव दुर्भिक्षे... यस्तिष्ठति स बान्धवः H.1.71; Pt.2.-2 want in general.-भिद, -भेद, -भेद्य a. firm; सुजनस्तु कनकघटवद् दुर्भेद्यश्चाशु संध्येयः Subhāṣ.-भृत्यः a bad servant.-भिषज्यम् incurability; Bṛi. Up.4.3.14.-भ्रातृ m. a bad brother.-मङ्कु a. obstinate, disobedient.-मति a.1 silly, stupid, foolish, ignorant.-2 wicked, evilminded; न सांपरायिकं तस्य दुर्मतेर्विद्यते फलम् Ms.11.3.-मद a. drun- ken, ferocious, maddened, infatuated; Bhāg.1.15.7.-दः foolish pride, arrogance.-दम् the generative organ; ग्रामकं नाम विषयं दुर्मदेन समन्वितः Bhāg.4.25.52.-मनस् a. troubled in mind, discouraged, disspirited, sad, malancholy; अद्य बार्हस्पतः श्रीमान् युक्तः पुष्येण राघवः । प्रोच्यतै ब्राह्मणैः प्राज्ञैः केन त्वमसि दुर्मनाः ॥ Rām. [दुर्मनायते Den. Ā. to be troubled in mind, be sad, meditate sorrowfully, to be disconso- late, become vexed or fretted; Māl.3].-मनुष्यः a bad or wicked man.-मन्त्रः, -मन्त्रितम्, -मन्त्रणा evil advice, bad counsel; दुर्मन्त्रान्नृपतिर्विनश्यति; Pt.1.169.-मरम् a hard or difficult death; Mb.14.61.9.-मरी a kind of दूर्वा grass.-मरणम् violent or unnatural death.-मर्ष a.1 unbearable; Bhāg.6.5.42.-2 obstinate, hostile.-मर्षणः N. of Viṣṇu.-मर्षित a. provocated, encouraged; एवं दुर्मर्षितो राजा स मात्रा बभ्रुवाहनः Mb.14. 79.13,-मर्याद a. immodest, wicked.-मल्लिका, -मल्ली a minor drama, comedy, farce; S. D.553.-मित्रः 1 a bad friend.-2 an enemy.-मुख a.1 having a bad face, hideous, ugly; Bh.1.9.-2 foul-mouthed, abusive, scurrilous; Bh.2.69.(-खः) 1 a horse.-2 N. of Śiva.-3 N. of a serpent king (Nm.)-4 N. of a monkey (Nm.)-5 N. of a year (29th year out of 6 years cycle).-मूल्य a. highly priced, dear.-मेधस् a. silly, foolish, dull-headed, dull; Pt.1. (-m.) a dunce, dull-headed man, blockhead; ग्रन्थानधीत्य व्याकर्तु- मिति दुर्मेधसो$प्यलम् Śi.2.26.-मैत्र a. unfriendly, hostile; Bhāg.7.5.27.-यशस् n. ill-repute, dishonour.-योगः 1 bad or clumsy contrivance.-2 a bad combi- nation.-योध, -योधन a. invincible, unconquerable. (-नः) the eldest of the 11 sons of Dhṛitarāṣṭra and Gāndhārī. [From his early years he conceived a deep hatred for his cousins the Pāṇḍavas, but particularly Bhīma, and made every effort he could to compass their destruction. When his father pro- posed to make Yudhiṣṭhira heir-apparent, Duryodhana did not like the idea, as his father was the reigning sovereign, and prevailed upon his blind father to send the Pāṇḍavas away into exile. Vāraṇāvata was fixed upon as their abode, and under pretext of constructing a palatial building for their residence, Duryodhana caused a palace to be built mostly of lac, resin and other combustible materials, thereby hoping to see them all destroyed when they should enter it. But the Paṇḍavas were forewarned and they safely escaped. They then lived at Indraprastha, and Yudhiṣṭhira performed the Rājasuya sacrifice with great pomp and splendour. This event further excited the anger and jealousy of Duryodhana, who was already vexed to find that his plot for burning them up had signally failed, and he induced his father to invite the Pāṇḍavas to Hastināpura to play with dice (of which Yudhiṣṭhira was particularly fond). In that gambling-match, Duryodhana, who was ably assisted by his maternal uncle Śakuni, won from Yudhiṣṭhira everything that he staked, till the infatuated gambler staked himself, his brothers, and Draupadī herself, all of whom shared the same fate. Yudhiṣṭhira, as a condition of the wager, was forced to go to the forest with his wife and brothers, and to remain there for twelve years and to pass one addi- tional year incognito. But even this period, long as it was, expired, and after their return from exile both the Pāṇḍavas and Kauravas made great preparations for the inevitable struggle and the great Bhāratī war commenced. It lasted for eighteen days during which all the Kauravas, with most of their allies, were slain. It was on the last day of the war that Bhīma fought a duel with Duryodhana and smashed his thigh with his club.] मोघं तवेदं भुवि नामधेयं दुर्योधनेतीह कृतं पुरस्तात् न हीह दुर्योधनता तवास्ति पलायमानस्य रणं विहाय Mb.4.65.17.-योनि a. of a low birth, न कथंचन दुर्योनिः प्रकृतिं स्वां नियच्छति Ms.1.59.-लक्ष्य a. difficult to be seen or perceived, hardly visible.-क्ष्यम् bad aim; मनः प्रकृत्यैव चलं दुर्लक्ष्यं च तथापि मे Ratn.3.2.-लभ a.1 difficult to be attained, or accomplished; R.1.67;17.7; Ku.4.4;5.46,61; दुर्लभं भारते जन्म मानुष्यं तत्र दुर्लभम् Subhāṣ.-2 difficult to be found or met with, scarce, rare; शुद्धान्तदुर्लभम् Ś.1.17.-3 best, excellent, eminent.-ग्रामः a village situated close to a large village and inhabited by the free-holders (अग्र- हारोपजीविनः); Māna.1.79-8.-4 dear, beloved.-5 costly.-ललित a.1 spoilt by fondling, fondled too much, hard to please; हा मदङ्कदुर्ललित Ve.4; V.2.8; Māl.9.-2 (hence) wayward, naughty, illbred, unruly; स्पृहयामि खलु दुर्ललितायास्मै Ś.7. (-तम्) waywardness, rudeness.-लेख्यम् a forged document. Y.2.91.-वच a.1 difficult to be described, indescribable. अपि वागधिपस्य दुर्वचं वचनं तद् विदधीत विस्मयम् Ki.2.2.-2 not to be talked about.-3 speaking improperly, abusing. (-चम्) abuse, censure, foul language.-वचस् n. abuse, censure; असह्यं दुर्वचो ज्ञातेर्मेघा- न्तरितरौद्रवत् Udb.-वर्ण a. bad-coloured.-र्णः 1 bad colour.-2 impurity; यथा हेम्नि स्थितो वह्निर्दुवर्णं हन्ति धातु- जम् Bhāg.12.3.47.(-र्णम्) 1 silver. दुर्वर्णभित्तिरिह सान्द्रसुधासुवर्णा Śi.4.28.-2 a kind of leprosy.-वस a. difficult to be resided in.-वसतिः f. painful residence; R.8.94.-वह a. heavy, difficult to be borne; दुर्वहगर्भखिन्नसीता U.2.1; Ku.1.11.-वाच् a. speaking ill. (-f.)1 evil words, abuse.-2 inelegant language or speech.-वाच्य a.1 difficult to be spoken or uttered.-2 abusive, scurrilous.-3 harsh, cruel (as words).(-च्यम्) 1 censure, abuse.-2 scandal, ill-repute.-वातः a fart. ˚वातय Den. P. to break wind or fart; इत्येके विहसन्त्येनमेके दुर्वातयन्ति च Bhāg.11.23.4.-वादः slander, defamation, calumny.-वार, -वारण a. irresistible, unbearable; R.14.87; किं चायमरिदुर्वारः पाणौ पाशः प्रचेतसः Ku.2.21.-वासना 1 evil propensity, wicked desire; कः शत्रुर्वद खेददानकुशलो दुर्वासनासंचयः Bv. 1.86.-2 a chimera.-वासस् a.1 ill-dressed.-2 naked. (-m.) N. of a very irascible saint or Ṛiṣi, son of Atri and Anasūyā. (He was very hard to please, and he cursed many a male and female to suffer misery and degradation. His anger, like that of Jama- dagni, has become almost proverbial.)-वाहितम् a heavy burden; उरोजपूर्णकुम्भाङ्का सदुर्वाहितविभ्रमा Rāj. T.4.18.-विगाह, -विगाह्य a. difficult to be penetrated or fathomed, unfathomable.-विचिन्त्य inconcei- vable, inscrutable-विद a. difficult to be known or discovered; नूनं गतिः कृतान्तस्य प्राज्ञैरपि सुदुर्विदा Mb.7.78. 2.-विदग्ध 1 unskilled, raw, foolish, stupid, silly.-2 wholly ignorant.-3 foolishly puffed up, elated. vainly proud; वृथाशस्त्रग्रहणदुर्विदग्ध Ve.3; ज्ञानलवदुर्विदग्धं ब्रह्मापि नरं न रञ्जयति Bh.2.3.-विद्ध a. Badly perforated (a pearl); Kau. A.2.11.-विद्य a. uneducated; Rāj. T.1.354.-विध a.1 mean, base, low.-2 wicked, vile.-3 poor, indigent; विदधाते रुचिगर्वदुर्विधम् N.2.23.-4 stupid, foolish, silly; विविनक्ति न बुद्धिदुर्विधः Śi.16.39.-विनयः misconduct, imprudence.-विनीत a.1 (a) badly educated, ill-mannered; ill-behaved, wicked; शासितरि दुर्विनीतानाम् Ś.1.24. (b) rude, naughty, mis- chievous.-2 stubborn, obstinate.(-तः) 1 a restive or untrained horse.-2 a wayward person, reprobate.-विपाक a. producing bad fruit; श्रितासि चन्दनभ्रान्त्या दुर्विपाकं विषद्रुमम् U.1.46.(-कः) 1 bad result or conse- quence; U.1.4; किं नो विधिरिह वचने$प्यक्षमो दुर्विपाकः Mv. 6.7.-2 evil consequences of acts done either in this or in a former birth.-विभाव्य a. inconceivable; also दुर्विभाव; असद्वृत्तेरहो वृत्तं दुर्विभावं विधेरिव Ki.11.56.-विमर्श a. difficult to be tried or examined; यो दुर्विमर्शपथया निजमाययेदं सृष्ट्वा गुणान्विभजते तदनुप्रविष्टः Bhāg.1.49.29.-विलसितम् a wayward act, rudeness, naughtiness; डिम्भस्य दुर्विलसितानि मुदे गुरूणाम् B. R.4.6.-विलासः a bad or evil turn of fate; U.1.-विवाहः a censurable marriage; इतरेषु तु शिष्टेषु नृशंसानृतवादिनः । जायन्ते दुर्विवाहेषु ब्रह्मधर्मद्विषः सुताः ॥ Ms.3.41.-विष a. ill-natured, malignant. (-षः) N. of Śiva.-विषह a. unbearable, intolerable, irresistible. (-हः) N. of Śiva.-वृत्त a.1 vile, wicked, ill-behaved.-2 roguish. (-त्तम्) misconduct, ill-behaviour. दुर्वृत्तवृत्तशमनं तव देवि शीलम् Devīmāhātmya.-वृत्तिः f.1 misconduct.-2 misery, want, distress.-3 fraud.-वृष्टिः f. insufficient rain, drought.-वेद a. difficult to be known or ascertained.-व्यवहारः a wrong judgment in law.-व्यवहृतिः f. ill-report or rumour.-व्यसनम् 1 a fond pursuit or resolve; Mu.3.-2 bad propensity, vice; तेन दुर्व्यसनेनासीद्भोजने$पि कदर्थना Ks.73.73.-व्रत a. not conforming to rules, disobedient.-हुतम् a badly offered sacrifice.-हृद् a. wicked-hearted, ill-disposed, inimical; अकुर्वतोर्वां शुश्रूषां क्लिष्टयोर्दुर्हृदा भृशम् Bhāg.1.45.9. (-m.) an enemy.-हृदय a. evil-minded, evil-intention- ed, wicked.-हृषीक a. having defective organs of sense. -
14 ekarri
iz.1. ( hitz etorria) eloquence, glib, fluency, palaver formala. ; \ekarri ederra du he's glib | he's got the gift of gab ; ez daukat modurik haren \ekarriari erantzuteko I'm unable to answer his glibness; \ekarri handiko hizlaria an eloquent speaker ; \ekarri oneko well-spoken, articulate, eloquent2. ( irabazia) income, earnings; aitaren \ekarria ez zen nahikoa etxeko gastuei aurre egiteko Dad's income wasn't enough to meet household expenses3.a. ( lilura, joera) propensity, liking, penchantb. inclination, fondness, liking, bent4.a. ( fruitua) fruit, productb. ( zeremana) contribution; Aita Barandiaranen \ekarria Aita Barandiaren's contributionc. ( emaitza) production; baratza honek \ekarri onak izan ditu this vegetable garden's had a good yield6. ( zeremana) contribution du/ad.1.a. to bring, fetch, get; \ekarri hona! bring it over here!; berriz \ekarri to bring back; zer dakarzu? what are you bringing? egunero zer ekartzen duzu? what do you bring every day? ; \ekarri! hand it over! ; \ekarriko ditut behiak tegira I'll bring the cows to the stableb. ( garraioek) to carry, transportc. to hold, bear; burua gora ekartzen du he holds his head highd. ( izen) to bear \ekarri behar duzu arbasoen izena you must bear your ancestors' name; Georges Pompidou zenaren izena dakarren erakundea the organization that bears the name of the late Georges Pompidoue. (l andareak, animali mota) to introduce ( -ra: to)2. ( aldizkaria, egunkaria) to carry, have, print ; egunkari honek ez dakar ezer Mongoliako politikari buruz this paper doesn't carry anything about Mongolian politics3. ( sorrarazi, behartu)a. to bring up; hori erran nion, solasak \ekarririk I told him that as it came up in the conversation; arazoak besterik ez dizkizu ekartzen it {causes || brings} you nothing but problems ; erabaki horrek kalteak \ekarriko ditu that decision will bring about harmb. ( behartu; bultzatu) to make, bear down on i-r e-r egitera \ekarri to bear down on sb to do sth ; honek nakar zuri idaztera that {made || induced} me to write you ; mendera \ekarri to subduec. ( gorrotoa) to bring about, stir up, cause, give rise to ; eztabaida horiek gorrotoa dakarte those arguments cause hatredd. gogora \ekarri to remind ; egoera horrek Lehenengo Mundu Gerra gogora dakarkit that reminds me of the First World War4. ( aipatu, aitatu) to quote, cite; ekartzen dizkizut haren hitz berak I'll quote you his very words ; istorioak ekartzen du the story mentions him ; nitaz dakarren lekutasuna the testimony referring to me5.a. ( lege) to invoke, evokeb. ( salapen, e.a.) to bring ; ez zen salapena \ekarri the charge wasn't brought6.a. ( eman) to hand, pass; \ekarri plater hori! hand me that plate!b. ( maitatasuna, obedientzia, e.a.) to have, bear; gurasoei obedientzia \ekarri behar diegu we must obey our parents ; gurasoei begirunea \ekarri behar diezu you must have respect for your parents ; gain-gaineko amodioa ekartzen dio she loves him intensely7. ( suposatu) to mean; gerlak heriotza dakar berarekin war means death; horrek diru asko dakar berarekin that means a lot of money8. ( sinestarazi) to bring round, persuade; nahi dudanera \ekarriko dut I'll bring her round to what I want9. ( nozitu, oinazetu) to suffer ; min handiak \ekarri ditu she's suffered great pain11. ( itzuli) to translate (- ra: into)12. ( landareak, alea) to bear, produce13. ( gutxitu) to bring down, reduce nire zorra hutsera \\ erdira \ekarri nahi dut I want to bring my debt down to zero \\ by half14. ( gertu izan) to be near; euria dakar it's going to rain | rain's just around the corner ; laster umea dakar she's going to have a baby soon15. Mat. to multiply; bi hamarrek ekartzen dute hogei two multiplied by ten equals twenty16. ( joera ukan) to tend towards; hordikeriara \ekarria with a propensity for drunkenness17. Kir. (pilota) to return; aise \ekarri\\\ekarridu Galartzak sakez botatakoa he easily returned Galartza's serve18. ( jarraitu) to follow egunak eguna eta ez dira elkar iduriak one day follows the next and they're not alike Oharra: ekarri duten esaerak aurkitzeko, bila itzazu izenaren, adjektiboaren eta abarren adieran, adib., gogora ekarri aurkitzeko, bila ezazu gogora adieran -
15 мощность
power
отношение работы к интервалу времени ее совершения. — the amount of work accompushed per unit of time.
-, активная (эл.) — power
- без впрыска (воды или водометаноловой смеси), номинальная (двиг.) — dry rating
-, безфорсажная (двиг.) — dry power /thrust/
-, введенная (включенная, передаваемая на трансмиссию несущей системы вертолета) — power он а range of main rotor speeds must be established with power on.
- в лошадиных силах (л.c.) — horsepower (hp)
-, взлетная — takeoff power
-, выведенная (выключенная, не передаваемая на трансмиссию несущей системы вертолета) — power off а range of main rotor speed is established in autorotative maneuver with power off.
-, выходная — output power
- генератора — generator power rating
- двигателя — engine power
-, идущая на преодоление индуктивного (аэродинамического) сопротивления — induced drag power
-, идущая на преодоление профильного сопротивления — profile drag power
-, избыточная — excess power
-, крейсерская — cruising power
- на валу — shaft power, power on shaft
- на валу (в л.с.) — shaft horsepower (shp)
- на валу, эквивалентная (в л.c.) — equivalent shaft horsepower (eshp)
- на единицу веса, удельная — horse power per unit weight
- на единицу площади — power per unit area
- на максимальном продолжительном режиме (двигателя) — maximum continuous power
- на полном газе — full throttle power
-, (или тяга), номинальная (двиг.) — rating rating is а designated limit of operating characteristics based on definite conditions.
-, номинальная (режим работы двигателя) — rated power
-, номинальная (эл.) — nominal rating, rated power
- облачного слоя — thickness of cloud
-, отбираемая на трансмиссию — transmission power input
each transmission power input must be tested at maximum torque.
-, отдаваемая — power output
-, (или тяга) паспортная (двиг.) — rating
-, пиковая — peak power
-, подводимая — input power
-, полезная — useful power
-, полная — total power
-, пониженная (двиг.) — de-rated power
условия работы двигателя на пониженной мощности дпя продления его срока службы. — the policy of operating engines at de-rated power settings to increase engine life.
-, потребляемая — power consumed
-, потребная — power required
-, приведенная (к стандартной атмосфере) — power based upon standard atmospheric conditions
- привода — driving power
-, производственная — production capacity
-, располагаемая — power available
- (или тяга) расчетная (двиг.) — rating, rated power /thrust/
-, реактивная (эл.) — reactive power
- с впрыском (двиг.) — wet rating
-, теоретическая — theoretical power
-, тормозная (в л.с.) — brake horsepower (bhp)
-, тяговая — thrust power
-, удельная — specific power
-, фактическая — actual power
-, чрезвычайная — emergency power
-, чрезвычайная, боевая — combat /war/ emergency power, war emergency rating
-, чрезвычайная взлетная — emergency takeoff power
-, эквивалентная (в л.с.) — equivalent horsepower
-, эффективная — effective power
(генератор) мощностью... квт — (generator) rated at... kw
выдавать м. — produce power
отбирать м. (на вал) — take off power (to shaft)
передавать м. — transmit power
развивать м. — develop power
форсировать м. — augment powerРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > мощность
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16 Coolidge, William David
[br]b. 23 October 1873 Hudson, Massachusetts, USAd. 3 February 1975 New York, USA[br]American physicist and metallurgist who invented a method of producing ductile tungsten wire for electric lamps.[br]Coolidge obtained his BS from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1896, and his PhD (physics) from the University of Leipzig in 1899. He was appointed Assistant Professor of Physics at MIT in 1904, and in 1905 he joined the staff of the General Electric Company's research laboratory at Schenectady. In 1905 Schenectady was trying to make tungsten-filament lamps to counter the competition of the tantalum-filament lamps then being produced by their German rival Siemens. The first tungsten lamps made by Just and Hanaman in Vienna in 1904 had been too fragile for general use. Coolidge and his life-long collaborator, Colin G. Fink, succeeded in 1910 by hot-working directly dense sintered tungsten compacts into wire. This success was the result of a flash of insight by Coolidge, who first perceived that fully recrystallized tungsten wire was always brittle and that only partially work-hardened wire retained a measure of ductility. This grasped, a process was developed which induced ductility into the wire by hot-working at temperatures below those required for full recrystallization, so that an elongated fibrous grain structure was progressively developed. Sintered tungsten ingots were swaged to bar at temperatures around 1,500°C and at the end of the process ductile tungsten filament wire was drawn through diamond dies around 550°C. This process allowed General Electric to dominate the world lamp market. Tungsten lamps consumed only one-third the energy of carbon lamps, and for the first time the cost of electric lighting was reduced to that of gas. Between 1911 and 1914, manufacturing licences for the General Electric patents had been granted for most of the developed work. The validity of the General Electric monopoly was bitterly contested, though in all the litigation that followed, Coolidge's fibering principle was upheld. Commercial arrangements between General Electric and European producers such as Siemens led to the name "Osram" being commonly applied to any lamp with a drawn tungsten filament. In 1910 Coolidge patented the use of thoria as a particular additive that greatly improved the high-temperature strength of tungsten filaments. From this development sprang the technique of "dispersion strengthening", still being widely used in the development of high-temperature alloys in the 1990s. In 1913 Coolidge introduced the first controllable hot-cathode X-ray tube, which had a tungsten target and operated in vacuo rather than in a gaseous atmosphere. With this equipment, medical radiography could for the first time be safely practised on a routine basis. During the First World War, Coolidge developed portable X-ray units for use in field hospitals, and between the First and Second World Wars he introduced between 1 and 2 million X-ray machines for cancer treatment and for industrial radiography. He became Director of the Schenectady laboratory in 1932, and from 1940 until 1944 he was Vice-President and Director of Research. After retirement he was retained as an X-ray consultant, and in this capacity he attended the Bikini atom bomb trials in 1946. Throughout the Second World War he was a member of the National Defence Research Committee.[br]Bibliography1965, "The development of ductile tungsten", Sorby Centennial Symposium on the History of Metallurgy, AIME Metallurgy Society Conference, Vol. 27, ed. Cyril Stanley Smith, Gordon and Breach, pp. 443–9.Further ReadingD.J.Jones and A.Prince, 1985, "Tungsten and high density alloys", Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 19(1):72–84.ASDBiographical history of technology > Coolidge, William David
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17 Inflation
Inflation f WIWI inflation • die Inflation anheizen WIWI fuel inflation, foster inflation • die Inflation niedrig halten WIWI keep inflation down • gegen Inflation sichern WIWI safeguard from inflation, hedge against inflation • Inflation drücken WIWI pull inflation down, curb inflation • Inflation untergräbt Kaufkraft WIWI inflation undercuts purchasing power, inflation undermines purchasing power, inflation saps purchasing power • mit der Inflation mitgehen WIWI rise in line with inflation, rise in keeping with inflation (Preis, Beihilfe) • mit der Inflation steigen WIWI rise in line with inflation (Preis, Beihilfe)* * *f <Vw> inflation ■ die Inflation anheizen <Vw> fuel inflation, foster inflation ■ die Inflation niedrig halten <Vw> keep inflation down ■ gegen Inflation sichern <Vw> safeguard from inflation, hedge against inflation ■ Inflation drücken <Vw> pull inflation down, curb inflation ■ Inflation untergräbt Kaufkraft <Vw> inflation undercuts purchasing power, inflation undermines purchasing power, inflation saps purchasing power ■ mit der Inflation mitgehen <Vw> Preis, Beihilfe rise in line with inflation, rise in keeping with inflation ■ mit der Inflation steigen <Vw> Preis, Beihilfe rise in line with inflation* * *Inflation
inflation;
• von der Inflation geschüttelt racked by inflation;
• der Inflation zuzuschreiben attributable to inflation;
• durch Lohnsteigerungen angeheizte Inflation wage-fuelled inflation;
• durch Staatsausgaben angeheizte Inflation government-spending-boosted inflation;
• durch Lohnerhöhungen ausgelöste Inflation wage-led inflation;
• durch Nachfrageüberhang ausgelöste Inflation demand-pull inflation;
• durch Nachfrageverschiebungen ausgelöste Inflation demand-shift inflation;
• durch Produktionskostensteigerung ausgelöste Inflation cost-push inflation;
• durch Lohnsteigerungen bedingte Inflation wage-push inflation;
• wieder belebte Inflation inflationary revival;
• galoppierende Inflation runaway (galloping) inflation;
• mit langsamem Wachstum des Sozialprodukts gekoppelte Inflation stagflation;
• gesteuerte Inflation pent-up inflation;
• hausgemachte Inflation home-grown inflation;
• importierte Inflation imported inflation;
• sektoral induzierte Inflation sectoral inflation;
• kostenbedingte Inflation cost-induced inflation;
• kostentreibende (kostenverursachende) Inflation cost-push inflation;
• kriegsbedingte Inflation war-caused inflation;
• lohninduzierte Inflation wage-push inflation;
• nachfrageüberhangsbedingte (nachfrageinduzierte) Inflation demand-pull inflation;
• nachlassende Inflation let-up in inflation;
• preisgestoppte Inflation price-frozen inflation;
• schleichende Inflation creeping (persistent) inflation;
• sektorale Inflation bottleneck inflation;
• übermäßige Inflation hyperinflation;
• unaufhaltsame Inflation runaround inflation;
• vorübergehend unterdrückte Inflation suppressed inflation;
• verheerende Inflation wildfire inflation;
• verlangsamte Inflation slowdown in inflation;
• versteckte (verdeckte) Inflation hidden (masked) inflation;
• zügellose Inflation runaway inflation;
• zurückgestaute Inflation suppressed (repressed) inflation;
• durch Preisregulierungen zurückgestaute Inflation price-controlled inflation;
• Inflation der Nahrungsmittelpreise food-price inflation;
• Inflation bei gleichzeitigem Produktivitätsrückgang slumpflation;
• Inflation abbremsen to put a brake on inflation;
• Inflation anheizen to kindle (prime, fuel, ignite) inflation;
• Inflation als letztes Hilfsmittel anwenden to resort to inflation;
• Inflation bekämpfen to combat (battle) inflation;
• Inflation stärker bekämpfen to take a stronger stand against inflation;
• Inflation in den Griff bekommen to bring inflation under control, to cure inflation;
• Inflation neu beleben to rekindle inflation;
• Inflation bremsen (dämpfen) to curb inflation;
• Inflation durchführen to inflate [the volume of money];
• Inflation durchmachen to undergo inflation;
• der Inflation den Nährboden entziehen to squeeze inflation out of their system;
• Inflation fördern to encourage inflation;
• der Inflation Einhalt gebieten to halt inflation;
• mit der Inflation Schritt halten to keep up with inflation;
• Inflation herbeiführen to inflate the currency;
• Inflation stabilisieren to level-peg inflation;
• mit der Inflation fertig werden to lick inflation;
• Inflation zügeln to curb inflation;
• Inflation zurückdrängen to hold the line on inflation.
anheizen, Inflation
to ignite inflation;
• Konjunktur anheizen to boost business;
• Vorverkauf übermäßig anheizen to advance sale excessively. -
18 सिद्धसेन
siddha-senam. « having a divine orﾠ perfect army», N. of Kārttikeya (god of war) L. ;
of an astronomer VarBṛS. ;
- divākara orﾠ - divākṛit m. N. of a son of Sarva-jña andﾠ pupil of Vṛiddha-vāda-sūri (said to have induced Vikramâditya to tolerate the Jainas) Cat. ;
- vākya-kāra ( Sarvad.), - sūri ( Siṇhâs.) m. N. of authors
-
19 преступление
сущ.( правонарушение) breach (infringement, violation) of law; crime; delinquency; infraction; law-breaking; malefaction; malfeasance; misdeed; offence; transgression; (legal) wrong (wrong-doing); ( деликт) delict; tort; ( фелония) felony; (наименее опасное, мисдиминор) misdemeanour; (уголовно наказуемое, особ. кража в учреждении, совершённая самими сотрудниками или с их помощью) разг inside jobбыть арестованным за преступление, которое подозреваемый не совершал — to be arrested for a crime one did not commit
быть арестованным за совершение (не)насильственного преступления — to be arrested for a (non-) violent crime
быть осуждённым за совершение преступления — to be convicted of a crime (of an offence, etc)
вовлекать в совершение преступления — ( кого-л) to involve ( smb) in a crime
застигнуть (кого-л) на месте преступления — to catch (take) ( smb) red-handed; overtake ( smb) in flagrant delict (in a fault)
изобличать (кого-л) в совершении преступления — to catch ( smb) in a crime
квалифицировать как преступление — to qualify ( smth) as a crime
обвинять (кого-л) в совершении преступления — to accuse ( smb) of (blame for, charge with) a crime (an offence, etc)
освобождать (кого-л) от обвинения в совершении преступления — to clear ( smb) of a criminal charge
подозревать (кого-л) в совершении преступления — to suspect ( smb) of a crime (of an offence, etc)
подстрекать (склонять) к совершению преступления — to abet a crime (smb in a crime, the commission of a crime); encourage perpetration of a crime; incite (induce, instigate) to a crime; (особ. к лжесвидетельству) to suborn
признаваться в совершении преступления — to acknowledge (admit, confess to) a crime
раскрывать преступление — to clear (detect, solve) a crime
расследовать преступление — to investigate a crime; ( военные преступления) to investigate war crimes
совершать преступление — to commit (perpetrate) a crime (an offence, etc); ( в несовершеннолетнем возрасте) to commit (perpetrate) a crime as a juvenile
удерживать от совершения преступления — to deter (restrain) ( smb) from a crime
на месте преступления — on the scene of a crime; ( в момент совершения) in flagrant delict
после совершения преступления — after (subsequent to) the commission of a crime (of an offence, etc)
виновник преступления — initiator (perpetrator) of a crime (of an offence); principal offender
вовлечённость в преступление — criminal involvement; involvement in a crime
жертва преступления — crime victim; victim of a crime
исполнитель преступления — actor; perpetrator of a crime (of an offence); ( главный) principal felon (offender); ( преступления первой степени) principal in the first degree; ( преступления второй степени) principal in the second degree
история преступления — case history; criminal history
место совершения преступления — crime scene; locale (scene) of a crime
орудие преступления — crime (criminal) instrument (weapon); instrument (weapon) of a crime
потерпевший от преступления — crime victim; victim of a crime
предотвращение (предупреждение) совершения преступления — crime prevention; prevention of a crime
причастность к преступлению — accompliceship; criminal complicity (implication); complicity (implication) in a crime; privity to a crime
раскрытие преступления — clearance (detection, solution) of a crime; crime detection; ( полицией тж) solution of a case
симуляция преступления — pretended (rigged, simulated, staged) crime
склонность к совершению преступлений — criminal disposition (twist); disposition (tendency) to criminality (to committing crimes)
событие преступления — criminal event; event (occurrence) of a crime
совершение преступления — commission (committal, perpetration) of a crime (of an offence)
совокупность преступлений — aggregate of crimes; cumulative crime
состав преступления — body of a crime; formal components (elements) of a crime; legally defined crime; лат corpus delicti
соучастие в преступлении — accompliceship; criminal complicity (implication); complicity (implication) in a crime; privity to a crime
соучастник преступления — accessory (accomplice) to a crime (to an offence); criminal participant; party to a crime
субъект преступления — crime committer (perpetrator); committer (perpetrator) of a crime; subject of a crime
преступление в результате подстрекательства — incited (induced, instigated) crime (offence)
преступление, выражающееся в извращениях — unnatural crime (offence)
преступление, допускающее освобождение под залог — ( обвиняемого) bailable crime (offence)
преступление, квалифицируемое как нападение — assaultive crime (offence)
преступление, квалифицируемое как фелония — felonious crime; felony
преступление, наказуемое тюремным заключением — imprisonable crime (offence)
преступление, преследуемое в порядке суммарного производства — summary crime (offence)
преступление, преследуемое по обвинительному акту — indictable crime (offence)
преступление против личной собственности граждан — crime (offence) against personal property (ownership) of citizens
преступление, связанное с деятельностью мафии — Mafia-related crime
преступление, совершению которого оказано пособничество — crime (offence) aided and abetted
преступление, совершённое в результате бездействия — crime of omission
преступление, совершённое по небрежности — crime of negligence
преступление, совершённое по принуждению — compulsive crime (offence)
преступление, совершённое при отягчающих обстоятельствах — aggravated crime (offence)
преступления против лиц, имеющих умственные недостатки — crimes (offences) against mental defectives
агрессивное преступление, насильственное преступление — aggressive (violent) crime (offence)
документированное преступление, зарегистрированное преступление — documented (recorded) crime (offence)
задуманное преступление, запланированное преступление — contemplated (intended, planned) crime (offence)
зарегистрированное преступление, документированное преступление — documented (recorded) crime (offence)
насильственное преступление, агрессивное преступление — aggressive (violent) crime (offence)
незарегистрированное преступление, недокументированное преступление — undocumented (unrecorded) crime (offence)
презюмируемое преступление, предполагаемое преступление — alleged (assumed, presumed, supposed) crime (offence)
- преступление из ревностихозяйственное преступление, экономическое преступление — economic crime (offence)
- преступление, караемое смертной казнью
- преступление на автотранспорте
- преступление на расовой почве
- преступление под влиянием аффекта
- преступление по закону
- преступление по международному праву
- преступление по общему праву
- преступление по принуждению
- преступление по статутному праву
- преступление против государства
- преступление против личности
- преступление против мира и безопасности
- преступление против нравственности
- преступление против общественного порядка
- преступление против правосудия
- преступление против собственности
- преступление против человечества
- преступление, связанное с наркотиками
- преступление с корыстной целью
- преступление со смертельным исходом
- преступления и проступки
- преступления на транспорте
- административно-уголовное преступление
- бытовое преступление
- вновь совершённое преступление - гангстерское преступление
- государственное преступление
- готовящееся преступление
- данное преступление
- должностное преступление
- дополнительное преступление
- дорожно-транспортное преступление
- зверское преступление
- жестокое преступление
- изменническое преступление
- изощрённое преступление
- имущественное преступление
- инкриминируемое преступление
- квалифицированное преступление
- корыстное преступление
- малозначительное преступление
- мелкое преступление
- международное преступление
- менее опасное преступление
- недавно совершённое преступление
- нераскрытое преступление
- неудавшееся преступление
- обычное преступление
- общеуголовное преступление
- одиозное преступление
- отвратительное преступление
- однородное преступление
- основное преступление
- особо тяжкое преступление
- первоначально совершённое преступление
- повторно совершённое преступление
- позорное преступление
- политическое преступление
- половое преступление
- предумышленное преступление
- признанное преступление
- простое преступление
- противоестественное преступление
- ранее совершённое преступление
- раскрытое преступление
- расследованное преступление
- расследуемое преступление
- рассматриваемое преступление
- религиозное преступление
- самостоятельное преступление
- отдельное преступление - скрытое преступление
- случайное преступление
- совершаемое преступление
- совместно совершённое преступление
- составное преступление
- транснациональное преступление
- трудно раскрываемое преступление
- уголовное преступление прекльна
- умышленное преступление
- фактически совершённое преступление
- хищническое преступление
- чудовищное преступление
- ужасное преступление
- экологическое преступление -
20 порождать
1. weakly generate2. derive3. bring forthпорождать; породить — bring to birth
4. proliferate5. spring6. bring to birth7. engender8. produce9. establish10. beget11. germinate12. induce13. induced14. spawned15. spawning16. cause; give rise to; entail17. generate18. originateСинонимический ряд:вызывать (глаг.) будить; возбуждать; воспламенять; вызывать; зажигать; зарождать; поднимать; пробуждать; рождать
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