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to+have+the+advantage+of+an+education

  • 21 een goede schoolopleiding gehad/genoten hebben

    een goede schoolopleiding gehad/genoten hebben

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > een goede schoolopleiding gehad/genoten hebben

  • 22 superior

    adj.
    1 top.
    la parte superior (de algo) the top (of something)
    la mitad superior the top o upper half
    2 higher.
    ser superior en número, ser numéricamente superior to have a numerical advantage
    3 superior.
    es superior a la media it's above average
    4 excellent (excelente).
    5 upper (anatomy & geography).
    6 higher (education).
    m.
    superior (jefe).
    * * *
    1 (encima de) upper, top
    2 (por encima de) greater (a, than), higher (a, than), above (a, -)
    4 figurado (calidad etc) superior, high, excellent
    5 EDUCACIÓN higher
    1 (jefe) superior
    2 RELIGIÓN superior
    \
    calidad superior top quality, high quality
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. adj.
    * * *
    I
    1. ADJ
    1) (=más alto) [estante, línea] top antes de s ; [labio, mandíbula] upper
    2) (=mejor) superior, better

    ser superior a algo — to be superior to sth, be better than sth

    3) (=excelente)
    4) [cantidad]
    5) [en categoría] [animal, especie] higher
    6) (Educ) [curso, nivel] advanced; [enseñanza] higher
    2.
    SM [en rango] superior
    II superior, -a ( Rel)
    1.
    2.
    SM / F superior/mother superior
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) <parte/piso> top (before n), upper (before n); < nivel> higher
    b) <labio/mandíbula> upper (before n)
    2)
    a) ( en calidad) superior

    superior A algo/alguien — superior to something/somebody

    b) ( en jerarquía) < oficial> superior; < clase social> higher
    c) (en cantidad, número)

    un número superior a 9 — a number greater than o higher than o above 9

    II
    - riora masculino, femenino
    a) (Relig) (m) Superior; (f) Mother Superior
    b) superior masculino ( en rango) superior
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) <parte/piso> top (before n), upper (before n); < nivel> higher
    b) <labio/mandíbula> upper (before n)
    2)
    a) ( en calidad) superior

    superior A algo/alguien — superior to something/somebody

    b) ( en jerarquía) < oficial> superior; < clase social> higher
    c) (en cantidad, número)

    un número superior a 9 — a number greater than o higher than o above 9

    II
    - riora masculino, femenino
    a) (Relig) (m) Superior; (f) Mother Superior
    b) superior masculino ( en rango) superior
    * * *
    superior1
    1 = superior, superordinate.

    Ex: Under pressure from colleagues, superiors, and families to perform well, individual librarians develop ways in which to make their jobs easier.

    Ex: Anyway, experience had taught him that a subordinate who attempts to subdue a superordinate is almost always lost; the superordinate has too many advantages in such a contest.
    * Posesivo + superiores = Posesivo + betters.

    superior2
    2 = better, high [higher -comp., highest -sup.], higher, pre-eminent [preeminent], superior, upper, heightened, enriched, high-end, preemptive [pre-emptive], top-tier [top tier].

    Ex: Some degree of ignorance of this kind is not unusual since the usual objective in consulting an information source is to become better informed.

    Ex: Lower specificity will be associated with lower precision but high recall.
    Ex: Relief must be secured from the laborious detailed manipulation of higher mathematics as well, if the users of it are to free their brains for something more than repetitive detailed transformations.
    Ex: Often it is this factor which is pre-eminent in a decision to provide an in-house bulletin.
    Ex: Superior cataloguing may result, since more consistency and closer adherence to standard codes are likely to emerge with cataloguers who spend all of their time cataloguing, than with a librarian who tackles cataloguing as one of various professional tasks.
    Ex: The upper and lower limits for the value are first entered.
    Ex: The heightened level of community awareness has led some local authorities to take the initiative and to become information disseminators in their own right.
    Ex: Union Catalogues may also decide that they need more enriched records because of specific needs.
    Ex: The system provides extensive map facilities which until now have been available only on high-end hypermedia systems like Intermedia.
    Ex: Coincidentally there has emerged a pre-emptive new technology for the storage, handling and transmission of information, potentially better suited to the convenience of users.
    Ex: It is much to the credit of the British government that in the current reorganisation of local government it has insisted that public libraries be controlled by the top-tier authorities, those responsible for education and other major services.
    * biblioteca de institución de enseñanza superior = tertiary library.
    * borde superior = top edge.
    * compartimento superior = overhead bin, overhead locker.
    * contra fuerzas superiores = against (all/the) odds.
    * cubierta superior = upper deck.
    * de calidad superior = best-quality.
    * de la parte superior = topmost [top most].
    * demostrar ser superior = prove + superior.
    * de nivel superior = upper-level, higher-level.
    * de una clase social superior = above + Posesivo + class.
    * educación superior = higher education.
    * en la parte superior = at the top, uppermost, uppermost.
    * enseñanza superior = higher education, higher learning, tertiary education.
    * Espacio Europeo para la Educación Superior (EEES) = European Space for Higher Education (ESHE).
    * esquina superior derecha = upper right corner, upper right-hand corner.
    * esquina superior izquierda = top left corner, upper left corner, top left-hand corner.
    * extremidades superiores = upper extremities, upper limbs.
    * hacer superior = give + Nombre + an edge.
    * institución de enseñanza superior = tertiary institution.
    * institución de enseñanza superior no universitaria = college of higher education.
    * la parte superior izquierda de = the upper left of.
    * límite superior = upper bound.
    * madre superiora = abbess, Mother Superior.
    * mandíbula superior = maxilla [maxillae, -pl.], upper jaw.
    * margen superior = top margin.
    * maxilar superior = maxilla [maxillae, -pl.], upper jaw.
    * miembros superiores = upper extremities, upper limbs.
    * nivel superior = top layer.
    * paleolítico superior, el = Upper Palaeolithic.
    * parte superior = top, topside.
    * pensamiento de orden superior = higher-order thinking.
    * primer año de estudios superiores = freshman year.
    * quijada superior = upper jaw.
    * relativo a la enseñanza superior = tertiary.
    * ser muy superior a los demás = be way above all the others.
    * ser muy superior a los otros = be way above all the others.
    * ser superior = supreme being, higher being, superior being.
    * superior al 10 por ciento = double digit.
    * superior a los demás = a cut above the rest, a cut above.
    * término superior = top term, TT.
    * título superior = advanced degree.

    * * *
    A
    1 ‹parte/piso› top ( before n), upper ( before n)
    en el ángulo superior derecho de la hoja in the top right-hand corner of the page
    en los pisos superiores del edificio on the upper o uppermost o top floors of the building
    2 ‹labio› upper ( before n), top ( before n); ‹mandíbula› upper ( before n)
    3 ( Astron) ‹planeta› superior
    B
    1 (en calidad) superior
    un vino de calidad superior a superior o an excellent wine, a wine of superior quality
    superior A algo/algn superior TO sth/sb
    es muy superior al modelo anterior it is far better than o far superior to the previous model
    se siente superior a los demás he thinks he's above o superior to everyone else, he thinks he's better than everyone else
    una inteligencia superior a la media above-average intelligence
    un oficial superior a mí an officer superior to me, a superior o higher-ranking officer
    alumnos de los cursos superiores students from higher o more advanced courses
    órdenes superiores orders from above
    3
    (en cantidad, número): los atacantes eran superiores en número the attackers were greater o more in number
    superior A algo above sth
    temperaturas superiores a los cuarenta grados temperatures above o higher than forty degrees
    un número superior a 9 a number greater than o higher than o above 9
    el peso es superior a los 20 kilos the weight is above 20 kilos, the weight exceeds 20 kilos
    es superior a mis fuerzas it's more than I can bear
    masculine, feminine
    1 ( Relig) ( masculine) Superior; ( feminine) Mother Superior
    2
    ¿quién es su superior? who is your superior?
    * * *

     

    superior 1 adjetivo
    1 ( en posición) ‹parte/piso› top ( before n), upper ( before n);
    ‹ nivel› higher;
    ‹labio/mandíbula› upper ( before n)
    2

    superior A algo/algn superior to sth/sb;

    una inteligencia superior a la media above-average intelligence

    ‹ clase social› higher
    c) (en cantidad, número):

    ◊ los atacantes eran superiores en número the attackers were greater o more in number;

    superior A algo above sth;
    un número superior a 9 a number greater than o higher than o above 9
    superior 2
    ◊ - riora sustantivo masculino, femenino

    a) (Relig) (m) Superior;

    (f) Mother Superior
    b)

    ◊ superior sustantivo masculino ( en rango) superior

    superior
    I adjetivo
    1 (que está más alto) top, upper
    el piso superior, the upper floor
    2 (que es mejor) superior, better: su sueldo es superior al mío, his salary is higher than mine
    3 (en número) un número superior a 10, a number greater o higher o more than 10
    4 (indicando grado: en enseñanza) higher
    (:en el ejército, la policía) superior
    II m (rango militar, policial) superior
    Rel Superior
    ' superior' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ápice
    - Cesid
    - CSIC
    - encima
    - ser
    - extra
    - innegablemente
    - larga
    - largo
    - licenciatura
    - pala
    - superiora
    - abogado
    - brazo
    - carrera
    - creer
    - derecho
    - educación
    - exceder
    - jefe
    - madre
    - mejor
    - normal
    - superar
    - titulado
    English:
    above
    - advanced
    - average
    - change up
    - cut
    - degree
    - education
    - expanse
    - high
    - higher
    - higher education
    - higher-up
    - outnumber
    - outrank
    - preeminent
    - registrar
    - rise above
    - self-righteous
    - senior
    - staff college
    - superior
    - tertiary
    - top
    - top-heavy
    - upper
    - advantage
    - A level
    - barrister
    - better
    - boss
    - commission
    - excess
    - fancy
    - first
    - mother
    - move
    * * *
    superior, -ora
    ♦ adj
    1. [de arriba] top;
    los pisos superiores tienen mejores vistas the upper floors have better views;
    la parte superior (de algo) the top (of sth);
    la mitad superior the top o upper half
    2. [mayor] higher (a than);
    ser superior en número, ser numéricamente superior to have a numerical advantage;
    temperaturas superiores a los 12 grados temperatures above 12 degrees;
    una cifra superior a 100 a figure greater than 100;
    lo venden a un precio un 30 por ciento superior al del mercado they are selling it at 30 percent above the market price;
    por un periodo no superior a tres años for a period not exceeding three years
    3. [mejor] superior (a to);
    es superior a la media it's above average;
    una mujer de inteligencia superior a la media a woman of above-average intelligence;
    no me creo superior a nadie I don't consider myself superior to anyone
    4. [excelente] excellent;
    productos de calidad superior superior-quality products
    5. Fam
    es superior a mí o [m5] a mis fuerzas [no lo puedo soportar] it's too much for me
    6. Biol
    los mamíferos superiores the higher mammals
    7. Anat upper;
    el labio/la mandíbula superior the upper lip/jaw
    8. Geog upper
    9. Educ higher
    10. Rel superior
    11. Geol upper;
    el Paleolítico superior the Upper Palaeolithic
    ♦ nm,f
    Rel superior, f mother superior
    ♦ nm
    [jefe] superior
    * * *
    I adj
    1 labio, piso etc upper
    2 en jerarquía superior;
    ser superior a be superior to
    II m superior
    * * *
    1) : superior
    2) : upper
    nivel superior: upper level
    3) : higher
    educación superior: higher education
    4)
    superior a : above, higher than, in excess of
    : superior
    * * *
    superior1 adj
    1. (en general) higher
    3. (en calidad) superior
    superior2 n superior

    Spanish-English dictionary > superior

  • 23 encajar

    v.
    1 to fit (meter ajustando) (piezas, objetos).
    El chico encajó las baldosas The boy fit the tiles.
    4 to take.
    5 to match (hechos, declaraciones, datos).
    encajar con algo to match something
    6 to fit nicely (ser oportuno, adecuado).
    7 to insert, to thrust in, to fix firmly in place, to seat.
    Ricardo encajó unos ladrillos Richard inserted some bricks.
    8 to fit well, to be relevant, to fit in.
    Los ladrillos encajan bien The bricks fit in well.
    * * *
    1 (ajustar) to fit
    2 (hueso) to set
    3 (recibir) to take, withstand
    4 (soportar) to bear; (hacer aguantar) to force to sit through, force to listen to
    5 (indirecta, comentario) to get in
    6 (dar un golpe) to land
    7 TÉCNICA to gear
    1 (caber) to fit
    2 figurado (corresponderse) to fit (in), correspond, tally
    3 figurado (ir bien) to go, match, suit
    4 figurado (adaptarse) to fit in, settle
    1 (atascarse) to get stuck, stick
    2 figurado (vestido) to slip on; (sombrero) to put on
    * * *
    verb
    3) take
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=acoplar) [+ pieza, tapón] to fit; [+ partes] to fit together
    2) (=aceptar) [+ broma, crítica] to take; [+ desgracia, derrota] to handle, cope with
    3) *

    encajar algo a algn — (=endilgar) to lumber sb with sth *, dump sth on sb *; (=timar) to palm sth off on o onto sb *

    4) (=dar, meter) [+ golpe, patada] to give
    5) (=dejarse meter) to let in
    2. VI
    1) (=ajustar) [puerta] to fit; [piezas] to fit (together)

    • encajar en algo — to fit into sth

    2) (=coincidir) [teoría, coartada] to fit

    encajar con algo — to tie in with sth, tally with sth

    3) (=integrarse)

    encajar en — [+ serie, papel] to be right for; [+ ambiente] to fit in

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (meter, colocar) to fit
    2) (esp AmL fam) ( endilgar)

    me encajaron a mí el trabajito — I got saddled o landed with the job (colloq)

    3)
    a) <broma/críticas> to take; <desgracia/situación> to accept
    b) (Dep) < gol> to let... in; <derechazo/golpe> to take
    2.
    a) pieza/cajón to fit
    b) ( cuadrar) to fit
    c) (armonizar, casar)
    3.
    encajarse v pron
    1) (refl) (fam) < prenda> to put on
    2) (Méx) ( aprovecharse) to take advantage
    * * *
    = build into, fit in/into, wedge, fit together, dovetail, build in, lock into + place.
    Ex. Carlton Duncan discussed the difficulties built into the educational processes which led to under-performance at school and the resulting low representation in higher education and low entry into the professions.
    Ex. Since the entire catalog cannot possibly fit into a single display screen, DOBIS/LIBIS must allow users to browse.
    Ex. A special form of woodcut initial, common from the mid sixteenth to the mid eighteenth century, was the factotum, a square ornamental block with a hole through the middle into which a piece of type could be wedged, one block thus serving for any initial letter.
    Ex. The narrative may be unfamiliar in its structure so that they are unsure about the way different elements of the story fit together.
    Ex. The three should dovetail so that each builds on the other instead of working against it.
    Ex. This agreement must build in incentives to participating libraries as well as methods of censuring those participants which do not fulfil their obligations to the other participating libraries in the network = Este acuerdo debe incorporar incentivos para las bibliotecas participantes así cómo la forma de llamarle la atención a aquellos participantes que no cumplan sus obligaciones con las otras bibliotecas de la red.
    Ex. The gas cylinder has a small locating cut out on the inner rim to ensure it locks into place within the cooker.
    ----
    * encajar bien = good fit.
    * encajar con = mesh with, fit with.
    * encajar el golpe = take it on + the chin.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (meter, colocar) to fit
    2) (esp AmL fam) ( endilgar)

    me encajaron a mí el trabajito — I got saddled o landed with the job (colloq)

    3)
    a) <broma/críticas> to take; <desgracia/situación> to accept
    b) (Dep) < gol> to let... in; <derechazo/golpe> to take
    2.
    a) pieza/cajón to fit
    b) ( cuadrar) to fit
    c) (armonizar, casar)
    3.
    encajarse v pron
    1) (refl) (fam) < prenda> to put on
    2) (Méx) ( aprovecharse) to take advantage
    * * *
    = build into, fit in/into, wedge, fit together, dovetail, build in, lock into + place.

    Ex: Carlton Duncan discussed the difficulties built into the educational processes which led to under-performance at school and the resulting low representation in higher education and low entry into the professions.

    Ex: Since the entire catalog cannot possibly fit into a single display screen, DOBIS/LIBIS must allow users to browse.
    Ex: A special form of woodcut initial, common from the mid sixteenth to the mid eighteenth century, was the factotum, a square ornamental block with a hole through the middle into which a piece of type could be wedged, one block thus serving for any initial letter.
    Ex: The narrative may be unfamiliar in its structure so that they are unsure about the way different elements of the story fit together.
    Ex: The three should dovetail so that each builds on the other instead of working against it.
    Ex: This agreement must build in incentives to participating libraries as well as methods of censuring those participants which do not fulfil their obligations to the other participating libraries in the network = Este acuerdo debe incorporar incentivos para las bibliotecas participantes así cómo la forma de llamarle la atención a aquellos participantes que no cumplan sus obligaciones con las otras bibliotecas de la red.
    Ex: The gas cylinder has a small locating cut out on the inner rim to ensure it locks into place within the cooker.
    * encajar bien = good fit.
    * encajar con = mesh with, fit with.
    * encajar el golpe = take it on + the chin.

    * * *
    encajar [A1 ]
    vt
    A (meter, colocar) to fit
    lo encajó en las guías he fitted it onto the runners
    B ( fam) (endilgar) encajarle algo A algn:
    le encajó un billete de lotería caducado she palmed him off with an out-of-date lottery ticket ( colloq)
    se fue de viaje y me encajó el perro he went on a trip and landed o ( BrE) lumbered me with the dog ( colloq)
    los fines de semana le encaja los hijos a la suegra at the weekend she dumps the kids on her mother-in-law ( colloq)
    me encajó tremenda patada he gave me a hell of a kick ( colloq)
    les encajaron tres goles they put three goals past them
    C
    1 ‹disgusto/broma/crítica› to take
    encajó bien las críticas she took the criticism well
    sé encajar una derrota I can cope with o take o accept defeat
    2 ( Dep) ‹gol› to let … in; ‹derechazo/golpe› to take
    ■ encajar
    vi
    1 «pieza/cajón» to fit encajar EN algo to fit IN sth
    este cajón no encaja bien this drawer doesn't fit properly
    las piezas encajaron the pieces fitted together
    2 (cuadrar) to fit
    sus ideas encajan dentro de la filosofía marxista his ideas fit in with Marxist philosophy
    esto no encaja dentro de ninguna categoría this doesn't fit into any category
    encajar CON algo:
    su versión no encaja con la de otros testigos his version does not square with o correspond to o match that of other witnesses
    su información no encaja con la que he recibido her information does not agree o tally with the information that I have received
    no encaja con la decoración it doesn't fit in with the decor
    A refl ( fam) ‹prenda› to put on
    B ( Méx) (aprovecharse) to take advantage encajarse CON algn to take advantage OF sb
    * * *

     

    encajar ( conjugate encajar) verbo transitivo
    1 (meter, colocar) to fit
    2 (esp AmL fam) ( endilgar):
    ◊ me encajaron a mí el trabajito I got saddled o landed with the job (colloq);

    le encaja los hijos a la suegra she dumps the kids on her mother-in-law (colloq);
    les encajaron tres goles they put three goals past them
    verbo intransitivo
    a) [pieza/cajón] to fit;


    las piezas encajaron the pieces fitted together
    b) (corresponder, cuadrar) [hechos/descripción] to fit;


    encajar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (algo dentro de algo) to insert: hay que encajar las fichas del rompecabezas, you have to fit the pieces of the puzzle together
    2 (aceptar) to take: encaja muy mal las críticas, she takes criticism very badly
    3 (un golpe a alguien) to land sb a blow
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (ajustarse) to fit: este enchufe no encaja aquí, this plug doesn't fit
    2 (cuadrar) no encaja en este ambiente, she doesn't fit in in this environment
    su declaración no encaja con la del testigo, her statement doesn't agree with that of the witness
    ' encajar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ajustar
    - bailar
    - casar
    - coincidir
    - concordar
    - embutir
    - entrar
    - rompecabezas
    - salirse
    - corresponder
    - muesca
    English:
    blend
    - fit
    - match
    - set
    - slot
    - dovetail
    - join
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [meter ajustando] to fit (en into); [hueso dislocado] to set;
    encajaron el cristal en el marco de la ventana they fitted the glass into the window frame
    2. [meter con fuerza] to push (en into);
    hay que encajar el ropero en ese hueco the wardrobe has to be squeezed into that space
    3. [recibir] [golpe, críticas, noticia] to take;
    [goles, canastas] to concede;
    encajaron muy mal el cierre de la fábrica they took the factory closure very badly;
    encajaron pocas canastas triples they didn't let them get many three-pointers;
    ha encajado quince goles esta liga he's let in fifteen goals this season;
    encajar una derrota to be defeated
    4. Fam [soltar] [insultos] to hurl;
    encajar un golpe a alguien to land sb a blow, to land a blow on sb;
    nos encajó un sermón de dos horas he treated us to a two hour lecture
    5. Fam [endosar] to land, to dump (a on);
    me ha encajado a su bebé porque se va al cine she dumped her baby on me because she's going to the cinema
    6. Fam [dar, engañar con] to palm off;
    le encajaron un billete falso they palmed off a counterfeit note on him
    ♦ vi
    1. [piezas, muebles] to fit (en into);
    esta puerta no encaja bien this door doesn't fit the frame properly
    2. [concordar] [hechos, declaraciones, datos] to tally;
    ahora todo encaja it all falls into place now;
    encajar con algo to tally with sth, to match sth
    3. [ser oportuno, adecuado]
    ese mueble no encaja ahí that piece of furniture doesn't go there o look right there;
    ¿crees que encajará bien en el grupo? do you think she'll fit into the group all right?;
    su ropa no encaja con la seriedad del acto her clothes aren't in keeping with the seriousness of the occasion
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 piezas fit
    2 golpe take; gol concede
    II v/i fit (en in;
    con with)
    * * *
    : to fit, to fit together, to fit in
    1) : to insert, to stick
    2) : to take, to cope with
    encajó el golpe: he withstood the blow
    * * *
    1. (colocar) to fit [pt. & pp. fitted]
    2. (juntar) to fit together
    3. (coincidir) to fit in
    4. (aceptar disgustos, bromas) to take [pt. took; pp. taken]
    5. (recibir goles) to let in [pt. & pp. let]

    Spanish-English dictionary > encajar

  • 24 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 25 dudoso

    adj.
    1 doubtful, insecure, in doubt, hesitant.
    2 doubtful, uncertain, unlikely, improbable.
    3 dubious, arguable, doubtable, doubtful.
    4 of dubious origin, fishy, louche.
    * * *
    1 (incierto) doubtful, uncertain
    2 (vacilante) hesitant, undecided
    3 (sospechoso) suspicious, dubious
    4 (poco seguro) questionable
    * * *
    (f. - dudosa)
    adj.
    * * *
    dudoso, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=incierto) [diagnóstico, futuro] doubtful, uncertain; [resultado] indecisive

    de origen dudoso — of doubtful o uncertain origin

    aún es dudosa su colaboración — it's still uncertain whether he will collaborate, his collaboration is still uncertain

    2) (=vacilante) [persona] hesitant

    estar dudoso — to be undecided, be in two minds

    3) (=sospechoso) [actuación, dinero, reputación] dubious
    2.
    SM / F

    el voto de los dudosos — the "undecided" vote

    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) ( incierto) doubtful

    lo veo dudoso — it's doubtful, I doubt it

    b) <costumbres/moral> dubious, questionable; < victoria> dubious; < decisión> dubious
    c) ( indeciso) hesitant, undecided
    * * *
    = suspect, dodgy [dodgier -comp., dodgiest -sup.], doubtful, dubious, questionable, suspicious, suspicious, unconvinced, dicey [dicier -comp., diciest -sup.], uncleared, iffy [iffier -comp., iffiest -sup.], rocky [rockier -comp., rockiest -sup.], borderline, fishy [fishier -comp., fishiest -sup.], fly-by-night, dubious-sounding.
    Ex. The utility, in information service terms, of a narrow technical education is suspect.
    Ex. The statistical procedures from Czchekoslovakia and Romania have been pretty dodgy and unsatisfactory.
    Ex. Without AACR is doubtful whether computerised cataloguing would have been implemented so relatively painlessly and successfully = Sin las RCAA es dudoso que la catalogación automatizada se hubiera implementado tan fácilmente y con tanto éxito, relativamente hablando.
    Ex. On no account should the schedules of a classification scheme be modified in order to gain some dubious advantage of this kind.
    Ex. It was questionable if the talent available was fit for the rather specific purposes of SLIS.
    Ex. This can make them reluctant to accept or suspicious of outside help.
    Ex. This program can also discover misconfigured or faulty applications that generate suspicious data traffic.
    Ex. Many educators still remain unconvinced of the value of school libraries in the school.
    Ex. Predicting the future is dicey.
    Ex. Its relation to cognitive impairment is as yet uncleared.
    Ex. I think we have some chance to get Friday in, but Saturday is dead meat without any doubt whatsoever and Sunday is pretty iffy.
    Ex. The English is a little rocky on this lovely web site but we have it on good word that the original French is très bien.
    Ex. An indication that the Commission would be prepared to accept a borderline project would provide a useful lever when the application is passed to the UK Government.
    Ex. This is when children are not really concerned with scientific truth; they believe in Father Christmas anyway, even if there lurks the suspicion that there is something rather fishy about it all.
    Ex. What I was reading about looked like a really genuine and reliable way of earning good money that didn't involve some fly-by-night, get-rich-quick scheme.
    Ex. But I seem to get an awful lot of people trying to interest me in dubious-sounding business propositions.
    ----
    * con dudosa reputación = disreputable.
    * conseguido de manera dudosa = ill-gotten.
    * estar dudoso = be doubtful.
    * proceder dudoso = unfair practice.
    * que parece dudoso = dubious-sounding.
    * ser dudoso = be doubtful.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) ( incierto) doubtful

    lo veo dudoso — it's doubtful, I doubt it

    b) <costumbres/moral> dubious, questionable; < victoria> dubious; < decisión> dubious
    c) ( indeciso) hesitant, undecided
    * * *
    = suspect, dodgy [dodgier -comp., dodgiest -sup.], doubtful, dubious, questionable, suspicious, suspicious, unconvinced, dicey [dicier -comp., diciest -sup.], uncleared, iffy [iffier -comp., iffiest -sup.], rocky [rockier -comp., rockiest -sup.], borderline, fishy [fishier -comp., fishiest -sup.], fly-by-night, dubious-sounding.

    Ex: The utility, in information service terms, of a narrow technical education is suspect.

    Ex: The statistical procedures from Czchekoslovakia and Romania have been pretty dodgy and unsatisfactory.
    Ex: Without AACR is doubtful whether computerised cataloguing would have been implemented so relatively painlessly and successfully = Sin las RCAA es dudoso que la catalogación automatizada se hubiera implementado tan fácilmente y con tanto éxito, relativamente hablando.
    Ex: On no account should the schedules of a classification scheme be modified in order to gain some dubious advantage of this kind.
    Ex: It was questionable if the talent available was fit for the rather specific purposes of SLIS.
    Ex: This can make them reluctant to accept or suspicious of outside help.
    Ex: This program can also discover misconfigured or faulty applications that generate suspicious data traffic.
    Ex: Many educators still remain unconvinced of the value of school libraries in the school.
    Ex: Predicting the future is dicey.
    Ex: Its relation to cognitive impairment is as yet uncleared.
    Ex: I think we have some chance to get Friday in, but Saturday is dead meat without any doubt whatsoever and Sunday is pretty iffy.
    Ex: The English is a little rocky on this lovely web site but we have it on good word that the original French is très bien.
    Ex: An indication that the Commission would be prepared to accept a borderline project would provide a useful lever when the application is passed to the UK Government.
    Ex: This is when children are not really concerned with scientific truth; they believe in Father Christmas anyway, even if there lurks the suspicion that there is something rather fishy about it all.
    Ex: What I was reading about looked like a really genuine and reliable way of earning good money that didn't involve some fly-by-night, get-rich-quick scheme.
    Ex: But I seem to get an awful lot of people trying to interest me in dubious-sounding business propositions.
    * con dudosa reputación = disreputable.
    * conseguido de manera dudosa = ill-gotten.
    * estar dudoso = be doubtful.
    * proceder dudoso = unfair practice.
    * que parece dudoso = dubious-sounding.
    * ser dudoso = be doubtful.

    * * *
    dudoso -sa
    1 (incierto) doubtful
    lo veo dudoso it's doubtful, I doubt it
    su participación aún está dudosa it is still uncertain whether they will take part
    es dudoso que cumpla su promesa it's doubtful o I doubt whether he'll keep his promise
    2 ‹costumbres/moral› dubious, questionable; ‹victoria› dubious
    una campaña publicitaria de dudoso gusto an advertising campaign in dubious o doubtful taste
    una decisión dudosa a doubtful o dubious decision
    3 (indeciso) hesitant, undecided
    * * *

    dudoso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo





    dudoso,-a adjetivo
    1 (poco probable) unlikely, doubtful
    (incierto) los orígenes de la creación son dudosos, the origins of creation are uncertain
    (con pocas garantías) la atribución a Velázquez es dudosa, the attribution to Velazquez is doubtful
    2 (indeciso, vacilante) undecided: estaba dudoso, he was hesitant
    3 (turbio) dubious
    ' dudoso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dudosa
    - incierto
    - oscuro
    English:
    bad debt
    - borderline
    - doubtful
    - dubious
    - moot
    - questionable
    - touch
    - uncertain
    - border
    * * *
    dudoso, -a adj
    1. [improbable] doubtful;
    una palabra de origen dudoso a word of doubtful origin;
    lo veo dudoso I doubt it;
    ser dudoso (que) to be doubtful (whether), to be unlikely (that);
    es dudoso que asista a la reunión it's unlikely (that) he'll attend the meeting, it's doubtful whether he'll attend the meeting
    2. [vacilante] hesitant, indecisive;
    estaba dudoso sobre qué hacer she was unsure about what to do
    3. [sospechoso] questionable, dubious;
    un individuo de dudosa reputación an individual of dubious reputation;
    una broma de gusto dudoso a joke in questionable taste;
    un penalti dudoso a dubious penalty
    * * *
    adj
    1 ( incierto) doubtful, dubious
    2 ( indeciso) hesitant
    * * *
    dudoso, -sa adj
    1) : doubtful
    2) : dubious, questionable
    ♦ dudosamente adv
    * * *
    dudoso adj (en general) doubtful
    estoy dudoso, no sé qué coche elegir I'm doubtful, I don't know which car to choose

    Spanish-English dictionary > dudoso

  • 26 baza

    f.
    1 trick.
    no pude meter baza (en la conversación) I couldn't get a word in edgeways
    2 advantage.
    la gran baza del producto es su reducido precio the product's great advantage is its low price
    el delantero ruso es la gran baza del equipo the Russian forward is the team's main weapon
    3 trump card.
    * * *
    1 (naipes) trick
    2 (ventaja) asset, advantage
    3 (ocasión) chance
    \
    meter baza figurado to butt in, stick one's oar in
    no poder meter baza not to be able to get a word in edgeways
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Naipes) trick

    • hacer una baza — to make o win a trick

    2) [en asunto, negocio] (=recurso) weapon; (=oportunidad) chance

    • jugar una baza, si juega bien su baza, conseguirá el trabajo — if he plays his cards right, he'll get the job

    es de los que siempre sacan baza de todo — he's one of those people who always turns everything to their own advantage

    * * *
    1) ( en naipes) trick

    hacer or ganar una baza — to win a trick

    meter baza — (fam) to butt in (colloq)

    Pedro nunca deja meter baza a nadie — Pedro never lets anybody get a word in edgewise (AmE) o (BrE) edgeways

    2) (recurso, arma)
    * * *
    = trump card, bargaining chip.
    Ex. Having failed apparently with her trump card, she fell back on finesse.
    Ex. The only ones 'using' the war dead as a political bargaining chip are the Republicans who have fought to keep the images of these fallen heroes in the dark.
    ----
    * jugar bien + Posesivo + baza = play + Posesivo + cards right.
    * * *
    1) ( en naipes) trick

    hacer or ganar una baza — to win a trick

    meter baza — (fam) to butt in (colloq)

    Pedro nunca deja meter baza a nadie — Pedro never lets anybody get a word in edgewise (AmE) o (BrE) edgeways

    2) (recurso, arma)
    * * *
    = trump card, bargaining chip.

    Ex: Having failed apparently with her trump card, she fell back on finesse.

    Ex: The only ones 'using' the war dead as a political bargaining chip are the Republicans who have fought to keep the images of these fallen heroes in the dark.
    * jugar bien + Posesivo + baza = play + Posesivo + cards right.

    * * *
    A (en naipes) trick
    hacer or ganar una baza to win a trick
    meter baza ( fam); to butt in ( colloq), to stick one's oar in ( BrE colloq)
    B
    1
    (recurso, arma): mi experiencia es la baza fundamental que puedo aportar a la empresa my experience is the most important thing I can bring to the company
    parece la mejor baza del equipo colombiano he could prove to be the Colombian team's trump card, he seems to be the great hope of the Colombian team
    jugaron su última baza they played their last card, they used their ultimate weapon
    tomó la determinación de jugar la baza decisiva she decided to play her trump card
    2 (logro, adelanto) achievement
    su gran baza ha sido la conquista del mercado escandinavo their greatest achievement o success has been their conquest of the Scandinavian market
    esto constituyó la primera baza victoriosa de los rebeldes this represented the first taste of victory o first moment of triumph for the rebels
    3
    (oportunidad): esta carrera será la última baza para Romero this race will be Romero's last chance
    * * *

    baza sustantivo femenino trick
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar meter baza, to butt in
    ' baza' also found in these entries:
    English:
    trick
    - trump
    - asset
    * * *
    baza nf
    1. [en naipes] trick;
    hacer una baza to make a trick;
    jugar una baza: jugó bien sus bazas she played her cards right;
    están jugando su última baza they're playing their last card;
    Fam
    meter baza: no pude meter baza (en la conversación) I couldn't get a word in edgeways;
    siempre trata de meter baza (en la conversación) she's always trying to butt in;
    intentan meter baza en la gestión de la empresa they are trying to elbow in on the management of the company
    2. [ventaja] advantage;
    la gran baza del producto es su reducido precio the product's great advantage is its low price;
    presentaron como baza electoral la educación they played the education card in the election;
    el delantero ruso es la gran baza del equipo the Russian forward is the team's main weapon
    * * *
    f
    1 en naipes trick; fig
    trump card;
    jugar sus bazas fig play one’s cards right
    2
    :
    meter baza fam interfere;
    no dejar a alguien meter baza fam not let s.o. get a word in edgewise
    * * *
    baza nf
    1) : trick (in card games)
    2)
    meter baza en : to butt in on

    Spanish-English dictionary > baza

  • 27 primero

    adj.
    first, prime, foremost.
    adv.
    first, in the first place, firstly, for one thing.
    * * *
    1 first
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 first
    \
    a primeros de mes/año at the beginning of the month/year
    lo primero es lo primero first things first Table 1 NOTA Before singular masculine nouns the form primer is used /Table 1
    ————————
    * * *
    1. (f. - primera)
    adj.
    2. (f. - primera)
    noun
    3. adv.
    * * *
    primero, -a
    1. ADJ
    ( antes de sm sing primer)
    1) [en el espacio] [página, planta] first; [fila] front, first

    vivo en el primer piso — I live on the first o (EEUU) second floor

    una foto en primera página — a front-page photo, a photo on the front page

    • estar primero — [en una cola] to be first; [en importancia] to come first

    perdone, pero yo estaba primero — excuse me, but I was first

    plana 1), plano 2., 3)
    2) [en el tiempo] [día, semana, fase] first; [época, poemas] early; [síntoma] first, early

    • en los primeros años del siglo — in the early years of the century

    • a primera hora (de la mañana) — first thing in the morning

    • en primer lugar — [dentro de un orden] first of all; [para dar énfasis] in the first place

    en primer lugar, tú no deberías haber dicho nada — in the first place, you shouldn't have said anything

    hora 2), b), guerra 1)
    3) (=principal) [deber, objetivo] main, primary

    artículos de primera necesidad — basic essentials, staple items

    • primer actor — leading man

    • primera actriz — leading lady

    • primeros auxilios — first aid

    • de primera categoría — first-class

    un puerto de primera categoría — (Ciclismo) a first-category climb

    • primer espada — (Taur) principal bullfighter

    • primer violín — (=concertino) leader; [de sección] first violin

    bailarín, dama, mandatario, ministro, piedra
    2.
    SM / F first

    soy el primero de la lista — I'm top of the list, I'm first on the list

    quedó entre los diez primeros — he was in o among the first ten

    es la primera de la clase — she is the best in the class, she is top of the class

    bueno 1., 9), vista 1., 6), d), primera
    3. SM
    1)

    • a primeros (de mes) — at the beginning of the month

    2) (tb: primer plato) starter, first course

    ¿qué van a tomar de primero? — what will you have as a starter o for the first course?

    4. ADV
    1) (=en primer lugar) first

    primero iremos a comprar y luego al cine — first, we'll do the shopping and then go to the cinema

    2) [indicando preferencia] sooner, rather

    primero se queda en casa que pedir dinero — she'd sooner o rather stay at home than ask for money

    ¡primero morir! — I'd rather die!

    * * *
    I
    - ra adjetivo/pronombre [ primer is used before masculine singular nouns]
    1) (en el espacio, el tiempo) first

    vivo en el primer piso — I live on the second (AmE) o (BrE) first floor

    en primer lugar... — first (of all),..., firstly,...

    sus primeros poemas — her early o first poems

    1o de julio — (read as: primero de julio) 1st July, July 1st (léase: July the first)

    Olaf I — (read as: Olaf primero) Olaf I (léase: Olaf the First)

    2) (en calidad, jerarquía)

    de primera categoría — first-class, first-rate

    de primera — first-class, first-rate

    3) (básico, fundamental)

    lo primero es... — the most important thing is...

    II
    1) ( en el tiempo) first
    * * *
    = early [earlier -comp., earliest -sup.], first (1st), foremost, first ever, topmost [top most], top-of-mind.
    Ex. Microforms are easy to use, although there were early reservations concerning the fact that users need to become familiar with any specific kind of microform and its reader.
    Ex. The first objective, however, is best satisfied by the second policy.
    Ex. Foremost among those recommendations was one pertaining to the development of a UNIMARC format for authorities.
    Ex. In April 1993 the first ever computer crime legislation came into existence in Hong Kong.
    Ex. Thus each heap was delivered to the warehouseman with the final impressions of both formes on the topmost sheet.
    Ex. Computer security is a top-of-mind subject for both IT managers and their corporate bosses.
    ----
    * alumno de primer año = first grader.
    * alumno de primer curso = first grader.
    * alumno de primero = first grader.
    * amor a primera vista = love at first sight.
    * aparecer por primera vez = premiere.
    * a primera hora de la mañana = first thing in the morning.
    * a primera hora de + Período del Día = first thing + Período del Día.
    * a primeras horas de la tarde = late afternoon.
    * a primera vista = on first acquaintance, at first sight, on first inspection, on the face of it, at first blush, at first glance, on the surface, prima facie, first-blush.
    * a primeros de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha.
    * asesinato en primer grado = first-degree murder.
    * asiento de primera fila = ringside seat, ringside ticket.
    * atacar primero = preemptive strike.
    * botiquín de primeros auxilios = first-aid kit.
    * butaca de primera fila = ringside seat, ringside ticket.
    * cabo primero = lance corporal.
    * causar una buena primera impresión = make + a good first impression.
    * causar una primera impresión = make + a first impression.
    * colocar como primer elemento de un encabezamiento compuesto = lead.
    * como primera elección = as a first preference.
    * con el primer intento = at the first shot.
    * conocer de primera mano = know + first-hand.
    * contratar al primero que solicita el trabajo = hire on a first-come, first-take basis.
    * correo de primera clase = first class post.
    * dar el primer paso = make + a start, take + the first step.
    * dar los primeros pasos en = venture into.
    * de buenas a primeras = right off the bat, suddenly, without warning, all of a sudden, just like that.
    * de primera = best-quality, top-notch, blue chip [blue-chip], prime, tip-top, first-rate.
    * de primera calidad = premium, premier.
    * de primera clase = first class, first-rate, tip-top.
    * de primera línea = first-line.
    * de primera magnitud = fully blown.
    * de primera mano = at first hand, first-hand [firsthand], first-person.
    * de primera persona = first-person.
    * de primeras = at first sight, on the face of it, at first glance, first-blush, up-front [up front].
    * de primer grado = in the first degree.
    * de primer nivel = first-level.
    * de primer orden = first-order [1st-order], world-class, blue chip [blue-chip].
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * desde el primer día = from day one.
    * desde el primer momento = from the word go, from the word get-go.
    * desde los primeros tiempos = since the earliest of times, from earliest times.
    * desventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover disadvantage.
    * desventaja del primero que hace Algo = first-mover disadvantage, first-mover advantage.
    * dilema de qué es primero el huevo o la gallina = chicken and egg situation.
    * durante los primeros años = during the early years.
    * el primer intento = the first time around.
    * el primer + Nombre = the earliest + Nombre.
    * el primero mencionado = former.
    * encargado de prestar los primeros auxilios = first aider.
    * en el primer caso = in the former case.
    * en los primeros años de = early in.
    * en los primeros años de vida = early in life.
    * en primera instancia = in the first instance.
    * en primera línea = in the front line, first-line, on the front line.
    * en primer lugar = firstly, in the first place, in the first instance, first and foremost, first off.
    * escuela de primer ciclo de secundaria = intermediate school.
    * estar entre los primeros = stay on top.
    * estudiante de primer año = freshman [freshmen, -pl.], first-year student.
    * experiencia de primera mano = first-hand experience.
    * hacer los primeros pinitos = take + the first step.
    * inicial del primer nombre de pila = first initial.
    * ir primero = lead + the way.
    * la primera tentativa = the first time around.
    * la primera vez = the first time around.
    * lo primero = for one, first off.
    * lo primero de todo = first of all, first off.
    * mostrar por primera vez = premiere.
    * Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.
    * ocupar un primer lugar = stand + first.
    * pasar al primer plano = take + centre stage.
    * poner en primer plano = foreground.
    * por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.
    * Posesivo + primeros pasos = Posesivo + first steps.
    * Posesivo + primeros pinitos = Posesivo + first steps.
    * primera cita = first date.
    * primera comunión = first communion.
    * primera división = premiership.
    * Primera División, la = First Division, the.
    * Primera Edición de las Reglas de Catalogación Anglo-Americanas (RCAA1) = AACR1 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 1st Edition).
    * Primera Enmienda, la = First Amendment, the.
    * primera época, la = early days, the.
    * primera escena, la = opening scene, the.
    * primera etapa = early days.
    * Primera Guerra Mundial = First World War (World War I), World War I [First World War].
    * primera impresión = first impression.
    * primera infancia = babyhood, early childhood.
    * primera línea = front-line [front line], front-line, forefront.
    * primera línea de defensa = first line of defence.
    * primera manga = first leg, away game.
    * primera medida = initial step.
    * primer antepasado = primogenitor.
    * primer año de carrera = freshman year.
    * primer año de estudios superiores = freshman year.
    * primera palabra del encabezamiento = entry word.
    * primera parada = first stop.
    * primera persona = first person.
    * primera plana = front page [front-page].
    * primera posición = pole position, pole start.
    * primera posición de salida = pole start.
    * primera prensada = first cold press.
    * primera referencia = first stop.
    * primera reunión = starter meeting.
    * primeras horas de la madrugada = late night.
    * primeras palabras = opening statement.
    * primera vez, la = first time, the.
    * primer aviso = smoke signal.
    * primer curso = first grade.
    * primer escalafón laboral = entry position.
    * primer heredero = heir apparent [heiress apparent].
    * primer indicio = smoke signal.
    * primer lugar de consulta = first stop.
    * primer meridiano = prime meridian.
    * primer ministro = Premier, prime minister.
    * primer molar = six-year molar.
    * primer molar permanente = first molar.
    * primero en hacer Algo = first mover.
    * primero en tomar la iniciativa = first mover.
    * primero entre pares = first among equals.
    * primero, lo = first thing, the.
    * primero que nada = first off.
    * primeros auxilios = first-aid.
    * primeros impresos = early imprints.
    * primero y principal = first and foremost.
    * primer paso = stake in the ground.
    * primer paso de, el = thin edge of the wedge, the.
    * primer plano = close up, foreground, limelight, centre stage, forefront.
    * primer plato = side entrée.
    * primer puesto + ser para = pride of place + go to.
    * primer punto de contacto = port of first call.
    * primer punto de contacto, el = first port of call, the.
    * primer recurso = first recourse.
    * primer y segundo plato = main dish.
    * proceso en primera instancia = proceeding in the first instance.
    * provisiones de primera necesidad = basic provisions, basic goods.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * relato de primera mano = eyewitness report, eyewitness account, first-hand account.
    * sala de primeros auxilios = emergency room.
    * sargento primero = lance sergeant.
    * seguir entre los primeros = remain on top.
    * sentirse de primera = feel + tip-top.
    * ser de primera categoría = be top notch.
    * ser el primero = be second to none, come out on + top.
    * ser el primero en = lead + the way in.
    * ser el primero en + Infinitivo = take + the lead in + Gerundio.
    * situado en primer lugar = top-ranked, top-rated.
    * una primera y última vez = a first and last time.
    * un + Nombre + a primera hora de la maña = an early morning + Nombre.
    * ventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover advantage.
    * visión de primera fila = ringside seat, ringside view.
    * * *
    I
    - ra adjetivo/pronombre [ primer is used before masculine singular nouns]
    1) (en el espacio, el tiempo) first

    vivo en el primer piso — I live on the second (AmE) o (BrE) first floor

    en primer lugar... — first (of all),..., firstly,...

    sus primeros poemas — her early o first poems

    1o de julio — (read as: primero de julio) 1st July, July 1st (léase: July the first)

    Olaf I — (read as: Olaf primero) Olaf I (léase: Olaf the First)

    2) (en calidad, jerarquía)

    de primera categoría — first-class, first-rate

    de primera — first-class, first-rate

    3) (básico, fundamental)

    lo primero es... — the most important thing is...

    II
    1) ( en el tiempo) first
    * * *
    = early [earlier -comp., earliest -sup.], first (1st), foremost, first ever, topmost [top most], top-of-mind.

    Ex: Microforms are easy to use, although there were early reservations concerning the fact that users need to become familiar with any specific kind of microform and its reader.

    Ex: The first objective, however, is best satisfied by the second policy.
    Ex: Foremost among those recommendations was one pertaining to the development of a UNIMARC format for authorities.
    Ex: In April 1993 the first ever computer crime legislation came into existence in Hong Kong.
    Ex: Thus each heap was delivered to the warehouseman with the final impressions of both formes on the topmost sheet.
    Ex: Computer security is a top-of-mind subject for both IT managers and their corporate bosses.
    * alumno de primer año = first grader.
    * alumno de primer curso = first grader.
    * alumno de primero = first grader.
    * amor a primera vista = love at first sight.
    * aparecer por primera vez = premiere.
    * a primera hora de la mañana = first thing in the morning.
    * a primera hora de + Período del Día = first thing + Período del Día.
    * a primeras horas de la tarde = late afternoon.
    * a primera vista = on first acquaintance, at first sight, on first inspection, on the face of it, at first blush, at first glance, on the surface, prima facie, first-blush.
    * a primeros de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha.
    * asesinato en primer grado = first-degree murder.
    * asiento de primera fila = ringside seat, ringside ticket.
    * atacar primero = preemptive strike.
    * botiquín de primeros auxilios = first-aid kit.
    * butaca de primera fila = ringside seat, ringside ticket.
    * cabo primero = lance corporal.
    * causar una buena primera impresión = make + a good first impression.
    * causar una primera impresión = make + a first impression.
    * colocar como primer elemento de un encabezamiento compuesto = lead.
    * como primera elección = as a first preference.
    * con el primer intento = at the first shot.
    * conocer de primera mano = know + first-hand.
    * contratar al primero que solicita el trabajo = hire on a first-come, first-take basis.
    * correo de primera clase = first class post.
    * dar el primer paso = make + a start, take + the first step.
    * dar los primeros pasos en = venture into.
    * de buenas a primeras = right off the bat, suddenly, without warning, all of a sudden, just like that.
    * de primera = best-quality, top-notch, blue chip [blue-chip], prime, tip-top, first-rate.
    * de primera calidad = premium, premier.
    * de primera clase = first class, first-rate, tip-top.
    * de primera línea = first-line.
    * de primera magnitud = fully blown.
    * de primera mano = at first hand, first-hand [firsthand], first-person.
    * de primera persona = first-person.
    * de primeras = at first sight, on the face of it, at first glance, first-blush, up-front [up front].
    * de primer grado = in the first degree.
    * de primer nivel = first-level.
    * de primer orden = first-order [1st-order], world-class, blue chip [blue-chip].
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * desde el primer día = from day one.
    * desde el primer momento = from the word go, from the word get-go.
    * desde los primeros tiempos = since the earliest of times, from earliest times.
    * desventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover disadvantage.
    * desventaja del primero que hace Algo = first-mover disadvantage, first-mover advantage.
    * dilema de qué es primero el huevo o la gallina = chicken and egg situation.
    * durante los primeros años = during the early years.
    * el primer intento = the first time around.
    * el primer + Nombre = the earliest + Nombre.
    * el primero mencionado = former.
    * encargado de prestar los primeros auxilios = first aider.
    * en el primer caso = in the former case.
    * en los primeros años de = early in.
    * en los primeros años de vida = early in life.
    * en primera instancia = in the first instance.
    * en primera línea = in the front line, first-line, on the front line.
    * en primer lugar = firstly, in the first place, in the first instance, first and foremost, first off.
    * escuela de primer ciclo de secundaria = intermediate school.
    * estar entre los primeros = stay on top.
    * estudiante de primer año = freshman [freshmen, -pl.], first-year student.
    * experiencia de primera mano = first-hand experience.
    * hacer los primeros pinitos = take + the first step.
    * inicial del primer nombre de pila = first initial.
    * ir primero = lead + the way.
    * la primera tentativa = the first time around.
    * la primera vez = the first time around.
    * lo primero = for one, first off.
    * lo primero de todo = first of all, first off.
    * mostrar por primera vez = premiere.
    * Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.
    * ocupar un primer lugar = stand + first.
    * pasar al primer plano = take + centre stage.
    * poner en primer plano = foreground.
    * por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.
    * Posesivo + primeros pasos = Posesivo + first steps.
    * Posesivo + primeros pinitos = Posesivo + first steps.
    * primera cita = first date.
    * primera comunión = first communion.
    * primera división = premiership.
    * Primera División, la = First Division, the.
    * Primera Edición de las Reglas de Catalogación Anglo-Americanas (RCAA1) = AACR1 (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 1st Edition).
    * Primera Enmienda, la = First Amendment, the.
    * primera época, la = early days, the.
    * primera escena, la = opening scene, the.
    * primera etapa = early days.
    * Primera Guerra Mundial = First World War (World War I), World War I [First World War].
    * primera impresión = first impression.
    * primera infancia = babyhood, early childhood.
    * primera línea = front-line [front line], front-line, forefront.
    * primera línea de defensa = first line of defence.
    * primera manga = first leg, away game.
    * primera medida = initial step.
    * primer antepasado = primogenitor.
    * primer año de carrera = freshman year.
    * primer año de estudios superiores = freshman year.
    * primera palabra del encabezamiento = entry word.
    * primera parada = first stop.
    * primera persona = first person.
    * primera plana = front page [front-page].
    * primera posición = pole position, pole start.
    * primera posición de salida = pole start.
    * primera prensada = first cold press.
    * primera referencia = first stop.
    * primera reunión = starter meeting.
    * primeras horas de la madrugada = late night.
    * primeras palabras = opening statement.
    * primera vez, la = first time, the.
    * primer aviso = smoke signal.
    * primer curso = first grade.
    * primer escalafón laboral = entry position.
    * primer heredero = heir apparent [heiress apparent].
    * primer indicio = smoke signal.
    * primer lugar de consulta = first stop.
    * primer meridiano = prime meridian.
    * primer ministro = Premier, prime minister.
    * primer molar = six-year molar.
    * primer molar permanente = first molar.
    * primero en hacer Algo = first mover.
    * primero en tomar la iniciativa = first mover.
    * primero entre pares = first among equals.
    * primero, lo = first thing, the.
    * primero que nada = first off.
    * primeros auxilios = first-aid.
    * primeros impresos = early imprints.
    * primero y principal = first and foremost.
    * primer paso = stake in the ground.
    * primer paso de, el = thin edge of the wedge, the.
    * primer plano = close up, foreground, limelight, centre stage, forefront.
    * primer plato = side entrée.
    * primer puesto + ser para = pride of place + go to.
    * primer punto de contacto = port of first call.
    * primer punto de contacto, el = first port of call, the.
    * primer recurso = first recourse.
    * primer y segundo plato = main dish.
    * proceso en primera instancia = proceeding in the first instance.
    * provisiones de primera necesidad = basic provisions, basic goods.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * relato de primera mano = eyewitness report, eyewitness account, first-hand account.
    * sala de primeros auxilios = emergency room.
    * sargento primero = lance sergeant.
    * seguir entre los primeros = remain on top.
    * sentirse de primera = feel + tip-top.
    * ser de primera categoría = be top notch.
    * ser el primero = be second to none, come out on + top.
    * ser el primero en = lead + the way in.
    * ser el primero en + Infinitivo = take + the lead in + Gerundio.
    * situado en primer lugar = top-ranked, top-rated.
    * una primera y última vez = a first and last time.
    * un + Nombre + a primera hora de la maña = an early morning + Nombre.
    * ventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover advantage.
    * visión de primera fila = ringside seat, ringside view.

    * * *
    primero1 -ra
    adjective / pronoun
    A [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ], [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] (en el espacio, el tiempo) first
    vivo en el primer piso I live on the second ( AmE) o ( BrE) first floor
    en primer lugar vamos a analizar … first (of all) o firstly, we are going to analyze …
    las diez primeras páginas the first ten pages
    sus primeros poemas her early o first poems
    1º de julio/octubre (read as: primero de julio/octubre) 1st July/October, July/October 1st
    Olaf Iº (read as: Olaf primero) Olaf I (léase: Olaf the First)
    estaba sentado en (la) primera fila he was sitting in the front row
    en las primeras horas de la madrugada de ayer in the early hours of yesterday morning
    mañana a primera hora first thing tomorrow
    soy el primero en reconocerlo I am the first to admit it
    Compuestos:
    ( Relig) feminine first communion
    hacer la primeroa comunión to take one's first communion
    feminine elementary o ( BrE) primary education
    maestro de primeroa enseñanza elementary o primary school teacher
    feminine early childhood
    feminine foundation stone
    feminine front page
    salió en primeroa plana en todos los periódicos it made front-page news o the headlines in all the newspapers, it was on the front page of all the newspapers
    masculine New Year's Day
    mpl first aid
    ( Fot) masculine close-up, close-up shot
    en primer plano ( Art) in the foreground
    masculine first course, starter
    B
    (en calidad, jerarquía): un artículo de primerísima calidad a top-quality product, a product of the very finest o highest quality
    de primera categoría first-class, first-rate
    es el primero de la clase he is top of the class
    es el primer atleta del país he is the country's top athlete
    la primera empresa mundial en el campo de la electrónica the world's leading electronics company
    de primera ‹comida/cantante› first-class, first-rate
    sólo vendemos productos de primera we sell only products of the finest o highest quality
    un corte de carne de primera a prime cut of meat
    Compuestos:
    ● primer actor, primera actriz
    ( masculine) leading man; ( feminine) leading lady
    feminine First Lady
    ● primer bailarín, primera bailarina
    ( masculine) leading dancer; ( feminine) prima ballerina
    ( Taur) masculine principal bullfighter
    ● primer magistrado, primera magistrada
    masculine, feminine mandatario m,f A. (↑ mandatario)
    ● primer mandatario, primera mandataria
    ( period) masculine, feminine head of state
    la entrevista entre ambos primeros mandatarios the meeting between the two heads of state
    el primer mandatario estadounidense the president of the United States
    ● primer ministro, primera ministra
    masculine, feminine Prime Minister
    masculine and feminine First Secretary
    masculine and feminine concertmaster ( AmE), leader (of the orchestra)
    los primeros violines the first violins
    C
    (básico, fundamental): nuestro primer objetivo es … our primary objective is …
    lo primero es asegurarnos de que no corren peligro the essential o most important thing is to make sure they are not in any danger
    ¿por qué no haces primero los deberes? why don't you do your homework first?
    B
    (en importancia): estar primero to come first
    para mí primero está mi familia as far as I'm concerned my family comes first
    C
    (para expresar preferencia): primero se queda sin comer que pedirle dinero she would sooner o rather go hungry than ask him for money
    * * *

     

    primero
    ◊ -ra adjetivo/pronombre primer is used before masculine singular nouns

    1 (en el espacio, el tiempo) first;
    ◊ el primer piso the second (AmE) o (BrE) first floor;

    en primer lugar … first (of all), …, firstly, …;
    1o de julio (read as: primero de julio) 1st July, July 1st (léase: July the first);
    Olaf I (read as: Olaf primero) Olaf I (léase: Olaf the First);
    a primeras horas de la madrugada in the early hours of the morning;
    primera plana front page;
    primeros auxilios sustantivo masculino plural
    first aid;
    primer plano (Fot) close-up (shot)
    2 (en calidad, jerarquía):

    de primera (categoría) first-class, first-rate;
    es el primero de la clase he is top of the class;
    primer ministro Prime Minister
    3 (básico, fundamental):

    artículos de primera necesidad basic necessities;
    lo primero es … the most important thing is …
    ■ adverbio
    1 ( en el tiempo) first
    2 ( en importancia):

    primero,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (en el espacio, en el tiempo) first
    primera fila, front row
    en los primeros años, in the early years
    2 (en calidad, en categoría) first: es el primer actor de la compañía, he's the company's top actor
    3 (en importancia) basic, primary
    un artículo de primera necesidad, an essential item
    II adverbio (orden) first: primero, iremos al supermercado, first, we'll go to the supermarket
    ♦ Locuciones: a primeros, at the beginning of
    a la primera de cambio, as soon as one has the opportunity, given half a chance: no está a gusto en la empresa, así que se irá a la primera de cambio, he's not happy at his company, so he plans to leave as soon as he has the chance
    de buenas a primeras, suddenly, unexpectedly
    lo primero es lo primero, first things first
    ' primero' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ir
    - más
    - originaria
    - originario
    - primer
    - primera
    - residir
    - sucesión
    - trigésima
    - trigésimo
    - ante
    - estudio
    - luego
    - mayo
    - ocurrir
    - vigésimo
    English:
    after
    - born
    - come
    - first
    - former
    - go before
    - initial
    - intro
    - leader
    - LIFO
    - original
    - premier
    - prime
    - raise
    - stationary
    - to
    - year
    - consult
    - head
    - lieutenant
    - May
    - payable
    - pioneer
    - put
    - space
    - start
    - the
    * * *
    primero, -a Primer is used instead of primero before singular masculine nouns (e.g. el primer hombre the first man).
    ♦ núm adj
    1. [en orden] first;
    el primer capítulo, el capítulo primero chapter one;
    los primeros diez párrafos, los diez párrafos primeros the first ten paragraphs;
    Carlos primero [escrito Carlos I] Charles the First [written Charles I];
    el siglo primero [también escrito el siglo I] the first century [written 1st century];
    el primer piso the Br first o US second floor;
    a primera hora de la mañana first thing in the morning;
    en primera fila in the front row;
    en primer lugar, abre la caja first (of all), open the box;
    en primera página on the front page
    primeros auxilios first aid; Dep la primera base [posición] first base; Dep primera base [jugador] first base;
    primera comunión first communion;
    hacer la primera comunión to celebrate one's first communion;
    primera división first division;
    Dep primer equipo first team; Mil primera línea front line;
    estar en primera línea [de batalla] to be on the front line;
    [entre los mejores] to be amongst the best;
    primer plano close-up;
    en primer plano in the foreground;
    primer plato first course, starter
    2. [en importancia, calidad] main;
    la primera empresa del sector the leading company in the sector;
    el primer tenista del país the country's top tennis player;
    uno de los primeros objetivos del gobierno one of the government's main aims;
    el primer actor the leading man;
    la primera actriz the leading lady;
    productos de primera calidad top-quality products;
    deportistas de primera clase o [m5] categoría o [m5] fila top-class sportsmen;
    productos de primera necesidad basic necessities;
    lo primero the most important o main thing;
    lo primero es lo primero first things first
    primer bailarín leading dancer;
    primera bailarina prima ballerina;
    primera dama Teatro leading lady;
    Pol [esposa del presidente] first lady; Taurom primer espada principal bullfighter;
    primer ministro prime minister;
    RP primera magistratura presidency;
    primer violín first violin
    ♦ núm nm,f
    1. [en orden]
    el primero the first one;
    el primero fue bueno the first one was good;
    llegó el primero he came first;
    el primero de la cola the person at the front of the Br queue o US line;
    ¿quién es el primero de la cola? who's first?;
    es el primero de la clase he's top of the class;
    él fue el primero en venir he was the first (person o one) to come;
    no eres el primero que me pregunta eso you're not the first person to ask me that
    2. [mencionado antes]
    vinieron Pedro y Juan, el primero con… Pedro and Juan arrived, the former with…
    ♦ adv
    1. [en primer lugar] first;
    primero déjame que te explique una cosa let me explain something to you first;
    usted estaba primero you were in front of me o first;
    ¿quién va o [m5] está primero? who's first?;
    Am
    primero que nada first of all
    2. [indica preferencia]
    primero… que… rather… than…;
    primero morir que traicionarle I'd rather die than betray him
    ♦ nm
    1. [piso] Br first floor, US second floor
    2. [curso universitario] first year;
    estoy en primero I'm a first year
    3. [curso escolar] = first year of primary school, US ≈ first grade
    4. [día del mes]
    el primero de mayo [también escrito el 1 de mayo] the first of May [written 1 May]
    5. [en frases]
    a primeros de mes/año at the beginning of the month/year;
    a primeros de junio at the beginning of June, in early June;
    de primero [de primer plato] for starters
    * * *
    I adj first
    II m, primera f first (one);
    a primeros de enero at the beginning of January;
    el primero de mayo the first of May;
    ser el primero de la clase be top of the class
    III pron
    :
    lo primero (lo más importante) the most important thing
    IV adv
    1 en posición first
    2 ( primeramente) first of all
    * * *
    primero adv
    1) : first
    2) : rather, sooner
    1) : first
    2) : top, leading
    3) : fundamental, basic
    4)
    de primera : first-rate
    primero, -ra n
    : first
    * * *
    primero1 adj pron
    1. (en orden) first
    a primeros de... at the beginning of...
    primero2 adv first

    Spanish-English dictionary > primero

  • 28 einseitig

    I Adj.
    1. oft pej. (Ausbildung, Begabung, Bericht, Sichtweise etc.) one-sided; (parteiisch) partial, bias(s)ed
    2. POL., JUR. unilateral; (Liebe, Zuneigung) one-sided; (unerwidert) unrequited
    3. MED. on one side; eine einseitige Lungenentzündung single pneumonia; einseitige Lähmung paralysis on one side, hemiplegia fachspr.
    4. (unausgeglichen) unbalanced, one-sided; einseitige Ernährung unbalanced diet
    5. (Druck etc.) one-sided
    II Adv.
    1. pej.: etw. einseitig darstellen give a (very) one-sided view of s.th.; einseitig begabt oder veranlagt sein be one-sided; sie ist nur einseitig gebildet she has a very one-sided education
    2. POL., JUR. unilaterally
    3. einseitig bedruckt / beschrieben printed / written on one side
    4. MED.: einseitig gelähmt paralysed on one side, hemiplegic fachspr.
    * * *
    unilateral; one-sided; lop-sided; single-track
    * * *
    ein|sei|tig ['ainzaitɪç]
    1. adj
    1) on one side; (JUR, POL) Erklärung, Kündigung, Maßnahmen unilateral; (COMPUT) single-sided

    éínseitige Lungenentzündung — single pneumonia

    éínseitige Lähmung — hemiplegia (form), paralysis of one side of the body

    2) Freundschaft, Zuneigung one-sided
    3) (= beschränkt) Ausbildung one-sided; (= parteiisch) Bericht, Standpunkt, Zeitung biased; Ernährung unbalanced

    éínseitige Kürzungen im Etat — reductions in one area of the budget only

    2. adv
    1) (= auf einer Seite) on one side
    2)

    (= unausgewogen) sich éínseitig ernähren — to have an unbalanced diet

    jdn éínseitig ausbilden — to give sb a one-sided education

    etw éínseitig schildern — to give a one-sided portrayal of sth, to portray sth one-sidedly

    3) (= parteiisch) subjectively

    jdn éínseitig informieren — to give sb biased information

    * * *
    1) (with one person or side having a great advantage over the other: a one-sided contest.) one-sided
    2) (representing only one aspect of a subject: a one-sided discussion.) one-sided
    * * *
    ein·sei·tig
    [ˈainzaitɪç]
    I. adj
    1. (nur einen betreffend) one-sided; JUR, POL a. unilateral
    \einseitige Erklärungen declarations made by one party
    2. MED one-sided
    eine \einseitige Lähmung paralysis of one side of the body
    3. (beschränkt) one-sided
    eine \einseitige Ernährung an unbalanced diet
    4. (voreingenommen) bias[s]ed, one-sided
    ▪ \einseitig [in etw dat] sein to be biased [in sth]
    II. adv
    1. (auf einer Seite) on one side
    die Folie ist \einseitig bedruckt the transparency is printed on one side
    2. (beschränkt) in a one-sided way
    jdn \einseitig ausbilden to educate [or train] sb in a one-sided fashion
    sich akk \einseitig ernähren to have an unbalanced diet
    3. (parteiisch) from a one-sided point of view, one-sidedly
    \einseitig informiert sein to have heard only one side of the argument
    * * *
    1.
    1) on one side postpos.; unrequited < love>; one-sided < friendship>
    2) one-sided, biased <view, statement, etc.>; one-sided < person>
    3) unbalanced < diet>; one-sided < education>
    2.
    1)
    2) s. einseitig 1. 2): one-sidedly
    3)
    * * *
    A. adj
    1. oft pej (Ausbildung, Begabung, Bericht, Sichtweise etc) one-sided; (parteiisch) partial, bias(s)ed
    2. POL, JUR unilateral; (Liebe, Zuneigung) one-sided; (unerwidert) unrequited
    3. MED on one side;
    einseitige Lähmung paralysis on one side, hemiplegia fachspr
    4. (unausgeglichen) unbalanced, one-sided;
    einseitige Ernährung unbalanced diet
    5. (Druck etc) one-sided
    B. adv
    1. pej:
    etwas einseitig darstellen give a (very) one-sided view of sth;
    veranlagt sein be one-sided;
    sie ist nur einseitig gebildet she has a very one-sided education
    2. POL, JUR unilaterally
    3.
    einseitig bedruckt/beschrieben printed/written on one side
    4. MED:
    einseitig gelähmt paralysed on one side, hemiplegic fachspr
    * * *
    1.
    1) on one side postpos.; unrequited < love>; one-sided < friendship>
    2) one-sided, biased <view, statement, etc.>; one-sided < person>
    3) unbalanced < diet>; one-sided < education>
    2.
    1)
    2) s. einseitig 1. 2): one-sidedly
    3)
    * * *
    adj.
    lopsided adj.
    one sided adj.
    one-sided adj.
    one-way adj.
    single-edge adj.
    unilateral adj. adv.
    unilaterally adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > einseitig

  • 29 sospechoso

    adj.
    1 suspicious, suspect, on suspicion, shady.
    2 suspicious, distrustful.
    3 suspicious, open to suspicion, doubtable, dubious.
    m.
    suspect, suspected criminal.
    * * *
    1 suspicious
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 suspect
    * * *
    1. (f. - sospechosa)
    noun
    2. (f. - sospechosa)
    adj.
    suspect, suspicious
    * * *
    sospechoso, -a
    1.
    2.
    SM / F suspect
    * * *
    I
    - sa adjetivo <movimiento/comportamiento> suspicious; < paquete> suspicious, suspect

    me parece muy sospechoso — I find it very o highly suspicious

    II
    - sa masculino, femenino suspect
    * * *
    = suspect, fishy [fishier -comp., fishiest -sup.], shady, suspect, dodgy [dodgier -comp., dodgiest -sup.], fly-by-night, dubious-sounding, dubious, under suspicion.
    Ex. The utility, in information service terms, of a narrow technical education is suspect.
    Ex. This is when children are not really concerned with scientific truth; they believe in Father Christmas anyway, even if there lurks the suspicion that there is something rather fishy about it all.
    Ex. Moreover, the shady image of video libraries drove away discerning customers.
    Ex. Results show that newsworthiness of a homicide is enhanced when whites are suspects or victims, males are suspects and victims are females, children or senior citizens.
    Ex. The statistical procedures from Czchekoslovakia and Romania have been pretty dodgy and unsatisfactory.
    Ex. What I was reading about looked like a really genuine and reliable way of earning good money that didn't involve some fly-by-night, get-rich-quick scheme.
    Ex. But I seem to get an awful lot of people trying to interest me in dubious-sounding business propositions.
    Ex. On no account should the schedules of a classification scheme be modified in order to gain some dubious advantage of this kind.
    Ex. When war broke out against Germany, immigrants from that country were suddenly under suspicion of being possible enemy.
    ----
    * haber algo sospechoso con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * principal sospechoso = leading suspect.
    * que parece sospechoso = dubious-sounding.
    * ruedad de sospechosos = identity parade.
    * rueda de sospechosos = police line-up, identification parade.
    * * *
    I
    - sa adjetivo <movimiento/comportamiento> suspicious; < paquete> suspicious, suspect

    me parece muy sospechoso — I find it very o highly suspicious

    II
    - sa masculino, femenino suspect
    * * *
    = suspect, fishy [fishier -comp., fishiest -sup.], shady, suspect, dodgy [dodgier -comp., dodgiest -sup.], fly-by-night, dubious-sounding, dubious, under suspicion.

    Ex: The utility, in information service terms, of a narrow technical education is suspect.

    Ex: This is when children are not really concerned with scientific truth; they believe in Father Christmas anyway, even if there lurks the suspicion that there is something rather fishy about it all.
    Ex: Moreover, the shady image of video libraries drove away discerning customers.
    Ex: Results show that newsworthiness of a homicide is enhanced when whites are suspects or victims, males are suspects and victims are females, children or senior citizens.
    Ex: The statistical procedures from Czchekoslovakia and Romania have been pretty dodgy and unsatisfactory.
    Ex: What I was reading about looked like a really genuine and reliable way of earning good money that didn't involve some fly-by-night, get-rich-quick scheme.
    Ex: But I seem to get an awful lot of people trying to interest me in dubious-sounding business propositions.
    Ex: On no account should the schedules of a classification scheme be modified in order to gain some dubious advantage of this kind.
    Ex: When war broke out against Germany, immigrants from that country were suddenly under suspicion of being possible enemy.
    * haber algo sospechoso con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * principal sospechoso = leading suspect.
    * que parece sospechoso = dubious-sounding.
    * ruedad de sospechosos = identity parade.
    * rueda de sospechosos = police line-up, identification parade.

    * * *
    ‹movimiento/comportamiento› suspicious; ‹paquete› suspicious, suspect
    tres hombres de aspecto sospechoso three suspicious-looking men
    relojes baratos de origen sospechoso cheap watches of dubious origin
    me parece muy sospechoso I find it very o highly suspicious
    masculine, feminine
    suspect
    * * *

    sospechoso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo ‹movimiento/comportamiento› suspicious;


    ‹ paquete› suspicious, suspect;

    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    suspect
    sospechoso,-a
    I sustantivo masculino y femenino suspect
    II adjetivo suspicious: era sospechoso de asesinato, he was suspected of committing a murder

    ' sospechoso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    detener
    - detenida
    - detenido
    - enjuiciar
    - interrogar
    - oscura
    - oscuro
    - rondar
    - sospechosa
    - interrogación
    - llevar
    - vaina
    English:
    detention
    - doubtful
    - dubious
    - funny business
    - grill
    - shady
    - shifty
    - suspect
    - suspicious
    - up
    - Caucasian
    - fishy
    - furtive
    - name
    * * *
    sospechoso, -a
    ♦ adj
    suspicious;
    me parece sospechoso que no haya venido it strikes me as suspicious that he hasn't come
    ♦ nm,f
    suspect
    * * *
    I adj suspicious
    II m, sospechosa f suspect
    * * *
    sospechoso, -sa adj
    : suspicious, suspect
    sospechoso, -sa n
    : suspect
    * * *
    sospechoso1 adj suspicious
    sospechoso2 n suspect

    Spanish-English dictionary > sospechoso

  • 30 perjuicio

    m.
    harm, damage.
    causar perjuicios (a) to do harm o damage (to)
    ir en perjuicio de to be detrimental to
    la reforma educativa favorece a algunas asignaturas en perjuicio de otras the education reform favors some subjects at the expense of others
    lo haré, sin perjuicio de que proteste I'll do it, but I retain the right to make a complaint about it
    * * *
    1 (material) damage; (económico) loss
    \
    causar perjuicio a alguien to damage somebody's interests
    con perjuicio para resulting in damage to
    en perjuicio de adversely affecting, to the detriment of, against
    sin perjuicio de without adversely affecting, without detriment to 2 DERECHO without prejudice to
    * * *
    noun m.
    harm, damage
    * * *
    SM damage, harm

    • en perjuicio de algo — to the detriment of sth, at the expense of sth

    • redundar en perjuicio de algo — to be detrimental to sth, harm sth

    • sin perjuicio de — (Jur) without prejudice to

    sin perjuicio de que luego me pueda arrepentir — even though I might change my mind later, in spite of the fact that I might change my mind later

    daño 1)
    * * *
    a) ( daño) damage
    b)

    en perjuicio de — (frml)

    redunda o va en perjuicio de todos — it works against o is detrimental to everyone

    c)

    sin perjuicio: sin perjuicio para su salud without detriment to his health (frml); sin perjuicio de los derechos establecidos por la ley — without affecting your statutory rights

    * * *
    = disservice, harmdoing.
    Ex. A sham catalog is a disservice to the user, and participating in the creation of a sham catalog is personally degrading to a professional.
    Ex. The act of ' harmdoing' is defined, & the impact of legal structures on the behavior of the harmdoer & victim is examined.
    ----
    * caso por daños y perjuicios = damages case.
    * causar perjuicio = bring + harm.
    * compensación por daños y perjuicios = liquidated damages.
    * daños y perjuicios = consequential damage.
    * demandar por daños y perjuicios = sue for + damage.
    * en perjuicio de = to the detriment of, to + Posesivo + detriment.
    * indemnización por daños y perjuicios = compensatory damages.
    * reparar un perjuicio = make + amends (for/to).
    * sin perjuicio de = notwithstanding.
    * sin perjuicios = open mind.
    * * *
    a) ( daño) damage
    b)

    en perjuicio de — (frml)

    redunda o va en perjuicio de todos — it works against o is detrimental to everyone

    c)

    sin perjuicio: sin perjuicio para su salud without detriment to his health (frml); sin perjuicio de los derechos establecidos por la ley — without affecting your statutory rights

    * * *
    = disservice, harmdoing.

    Ex: A sham catalog is a disservice to the user, and participating in the creation of a sham catalog is personally degrading to a professional.

    Ex: The act of ' harmdoing' is defined, & the impact of legal structures on the behavior of the harmdoer & victim is examined.
    * caso por daños y perjuicios = damages case.
    * causar perjuicio = bring + harm.
    * compensación por daños y perjuicios = liquidated damages.
    * daños y perjuicios = consequential damage.
    * demandar por daños y perjuicios = sue for + damage.
    * en perjuicio de = to the detriment of, to + Posesivo + detriment.
    * indemnización por daños y perjuicios = compensatory damages.
    * reparar un perjuicio = make + amends (for/to).
    * sin perjuicio de = notwithstanding.
    * sin perjuicios = open mind.

    * * *
    1 (daño) damage
    causó grave perjuicio a su reputación it caused serious damage to his reputation
    esto le reportará a la empresa un gran perjuicio económico this will prove very damaging for the company financially, this will prove highly detrimental to the company financially ( frml)
    no sufrió ningún perjuicio it did him no harm o damage
    2
    en perjuicio de ( frml): la ley electoral redunda en perjuicio de los partidos minoritarios the electoral law works against o works to the detriment of o is detrimental to minority parties
    lo beneficia a él pero va en perjuicio de todos los demás it works to his advantage but to everyone else's disadvantage, it benefits him but it is detrimental to everyone else ( frml)
    3
    sin perjuicio: sin perjuicio para su salud without detriment to his health ( frml)
    sin perjuicio de los derechos establecidos por la ley without affecting your statutory rights
    es preciso tomar una decisión ahora, sin perjuicio de que más tarde cambiemos de opinión we need to make a decision now, but this doesn't mean we can't change our minds later o it is essential we make a decision now, but this does not preclude a change of plan at a later date
    * * *

     

    perjuicio sustantivo masculino ( daño) damage;
    ◊ no sufrió ningún perjuicio it did him no harm o damage;

    le causó un gran perjuicio it was very damaging to him;
    redunda o va en perjuicio de todos it works against o (frml) is detrimental to everyone;
    sin perjuicio para su salud without detriment to his health (frml);
    sin perjuicio de que cambiemos de opinión even though we may change our minds later
    perjuicio sustantivo masculino harm, damage: tendrá que pagar daños y perjuicios, he'll have to pay damages

    ' perjuicio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    crasa
    - craso
    - daño
    - mal
    - remediar
    - reparación
    - revertir
    - sangrar
    - sufrir
    - reparar
    English:
    damage
    - detriment
    - disservice
    - harm
    - prejudice
    * * *
    harm, damage;
    causar perjuicios (a) to do harm o damage (to);
    ir en perjuicio de to be detrimental to;
    la reforma educativa favorece a algunas asignaturas en perjuicio de otras the education reform favours some subjects at the expense of others;
    sin perjuicio: lo haré, sin perjuicio de que proteste I'll do it, but I retain the right to make a complaint about it;
    urge la reforma de la ley, sin perjuicio de la revisión de otras leyes the law must be reformed as a matter of urgency, however this should not mean that the review of other laws is neglected
    * * *
    m harm, damage;
    sin perjuicio de without affecting
    * * *
    1) : harm, damage
    2)
    en perjuicio de : to the detriment of

    Spanish-English dictionary > perjuicio

  • 31 head

    head [hed]
    tête ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (e), 1 (i), 1 (j), 1 (l), 1 (n), 1 (p), 1 (v) mal de tête ⇒ 1 (f) chef ⇒ 1 (g) côté face ⇒ 1 (k) être à la tête de ⇒ 2 (a) être en tête de ⇒ 2 (b) diriger ⇒ 2 (c) intituler ⇒ 2 (d) aller ⇒ 3 principal ⇒ 4 (a) premier ⇒ 4 (b)
    (pl sense (l) inv)
    1 noun
    (a) (of human, animal) tête f;
    ∎ she has a fine head of hair elle a de très beaux cheveux ou une très belle chevelure;
    ∎ he's already a head taller than his mother il dépasse déjà sa mère d'une tête;
    ∎ Horseracing to win by a head gagner d'une tête;
    ∎ from head to toe or foot de la tête aux pieds;
    ∎ he was covered in mud from head to toe or foot il était couvert de boue de la tête aux pieds;
    ∎ she was dressed in black from head to toe or foot elle était tout en noir ou entièrement vêtue de noir;
    ∎ to fall head over heels tomber la tête la première;
    ∎ to fall head over heels in love with sb tomber éperdument amoureux de qn;
    ∎ to have one's head in the clouds avoir la tête dans les nuages;
    ∎ he wanders around with his head in the clouds il est toujours dans les nuages;
    ∎ wine always goes to my head le vin me monte toujours à la tête;
    ∎ all this praise has gone to his head toutes ces louanges lui ont tourné la tête;
    ∎ to give a horse its head lâcher la bride à un cheval;
    ∎ figurative give him his head and put him in charge lâchez-lui la bride et laissez-le prendre des responsabilités;
    ∎ to stand on one's head faire le poirier;
    ∎ familiar I could do it standing on my head c'est simple comme bonjour;
    ∎ that's the kind of thing he could do standing on his head c'est le genre de choses qu'il peut faire les yeux fermés;
    ∎ familiar she's got her head screwed on (the right way) elle a la tête sur les épaules;
    ∎ the girl's got a good head on her shoulders cette fille a la tête sur les épaules;
    ∎ he's an old head on young shoulders il est très mûr pour son âge;
    ∎ figurative she's head and shoulders above the rest les autres ne lui arrivent pas à la cheville;
    ∎ familiar to laugh one's head off rire à gorge déployée;
    ∎ familiar to shout or to scream one's head off crier à tue-tête;
    ∎ they'll have your head (on a plate) for this ils auront ta tête pour ça;
    ∎ heads will roll des têtes tomberont;
    ∎ American heads up! attention la tête!;
    ∎ American familiar to give sb a heads up tuyauter qn
    (b) (mind, thoughts) tête f;
    ∎ to do sums in one's head calculer de tête;
    ∎ to take it into one's head to do sth se mettre en tête de faire qch;
    ∎ the idea never entered my head ça ne m'est jamais venu à l'esprit;
    ∎ don't put silly ideas into his head ne lui mettez pas des idées stupides en tête;
    ∎ to get sth into one's head se mettre qch dans la tête;
    ∎ I can't get these dates into my head je n'arrive pas à retenir ces dates;
    ∎ she got it into her head that she was being persecuted elle s'est mis en tête ou dans l'idée qu'on la persécutait;
    ∎ I can't get that into his head je n'arrive pas à le lui faire comprendre;
    ∎ the answer has gone right out of my head j'ai complètement oublié la réponse;
    ∎ I think he made it up out of his own head je crois que c'est lui qui a inventé ça;
    ∎ familiar use your head! fais travailler tes méninges!;
    ∎ familiar it's doing my head in! ça me tape sur le système!, ça me prend la tête!;
    ∎ familiar I just can't get my head round the idea that she's gone je n'arrive vraiment pas à me faire à l'idée qu'elle est partie;
    ∎ familiar to get one's head straight or together se ressaisir
    ∎ to have a good head for business avoir le sens des affaires, s'entendre aux affaires;
    ∎ she has no head for business elle n'a pas le sens des affaires;
    ∎ in my job, you need a good head for figures pour faire mon métier, il faut savoir manier les chiffres;
    ∎ to have a (good) head for heights ne pas avoir le vertige;
    ∎ I've no head for heights j'ai le vertige
    (d) (clear thinking, common sense)
    ∎ keep your head! gardez votre calme!, ne perdez pas la tête!;
    ∎ to keep a cool head garder la tête froide;
    ∎ you'll need a clear head in the morning vous aurez besoin d'avoir l'esprit clair demain matin;
    ∎ to let one's head be ruled by one's heart laisser son cœur gouverner sa raison;
    ∎ British familiar he's off his head il est malade, il n'est pas net;
    ∎ familiar he's not quite right in the head, he's a bit soft in the head il est un peu timbré;
    ∎ familiar to be out of one's head (drunk) être bourré; (on drugs) être défoncé
    (e) (intelligence, ability) tête f;
    ∎ we'll have to put our heads together and find a solution nous devrons nous y mettre ensemble pour trouver une solution;
    ∎ off the top of my head, I'd say it would cost about £1,500 à vue de nez, je dirais que ça coûte dans les 1500 livres;
    ∎ I don't know off the top of my head je ne sais pas, il faudrait que je vérifie;
    ∎ she made some figures up off the top of her head elle a inventé des chiffres;
    ∎ he's talking off the top of his head il raconte n'importe quoi;
    ∎ her lecture was completely over my head sa conférence m'a complètement dépassé;
    ∎ to talk over sb's head s'exprimer de manière trop compliquée pour qn;
    ∎ proverb two heads are better than one deux avis valent mieux qu'un
    (f) familiar (headache) mal m de tête□ ;
    ∎ I've got a bit of a head this morning j'ai un peu mal à la tête ce matin
    (g) (chief, boss → of police, government, family) chef m; (→ of school, company) directeur(trice) m,f;
    ∎ the European heads of government les chefs mpl de gouvernement européens;
    ∎ the crowned heads of Europe les têtes fpl couronnées de l'Europe;
    ∎ head of department (in school) chef m de département; (in company) chef m de service
    (h) (authority, responsibility)
    ∎ she went over my head to the president elle est allée voir le président sans me consulter;
    ∎ they were promoted over my head ils ont été promus avant moi;
    ∎ on your (own) head be it! c'est toi qui en prends la responsabilité!, à tes risques et périls!;
    ∎ literary his blood will be upon your head la responsabilité de sa mort pèsera sur vos épaules
    (i) (top → of racquet, pin, hammer) tête f; (→ of staircase) haut m, tête f; (→ of bed) chevet m, tête f; (→ of arrow) pointe f; (→ of page) tête f; (→ of letter) en-tête m; (→ of cane) pommeau m; (→ of valley) tête f; (→ of river) source f; (→ of mineshaft) bouche f; (→ of column, rocket, still) chapiteau m; (→ of torpedo) cône m; (→ of cask) fond m;
    ∎ at the head of the procession/queue en tête de (la) procession/de (la) queue;
    ∎ sitting at the head of the table assis au bout de la ou en tête de table;
    ∎ to be at the head of the list venir en tête de liste
    (j) Botany & Cookery (of corn) épi m; (of garlic) tête f, gousse f; (of celery) pied m; (of asparagus) pointe f; (of flower) tête f;
    ∎ a head of cauliflower un chou-fleur
    (k) (of coin) côté m face;
    ∎ heads or tails? pile ou face?;
    ∎ I can't make head nor tail of this pour moi ça n'a ni queue ni tête;
    ∎ familiar humorous heads I win, tails you lose pile je gagne, face tu perds;
    ∎ it's a case of heads I win, tails you lose de toutes les façons je suis gagnant
    (l) (of livestock) tête f;
    ∎ 50 head of cattle 50 têtes de bétail
    (m) (in prices, donations)
    ∎ tickets cost £50 a head les billets valent 50 livres par personne
    (n) Electronics (of tape recorder, VCR, disk drive) tête f
    ∎ to win the scrum against the head prendre le ballon à l'adversaire sur son introduction
    (p) (title → of chapter) tête f;
    ∎ under this head sous ce titre;
    ∎ heads of agreement (draft) protocole m d'accord
    (q) Typography en-tête m
    (r) (on beer) mousse f; (on fermenting liquid) chapeau m
    (s) Physics (of fluid, gas) charge f, pression f;
    ∎ loss of head perte f de pression;
    ∎ head of water charge f ou pression f d'eau;
    ∎ figurative to get up or to work up a head of steam s'énerver
    (t) (of drum) peau f
    (u) (of ship) proue f
    (v) Medicine (of abscess, spot) tête f;
    ∎ to come to a head (abscess, spot) mûrir; figurative (problem) arriver au point critique;
    ∎ his resignation brought things to a head sa démission a précipité les choses
    ∎ to give sb head tailler une pipe à qn
    (x) American familiar or Nautical (toilet) toilettes□ fpl;
    ∎ I'm going to the head je vais pisser
    (a) (command → group, organization) être à la tête de; (→ project, revolt) diriger, être à la tête de; (chair → discussion) mener; (→ commission) présider;
    ∎ she headed the attack on the Government's economic policy elle menait l'attaque contre la politique économique du gouvernement
    (b) (be first in, on) être ou venir en tête de;
    ∎ Madrid heads the list of Europe's most interesting cities Madrid vient ou s'inscrit en tête des villes les plus intéressantes d'Europe;
    ∎ Sport she headed the pack from the start elle était en tête du peloton dès le départ
    (c) (steer → vehicle) diriger; (→ person) guider, diriger;
    ∎ we headed the sheep down the hill nous avons fait descendre les moutons de la colline;
    ∎ they are heading the country into chaos ils conduisent le pays au chaos;
    ∎ just head me towards the nearest bar dirigez-moi vers le bar le plus proche;
    ∎ where are you headed? où vas-tu?;
    ∎ Nautical to head a ship westwards mettre le cap à l'ouest
    (d) (provide title for) intituler; (be title of) être en tête de;
    ∎ the essay is headed 'Democracy' l'essai s'intitule ou est intitulé 'Démocratie'
    (e) Football (ball) jouer de la tête;
    ∎ he headed the ball into the goal il a marqué de la tête
    (f) old-fashioned (skirt around → lake) contourner par l'amont; (→ river) contourner par sa source
    (g) (plant) écimer, étêter
    (car, crowd, person) aller, se diriger; Nautical mettre le cap sur;
    ∎ where are you heading? où vas-tu?;
    ∎ you're heading in the right direction vous allez dans la bonne direction;
    ∎ I'm going to head home je vais rentrer;
    ∎ the train headed into/out of a tunnel le train est entré dans un/sorti d'un tunnel
    (a) (main → person) principal
    ►► head barman chef m barman;
    British School head boy = élève chargé d'un certain nombre de responsabilités et qui représente son école aux cérémonies publiques;
    head cashier chef m caissier;
    head chef chef m de cuisine;
    Commerce head clerk premier commis m, chef m de bureau;
    head cold rhume m de cerveau;
    head count vérification f du nombre de personnes présentes;
    ∎ the teacher did a head count la maîtresse a compté les élèves;
    head foreman chef m d'atelier;
    Mining head frame chevalement m;
    head gardener jardinier(ère) m,f en chef;
    Cars head gasket joint m de culasse;
    Technology head gate (of lock) porte f d'amont;
    British School head girl = élève chargée d'un certain nombre de responsabilités et qui représente son école aux cérémonies publiques;
    head housekeeper (in hotel) gouvernante f générale;
    head louse pou m;
    head office siège m social, bureau m central;
    ∎ it's British head office or American the head office on the phone c'est le siège au téléphone;
    head porter (in hotel) chef-portier m; (in university college) appariteur m principal;
    (a) (in rowing) tête-de-rivière f
    (b) Technology canal m de prise ou d'amenée; (of water mill) bief m d'amont;
    head receptionist chef m de réception;
    Music head register voix f de tête;
    British Cars head restraint appuie-tête m, repose-tête m;
    Television & Cinema head shot gros plan m de tête;
    head start (lead) avance f; (advantage) avantage m;
    ∎ he had a ten-minute head start over the others il a commencé dix minutes avant les autres;
    ∎ I got a head start j'ai pris de l'avance sur les autres;
    ∎ go on, I'll give you a head start allez, vas-y, je te donne un peu d'avance;
    ∎ being bilingual gives her a head start over the others étant bilingue, elle est avantagée par rapport aux autres;
    head of state chef m d'État;
    School head teacher (man) proviseur m, directeur m, chef m d'établissement; (woman) directrice f, chef m d'établissement;
    head torch lampe f frontale;
    Music head voice voix f de tête;
    head waiter maître m d'hôtel;
    British School head of year conseiller(ère) m,f (principal(e)) d'éducation
    rentrer, retourner;
    ∎ we headed back to the office nous sommes retournés au bureau;
    ∎ when are you heading back? quand comptez-vous rentrer?
    (of car, person) se diriger vers; Nautical mettre le cap sur;
    ∎ where are you headed for? où vas-tu?;
    ∎ she headed for home elle rentra (à la maison);
    ∎ the country is heading for civil war le pays va droit à la guerre civile;
    ∎ he's heading for trouble il va s'attirer des ennuis;
    ∎ figurative to be heading for a fall courir à l'échec;
    ∎ familiar to head for the hills filer
    (a) (divert → animal, vehicle, person) détourner de son chemin; (→ enemy) forcer à reculer;
    ∎ figurative she headed off all questions about her private life elle a éludé toute question sur sa vie privée
    (b) (crisis, disaster) prévenir, éviter; (rebellion, revolt, unrest) éviter
    partir;
    ∎ the children headed off to school les enfants sont partis pour ou à l'école
    (be leader of) diriger

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > head

  • 32 press

    1. I
    time (the matter, work, etc.) presses время и т.д. не ждет; have you any business that presses? есть у вас какие-л. срочные /неотложные/ дела?; nothing remains that presses ничего срочного нет
    2. II
    1) press somewhere press forward (upward, westward, etc.) [упорно] продвигаться вперед и т.д.; the crowd pressed forward толпа двинулась вперед
    3. III
    1) press smth. press the button (the knob, the lever, etc.) нажимать [на] кнопку и т.д.; press smb.'s hand пожать /сжать/ чью-л. руку; press smb.'s toe наступить кому-л. на ногу; press the trigger спустить /нажать/ курок
    2) press smth., smb. press grapes (berries, etc.) давить виноград и т.д.; press hay (beef, cotton, fish, etc.) прессовать сено и т.д.; press flowers засушивать цветы (для гербария); don't press me you all не давите вы все на меня
    3) press smth. press clothes (smb.'s suit, one's shirt, one's trousers, etc.) гладить /утюжить/ одежду и т.д.
    4) press smth., smb. press the matter (the point, the question, etc.) добиваться немедленного решения дела /ответа по делу/ и т.д., настаивать на немедленном решении дела /ответа по делу/ и т.д.; I wouldn't press the matter any further if I were you на вашем месте я бы на этом больше не настаивал; press the new method настойчиво внедрять новый метод; press the argument доказывать правильность своих доводов; press one's advantage использовать свои преимущества; press an attack развивать наступление; press one's opponent теснить противника, вести решительное наступление на противника
    5) press smth., smb. press smb.'s departure (smb.'s flight, smb.'s escape, etc.) торопить кого-л. с отъездом и т.д.; it is no good pressing him, he doesn't like to be hurried нет смысла добиваться от него немедленного ответа, он не любит, когда его торопят
    4. IV
    1) press smth., smb. in some manner press smth., smb. vigorously (forcibly, desperately, cautiously, etc.) энергично и т.д. давить /нажимать на/ что-л., кого-л.; he warmly (tenderly, affectionately, passionately, etc.) pressed my hand он тепле и т.д. пожал мне руку; be careful, you are pressing me too hard осторожнее, ты меня раздавишь; the crowd pressed me back толпа оттеснила меня назад; press the two plates together плотно прижимать две пластинки друг к другу
    2) press smb. in some manner press the troops forward спешно двинуть войска вперед; press the enemy hard неотступно теснить противника; poverty pressed him hard он жил в большой нужде
    5. VI
    press smth. to some state press the pastry thin and flat тонко раскатывать тесто
    6. VII
    press smb. to do smth. press smb. to retire (one's guest to stay all night, him to act, him to make a reform, etc.) настойчиво уговаривать /убеждать/ кого-л. выйти в отставку и т.д.; he pressed his horse to go faster он все время подгонял /понукал/ лошадь
    7. XI
    1) be pressed all his things have been pressed ace его вещи были выглажены
    2) be pressed in (against, etc.) smb., smth. I was pressed in the crowd меня сдавили /сжали/ в толпе; I was pressed against the wall меня прижали к стене
    3) be pressed from with. wine is pressed from grapes вино жмут из винограда
    4) be pressed in same manner be very much pressed быть в крайне затруднительном положении; our opponents were hard pressed ваши соперники были в трудном положении; be pressed by smth., smb. be pressed by need (by want, by necessity, by hunger, etc.) быть доведённым до крайности нуждой и т.д.; he was pressed by problems on all sides на него навалилось множество всяких проблем; he was pressed by his creditors его преследовали /на него наседали/ кредиторы; be pressed with smth. he was pressed with work у него был завал работы; be pressed for smth. be pressed for time (for money, for space, etc.) остро ощущать нехватку /недостаток/ времени и т.д.; they are very much pressed for funds они испытывают серьезные финансовые затруднения; when pressed for reason, he explained that... когда от него потребовали объяснения, он сказал, что...; be pressed to do smth. be pressed to answer (to come back, etc.) быть вынужденным отвечать и т.д.
    8. XII
    get (have) smth. pressed where can I get my suit pressed? куда можно отдать отутюжить /выгладить/ костюм?: please have my things pressed я хочу, чтобы погладили мои вещи
    9. XVI
    1) press on smth. press on a pen (on a pencil, on these buttons, etc.) нажимать на перо и т.д.; the bone was pressing on a nerve кость давила на нерв; press against /to/ smth., smb. press against the gates (against the wall, against the barrier, etc.) давить /нажимать, напирать/ на ворота и т.д., press against him прижаться к нему; the child pressed close to his mother ребенок тесно прижался к матери; his face pressed close to the window он прижался лицом к окну; press against each other а) толкаться, теснить друг друга: б) жаться друг к другу
    2) press round smb., smth. press round the singer (round the tent, etc.) толпиться вокруг певицы и т.д., со всех сторон обступить певицу и т.д.; press into smth. press into the yard (into the street, into the theatre, etc.) протискиваться во двор и т.д.
    3) press (up)on smb., smth. press heavily on smb. [очень] тяготить кого-л.: debts press heavily on me меня угнетают [мои] бесчисленные долги; these duties did not press heavily on his time эти обязанности не отнимали у него много времени; these troubles (adverse circumstances, etc.) press upon his mind он все время думает об этих неприятностях и т.д., эти неприятности и т.д. не выходят у него из головы
    4) press for smth. book. press for a serious consideration (for a solution, for larger grants for education, for a decision, for reform, etc.) настоятельно добиваться серьезного разбора /рассмотрения/ и т.д.; I must press for an answer я вынужден требовать ответа
    10. XXI1
    1) press smth. with smth. press smth. with a stone (with a paperweight, etc.) прижать /придавить/ что-л. камнем и т.д.; press smth. in smth. press smth. in one's hands сжимать что-л. в руках; press flowers in the leaves of a book засушивать цветы в книге; press smth., smb. against smth. press one's hand against one's forehead прижать руку ко лбу; press smb. against a fence (against a wall, against a tree, etc.) прижимать кого-л. к заберу и т.д.; press smb., smth. to smth. press the baby to one's breast (the picture to one's heart, one's hands to one's sides, etc.) прижимать ребенка к груди и т.д.; press a kiss to smb.'s lips поцеловать кого-л. в губы; press smth. on smth. press a label on a trunk (a stamp on an envelope, a picture on a paper, etc.) приклеить /наклеить/ этикетку на чемодан и т.д.
    2) press smb., smth. into smth. press smb. into a cell (into a narrow passage, into a hole, into a building, etc.) загнать кого-л. в камеру и т.д.; the crowd pressed him into the comer толпа оттеснила его в угол; press a cork into a bottle загнать пробку в бутылку
    3) press smth. out of /from/ smth. press oil out of the seeds (all the juice from a lemon, etc.) выжимать масло из семян и т.д.
    4) press smb. for smth. press smb. for an answer (for a debt, for money, for a decision, for a reform, etc.) настоятельно требовать от кого-л. ответа и т.д.; press smb. with smth. press smb. with questions требовать от кого-л. немедленных ответов на [многочисленные] вопросы; press smth. on smb., smth. press money (a gift, a favour, etc.) on smb. настойчиво предлагать /навязывать/ кому-л. деньги и т.д.; press wine and food on a guest усиленно угощать гостя /предлагать гостю вино и еду/; press these facts on the notice of the public настойчиво привлекать внимание общественности к этим фактам; press smth. into smth. press science into service поставить науку на службу обществу

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > press

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  • Advantage ground — Advantage Ad*van tage (?; 61, 48), n. [OE. avantage, avauntage, F. avantage, fr. avant before. See {Advance}, and cf. {Vantage}.] 1. Any condition, circumstance, opportunity, or means, particularly favorable to success, or to any desired end;… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Education in Hong Kong — has a similar system to that of the United Kingdom, in particular the English education system of Hong Kong was modernized by the British in 1861. The system can be described as extremely competitive by global standards.HistoryPrior to 1841, the… …   Wikipedia

  • advantage — noun 1 THAT HELPS YOU (C, U) something that helps you to be better or more successful than others (+ of): the advantages of a university education | have an advantage (over): For certain types of work wood has advantages over plastic. | give sb… …   Longman dictionary of contemporary English

  • advantage */*/*/ — UK [ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ] / US [ədˈvæntɪdʒ] noun Word forms advantage : singular advantage plural advantages 1) [countable/uncountable] something that makes one person or thing more likely to succeed than others the advantages of a good education give… …   English dictionary

  • advantage — /ad van tij, vahn /, n., v., advantaged, advantaging. n. 1. any state, circumstance, opportunity, or means specially favorable to success, interest, or any desired end: the advantage of a good education. 2. benefit; gain; profit: It will be to… …   Universalium

  • advantage — ad|van|tage [ əd væntıdʒ ] noun *** 1. ) count or uncount something that makes one person or thing more likely to succeed than others: BENEFIT: the advantages of a good education give someone an advantage: Her teaching experience gives her an… …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

  • advantage — /ədˈvæntɪdʒ / (say uhd vantij), / ˈvan / (say vahn ) noun 1. any state, circumstance, opportunity, or means specially favourable to success, interest, or any desired end: the advantage of a good education. 2. benefit; gain; profit: it is to her… …  

  • The Goon Show — Infobox Radio Show show name = The Goon Show imagesize = caption = format = Comedy record location = Camden Theatre London creator = Spike Milligan producer = Peter Eton (101) Dennis Main Wilson (38) Pat Dixon (29) Charles Chilton (25) John… …   Wikipedia

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