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101 Shell
A term used when the seed coverings are prominent and cling to the yarn, or when they have been struck out by the cylinder beater in the opener. Pieces of the fleshy kernels of the seeds are also often termed shell, they rank with seeds as heavy impurities. -
102 sow
Ⅰ.(b) figurative semer;∎ to sow discord/terror semer la discorde/la terreur;∎ he sowed (the seeds of) doubt in their minds il a semé le doute dans leur esprit;∎ it was at this time that the seeds of the Industrial Revolution were sown c'est à cette époque que remontent les origines de la révolution industrielle;∎ proverb sow the wind and reap the whirlwind qui sème le vent récolte la tempêtesemer;∎ Bible as you sow so shall you reap comme tu auras semé tu moissonnerasⅡ.sow2 [saʊ](pig) truie f; (wild pig) laie f►► American sow bug cloporte m;Botany sow thistle laiteron m (potager) -
103 seed
[si:d] n սերմ, հատիկ. go/run to seed սեր մակա լել. He has gone to seeds փխբ. Նա ընկճվել/վհատվել/բարոյալքվել է. seeds of doubt կասկած(-ի սերմեր). sow the seeds of doubt/discord կասկած/երկպառակություն սերմանել. seed potatoes սերմացու կարտոֆիլ. seed drill սերմնացան -
104 chocolate
[' okəlit] 1. noun1) (a paste made from the seeds of the cacao tree.) chokolade2) (a sweet or drink made from it: Have a chocolate; a cup of chocolate.) chokolade; kop chokolade2. adjective(of, made from, covered with, chocolate: chocolate ice-cream; chocolate biscuits.) chokolade-* * *[' okəlit] 1. noun1) (a paste made from the seeds of the cacao tree.) chokolade2) (a sweet or drink made from it: Have a chocolate; a cup of chocolate.) chokolade; kop chokolade2. adjective(of, made from, covered with, chocolate: chocolate ice-cream; chocolate biscuits.) chokolade- -
105 mustard
(a type of seasoning with a hot taste made from the seeds of the mustard plant.) sennep* * *(a type of seasoning with a hot taste made from the seeds of the mustard plant.) sennep -
106 scarecrow
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107 seed
seed [si:d]1. nounb. ( = origin) germe m* * *[siːd] 1.2) [U] ( for sowing) semences fpl; Culinary graines fplto go ou run to seed — lit [plant] monter en graine; fig [person] se ramollir; [organization, country] être en déclin
4) Sport tête f de série2.transitive verb3) Sport classer [quelqu'un] tête de sérieto be seeded sixth ou (number) six — être classé tête de série numéro six
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108 seed
1. n1) (в разн. значениях) се́мя сsow the seeds of doubt — посе́ять се́мя сомне́ния
2) собир семена́ мн- seed bedkeep for seed — сохрани́ть на семена́
- seed money
- seed pearl 2. v1) се́ять, засева́ть ( plant seeds)2) очи́стить от се́мечекseed the orange — удали́ть се́мечки из апельси́на
3) иску́сственно вызыва́ть оса́дки ( вводить специальные реагенты в подоблачный слой) -
109 seed
[si:d]to go (или to run) to seed пойти в семена; перен. перестать развиваться; опуститься; обрюзгнуть seed семя, зерно; собир. семена; to keep for (as) seed хранить для посева seed библ. потомок, потомство; to raise up seed иметь потомство seed = semen seed затравочный кристалл seed источник, начало; to sow the seeds of strife (или discord) сеять семена раздора seed отделять семена от волокон (льна) seed очищать от зернышек (изюм и т. п.) seed библ. потомок, потомство; to raise up seed иметь потомство seed спорт. равномерно распределить сильных участников по командам seed ронять семена seed семениться, пойти в семя seed семя, зерно; собир. семена; to keep for (as) seed хранить для посева seed сеять, засевать (поле) seed = semen semen: semen семя, сперма seed источник, начало; to sow the seeds of strife (или discord) сеять семена раздора -
110 семя
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111 sow
I.II.1 semer [seeds, corn] ;2 ensemencer [field, garden] (with de) ;3 fig ( stir up) semer [discontent, discord] ; to sow the seeds of doubt faire germer le doute (in sb dans l'esprit de qn). -
112 take
take [teɪk]prendre ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (b), 1B (a), 1B (c)-(e), 1C (b), 1D (a), 1D (b), 1E (a), 1F (a), 1G (a), 1G (b), 1G (d), 1H (a), 1H (b), 1I (a), 1I (c), 1I (d), 1I (f), 1I (g), 2 (a)-(c) porter ⇒ 1B (a) mener ⇒ 1B (b) conduire ⇒ 1C (a) recevoir ⇒ 1D (c) croire ⇒ 1F (b) supporter ⇒ 1F (d) supposer ⇒ 1G (c) contenir ⇒ 1I (e) passer ⇒ 1I (i)A.∎ let me take your coat donnez-moi votre manteau;∎ she took the book from him elle lui a pris le livre;∎ to take sb's hand prendre qn par la main;∎ she took his arm elle lui a pris le bras;∎ Peter took her in his arms Peter l'a prise dans ses bras;∎ the wolf took its prey by the throat le loup a saisi sa proie à la gorge(b) (get control of, capture → person) prendre, capturer; (→ fish, game) prendre, attraper; Military prendre, s'emparer de;∎ they took the town that night ils prirent ou s'emparèrent de la ville cette nuit-là;∎ to take sb prisoner faire qn prisonnier;∎ to take sb alive prendre ou capturer qn vivant;∎ I took his queen with my rook j'ai pris sa reine avec ma tour;∎ to take control of a situation prendre une situation en main;∎ we took our courage in both hands nous avons pris notre courage à deux mains;∎ you're taking your life in your hands doing that c'est ta vie que tu risques en faisant cela;∎ to take the lead in sth (in competition) prendre la tête de qch; (set example) être le premier à faire qchB.(a) (carry from one place to another) porter, apporter; (carry along, have in one's possession) prendre, emporter;∎ she took her mother a cup of tea elle a apporté une tasse de thé à sa mère;∎ he took the map with him il a emporté la carte;∎ she took some towels up(stairs)/down(stairs) elle a monté/descendu des serviettes;∎ don't forget to take your camera n'oubliez pas (de prendre) votre appareil photo;∎ figurative the committee wanted to take the matter further le comité voulait mener l'affaire plus loin;∎ the devil take it! que le diable l'emporte!;∎ you can't take it with you (money when you die) tu ne l'emporteras pas avec toi dans la tombe∎ her father takes her to school son père l'emmène à l'école;∎ could you take me home? pourriez-vous me ramener ou me raccompagner?;∎ to take sb across the road faire traverser la rue à qn;∎ may I take you to dinner? puis-je vous inviter à dîner ou vous emmener dîner?;∎ he offered to take them to work in the car il leur a proposé de les emmener au bureau en voiture ou de les conduire au bureau;∎ to take oneself to bed aller se coucher;∎ please take me with you emmène-moi, s'il te plaît;∎ humorous I can't take you anywhere tu n'es pas sortable;∎ the estate agent took them over the house l'agent immobilier leur a fait visiter la maison;∎ he took her round the museum il lui a fait visiter le musée;∎ she used to take me along to meetings (avant,) elle m'emmenait aux réunions;∎ this road will take you to the station cette route vous mènera ou vous conduira à la gare;∎ I don't want to take you out of your way je ne veux pas vous faire faire un détour;∎ her job took her all over Africa son travail l'a fait voyager dans toute l'Afrique;∎ that's what first took me to Portugal c'est ce qui m'a amené au Portugal;∎ whatever took him there? qu'allait-il faire là-bas?;∎ the record took her to number one in the charts le disque lui a permis d'être première au hit-parade∎ she took a handkerchief from her pocket elle a sorti un mouchoir de sa poche;∎ I took a chocolate from the box j'ai pris un chocolat dans la boîte;∎ take a book from the shelf prenez un livre sur l'étagère;∎ take your feet off the table enlève tes pieds de la table;∎ he took the saucepan off the heat il a ôté ou retiré la casserole du feu(d) (appropriate, steal) prendre, voler;∎ to take sth from sb prendre qch à qn;∎ someone's taken my wallet on a pris mon portefeuille;∎ his article is taken directly from my book le texte de son article est tiré directement de mon livre(e) (draw, derive) prendre, tirer;∎ a passage taken from a book un passage extrait d'un livre;∎ a phrase taken from Latin une expression empruntée au latin;∎ the title is taken from the Bible le titre vient de la Bible;∎ to take a print from a negative tirer une épreuve d'un négatifC.(a) (of bus, car, train etc) conduire, transporter;∎ the ambulance took him to hospital l'ambulance l'a transporté à l'hôpital;∎ this bus will take you to the theatre ce bus vous conduira au théâtre;∎ will this train take me to Cambridge? est-ce que ce train va à ou passe par Cambridge?∎ American take a right prenez à droiteD.∎ she took a quick look at him elle a jeté un rapide coup d'œil sur lui;∎ he took a flying leap il a bondi;∎ to take a photo or a picture prendre une photo;∎ she took his picture or a picture of him elle l'a pris en photo;∎ we had our picture taken nous nous sommes fait photographier ou prendre en photo;∎ familiar he takes a good photo (is photogenic) il est photogénique□(c) (receive, get) recevoir; (earn, win → prize) remporter, obtenir; (→ degree, diploma) obtenir, avoir;∎ he took the blow on his arm il a pris le coup sur le bras;∎ you can take the call in my office vous pouvez prendre l'appel dans mon bureau;∎ the bookstore takes about $3,000 a day la librairie fait à peu près 3000 dollars (de recette) par jour;∎ how much does he take home a month? quel est son salaire mensuel net?;∎ Cards we took all the tricks nous avons fait toutes les levées;∎ their team took the match leur équipe a gagné ou remporté le matchE.(a) (assume, undertake) prendre;∎ to take the blame for sth prendre la responsabilité de qch;∎ you'll have to take the consequences c'est vous qui en subirez les conséquences;∎ she takes all the credit for our success elle s'attribue tout le mérite de notre réussite;∎ I take responsibility for their safety je me charge de leur sécurité;∎ to take the part of Hamlet jouer (le rôle d')Hamlet∎ he took my side in the argument il a pris parti pour moi dans la dispute;∎ the boy took an oath or a vow to avenge his family le garçon a fait serment ou a juré de venger sa famille;∎ American to take the Fifth (Amendment) invoquer le Cinquième Amendement (pour refuser de répondre)∎ may I take the liberty of inviting you to dinner? puis-je me permettre de vous inviter à dîner?;∎ he took the opportunity to thank them or of thanking them il a profité de l'occasion pour les remercierF.∎ the doctor only takes private patients le docteur ne prend pas les patients du service public;∎ the owner won't take less than $100 for it le propriétaire en veut au moins 100 dollars;∎ does this machine take pound coins? cette machine accepte-t-elle les pièces d'une livre?;∎ to take a bribe se laisser acheter ou corrompre;∎ you'll have to take me as I am il faut me prendre comme je suis;∎ take things as they come prenez les choses comme elles viennent;∎ I won't take "no" for an answer pas question de refuser;∎ it's my last offer, (you can) take it or leave it c'est ma dernière offre, c'est à prendre ou à laisser;∎ I'll take it from here je prends la suite;∎ I'll take it from there je verrai à ce moment-là(b) (accept as valid) croire;∎ to take sb's advice suivre les conseils de qn;∎ take it from me, he's a crook croyez-moi, c'est un escroc∎ let's take things one at a time prenons les choses une par une;∎ the mayor took their questions calmly le maire a entendu leurs questions avec calme;∎ how did she take the questioning? comment a-t-elle réagi à ou pris l'interrogatoire?;∎ they took the news well or in their stride ils ont plutôt bien pris la nouvelle;∎ to take sth badly prendre mal qch;∎ familiar to take things easy or it easy se la couler douce;∎ familiar take it easy! (don't get angry) du calme!□∎ don't take any nonsense! ne te laisse pas faire!;∎ your father won't take any nonsense ton père ne plaisante pas avec ce genre de choses;∎ she can take it elle tiendra le coup;∎ esp American I'm not taking any! je ne marche pas!;∎ we couldn't take any more on n'en pouvait plus;∎ I can't take much more of this je commence à en avoir assez, je ne vais pas supporter cela bien longtemps;∎ I find his constant sarcasm rather hard to take je trouve ses sarcasmes perpétuels difficiles à supporter;∎ don't expect me to take this lying down ne comptez pas sur moi pour accepter ça sans rien dire;∎ those shoes have taken a lot of punishment ces chaussures en ont vu de toutes les couleurs;∎ to take heavy loads (crane, engine etc) supporter de lourdes charges;∎ it won't take your weight ça ne supportera pas ton poids(e) (experience, feel)∎ to take fright prendre peur;∎ to take an interest in sb/sth s'intéresser à qn/qch;∎ don't take offence ne vous vexez pas, ne vous offensez pas;∎ no offence taken il n'y a pas de mal;∎ we take pleasure in travelling nous prenons plaisir à voyager;∎ she takes pride in her work elle est fière de ce qu'elle fait;∎ to take pride in one's appearance prendre soin de sa personneG.(a) (consider, look at) prendre, considérer;∎ take Einstein (for example) prenons (l'exemple d')Einstein;∎ take the case of Colombia prenons le cas de la Colombie;∎ taking everything into consideration tout bien considéré;∎ to take sb/sth seriously prendre qn/qch au sérieux∎ do you take me for an idiot? vous me prenez pour un idiot?;∎ what do you take me for? pour qui me prenez-vous?;∎ I took you for an Englishman je vous croyais anglais;∎ he took me for somebody else il m'a pris pour quelqu'un d'autre;∎ to take the news as or to be true tenir la nouvelle pour vraie;∎ how old do you take her to be? quel âge est-ce que tu lui donnes?(c) (suppose, presume) supposer, présumer;∎ he's never been to Madrid, I take it si je comprends bien, il n'a jamais été à Madrid;∎ I take it you're his mother je suppose que vous êtes sa mère(d) (interpret, understand) prendre, comprendre;∎ we never know how to take his jokes on ne sait jamais comment prendre ses plaisanteries;∎ don't take that literally ne le prenez pas au pied de la lettre;∎ he was slow to take my meaning il lui a fallu un moment avant de comprendre ce que je voulais direH.∎ how long will it take to get there? combien de temps faudra-t-il pour y aller?;∎ the flight takes three hours le vol dure trois heures;∎ it will take you ten minutes vous en avez pour dix minutes;∎ it took him a minute to understand il a mis une minute avant de comprendre;∎ it took us longer than I expected cela nous a pris plus de temps que je ne pensais;∎ it takes time to learn a language il faut du temps pour apprendre une langue;∎ what kind of batteries does it take? quelle sorte de piles faut-il?;∎ my car takes unleaded ma voiture roule au sans-plomb;∎ he took a bit of coaxing before he accepted il a fallu le pousser un peu pour qu'il accepte;∎ it took four people to stop the brawl ils ont dû se mettre à quatre pour arrêter la bagarre;∎ it takes a clever man to do that bien malin ou habile qui peut le faire;∎ it takes courage to admit one's mistakes il faut du courage pour admettre ses erreurs;∎ it takes patience to work with children il faut de la patience ou il faut être patient pour travailler avec les enfants;∎ one glance was all it took un regard a suffi;∎ the job took some doing la tâche n'a pas été facile;∎ that will take some explaining voilà qui va demander des explications;∎ her story takes some believing son histoire n'est pas facile à croire;∎ to have what it takes to do/to be sth avoir les qualités nécessaires pour faire/être qch;∎ we need someone with leadership qualities - she has what it takes il nous faut quelqu'un qui ait des qualités de dirigeant - ce n'est pas ce qui lui manque;∎ familiar he's so lazy - it takes one to know one! il est vraiment paresseux - tu peux parler!∎ "falloir" takes the subjunctive "falloir" est suivi du subjonctif;∎ noun that takes an "s" in the plural nom qui prend un "s" au plurielI.(a) (food, drink etc) prendre;∎ do you take milk in your coffee? prenez-vous du lait dans votre café?;∎ how do you take your coffee? qu'est-ce que tu prends dans ton café?;∎ I invited him to take tea je l'ai invité à prendre le thé;∎ she refused to take any food elle a refusé de manger (quoi que ce soit);∎ to take drugs se droguer;∎ how many pills has he taken? combien de comprimés a-t-il pris ou absorbé?;∎ not to be taken internally (on packaging) (à) usage externe;∎ to be taken twice a day (on packaging) à prendre deux fois par jour;∎ to take the air prendre l'air∎ she takes a size 10 elle prend du 38;∎ what size shoe do you take? quelle est votre pointure?∎ I'll take it je le prends;∎ what newspaper do you take? quel journal prenez-vous?;∎ take your partners (at dance) invitez vos partenaires(d) (occupy → chair, seat) prendre, s'asseoir sur;∎ take a seat asseyez-vous;∎ take your seats! prenez vos places!;∎ is this seat taken? cette place est-elle occupée ou prise?(e) (hold → of container, building etc) contenir, avoir une capacité de;∎ this bus takes fifty passengers c'est un car de cinquante places(f) (ascertain, find out) prendre;∎ to take sb's pulse/temperature prendre le pouls/la température de qn;∎ to take a reading from a meter lire ou relever un compteur(g) (write down → notes, letter) prendre;∎ he took a note of her address il a noté son adresse(h) (subtract) soustraire, déduire;∎ they took 10 percent off the price ils ont baissé le prix de 10 pour cent;∎ take 4 from 9 and you have 5 ôtez 4 de 9, il reste 5∎ I took Latin and Greek at A level ≃ j'ai pris latin et grec au bac;∎ she took her degree last year elle a obtenu son diplôme l'an dernier;∎ she takes us for maths on l'a en maths∎ to take a service célébrer un office;∎ the assistant director took the rehearsals l'assistant réalisateur s'est occupé des répétitions(k) (contract, develop)∎ to take a chill, to take cold prendre froid;∎ to take sick, to be taken ill tomber malade;∎ I was taken with a fit of the giggles j'ai été pris d'un fou rire;∎ she took an instant dislike to him elle l'a tout de suite pris en aversion(l) (direct, aim)∎ she took a swipe at him elle a voulu le gifler;∎ Football to take a penalty tirer un penalty∎ she takes all her problems to her sister elle raconte tous ses problèmes à sa sœur;∎ he took the matter to his boss il a soumis la question à son patron;∎ Law they intend to take the case to the High Court ils ont l'intention d'en appeler à la Cour suprême∎ he took an axe to the door il a donné des coups de hache dans la porte;∎ take the scissors to it vas-y avec les ciseaux;∎ his father took a stick to him son père lui a donné des coups de bâton;∎ Law they took legal proceedings against him ils lui ont intenté un procès(o) (catch unawares) prendre, surprendre;∎ to take sb by surprise or off guard surprendre qn, prendre qn au dépourvu;∎ his death took us by surprise sa mort nous a surpris∎ they took him for every penny (he was worth) ils lui ont pris jusqu'à son dernier sou(a) (work, have desired effect) prendre;∎ did the dye take? est-ce que la teinture a pris?;∎ it was too cold for the seeds to take il faisait trop froid pour que les graines germent(b) (become popular) prendre, avoir du succès3 noun(b) Cinema, Photography & Television prise f de vue; Radio enregistrement m, prise f de son; (of record etc) enregistrement m∎ what's your take on her attitude? comment est-ce que tu interprètes son attitude?∎ to be on the take toucher des pots-de-vin□, palper(astonish) étonner, ébahir; (disconcert) déconcerter;∎ her question took him aback sa question l'a déconcerté;∎ I was taken aback by the news la nouvelle m'a beaucoup surprisressembler à, tenir de;∎ she takes after her mother in looks physiquement, elle tient de sa mère(a) (dismantle) démonter;∎ figurative they took the room apart looking for evidence ils ont mis la pièce sens dessus dessous pour trouver des preuves(b) (criticize) critiquerprendre à part, emmener à l'écart;∎ the boss took her aside for a chat le patron l'a prise à part pour discuter∎ take that knife away from him enlevez-lui ce couteau;∎ they took away his pension ils lui ont retiré sa pension;∎ they took their daughter away from the club ils ont retiré leur fille du club;∎ his work took him away from his family for long periods son travail le tenait éloigné de sa famille pendant de longues périodes;∎ euphemism the police took his father away son père a été arrêté par la police;∎ it takes away the fun ça gâche tout∎ not to be taken away (in library) à consulter sur place(c) Mathematics soustraire, retrancher;∎ nine take away six is three neuf moins six font trois∎ that doesn't take away from his achievements as an athlete ça n'enlève rien à ses exploits d'athlète;∎ to take away from the pleasure/value of sth diminuer le plaisir/la valeur de qch(a) (after absence, departure) reprendre;∎ she took her husband back elle a accepté que son mari revienne vivre avec elle;∎ the factory took back the workers l'usine a repris les ouvriers(b) (gift, unsold goods, sale item etc) reprendre∎ take it back to the shop rapporte-le au magasin;∎ he took her back home il l'a raccompagnée ou ramenée chez elle(d) (retract, withdraw) retirer, reprendre;∎ I take back everything I said je retire tout ce que j'ai dit;∎ all right, I take it back! d'accord, je n'ai rien dit!∎ that takes me back to my childhood ça me rappelle mon enfance;∎ that song takes me back forty years cette chanson me ramène quarante ans en arrière;∎ it takes you back a bit, doesn't it? ça ne nous rajeunit pas tout ça, hein?(f) Typography transférer à la ligne précédente∎ the lift took us down to the 4th floor l'ascenseur nous a amenés au 4ème étage∎ she took the book down from the shelf elle a pris le livre sur l'étagère;∎ can you help me take the curtains down? peux-tu m'aider à décrocher les rideaux?;∎ she took his picture down from the wall elle a enlevé sa photo du mur;∎ he took his trousers down il a baissé son pantalon∎ he took down the registration number il a relevé le numéro d'immatriculation;∎ to take down a letter in shorthand prendre une lettre en sténo(d) (dismantle → scaffolding, circus tent) démonterse démonter(b) (bring into one's home → person) héberger; (→ boarder) prendre; (→ orphan, stray animal) recueillir;∎ she takes in ironing elle fait du repassage à domicile∎ the police took him in la police l'a mis ou placé en garde à vue(d) (air, water, food etc)∎ she can only take in food intravenously on ne peut la nourrir que par intraveineuse;∎ whales take in air through their blowhole les baleines respirent par l'évent(e) (understand, perceive) saisir, comprendre;∎ he was sitting taking it all in il était là, assis, écoutant tout ce qui se disait;∎ he didn't take in the real implications of her announcement il n'a pas saisi les véritables implications de sa déclaration;∎ I can't take in the fact that I've won je n'arrive pas à croire que j'ai gagné;∎ she took in the situation at a glance elle a compris la situation en un clin d'œil∎ you'd better take in the slack on the rope tu ferais bien de tendre ou retendre la corde;∎ Nautical to take in a sail carguer ou serrer une voile∎ the tour takes in all the important towns l'excursion passe par toutes les villes importantes(h) (attend, go to) aller à;∎ to take in a show aller au théâtre;∎ she took in the castle while in Blois elle a visité le château pendant qu'elle était à Blois;∎ they took in the sights in Rome ils ont fait le tour des sites touristiques à Rome∎ don't be taken in by him ne vous laissez pas rouler par lui;∎ I'm not going to be taken in by your lies je ne suis pas dupe de tes mensonges□ ;∎ he was completely taken in il marchait complètement➲ take off(a) (remove → clothing, lid, make-up, tag) enlever;∎ the boy took his clothes off le garçon a enlevé ses vêtements ou s'est déshabillé;∎ she took her glasses off elle a enlevé ses lunettes;∎ he often takes the phone off the hook il laisse souvent le téléphone décroché;∎ to take sb off a list rayer qn d'une liste;∎ the surgeon had to take her leg off le chirurgien a dû l'amputer de la jambe;∎ Cars to take off the brake desserrer le frein (à main);∎ figurative he didn't take his eyes off her all night il ne l'a pas quittée des yeux de la soirée;∎ I tried to take her mind off her troubles j'ai essayé de lui changer les idées ou de la distraire de ses ennuis;∎ familiar his retirement has taken ten years off him sa retraite l'a rajeuni de dix ans□ ;∎ to take sth off sb's hands débarrasser qn de qch;∎ I'll take the baby off your hands for a few hours je vais garder le bébé pendant quelques heures, ça te libérera∎ the teacher took one point off her grade le professeur lui a retiré un point;∎ the manager took 10 percent off the price le directeur a baissé le prix de 10 pour cent(c) (lead away) emmener;∎ she was taken off to hospital on l'a transportée à l'hôpital;∎ the murderer was taken off to jail on a emmené l'assassin en prison;∎ her friend took her off to dinner son ami l'a emmenée dîner;∎ she took herself off to Italy elle est partie en Italie;∎ to take the passengers off (by boat from a ship) débarquer les passagers;∎ the injured man was taken off the ship by helicopter le blessé a été évacué du bateau par hélicoptère∎ to take some time off prendre un congé;∎ take a few days off prenez quelques jours de vacances ou de congé;∎ she takes Thursdays off elle ne travaille pas le jeudi(a) (aeroplane) décoller;∎ they took off for or to Heathrow ils se sont envolés pour Heathrow∎ he took off without telling us il est parti sans nous avertir➲ take on(a) (accept, undertake) prendre, accepter;∎ to take on the responsibility for sth se charger de qch;∎ don't take on more than you can handle ne vous surchargez pas;∎ she took it on herself to tell him elle a pris sur elle de le lui dire;∎ to take on a bet accepter un pari∎ the unions took on the government les syndicats se sont attaqués ou s'en sont pris au gouvernement;∎ I shouldn't like to take him on je n'aimerais pas avoir affaire à lui;∎ he took us on at poker il nous a défiés au poker(c) (acquire, assume) prendre, revêtir;∎ her face took on a worried look elle a pris un air inquiet;∎ the word takes on another meaning le mot prend une autre significationfamiliar (fret, carry on) s'en faire;∎ don't take on so! ne t'en fais pas!∎ take the cheese out of the refrigerator sors le fromage du réfrigérateur;∎ he took the knife out of his pocket il a sorti le couteau de sa poche;∎ take your hands out of your pockets enlève les mains de tes poches;∎ they took their children out of school ils ont retiré leurs enfants de l'école;∎ Medicine to take out sb's appendix/tonsils enlever l'appendice/les amygdales à qn;∎ figurative to take the food out of sb's mouth retirer le pain de la bouche de qn∎ to take sb out to dinner/to the movies emmener qn dîner/au cinéma;∎ I took her out for a bike ride je l'ai emmenée faire un tour à vélo;∎ would you take the dog out? tu veux bien sortir le chien ou aller promener le chien?(d) (obtain → subscription) prendre; (→ insurance policy) souscrire à, prendre; (→ licence) se procurer; (→ patent) prendre;∎ to take out a mortgage faire un emprunt immobilier∎ to take sb out (kill) buter qn, zigouiller qn, refroidir qn;∎ the planes took the factory out by bombing les avions ont détruit l'usine (en la bombardant)∎ to take out one's partner changer la couleur annoncée par son partenaire∎ to take sb out of himself/herself changer les idées à qn;∎ familiar working as an interpreter takes a lot out of you le travail d'interprète est épuisant□ ;∎ familiar the operation really took it out of him l'opération l'a mis à plat;∎ familiar it takes the fun out of it ça gâche tout□ ;∎ familiar to take it out on sb s'en prendre à qn□ ;∎ familiar he took his anger out on his wife il a passé sa colère sur sa femme□ ;∎ familiar don't take it out on me! ne t'en prends pas à moi!□(a) (assume responsibility of) reprendre;∎ he wants his daughter to take over the business il veut que sa fille reprenne l'affaire;∎ she took over my classes elle a pris la suite de mes cours;∎ will you be taking over his job? est-ce que vous allez le remplacer (dans ses fonctions)?(b) (gain control of, invade) s'emparer de;∎ the military took over the country l'armée a pris le pouvoir;∎ she takes the place over (by being bossy etc) elle joue les despotes;∎ fast-food restaurants have taken over Paris les fast-foods ou French Canadian restaurants-minute ont envahi Paris∎ they were taken over by a Japanese firm ils ont été rachetés par une entreprise japonaise∎ I'll take you over by car je vais vous y conduire en voiture;∎ the boat took us over to Seattle le bateau nous a emmenés jusqu'à Seattle(e) Typography transférer à la ligne suivante∎ who will take over now that the mayor has stepped down? qui va prendre la relève maintenant que le maire a donné sa démission?;∎ I'll take over when he leaves je le remplacerai quand il partira;∎ will he allow her to take over? va-t-il lui céder la place?;∎ compact discs have taken over from records le (disque) compact a remplacé le (disque) vinyle(b) (army, dictator) prendre le pouvoir(a) (have a liking for → person) se prendre d'amitié ou de sympathie pour, prendre en amitié; (→ activity, game) prendre goût à;∎ I think he took to you je crois que vous lui avez plu;∎ we took to one another at once nous avons tout de suite sympathisé;∎ she didn't take to him il ne lui a pas plu;∎ we've really taken to golf nous avons vraiment pris goût au golf(b) (acquire as a habit) se mettre à;∎ to take to drink or to the bottle se mettre à boire;∎ to take to doing sth se mettre à faire qch;∎ she took to wearing black elle s'est mise à s'habiller en noir(c) (make for, head for)∎ he's taken to his bed with the flu il est alité avec la grippe;∎ the rebels took to the hills les insurgés se sont réfugiés dans les collines;∎ they took to the woods ils se sont enfuis dans les bois;∎ to take to the road prendre la route;∎ to take to the boats monter dans les canots de sauvetage➲ take up∎ the lift took us up to the 25th floor l'ascenseur nous a amenés au 25ème étage(b) (pick up → object) ramasser, prendre; (→ passenger) prendre; (→ paving stones, railway tracks) enlever;∎ she took up the notes from the table elle a ramassé ou pris les notes sur la table;∎ they're taking up the street la rue est en travaux;∎ we finally took up the carpet nous avons enfin enlevé la moquette∎ you'd better take up the slack in that rope tu ferais mieux de retendre ou tendre cette corde∎ this table takes up too much room cette table prend trop de place ou est trop encombrante;∎ moving house took up the whole day le déménagement a pris toute la journée;∎ her work takes up all her attention son travail l'absorbe complètement(f) (begin, become interested in → activity, hobby) se mettre à; (→ job) prendre; (→ career) commencer, embrasser;∎ when did you take up Greek? quand est-ce que tu t'es mis au grec?;∎ I've taken up gardening je me suis mis au jardinage(g) (continue, resume) reprendre, continuer;∎ I took up the tale where Susan had left off j'ai repris l'histoire là où Susan l'avait laissée;∎ she took up her knitting again elle a repris son tricot(h) (adopt → attitude) prendre, adopter; (→ method) adopter; (→ place, position) prendre; (→ idea) adopter;∎ they took up residence in town ils se sont installés en ville;∎ to take up one's duties entrer en fonctions∎ take it up with the boss parlez-en au patron(k) (shares, stock) souscrire àreprendre, continuer∎ he took it upon himself to organize the meeting il s'est chargé d'organiser la réunion(a) (accept offer, advice of)∎ his daughter took him up on his advice sa fille a suivi ses conseils;∎ he might take you up on that someday! il risque de vous prendre au mot un jour!;∎ she took him up on his promise elle a mis sa parole à l'épreuve∎ I'd like to take you up on that point j'aimerais revenir sur ce point avec vous∎ to take up with sb se lier d'amitié avec qn, prendre qn en amitié;∎ she took up with a bad crowd elle s'est mise à fréquenter des vauriens∎ to be taken up with doing sth être occupé à faire qch;∎ she's very taken up with him elle ne pense qu'à lui;∎ she's taken up with her business elle est très prise par ses affaires;∎ meetings were taken up with talk about the economy on passait les réunions à parler de l'économieⓘ Take me to your leader Il s'agit de la formule prononcée par les extra-terrestres fraîchement débarqués sur terre dans les vieux films de science-fiction et adressée au premier terrien rencontré. On emploie cette phrase ("menez-moi jusqu'à votre chef") de façon humoristique lorsque, dans une situation donnée, on désire parler au responsable. -
113 come\ up
1. I1) come up and have a chat подойдите, давайте поговорим; приходите поговорить; don't let her come up! не подпускайте ее!2) the seeds are coming up семена всходят3) the tide is coming up поднимается вода, начинается прилив2. IIour cucumbers did not come up this spring у нас в этом году огурцы не взошли2)the matter (the question, the subject, the problem, etc.) comes up every day (all the time, etc.) этот вопрос и т. д. возникает ежедневно и т. д.3)the case will come up tomorrow (next Monday,. etc.) дело будет слушаться /разбираться/ [в суде] завтра и т. д.3. XIVkeep coming up the subject kept coming up as we talked в нашем разговоре мы все время возвращались к этой теме4. XVI1) come up to smb. come up to the teacher (to me in the street, etc.) подойти к преподавателю и т. д., come up to smith. come up to town приехать в город; come up with smb. I came up with them as they were rounding the corner я поравнялся с ними, когда они поворачивали за угол ; come up with smth. the librarian came up with the missing book подошел библиотекарь с пропавшей книгой [в руках]2) come up to (over, etc.) smth. come up to my waist (to my knees, etc.) доходить мне до пояса и т. д.; she hardly came up to her husband's waist она едва доходила мужу до пояса; the water came lip over the houses вода поднялась выше домов, дома скрылись под водой3) come up to smth. come up to smb.'s expectations оправдать чьи-л. ожидания; your school marks do not come up to the mark ваши отметки не удовлетворяют требованиям; this piece of work does not come up to your usual standard эта работа написана хуже, чем обычно; this new book does not come up to your last эта новая книга не идет ни в какое сравнение с вашей последней книгой; our house does not come up to yours наш дом гораздо хуже вашего4) come up against smth. come up against difficulties столкнуться с трудностями5) come up with smth. coll. come up with the right solution (convincing explanation, new methods, fresh information, etc.) предложить или найти правильное решение и т. д.; we weren't able to come up with any new suggestions у нас не было никаких новых предложений; he can always come up with the right answer он всегда успеет найти правильный ответ6) come up for smth. the case will soon come up for hearing (for consideration, for review, for a decision, etc.) дело будет скоро слушаться [в суде] и т. д.; come up before smb. come up before the court разбираться в суде7) come up at (in, etc.) smth. the question (the matter, his name, etc.) is bound to come up at the meeting (at the conference, in the course of conversation, etc.) этот вопрос и т. д. неизбежно всплывет на собрании и т. д.5. XXV -
114 press
1. Itime (the matter, work, etc.) presses время и т.д. не ждет; have you any business that presses? есть у вас какие-л. срочные /неотложные/ дела?; nothing remains that presses ничего срочного нет2. II1) press somewhere press forward (upward, westward, etc.) [упорно] продвигаться вперед и т.д.; the crowd pressed forward толпа двинулась вперед2) press in some manner this dress presses easily это платье легко гладится3) press in some manner he pressed too hard он был слишком настойчив3. III1) press smth. press the button (the knob, the lever, etc.) нажимать [на] кнопку и т.д.; press smb.'s hand пожать /сжать/ чью-л. руку; press smb.'s toe наступить кому-л. на ногу; press the trigger спустить /нажать/ курок2) press smth., smb. press grapes (berries, etc.) давить виноград и т.д.; press hay (beef, cotton, fish, etc.) прессовать сено и т.д.; press flowers засушивать цветы (для гербария); don't press me you all не давите вы все на меня3) press smth. press clothes (smb.'s suit, one's shirt, one's trousers, etc.) гладить /утюжить/ одежду и т.д.4) press smth., smb. press the matter (the point, the question, etc.) добиваться немедленного решения дела /ответа по делу/ и т.д., настаивать на немедленном решении дела /ответа по делу/ и т.д.; I wouldn't press the matter any further if I were you на вашем месте я бы на этом больше не настаивал; press the new method настойчиво внедрять новый метод; press the argument доказывать правильность своих доводов; press one's advantage использовать свои преимущества; press an attack развивать наступление; press one's opponent теснить противника, вести решительное наступление на противника5) press smth., smb. press smb.'s departure (smb.'s flight, smb.'s escape, etc.) торопить кого-л. с отъездом и т.д.; it is no good pressing him, he doesn't like to be hurried нет смысла добиваться от него немедленного ответа, он не любит, когда его торопят4. IV1) press smth., smb. in some manner press smth., smb. vigorously (forcibly, desperately, cautiously, etc.) энергично и т.д. давить /нажимать на/ что-л., кого-л.; he warmly (tenderly, affectionately, passionately, etc.) pressed my hand он тепле и т.д. пожал мне руку; be careful, you are pressing me too hard осторожнее, ты меня раздавишь; the crowd pressed me back толпа оттеснила меня назад; press the two plates together плотно прижимать две пластинки друг к другу2) press smb. in some manner press the troops forward спешно двинуть войска вперед; press the enemy hard неотступно теснить противника; poverty pressed him hard он жил в большой нужде5. VIpress smth. to some state press the pastry thin and flat тонко раскатывать тесто6. VIIpress smb. to do smth. press smb. to retire (one's guest to stay all night, him to act, him to make a reform, etc.) настойчиво уговаривать /убеждать/ кого-л. выйти в отставку и т.д.; he pressed his horse to go faster он все время подгонял /понукал/ лошадь7. XI1) be pressed all his things have been pressed ace его вещи были выглажены2) be pressed in (against, etc.) smb., smth. I was pressed in the crowd меня сдавили /сжали/ в толпе; I was pressed against the wall меня прижали к стене3) be pressed from with. wine is pressed from grapes вино жмут из винограда4) be pressed in same manner be very much pressed быть в крайне затруднительном положении; our opponents were hard pressed ваши соперники были в трудном положении; be pressed by smth., smb. be pressed by need (by want, by necessity, by hunger, etc.) быть доведённым до крайности нуждой и т.д.; he was pressed by problems on all sides на него навалилось множество всяких проблем; he was pressed by his creditors его преследовали /на него наседали/ кредиторы; be pressed with smth. he was pressed with work у него был завал работы; be pressed for smth. be pressed for time (for money, for space, etc.) остро ощущать нехватку /недостаток/ времени и т.д.; they are very much pressed for funds они испытывают серьезные финансовые затруднения; when pressed for reason, he explained that... когда от него потребовали объяснения, он сказал, что...; be pressed to do smth. be pressed to answer (to come back, etc.) быть вынужденным отвечать и т.д.8. XIIget (have) smth. pressed where can I get my suit pressed? куда можно отдать отутюжить /выгладить/ костюм?: please have my things pressed я хочу, чтобы погладили мои вещи9. XVI1) press on smth. press on a pen (on a pencil, on these buttons, etc.) нажимать на перо и т.д.; the bone was pressing on a nerve кость давила на нерв; press against /to/ smth., smb. press against the gates (against the wall, against the barrier, etc.) давить /нажимать, напирать/ на ворота и т.д., press against him прижаться к нему; the child pressed close to his mother ребенок тесно прижался к матери; his face pressed close to the window он прижался лицом к окну; press against each other а) толкаться, теснить друг друга: б) жаться друг к другу2) press round smb., smth. press round the singer (round the tent, etc.) толпиться вокруг певицы и т.д., со всех сторон обступить певицу и т.д.; press into smth. press into the yard (into the street, into the theatre, etc.) протискиваться во двор и т.д.3) press (up)on smb., smth. press heavily on smb. [очень] тяготить кого-л.: debts press heavily on me меня угнетают [мои] бесчисленные долги; these duties did not press heavily on his time эти обязанности не отнимали у него много времени; these troubles (adverse circumstances, etc.) press upon his mind он все время думает об этих неприятностях и т.д., эти неприятности и т.д. не выходят у него из головы4) press for smth. book. press for a serious consideration (for a solution, for larger grants for education, for a decision, for reform, etc.) настоятельно добиваться серьезного разбора /рассмотрения/ и т.д.; I must press for an answer я вынужден требовать ответа10. XXI11) press smth. with smth. press smth. with a stone (with a paperweight, etc.) прижать /придавить/ что-л. камнем и т.д.; press smth. in smth. press smth. in one's hands сжимать что-л. в руках; press flowers in the leaves of a book засушивать цветы в книге; press smth., smb. against smth. press one's hand against one's forehead прижать руку ко лбу; press smb. against a fence (against a wall, against a tree, etc.) прижимать кого-л. к заберу и т.д.; press smb., smth. to smth. press the baby to one's breast (the picture to one's heart, one's hands to one's sides, etc.) прижимать ребенка к груди и т.д.; press a kiss to smb.'s lips поцеловать кого-л. в губы; press smth. on smth. press a label on a trunk (a stamp on an envelope, a picture on a paper, etc.) приклеить /наклеить/ этикетку на чемодан и т.д.2) press smb., smth. into smth. press smb. into a cell (into a narrow passage, into a hole, into a building, etc.) загнать кого-л. в камеру и т.д.; the crowd pressed him into the comer толпа оттеснила его в угол; press a cork into a bottle загнать пробку в бутылку3) press smth. out of /from/ smth. press oil out of the seeds (all the juice from a lemon, etc.) выжимать масло из семян и т.д.4) press smb. for smth. press smb. for an answer (for a debt, for money, for a decision, for a reform, etc.) настоятельно требовать от кого-л. ответа и т.д.; press smb. with smth. press smb. with questions требовать от кого-л. немедленных ответов на [многочисленные] вопросы; press smth. on smb., smth. press money (a gift, a favour, etc.) on smb. настойчиво предлагать /навязывать/ кому-л. деньги и т.д.; press wine and food on a guest усиленно угощать гостя /предлагать гостю вино и еду/; press these facts on the notice of the public настойчиво привлекать внимание общественности к этим фактам; press smth. into smth. press science into service поставить науку на службу обществу -
115 and
[ændˌ ənd]cjсоюзы сочинительные и подчинительные;1) иThey sang and danced. — Они пели и танцевали.
- you and IThey talked, sang and joked. — Они болтали, пели и шутили.
- apples, pears and plums2) сAll men and women — все люди;
- ham and eggsfish and chips is good supper. — Рыба с хрустящим картофелем - хороший ужин.
- knife and fork
- whisky and soda
- father and mother
- man and wife3) и, с- five and three quarters4) всё... и...They talked and talked. — Они говорили и говорили. /Они говорили безумолку.
- on and onHe walked miles and miles. — Он все шел и шел.
- worse and worse
- for hours and hours5) взял да и...The patient went and died on me. — А больной взял да и умер.
His wife went and had another baby. — Его жена взяла да и родила еще одного ребенка.
6) и к тому же, при этомIt is a mere joke, and a poor one. — Это просто шутка, к тому же/при этом глупая.
7) попробуй и..., только... и, и тогда...Say it again and I'll give it to you. — А ну скажи это еще раз и я тебя вздую.
Ask any policeman and he will tell you. — Спроси, и тебе любой полицейский скажет.
Water the seeds and they will grow. — Поливайте семена, и они тогда прорастут.
8) а, ноThey stayed at home and we left. — Они остались дома, а мы ушли.
You are wrong and you insist on being right. — Ты ошибаешься, а настаиваешь, что прав/а упорствуешь на своей правоте.
9) итак, какAnd our talk being exhausted for the time, and there being nothing further for us to do, we spread our blankets on in such a manner as to shut out most of the moonlight, wished each other good-night, and almost immediately fell asleep. — И так, как тема разговора на время была исчерпана, и делать нам было больше нечего, мы расстелили свои одеяла так, чтобы нам не мешал свет луны, пожелали друг другу спокойной ночи и мгновенно заснули.
10) и, неужели•USAGE:(1.) Союз and употребляется в утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях. В отрицательных предложениях для объединения отдельных его частей употребляется сочетание never... or: She never writes or reads in the evening. По вечерам она и не пишет и не читает. (2.) Союз and реализует свои разные значения в зависимости от типов предложений и конкретных членов предложения, которые он соединяет: 1. Союз and 1.1 соединяет однородные члены предложения и целые предложения: (а.) если соединяемых частей больше двух, то and употребляется только перед последней, все остальные друг от друга отделяются запятой. Части сложносочиненных предложений, соединяемых союзом and, так же отделяются друг от друга запятой: We went into the mountains, and we stayed there for a few weeks. Если соединяемые сочетания содержат в своем составе одно и то же слово, то в последующих частях оно может быть опущено: In towns and (in) villages. В городах и деревнях. I really must try and (must) see him to-morrow. Мне совершенно необходимо попытаться повидаться завтра с ним. Однородные подлежащие, соединяемые союзом and, как правило, согласуются с глаголом-сказуемым в форме множественного числа: My friend and his sister are not on holiday; (б) союз and 1.2, соединяя однородные члены предложения, может образовывать сочетания, составляющие единое целое. Такие комплексные сочетания состоят часто из названий предметов питания и быта: подлежащие, состоящие из таких сочетаний, в отличие от общего правила (1 а.) согласуются с глаголом в единственном числе: Ham and eggs is his favorite breakfast. Яичница с ветчиной - его любимый завтрак. Подлежащие, состоящие из однородных существительных, соединенных союзом and и образующие единый комплекс, согласуются с глаголом в единственном числе так же в следующих случаях: • после наречий here, there, которые стоят в начале предложения и при инвертированном порядке слов: Here comes the old man and his son. Вот идут старик со своим внуком. Here is your hat and gloves. Вот они - ваши шляпа и перчатки. ср. Where are my hat and gloves? Где же мои шляпа и перчатки?; •• если однородные подлежащие, выражены инфинитивами (но не герундиями!): To travel and see other countries was what he dreamt of. Он мечтал путешествовать и повидать другие страны.; ••• если соединяемые союзом and слова относятся к одному и тому же лицу (тому же предмету, той же идее): The great scientist and social leader begins a new campaign. Этот великий ученый и общественный деятель начинает новую кампанию.; •••• два однородных определения, соединенные союзом and, могут относиться к одному и тому же существительному, образуя единую характеристику и в этом случае существительное стоит в форме единственного числа, а артикль употребляется только один раз: The black and white dress she had on was very becoming. На ней было черно-белое платье, которое ей очень шло. The famous composer and singer is going to give a series of concerts. Известный композитор и певец дает серию концертов. Однородные определения, относящиеся к разным лицам (предметам) употребляются с существительными во множественном числе и при повторении артикля перед каждым определением: The black and the white dresses were very becoming. Ей шли черные и белые платья. The famous composer and the famous singer are taking part in the contest. Известный композитор и известный певец участвуют в конкурсе.; (в) союз and 1.3 образует составные названия чисел и в этих случаях на русский язык не переводится: two hundred and twenty five двести двадцать пять. And также присоединяет дроби к целым числам и соответствует русским предлогам с, и: two and three quarters - 23/4 два и три четверти; four and a half 41/2 четыре с половиной. 2. Союз and, объединяя два инфинитива, используется вместо частицы to второго инфинитива: I decided to call him and warn him against going there. Я решил позвонить ему и предостеречь его от поездки. (3.) В разговорной речи с рядом глаголов, таких как to try, to go, to come, to stay, to stop, to watch союз and с последующим инфинитивом без частицы to образует императивные сочетания, которые обычно используются для выражения приглашения, предложения, увещевания. При этом такие сочетания описывают только одно действие и имеют значение цели. В большинстве случаев эти глаголы употребляются в данной конструкции в форме повелительного наклонения: Go and look at the timetable. Пойди, взгляни на расписание. Come and see us more often. Заходите к нам почаще. Let's go and play chess. Пойдемте, поиграем в шахматы. Let's wait and see. Поживем, увидим. Mind and bring the book. Не забудь принести книгу. Глаголы to try и to wait в данной конструкции обычно употребляются в форме Future: I'll try and answer the question. Я попытаюсь ответить на этот вопрос. I'll wait (I would rather wait) and see how things go. Я (лучше) посмотрю, как пойдут дела. I'll try and get some unsalted butter. Я попытаюсь раздобыть несоленое масло. (4.) Союз and в соединении с рядом слов образует сочетания с усилительным и эмоциональным значением: (а.) and 1.5 в сочетании с предшествующим глаголом to go в разговорной речи привносит в высказывание элемент неожиданности, внезапности, непредвиденности: The patient went and died on me. Мой пациент взял да и умер. When things seemed settled he went and left the country. Когда казалось, все было улажено, он вдруг взял и уехал из страны.; (б) присоединяет прилагательные nice и good к другим прилагательным, делает все высказывание усилительным: I'll go when I'm good and ready. Я поеду, когда буду совершенно готов. He was good and angry. Он был взбешен. The room was nice and cool. В комнате была приятная прохлада.; (в) соединяет два одинаковых слова, подчеркивает различие качества соединяемых слов: There are friends and friends. Есть друзья и друзья. /Друзья разные бывают. There are dogs and dogs, some mean, some friendly. Собаки разные бывают - одни злые, другие добры.; (г) соединяя два одинаковых слова, and 1.4 подчеркивает нарастающую степень качества (в случае прилагательных), длительности или повторности действий: They went on and on. Они шли все дальше и дальше. better and better все лучше и лучше; colder and colder все холоднее; hours and hours часами; He talked and talked. Он говорил безумолку. /Он вес говорил и говорил.; (д) в начале вопросительных предложений привносит элемент удивления (6.): And what of it? Что из этого? And did you say so? И неужели ты так сказал? (5.) Союз and присоединяет к высказанному положению слово или предложение логически непосредственно не связанное с предыдущим: She was cold and angry. Она замерзла и к тому же была сердита. (6.) Союз and присоединяет к предшествующему высказыванию слово или предложение, обозначающее результаты, причины, следствия: He ate the fish and was sick. Он съел рыбу, и у него началась рвота. She felt unwell and took some medicine. Она себя неважно почувствовала и приняла лекарство. (7.) Союз and (7.) присоединяет к глаголам в форме повелительного наклонения предложение, выражающее непосредственное следствие: Stir and I fire. Не шевелись, а то - стреляю. (8.) Идею соединения могут передавать разнообразные союзы и словосочетания, весьма близкие по значению к союзу and: also, as well, too, not only... but also, besides, likewise, in addition to, moreover, furthermore: We went to the circus. We visited the museum as well. We went to the circus. We went to the museum too. We went to the circus as well as the zoo. We went to the circus. We also visited the zoo. Not only did we go to the circus, we also went to the zoo. Besides going to the zoo, we went to the circus. In addition to visiting the zoo, we went to the circus. Paul went to the circus. So did Peter. Конструкция not only... (but) also требует инвертированного порядка слов. Если часть сложного предложения, вводимая besides, in addition to, not only, стоит в начале сложного предложения, то она отделяется запятой: Besides buying these books, we bought a few pictures. In addition to visiting the zoo, we went to the circus. Not only did we go to the circus, we went to the zoo -
116 Keller, Friedrich Gottlieb
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 27 June 1818 Hainichen, Saxony, Germanyd. 8 September 1895 Krippen, Bad Schandau, Germany[br]German inventor of wood-pulp paper.[br]The son of a master weaver, he originally wished to become an engineer, but while remaining in the parental home he had to follow his father's trade in the textile industry, becoming a master weaver himself in 1839 at Hainichen. He was a good observer and a keen model maker. It was at this stage, in the early 1840s, that he began experimenting with a new material for papermaking. Until then the raw material had been waste rag from the textile industry, but the ever-increasing demands of the mechanical printing presses, especially those producing newspapers, were beginning to outstrip supply. Keller tried using pine wood ground with a wet grindstone. The mass of fibres that resulted was then heated with water to form a thick brew which he then strained through a cloth. By this means Keller obtained a pulp that could be used for papermaking. He constructed a simple grinding machine that could disintegrate the wood without splinters; this was used to make paper in the Altchemnitzer paper mill, and the newspaper Frankenberger Intelligenz-und Wochenblatt was the first to be printed on wood-pulp paper. Keller could not secure state funds to promote his invention, so he approached an expert in papermaking, Heinrich Voelter, Technical Director of the Vereinigten Bautzener Papierfabrik. Voelter put up 700 thaler, and in August 1845 the state of Saxony granted a patent in both their names. In 1848 the first practical machine for grinding wood was produced, but four years later the patent expired. Unfortunately Keller could not afford the renewal fee, and it was Voelter who developed the process of wood-pulp papermaking under his own name, leaving Keller behind. Without this invention, the output of paper from the mills could not have kept pace with the demands of the printing industry, and the mass readership that these technological developments made possible could not have been served. It is no fault of Keller's that wood-pulp paper contains within itself the seeds of its own deterioration and ultimate destruction, presenting librarians of today with an intractable problem of preservation. Keller's part in this technical breakthrough is established in his "ideas" notebook covering the years 1841 and 1842, preserved in the museum at Hainichen.[br]Further ReadingNeue deutsche Biographie. VDI Zeitschrift, Vol. 39, p. 1,238."EineErfindungvon Weltruf", 1969, VDI Nachrichten. Vol. 29, p. 18.Clapperton, History ofPapermaking Through the Ages (provides details of the development of wood-pulp papermaking in its historical context).LRDBiographical history of technology > Keller, Friedrich Gottlieb
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117 blow out
blow out а) задувать, гасить, тушить (свечу, керосиновую лампу и т. п.);гаснуть (от движения воздуха) The wind blew the seeds out of the plant. Thechimney blew out a cloud of black smoke. As I was cleaning the cupboard, a lotof feathers blew out. б) выдуть (доменную печь) в) лопнуть (о шине и т. п.)The heat blew out the tyre. The tyre blew out as I was driving to work. г)прочистить путем выдувания We shall have to blow the pipe out, it seems to heblocked. д) наполнить (воздухом, едой и т.д.) The child blew the paper bag outand then burst it. I feel blown out after that heavy meal. Horses are blownout after a race. е) стихать (о порывах ветра) The storm blew (itself) outafter three days. ж) разрушать что-л. воздушной волной The bomb blew thewindows out з) остановить работу (об электрических механизмах) The damagedwire blew out the cooker. The cooker has blown out и) вырваться из-под контро-ля, прорваться (о газе, нефти и т. п.) An oil well blew out in the North Sea, causing a very big floating mass of oil. -
118 shake
shake [∫eɪk]1. nouna. ( = movement) to give sth a shake secouer qchb. ( = drink) milk-shake ma. [+ dice, rug, person] secouer ; [+ bottle, medicine, cocktail] agiter ; [+ house, windows] ébranler ; ( = brandish) [+ stick] brandir• "shake the bottle" « agiter avant emploi »• he shook his finger at me (playfully, warningly) il m'a fait signe du doigt ; (threateningly) il m'a menacé du doigt• to shake o.s. (or itself) [person, animal] se secouerc. ( = weaken) [+ confidence] ébranlerd. ( = affect deeply) secouer• he needs to be shaken out of his smugness il faudrait qu'il lui arrive quelque chose qui lui fasse perdre de sa suffisancea. ( = tremble) tremblerb. ( = shake hands) they shook on the deal ils ont scellé leur accord d'une poignée de main• let's shake on it! tope là !4. compoundsa.to shake the dust/sand/water off sth secouer la poussière/le sable/l'eau de qchb. ( = get rid of) [+ cold, cough] se débarrasser de ; [+ habit] se défaire de ; [+ pursuer] semer (inf)• she shook 50p out of her bag elle a secoué son sac et en a fait tomber 50 pence► shake up separable transitive verba. [+ bottle, medicine] agiterb. ( = affect deeply) secouerc. ( = reorganize) [+ firm, organization] réorganiser complètement* * *[ʃeɪk] 1.1)to give somebody/something a shake — gen secouer quelqu'un/quelque chose
with a shake of the ou one's head — avec un hochement de tête
2) (also milk-shake) milk-shake m2.1) secouer‘shake before use’ — ‘agiter avant emploi’
to shake hands with somebody —
to shake somebody's hand — serrer la main de quelqu'un, donner une poignée de main à quelqu'un
to shake hands on it — ( after argument) se serrer la main en signe de réconciliation
2) fig ébranler [belief, confidence, faith, person]; [event, disaster] secouer3.it really shook me to find out that... — cela m'a vraiment donné un choc de découvrir que...
1) ( tremble) tremblerto shake with — trembler de [fear, cold, emotion]; se tordre de [laughter]
2) ( shake hands)they shook on it — (on deal, agreement) ils se sont serré la main en signe d'accord; ( after argument) ils se sont serré la main en signe de réconciliation
4.‘shake!’ — ‘serrons-nous la main!’
to shake oneself — [person, animal] se secouer
Phrasal Verbs:- shake up••in a shake (colloq) ou two shakes (colloq) — en un clin d'œil
to be no great shakes — (colloq) ne pas valoir grand-chose
to have the shakes — (colloq) (from fear, cold, infirmity) avoir la tremblote (colloq); (from alcohol, fever) trembler
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119 sleep
1. Iit is time to sleep пора спать; I could not sleep я не мог заснуть, мне не спалось2. IIsleep in some manner sleep badly (soundly, lightly, heavily, peacefully, fitfully, dreamlessly, restfully, etc.) плохо и т.д. спать; 1 don't sleep well у меня плохой сон; sleep together спать вместе; sleep for some time the habit of sleeping late in the morning привычка долго спать по утрам /поздно вставать/; she is still sleeping она еще спит /еще не просыпалась/; don't wake him sleep let him sleep on не будите его sleep пусть еще поспит; his hatred never slept его ненависть никогда не угасала /не затухала/3. III1) sleep smth. sleep eight hours (all the morning, etc.) (про)спать восемь часов и т.д.; I hardly slept all night я почти не сомкнул глаз всю ночь; not to sleep a wink глаз не сомкнуть; sleep a dreamless sleep спать без сновидений; sleep the sleep of the just (of the innocent) спать сном праведника; sleep one's last sleep заснуть последним сном, умереть2) sleep smb. this hotel sleeps 300 guests гостиница рассчитана на триста спальных мест; this trailer sleeps three people в трейлере могут ночевать /спать/ три человека; we can dine you and sleep you мы можем накормить вас обедом и устроить на ночь /на ночлег/4. IVsleep smth. for some time sleep the night through (the clock round, etc.) проспать всю ночь и т.д.5. XIbe slept in his bed was not slept in last night он вчера не ночевал дома6. XVIsleep on (out, in, under, etc.) smth., smb. sleep on the floor (out of doors /in the open air, under the open sky/, under a hedge, on one's side, on a pillow, apart from each other, etc.) спать на полу и т.д.; sleep in London (at a hotel, at a neighbour's, away from home, etc.) ночевать в Лондоне и т.д.; I slept at their place я переночевал у них; I slept through the alarm я не услышал будильника; I can sleep through any amount of noise шум мне не мешает спать; sleep in the grave /in the churchyard, in one's tomb/ покоиться в могиле; the seeds sleep in the ground all winter семена лежат /спят/ в земле всю зиму; sleep during (for, etc.) smth. sleep during the night (for ten hours, beyond one's usual time, etc.) спать ночью и т.д.; for the moment feuds and animosities are sleeping распри и вражда пока улеглись id sleep in peace мерно спать; sleep with one eye open чутко спать7. XVIIsleep without doing smth. sleep without waking спать, не просыпаясь; not to sleep for /from/ doing smth. I cannot sleep for /from/ thinking of him я не мог заснуть, все думал о нем, мысли о нем не давали мне уснуть8. XVIIIsleep oneself to some state sleep oneself sober проспаться, протрезветь9. XIX1sleep like smth., smb. sleep like a top /like a log, like a lord, etc./ спать без задних ног, спать как убитый; sleep like an innocent babe спать как младенец -
120 Fibres
The textile fibres of commerce are very numerous. They are usually placed in " three natural classes, vegetable, animal and mineral. The rayon filaments so far produced are all vegetable. " Vegetable fibres can be classified as follows: - Seed fibres, growing from the seeds or seed-capsules of certain plants, as cotton, Bombax, Asselepias, etc. Stem fibres, growing in the bast of certain plants, as flax, hemp, jute, etc. Leaf fibres, occurring in the leaves of certain plants, including New Zealand hemp, Manila hemp, etc. Fruit fibres, of which the sole member worth mentioning is the cocoanut fibre. Artificial fibres, represented by viscose, cellulose acetate, cuprammonium and nitrocellulose rayon. The chief fibres in the animal class are wool, silk, and the various kinds of animal hair such as camel, llama, angora, rabbit, horse, etc. The chief member of the mineral group is asbestos, a substance that resists the action of fire. Gold, silver and copper used in the making of tinsel yarns are not fibres as they do not require to be spun. Cellulose-Acetata Rayon - Filaments composed of an acetic ester of cellulose coagulated or solidified from its solution. Cuprammonium Rayon - Filaments composed of regenerated cellulose which has been coagulated or solidified from a solution of cellulose in ammoniacal copper oxide. Nitro-cellulose Rayon (Chardonnet) - Filaments composed of regenerated or denitrated cellulose which has been coagulated or solidified from a solution of nitrated cellulose. Viscose Rayon - Filaments composed of a regenerated cellulose which has been coagulated or solidified from a solution of cellulose xanthate. The preceding four definitions are proposed by the American Society for Testing Materials, Corn. D-13
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