tempestās

faustus, a, um, adj. [for favostus, from faveo; lit., favorable; hence], of favorable or fortunate omen, fortunate, favorable, auspicious, prosperous, lucky (rare but class.; cf.:

felix, fortunatus, beatus, prosperus, dexter, secundus): quae (omina) majores nostri quia valere censebant, idcirco omnibus rebus agendis: QVOD BONVM FAVSTVM FELIX FORTVNATVMQVE ESSET praefabantur,

Cic. Div. 1, 45, 102: so,

ut nobis haec habitatio Bona, fausta, felix fortunataque eveniat,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 3:

utile sit faustumque precor, quod imagine somni Vidimus,

Ov. F. 3, 27:

omen,

Liv. 7, 25, 11; Ov. M. 6, 448; 9, 785 al.; cf.:

exitus ut classi felix faustusque daretur,

Lucr. 1, 100:

i pede fausto,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 37:

indoles Nutrita faustis sub penetralibus,

id. C. 4, 4, 26:

o faustum et felicem hunc diem!

Ter. And. 5, 4, 53; cf. Cic. Tusc. 1, 49, 118:

o nox illa fausta huic urbi!

id. Flacc. 41, 103:

annus,

Ov. F. 1, 63:

nisi tempestas indulget tempore fausto,

favorable, suitable, Lucr. 1, 805.—Hence, * fauste, adv., favorably, fortunately:

ut eis quoque hominibus ea res fauste, feliciter prospereque eveniret,

Cic. Mur. 1, 1.

Faustus.

A surname of L. Cornelius Sulla, the son of the dictator, also called [p. 731] Faustus Sulla, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Sull. 19, 54; id. Vatin. 13, 32; id. Agr. 1, 4, 12; id. Att. 9, 1, 4; 9, 11, 4; Caes. B. C. 1, 6.—

Deriv.: Faustĭānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Faustus Sulla, Faustian:

ager, that produced excellent wine,

Plin. 14, 6, 8, § 62:

vina,

Front. Fer. Als. 3.—

Fem.: Fausta, ae, daughter of Sulla, wife of Milo, Cic. Att. 5, 8, 2.—

A poor tragedian, Juv. 7, 12.

faustus, a, um, adj. [for favostus, from faveo; lit., favorable; hence], of favorable or fortunate omen, fortunate, favorable, auspicious, prosperous, lucky (rare but class.; cf.:

felix, fortunatus, beatus, prosperus, dexter, secundus): quae (omina) majores nostri quia valere censebant, idcirco omnibus rebus agendis: QVOD BONVM FAVSTVM FELIX FORTVNATVMQVE ESSET praefabantur,

Cic. Div. 1, 45, 102: so,

ut nobis haec habitatio Bona, fausta, felix fortunataque eveniat,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 3:

utile sit faustumque precor, quod imagine somni Vidimus,

Ov. F. 3, 27:

omen,

Liv. 7, 25, 11; Ov. M. 6, 448; 9, 785 al.; cf.:

exitus ut classi felix faustusque daretur,

Lucr. 1, 100:

i pede fausto,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 37:

indoles Nutrita faustis sub penetralibus,

id. C. 4, 4, 26:

o faustum et felicem hunc diem!

Ter. And. 5, 4, 53; cf. Cic. Tusc. 1, 49, 118:

o nox illa fausta huic urbi!

id. Flacc. 41, 103:

annus,

Ov. F. 1, 63:

nisi tempestas indulget tempore fausto,

favorable, suitable, Lucr. 1, 805.—Hence, * fauste, adv., favorably, fortunately:

ut eis quoque hominibus ea res fauste, feliciter prospereque eveniret,

Cic. Mur. 1, 1.

Faustus.

A surname of L. Cornelius Sulla, the son of the dictator, also called [p. 731] Faustus Sulla, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Sull. 19, 54; id. Vatin. 13, 32; id. Agr. 1, 4, 12; id. Att. 9, 1, 4; 9, 11, 4; Caes. B. C. 1, 6.—

Deriv.: Faustĭānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Faustus Sulla, Faustian:

ager, that produced excellent wine,

Plin. 14, 6, 8, § 62:

vina,

Front. Fer. Als. 3.—

Fem.: Fausta, ae, daughter of Sulla, wife of Milo, Cic. Att. 5, 8, 2.—

A poor tragedian, Juv. 7, 12.

fax, făcis (also in the nom. sing. ‡ faces, acc. to Paul. ex Fest. p. 87, 9 Müll.; gen. plur.: facum, acc. to Charis. p. 113 P., but without example), f. [root bhā, to shine; cf. favilla], a torch, firebrand, flambeau, link, orig. of pine or other resinous wood.

Lit. (syn.: taeda, funale, cerĕus, candela, lucerna, laterna): alii faces atque aridam materiem de muro in aggerem eminus jaciebant, * Caes. B. G. 7, 24, 4; Liv. 22, 16, 7:

ambulare cum facibus,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 52:

malleolos et faces ad inflammandam urbem comparare,

Cic. Cat. 1, 13, 32; cf.:

ego faces jam accensas ad hujus urbis incendium exstinxi,

id. Pis. 2, 5:

servi in tecta nostra cum facibus immissi,

id. Att. 14, 10, 1; cf.:

faces incendere,

id. Phil. 2, 36, 91:

si te in Capitolium faces ferre vellet,

id. Lael. 11, 37:

ardentem facem praeferre,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 34, § 74:

castris inicere,

Tac. H. 4, 60;

subdere urbi,

Curt. 5, 7, 4:

faces ferro inspicare,

Verg. G. 1, 292; cf.:

facis incidere,

Plin. 18, 26, 63, § 233:

dilapsam in cineres facem,

Hor. C. 4, 13, 28.—At weddings, the torch carried before the bride on the way to her home, usually made of white-thorn (Spina alba) or pine, the nuptial torch: spina, nuptiarum facibus auspicatissima, Masur. ap. Plin. 16, 18, 30, § 75; Fest. s. v. patrimi, p. 245; s. v. rapi, p. 289 Müll.; Varr. ap. Non. 112, 27; id. ap. Serv. Verg. E. 8, 29; Plaut. Cas. 1, 30; Cat. 61, 98 sq.; Verg. E. 8, 29; Ov. M. 10, 6; Stat. Th. 2, 259 al.;

hence, nuptiales,

Cic. Clu. 6, 15; Liv. 30, 13, 12:

maritae,

Ov. H. 11, 101:

legitimae,

Luc. 2, 356.—Cf. Anthon's Dict. of Antiq. p. 434, and v. infra. Torches were also carried in funeral processions, Verg. A. 11, 142; Prop. 3, 13 (4, 12), 17; Ov. F. 2, 561; id. H. 21, 172; Sen. Tranq. 11; id. Vit. Beat. fin.; id. Ep. 222;

and in the Eleusinian mysteries,

Juv. 15, 140.—An attribute of Cupid, Tib. 2, 1, 82; Prop. 3, 16 (4, 15), 16; Ov. M. 1, 461; 10, 312 al.;

of the Furies,

Verg. A. 7, 337; Ov. M. 4, 482; 508; 6, 430; Quint. 9, 3, 47 al.—

Transf.

On account of the use of torches at weddings ( poet.), a wedding, marriage:

face nuptiali digna,

Hor. C. 3, 11, 33; cf.:

te face sollemni junget sibi,

Ov. M. 7, 49.—And referring at the same time to the funeral torch:

viximus insignes inter utramque facem,

i. e. between marriage and death, Prop. 4 (5), 11, 46.—

The light of the heavenly bodies ( poet.):

dum roseā face sol inferret lumina caelo,

Lucr. 5, 976; cf.:

Phoebi fax, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 11, 18: canentes Rite crescentem face Noctilucam,

Hor. C. 4, 6, 38:

aeterna fax,

i. e. the sun, Sen. Thyest. 835.—

A fiery meteor, fire-ball, shooting-star, comet:

noctivagaeque faces caeli flammaeque volantes,

Lucr. 5, 1191; cf.:

nocturnasque faces caeli, sublime volantes,

id. 2, 206:

emicant et faces non nisi cum decidunt visae, etc.,

Plin. 2, 26, 25, § 96:

tum facibus visis caelestibus, tum stellis iis, quas Graeci cometas, nostri cincinnatas vocant,

Cic. N. D. 2, 5, 14; id. Cat. 3, 8, 18; Liv. 41, 21, 13; 29, 14, 3; Verg. A. 2, 694; Ov. M. 15, 787; Luc. 1, 528; Petr. 122; Sen. Oet. 232.—

Of lightning:

facem flammantem dirigere,

Val. Fl. 1, 569; id. 4, 671. —

Of the eyes:

oculi, geminae, sidera nostra, faces,

Prop. 2, 3, 14:

has ego credo faces, haec virginis ora Dianae,

Val. Fl. 5, 380; cf.:

tranquillaeque faces oculis et plurima vultu materinest,

Stat. Ach. 1, 164.—

Prima fax (noctis), early torchlight, immediately after dark (post-class.); cf.:

luminibus accensis, Auct. B. Afr. 89: tempus diei occiduum, mox suprema tempestas, hoc est diei novissimum tempus: deinde vespera: ab hoc tempore prima fax dicitur, deinde concubia, etc.,

Macr. S, 1, 3 fin.; Gell. 3, 2, 11; 18, 1 fin.; App. M. 2, p. 119, 20.

Trop.

That which illuminates, makes conspicuous ( poet.):

incipit parentum nobilitas facem praeferre pudendis,

Juv. 8, 139; cf. Sall. J. 80.—

That which inflames or incites, incitement, stimulus, cause of ruin, destruction (freq. and class.):

cum corporis facibus inflammari soleamus ad omnes fere cupiditates eoque magis incendi, quod, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 44:

me torret face mutua Calais,

flame of love, Hor. C. 3, 9, 13; cf.:

iraï fax,

Lucr. 3, 303:

dicendi faces,

flames, fires of eloquence, Cic. de Or. 2, 51, 205; cf.:

alicui quasi quasdam verborum faces admovere,

id. ib. 3, 1, 4:

alicui acriores ad studia dicendi faces subdere,

Quint. 1, 2, 25 Spald.:

hortator studii causaque faxque mei,

guide, leader, Ov. Pont. 1, 7, 28; and: incitator et fax omnium, Prud. steph. 10, 67:

subicere faces invidiae alicujus,

Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

flagrantibus jam militum animis velut faces addere,

Tac. H. 1, 24:

acerrimam bello facem praetulit,

id. ib. 2, 86:

(rogationes promulgavit) duas faces novantibus res ad plebem in optimates accendendam,

Liv. 32, 38, 9:

inde faces ardent, a dote,

Juv. 6, 139: adolescentulo ad libidinem facem praeferre, i. e. to be a leader or guide, Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 13:

Antonius omnium Clodi incendiorum fax,

instigator, id. Phil. 2, 19, 48; cf.:

fax accusationis et origo,

Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 3:

fax hujus belli (Hannibal),

Liv. 21, 10, 11; Vell. 2, 25, 3:

dolorum cum admoventur faces,

Cic. Off. 2, 10, 37; cf. id. Tusc. 2, 25, 61:

(dolor) ardentes faces intentat,

id. ib. 5, 27, 76:

quae (Agrippinae) Gaium et Domitium Neronem principes genuere totidem facis generis humani,

destroyers, Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45.— Absol.:

cum his furiis et facibus, cum his exitiosis prodigiis (i e. Gabinio et Pisone),

Cic. Har. Resp. 2, 4.

fluctus, ūs (ante-class. form of the gen. sing. fluctuis, Varr. and Nigid. ap. Gell. 4, 16, 1; nom. plur. flucti, Pac. and Att. ap. Non. 488, 12), m. [fluo; cf. fluctio], the peculiar motion of fluids, a flowing, waving.

In abstr. (rare; cf.:

unda, fluentum): jactetur aquae fluctu quoque terra vacillans,

Lucr. 6, 554 sq. —Of the flowing motion of the magnetic fluid (v. aestus):

Cogitur offensare pulsareque fluctu Ferrea texta suo,

Lucr. 6, 1053.—In mal. part., Lucr. 4, 1271; cf. fluctuo, I. a fin. —

Transf., a flow, flood. —In concr., a wave, billow, surge, esp. of the sea (the predom. signif. of the word in prose and poetry; esp. freq. in the plur.).

Sing.: fons aquae dulcis, qui fluctu totus operiretur, nisi, etc., the flood, i. e. high tide, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 118: alia fluctus differt, dissipat visceratim membra, Maria salsa spumant sanguine, Enn. ap. Non. 183, 18 (Trag. v. 144 ed. Vahl.):

ab saxo avortit fluctus ad litus scapham,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 76; 82:

fluctum a saxo frangi,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 6:

fluctus uti... volutus Ad terras immane sonat per saxa,

Verg. G. 3, 237:

ad fluctum aiunt declamare solitum Demosthenem, ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere,

to the waves, Cic. Fin. 5, 2, 5.—

Plur.: indu mari magno fluctus extollere certant, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Ann. v. 425 ed. Vahl.): mulserat huc navim compulsam fluctibus pontus, id. ap. Prisc. p. 870 P. (Ann. v. 257 ed. Vahl.):

excitatis maximis fluctibus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 6:

(insulae) fluctibus cinctae,

id. ib. 2, 4; cf.:

Massilia, quae cincta Gallorum gentibus barbariae fluctibus alluitur,

id. Fl. 26, 63:

sese fluctibus committere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 37, § 91:

sedatis fluctibus,

id. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

puppes ad magnitudinem fluctuum tempestatumque accommodatae,

Caes. B. G. 3, 13, 3:

in fluctibus consistere,

id. ib. 4, 24, 2:

fluctibus compleri,

id. ib. 4, 28 fin.:

luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum Mercator metuens,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 15:

o navis, referent in mare te novi Fluctus,

id. ib. 1, 14, 2:

mulcere fluctus et tollere vento,

Verg. A. 1, 66:

procella... fluctus ad sidera tollit,

id. ib. 1, 103:

revomere salsos fluctus pectore,

id. ib. 5, 182.—Prov.: excitare fluctus in simpulo, to raise a tempest in a tea-pot, i. e. to make much ado about nothing, Cic. Leg. 3, 16, 36.—

Poet. transf., a stream of odors:

unde fluens volvat varius se fluctus odorum,

Lucr. 4, 675.—And of a stream of fire:

atro volvens incendia fluctu,

Val. Fl. 7, 572.—

Trop., like tempestas and unda, and our waves or billows, for turbulence, commotion, disturbance:

qui in hac tempestate populi jactemur et fluctibus,

Cic. Planc. 4, 11; cf.

contionum,

id. Mil. 2, 5:

rerum Fluctibus in mediis,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 85; cf. also Lucr. 5, 11:

hoc omne tempus post consulatum objecimus iis fluctibus, qui per nos a communi peste depulsi, in nosmet ipsos redundarunt,

Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 3; id. Att. 8, 3, 5:

fluctus civiles,

Nep. Att. 6:

capere irarum fluctus in pectore,

Lucr. 3, 298; so,

irarum,

id. 6, 74; Verg. A. 12, 831; Val. Max. 9, 3 init.:

tristes curarum,

Lucr. 6, 34:

belli,

id. 5, 1290.

foedus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. dhūmas, smoke; cf.: fumus, fīmus, feteo], foul, filthy, loathsome, ugly, unseemly, detestable, abominable, horrible (class.; cf.: deformis, turpis).

Physically:

cimices foedissimum animal,

Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61:

herba odoris foedi,

id. 20, 16, 63, § 171:

odor,

Cels. 2, 8; 5, 28, 3:

facies,

id. 6, 6, 9:

sapor,

Lucr. 2, 401:

species,

id. 2, 421:

nunc eo tibi videtur foedus, quia illam (vestem) non habet,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 17; cf. Quint. 6, 3, 32:

immanissimum et foedissimum monstrum,

Cic. Pis. 14, 31:

foeda fit volucris (sc. bubo),

Ov. M. 5, 549:

caput impexa foedum porrigine,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 126:

foeda nigro simulacra fumo,

id. C. 3, 6, 4:

foeda cicatrix,

id. S. 1, 5, 60:

vulnus,

Ov. M. 12, 366:

tergum recentibus vestigiis vulnerum,

Liv. 2, 23, 7; cf. id. 9, 31, 2:

victus,

Hor. A. P. 392:

loca tetra, inculta, foeda, formidolosa,

Sall. C. 52, 13:

tempestates,

Liv. 25, 7, 7; Verg. G. 1, 323:

foedissima tempestas,

Liv. 29, 18, 5:

incendium,

id. 24, 47, 15.—With dat.:

pestilentia foeda homini, foeda pecori,

destructive, Liv. 3, 32, 2.—In the neutr. absol.:

foedum relatu,

Ov. M. 9, 167; cf.

foediora,

Liv. 3, 69, 2.—

Mentally, disgraceful, base, dishonorable, vile, shameful, infamous, foul, etc.:

quo (tyranno) neque tetrius, neque foedius, nec diis hominibusque invisius animal ullum cogitari potest,

Cic. Rep. 2, 26:

nihil fieri potest miserius, nihil perditius, nihil foedius,

id. Att. 8, 11, 4:

luxuria senectuti foedissima,

id. Off. 1, 34, 123:

homo,

Sall. C. 19, 2:

scriptores carmine foedo Splendida facta linunt,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 236; cf.:

foedissima ludibria,

Quint. 1, 6, 32:

bellum foedissimum,

Cic. Att. 7, 26, 3:

genus interitus,

id. ib. 15, 20, 2:

foedus et perniciosus exitus judicii,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 1:

consilium,

Liv. 26, 38, 4:

facinus,

Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 1:

amor,

Lucr. 4, 1158:

ministeria,

Verg. A. 7, 619:

condiciones,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 15:

fuga ducum,

Val. Fl. 6, 723:

exprobratio,

Plin. 18, 26, 66, § 249:

inconsequentia rerum foedissima,

Quint. 8, 6, 50.—In the neutr. with a subject-clause: ludos vero non facere, quid foedius? (shortly before: quid turpius?) Cic. Att. 15, 10:

versum in oratione fieri multo foedissimum est,

Quint. 9, 4, 72.— Hence, adv.: foede, foully, cruelly, basely, horribly: foede divexarier, Pac. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 106 (Trag. Rel. p. 84 Rib.):

aram turparunt sanguine foede,

Lucr. 1, 85:

foede aliquem distrahere,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 14:

laniare crura brachiaque,

Tac. H. 1, 41:

caesa manus juvenum,

Verg. A. 10, 498:

ob admissum foede dictumve superbe,

Lucr. 5, 1224:

servire,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 48: perire Sall. J. 31, 2:

pugnatum est,

Liv. 6, 1, 11:

foedius inde pulsus quam, etc.,

id. 2, 51, 8:

causa agetur foedissime,

Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4.

foedus, ĕris (for foedus, Ennius wrote fidus, acc. to Varr. L. L. 5, § 86 Müll. Archaic form of the gen. plur. foedesum, acc. to Varr. L. L. 7, § 27; v. the letter R), n. [from the root FID; Sanscr. bandh, ligare; v. fido], a league, treaty, compact (cf.: sponsio, pactio).

Polit.:

FOEDERVM, PACIS, BELLI, INDVCIARVM ORATORES FETIALES IVDICESVE SVNTO,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 21; cf. id. Rep. 1, 32:

esse autem tria genera foederum, quibus inter se paciscerentur amicitias civitates regesque,

Liv. 34, 57, 7:

pacem foedusque facere,

Cic. de Sen. 6, 16; cf.:

oratrices pacis et foederis,

id. Rep. 2, 8:

Ambiorigem sibi societate et foedere adjungunt,

Caes. B. G. 6, 2, 2:

ne societates, ne foedera nova acciperemus,

Sall. J. 14, 18:

societatem foedere confirmare,

Cic. Phil. 2, 35, 89:

quibus (foederibus) etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,

id. Off. 3, 31, 111:

amicitiam et foedus petere, Sall J. 104, 4: foedus facere cum aliquibus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 30, 91; so,

foedus facere,

id. Rep. 3, 18; Caes. B. C. 3, 108, 3; Sall. J. 38, 9 al.: ferire, icere, pangere, percutere, v. h. vv.: de foedere decedere, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 1, 10:

foedera negligere, violare, rumpere,

Cic. Balb. 5, 13; cf.:

sociorum nominisque Latini jura negligere ac foedera,

id. Rep. 3, 29:

rumpere,

Auct. Her. 4, 14, 20; Liv. 9, 1; 21, 10:

violare,

Cic. Rep. 1, 19; Liv. 28, 44, 7:

rescindere,

Vell. 2, 90, 3:

solvere,

Verg. A. 10, 91:

turbare,

id. ib. 12, 633:

contra foedus facere,

Cic. Balb. 4, 10; Gell. 10, 1, 10:

foedus aequum dare,

Liv. 23, 5, 9 (for which:

ex aequo venire in amicitiam,

id. 7, 30, 2); cf.:

foedere iniquo alligari,

id. 35, 46, 10:

ex foedere,

according to agreement, id. 1, 23, 7; 8, 39, 13. —

Transf., beyond the polit. sphere, in gen., a compact, covenant, agreement, stipulation, bargain:

foedus fecerunt cum tribuno plebis palam, ut ab eo provincias acciperent, quas ipsi vellent, etc.,

Cic. Sest. 10, 24; cf.:

foedus frangere,

id. Pis. 12, 28:

inter se facere,

id. Fin. 2, 26, 83:

amorum turpissimorum foedera ferire,

id. Cael. 14, 34:

amicitiae,

Ov. Tr. 3, 6, 1:

hospitii,

Just. 7, 3:

thalami,

i. e. marriage contract, marriage, Ov. M. 7, 403; so,

vitae,

Stat. Th. 2, 112:

communia studii,

Ov. P. 4, 13, 43.—

Poet., of inanim. and abstr. things, a law:

continuo has leges aeternaque foedera certis Inposuit natura locis,

Verg. G. 1, 60:

omnes Foedere naturae certo discrimina servant,

Lucr. 5, 924; 5, 57; 6, 906:

foedere certo et premere et laxas dare habenas,

Verg. A. 1, 62:

neve potentis naturae pollue foedus,

Ov. M. 10, 353: caeli foedera, Col. Poët. 10, 219.

fulgeo, fulsi, 2 (ante-class. and poet. form acc. to the third conj.: fulgit, Lucil. and Pompon. ap. Non. 506, 8 and 9; Lucr. 5, 768 Lachm. N. cr.; 6, 160; 174; 214; fulgĕre, Pac., Att., Lucil. ap. Non. 506, 17 sq.; Lucr. 5, 1095; 6, 165; Verg. A. 6, 826; Val. Fl. 8, 284 al.; cf. Sen. Q. N. 2, 56), v. n. [Sanscr, bhrāg', to glow, gleam; Gr. phlegô, phlegethô, to burn, phlox, flame;

Lat. fulgur, fulmen, fulvus, flagrare, flamma, flāmen,

Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 187 ], to flash, to lighten (syn.: fulguro, splendeo, luceo).

Lit.:

si fulserit, si tonuerit, si tactum aliquid erit de caelo,

Cic. Div. 2, 72, 149:

cum aestate vehementius tonuit quam fulsit,

Plin. 18. 35, 81, § 354; Mel. 1, 19, 1; Lucr. 6, 160; 165:

Jove fulgente cum populo agi nefas esse,

Cic. Vatin. 8, 20; cf.:

Jove fulgente, tonante... caelo fulgente, tonante,

id. N. D. 2, 25, 65;

v. fulguro: tremulo tempestas impete fulgit,

Lucr. 6, 174:

fulsere ignes et aether,

Verg. A. 4, 167:

picei fulsere poli,

Val. Fl. 1, 622.—

Trop., of the vivid oratory of Pericles:

qui (Pericles) si tenui genere uteretur, numquam ab Aristophane poëta fulgere, tonare, permiscere Graeciam dictus esset,

Cic. Or. 9, 29 (acc. to Aristoph. Acharn. 530 sq.: Perikleês Oulumpios Êstrapten, ebronta, xunekuka tên Hellada); cf.:

fulgurare ac tonare,

Quint. 2, 16, 19.—

Transf., to flash, glitter, gleam, glare, glisten, shine (syn. splendeo).

Lit.:

qui nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpurā,

Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 5:

marmorea tecta ebore et auro fulgentia,

id. Par. 1, 3, 13:

fulgentia signis castra,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 19: qui caelum versat stellis fulgentibus aptum, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 30 Vahl.); so id. ib. (Ann. v. 162 ib.):

caelo fulgebat luna sereno,

Hor. Epod. 15, 1; cf. id. C. 2, 16, 3; Ov. M. 2, 722:

fulgens contremuit domus Saturni (i. e. caelum),

Hor. C. 2, 12, 8:

micantes fulsere gladii,

Liv. 1, 25, 4; cf.:

fulgente decorus arcu Phoebus,

Hor. Carm. Sec. 61:

felium in tenebris fulgent radiantque oculi,

Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 151:

fulgentes oculi,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 15:

fulgentes Cycladae (on account of their marble),

id. ib. 3, 28, 14 (for which:

nitentes Cycladae,

id. ib. 1, 14, 19):

stet Capitolium fulgens (corresp. to lucidae sedes Olympi),

id. ib. 3, 3, 43:

argenti quod erat solis fulgebat in armis,

Juv. 11, 108.—

Trop., to shine, glitter; be conspicuous, illustrious (rare and mostly poet.):

(virtus) Intaminatis fulget honoribus,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 18:

indoles virtutis jam in adulescentulo,

Nep. Eum. 1, 4:

quondam nobili fulsi patre,

Sen. Med. 209:

fulgens imperio fertilis Africae,

Hor. C. 3, 16, 31:

fulgens sacerdotio,

Tac. H. 4, 42:

quae sanguine fulget Juli,

Juv. 8, 42.—Hence, ful-gens, entis, P. a., shining, glittering; in a trop. sense, illustrious.—Comp.:

fulgentior,

Sen. Ep. 115, 4.— Sup.:

Messala fulgentissimus juvenis,

Vell. 2, 71, 1:

opus Caesaris,

id. 2, 39, 1:

(M. Tullius) fulgentissimo et caelesti ore,

id. 2, 64, 3:

duo fulgentissima cognomina patris et patrui,

Val. Max. 3, 5, 1.— Adv.: fulgenter, glitteringly, resplendently.

Lit.:

quia sic fulgentius radiant,

Plin. 10, 20, 22, § 43. —

Trop.:

fulgentius instrui poterat luxuria, certe innocentius,

Plin. 22, 2, 3, § 4.

fŭro, ŭi ( perf. rare, Sen. Orest. 846; Serv. Verg. A. 1, 41 al.;

usually supplied by insanivi,

Diom. p. 376 P.; Prisc. 817 P.; gen. plur. part. sync. furentum, Verg. A. 11, 838), 3, v. n. [cf. Gr. thouros, hasty; thorein, thrôskô, to leap; cf. thêr, wild; Lat. fera, ferox; v. Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 256], to rage, rave (in sickness or when in a passion), to be out of one's mind, to be mad, furious (syn.: insanio, deliro, desipio).

Lit. (class.): quem nos furorem, melancholian illi (Graeci) vocant:

quasi vero atra bili solum mens ac non saepe vel iracundiā graviore vel timore vel dolore moveatur: quo genere Athamantem, Alcmaeonem, Ajacem, Orestem furere dicimus, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11:

quid est aliud furere, non cognoscere homines, non cognoscere leges, non senatum,

id. Pis. 20, 47; cf.:

qui valetudinis vitio furunt et melancholici dicuntur,

id. Div. 1, 38, 81; and Dig. 23, 2, 9:

primum inquiram, quid sit furere, etc.,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 41:

insanire ac furere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

furere et bacchari,

id. Brut. 80, [p. 797] 276; cf.: non ego sanius Bacchabor Edonis: recepto Dulce mihi furere est amico, to play the fool, act foolishly (an imitation of the Anacreontic thelô thelô manênai), Hor. C. 2, 7, 28:

Telamon iratus furere luctu filii videretur,

to be distracted, Cic. de Or. 2, 46, 193:

ille, si non acerrime fureret, auderet, etc.,

id. Pis. 21, 50: furere adversus aliquem, Tiber. ap. Suet. Tib. 61:

num furis? an prudens ludis me obscura canendo?

Hor. S. 2, 5, 58:

furit ille dolore,

Ov. M. 12, 478:

amore,

Val. Fl. 5, 427; cf.: ex quo destiti Inachia furere, to be madly in love with (Gr. mainesthai epi tini), Hor. Epod. 11, 6:

in aliqua,

Quint. Decl. 289:

in celeres iambos Misit (me) furentem,

Hor. C. 1, 16, 25.—

With acc. and inf.:

(Clodius) furebat, a Racilio se contumaciter urbaneque vexatum,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 3.— With inf.:

furit vinci dominus profundi,

Sen. Med. 597:

ecce furit te reperire atrox Tydides,

Hor. C. 1, 15, 27.—

With acc. ( poet.):

hunc sine me furere ante furorem,

Verg. A. 12, 680:

praecipuum tunc caedis opus, Gradive, furebas,

Stat. Th. 9, 5.—

Transf., of inanim. and abstr. things ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

nubes interdum perscissa furit petulantibus auris,

Lucr. 6, 111; cf.:

furit mugitibus aether concussus,

Verg. G. 3, 150:

ventus,

Lucr. 6, 687:

impetus Aetnae,

id. 2, 593; cf.:

flamma in Aetna,

Hor. Epod. 17, 33:

ignis in stipulis,

Verg. G. 3, 100:

stella vesani leonis,

Hor. C. 3, 29, 19:

atra tempestas effusis imbribus,

Verg. A. 5, 694:

furit aestus harenis,

id. ib. 1, 107:

flammae furentes,

id. ib. 4, 670:

furit ardor edendi,

Ov. M. 8, 828:

nec copia argenti tantum furit vita,

Plin. 33, 11, 53, § 147.—With acc. and inf.:

fama furit, versos hostes Poenumque salutem Invenisse fugā,

Sil. 7, 504.—Hence, * fŭrenter, adv., furiously:

pueri autem aiunt eum furenter irasci,

was furiously enraged, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 12.

grăvĭdus, a, um, adj. [gravis, burdened, loaded; hence in partic.], pregnant, with child, with young (class.; syn. praegnans, fetus).

Lit.

Adj.: mater, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 17, 52 (Trag. v. 57 Vahl.):

puero gravida,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 87:

gravida esse ex aliquo viro,

id. ib. prol. 111; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 32;

for which also simply aliquo,

Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 18 and 19:

de semine Jovis,

Ov. M. 3, 260:

virgo ex eo compressu,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 28:

prius gravida facta est,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 73:

facere gravidam aliquam,

Ter. Ad. 3, 5, 29:

cum esset gravida uxor, et jam appropinquare partus putaretur,

Cic. Clu. 11, 31; cf. id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 48; Cels. 2, 1; 2, 5 sqq.; of animals, etc. (mostly poet.):

gravida pecus,

Verg. G. 2, 150; Ov. F. 4, 633:

muraena,

Hor. S. 2, 8, 43:

balaenae,

Plin. 9, 6, 5, § 13.—

Subst.: grăvĭda, ae, f., a pregnant woman, Plaut. Truc. 2, 5, 22; Plin. 23, 6, 57, § 107; 28, 6, 17, § 59.—

Transf., laden, filled, full (only poet.); constr. absol., with abl., or gen.

Absol.:

ad fores auscultato... neu qui manus attulerit steriles intro ad nos, Gravidas foras exportet,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 4: cum se gravido tremefecit corpore tellus, fruit-laden, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 11, 18:

nubes,

Lucr. 6, 440 (cf. Lachm. ad Lucr. II. p. 365); Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 107; cf.:

cornu lunae,

Val. Fl. 2, 56:

ne gravidis procumbat culmus aristis,

loaded, full, Verg. G. 1, 111; so,

aristae,

Ov. M. 1, 110:

olivae,

id. ib. 7, 281:

fetus,

id. ib. 8, 293:

(caprae) gravido superant vix ubere limen,

full, Verg. G. 3, 317.—

With abl.:

gravidae nunc semine terrae,

Ov. F. 4, 633:

ubera gravida vitali rore,

Cic. Div. 1, 12, 20:

tibi pampineo gravidus auctumno Floret ager,

Verg. G. 2, 5: equus (Trojanus) armatis, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Ann. v. 97 Vahl.):

tempestas fulminibus atque procellis,

Lucr. 6, 259:

alvus (serpentis) venenis,

Sil. 6, 155:

Amathunta metallis,

Ov. M. 10, 531:

stipes nodis,

Verg. A. 7, 507:

pharetra sagittis,

Hor. C. 1, 22, 3:

urbs bellis,

Verg. A. 10, 87; cf.:

Italia imperiis,

id. ib. 4, 229:

anus arcanis,

Sil. 13, 394:

parens sorte,

Val. Fl. 5, 22:

populus noxa,

Sil. 13, 542:

pectus curis,

Luc. 5, 735; Val. Fl. 2, 161.—

With gen.:

Mellis apes gravidae,

Sil. 2, 120.—

Trop., full, abundant:

quod bonis benefit beneficium, gratia ea gravidast bonis,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 108.

grăvĭdus, a, um, adj. [gravis, burdened, loaded; hence in partic.], pregnant, with child, with young (class.; syn. praegnans, fetus).

Lit.

Adj.: mater, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 17, 52 (Trag. v. 57 Vahl.):

puero gravida,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 87:

gravida esse ex aliquo viro,

id. ib. prol. 111; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 32;

for which also simply aliquo,

Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 18 and 19:

de semine Jovis,

Ov. M. 3, 260:

virgo ex eo compressu,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 28:

prius gravida facta est,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 73:

facere gravidam aliquam,

Ter. Ad. 3, 5, 29:

cum esset gravida uxor, et jam appropinquare partus putaretur,

Cic. Clu. 11, 31; cf. id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 48; Cels. 2, 1; 2, 5 sqq.; of animals, etc. (mostly poet.):

gravida pecus,

Verg. G. 2, 150; Ov. F. 4, 633:

muraena,

Hor. S. 2, 8, 43:

balaenae,

Plin. 9, 6, 5, § 13.—

Subst.: grăvĭda, ae, f., a pregnant woman, Plaut. Truc. 2, 5, 22; Plin. 23, 6, 57, § 107; 28, 6, 17, § 59.—

Transf., laden, filled, full (only poet.); constr. absol., with abl., or gen.

Absol.:

ad fores auscultato... neu qui manus attulerit steriles intro ad nos, Gravidas foras exportet,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 4: cum se gravido tremefecit corpore tellus, fruit-laden, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 11, 18:

nubes,

Lucr. 6, 440 (cf. Lachm. ad Lucr. II. p. 365); Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 107; cf.:

cornu lunae,

Val. Fl. 2, 56:

ne gravidis procumbat culmus aristis,

loaded, full, Verg. G. 1, 111; so,

aristae,

Ov. M. 1, 110:

olivae,

id. ib. 7, 281:

fetus,

id. ib. 8, 293:

(caprae) gravido superant vix ubere limen,

full, Verg. G. 3, 317.—

With abl.:

gravidae nunc semine terrae,

Ov. F. 4, 633:

ubera gravida vitali rore,

Cic. Div. 1, 12, 20:

tibi pampineo gravidus auctumno Floret ager,

Verg. G. 2, 5: equus (Trojanus) armatis, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Ann. v. 97 Vahl.):

tempestas fulminibus atque procellis,

Lucr. 6, 259:

alvus (serpentis) venenis,

Sil. 6, 155:

Amathunta metallis,

Ov. M. 10, 531:

stipes nodis,

Verg. A. 7, 507:

pharetra sagittis,

Hor. C. 1, 22, 3:

urbs bellis,

Verg. A. 10, 87; cf.:

Italia imperiis,

id. ib. 4, 229:

anus arcanis,

Sil. 13, 394:

parens sorte,

Val. Fl. 5, 22:

populus noxa,

Sil. 13, 542:

pectus curis,

Luc. 5, 735; Val. Fl. 2, 161.—

With gen.:

Mellis apes gravidae,

Sil. 2, 120.—

Trop., full, abundant:

quod bonis benefit beneficium, gratia ea gravidast bonis,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 108.

hĭĕmo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. n. and a. [hiems].

Of persons, to pass the winter, to winter; of soldiers, to keep in winter-quarters:

ubi piratae quotannis hiemare soleant,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 47, § 104:

naviget ac mediis hiemet mercator in undis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 71:

assidue in Urbe,

Suet. Aug. 72:

tres (legiones), quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10, 3:

legionem hiemandi causa collocaret,

id. ib. 3, 1:

cupio scire quid agas et ubi sis hiematurus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 9, 1:

facies me certiorem, quomodo hiemaris,

id. Att. 6, 1 fin. —

Of things, to be wintry, frozen, cold, stormy (freq. since the Aug. per.; not in Cic.): hiemantes aquae, Sall. Fragm. ap. Sen. Ep. 114:

atrum Defendens pisces hiemat mare,

storms, Hor. S. 2, 2, 17; Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 125; cf.: repente hiemavit tempestas... totus hiemavit annus... hiemante Aquilone, Arrunt. ap. Sen. Ep. 114:

delphini vespertino occasu continui dies hiemant Italiae,

Plin. 18, 26, 64, § 235.—

Impers., hiemat, it is winter weather, wintry, cold, frosty (post-Aug.):

decimo sexto Cal. Febr. Cancer desinit occidere: hiemat,

Col. 11, 2, 4:

vehementer hiemat,

id. ib. 20:

hiemat cum frigore et gelicidiis,

id. ib. 78; Plin. 18, 35, 79, § 348.—

Act., to congeal, freeze, turn to ice (post-Aug.):

decoquunt alii aquas, mox et illas hiemant,

Plin. 19, 4, 19, § 55 (for which:

decoquere aquam vitroque demissam in nives refrigerare,

id. 31, 3, 23, § 40):

hiemato lacu,

id. 9, 22, 38, § 75.

horresco, horrŭi, 3, v. inch. n. and a. [horreo], to rise on end, stand erect, to bristle up, grow rough.

Lit. (mostly poet.; cf.

horreo): rettulit ille gradus horrueruntque comae,

Ov. F. 2, 502:

tum segetes altae campique natantes Lenibus horrescunt flabris,

Verg. G. 3, 199:

bracchia coeperunt nigris horrescere villis,

Ov. M. 2, 478; cf.:

setis horrescere coepi,

id. ib. 14, 279: horrescit telis exercitus asper utrimque, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 4 (Ann. v. 385 Vahl.); cf.:

arma rigent, horrescunt tela,

id. ib. (Trag. v. 177 ib.):

mollis horrescit coma,

Sen. Agam. 711: horrescit mare, becomes ruffled, rough, Varr. ap. Non. 423, 7:

ut ille qui navigat, cum subito mare coepit horrescere,

Cic. Fragm. ib. 4 (Rep. 1, 40 Mos.).—

Transf.

To fall a shaking, trembling:

(puella) Horruit, ut steriles, agitat quas ventus, aristae,

Ov. A. A. 1, 553.—

In partic., to begin to shake, shudder, or tremble for fear, to become frightened, terrified (class.).

Absol.:

horresco misera, mentio quoties fit partionis,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 93; cf. id. As. 4, 1, 4; Ter. Ad. 4, 4, 23:

quin etiam ferae, sibi injecto terrore mortis, horrescunt,

Cic. Fin. 5, 11, 31:

horresco referens,

Verg. A. 2, 204:

horrescit visu subito,

id. ib. 6, 710; 12, 453. —

With acc.:

dum procellas Cautus horrescis,

Hor. C. 2, 10, 3:

morsus futuros,

Verg. A. 3, 394:

nullos visus,

Val. Fl. 6, 453:

mortem,

Stat. Th. 3, 70.—

With inf.:

horrescit animus omnia recensere,

Amm. 29, 3, 9.—

To grow fearful, terrible, dreadful (very rare):

in terra quoque ut horrescant (fulmina),

Lucr. 6, 261:

subitis horrescit turbida nimbis Tempestas,

Sil. 1, 134.

horrĭbĭlis, e, adj. [horreo], terrible, fearful, dreadful, horrible (freq. and class.).

Lit.:

quod hanc tam tetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae pestem toties jam effugimus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 5, 11:

homini accidere nihil posse, quod sit horribile aut pertimescendum,

id. Fam. 5, 21 fin.: species, * Caes. B. G. 7, 36, 2:

spectaculum,

Sall. J. 101, 11:

sonitus,

id. ib. 99, 2:

di magni, horribilem et sacrum libellum!

Cat. 14, 12:

tempestas,

Cic. Rep. 2, 6:

formidines,

id. Fin. 1, 19, 63:

horribiles miserosque casus,

id. de Or. 3, 3, 11:

Mars (stella) rutilus horribilisque terris,

id. Rep. 6, 17:

illud vero fuit horribile, quod vereor, ne, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 61, 258:

horribile est causam capitis dicere, horribilius priore loco dicere,

id. Quint. 31, 95.—

In colloquial lang., sometimes in a good sense, astonishing, amazing, tremendous: sed hoc teras (i. e. Cæsar) horribili vigilantia, celeritate, diligentia est, Cic. Att. 8, 9 fin.:

uterque juravit, inter nos periturum esse tam horribile secretum,

Petr. 21, 3.—Hence, adv.: horrĭbĭlĭter, amazingly; in a good sense: horribiliter scripsisti hanc orationem, M. Aurel. ap. Front. Ep. 2, 6 Mai.; August. Civ. Dei, 1, 8 fin.

horrĭbĭlis, e, adj. [horreo], terrible, fearful, dreadful, horrible (freq. and class.).

Lit.:

quod hanc tam tetram, tam horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae pestem toties jam effugimus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 5, 11:

homini accidere nihil posse, quod sit horribile aut pertimescendum,

id. Fam. 5, 21 fin.: species, * Caes. B. G. 7, 36, 2:

spectaculum,

Sall. J. 101, 11:

sonitus,

id. ib. 99, 2:

di magni, horribilem et sacrum libellum!

Cat. 14, 12:

tempestas,

Cic. Rep. 2, 6:

formidines,

id. Fin. 1, 19, 63:

horribiles miserosque casus,

id. de Or. 3, 3, 11:

Mars (stella) rutilus horribilisque terris,

id. Rep. 6, 17:

illud vero fuit horribile, quod vereor, ne, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 61, 258:

horribile est causam capitis dicere, horribilius priore loco dicere,

id. Quint. 31, 95.—

In colloquial lang., sometimes in a good sense, astonishing, amazing, tremendous: sed hoc teras (i. e. Cæsar) horribili vigilantia, celeritate, diligentia est, Cic. Att. 8, 9 fin.:

uterque juravit, inter nos periturum esse tam horribile secretum,

Petr. 21, 3.—Hence, adv.: horrĭbĭlĭter, amazingly; in a good sense: horribiliter scripsisti hanc orationem, M. Aurel. ap. Front. Ep. 2, 6 Mai.; August. Civ. Dei, 1, 8 fin.

horrĭdus, a, um, adj. [horreo], standing on end, sticking out, rough, shaggy, bristly, prickly:

non hac barbula, qua ista delectatur, sed illa horrida, quam in statuis antiquis et imaginibus videmus,

Cic. Cael. 14, 33:

caesaries,

Ov. M. 10, 139:

pluma,

id. Am. 2, 6, 5:

apes horridi pili,

Col. 9, 3, 1; cf.:

apes horridae aspectu,

Plin. 11, 18, 19, § 59:

sus,

Verg. G. 4, 407; cf.:

videar tibi amarior herbis, Horridior rusco,

id. E. 7, 42:

densis hastilibus horrida myrtus,

id. A. 3, 23; cf.:

arbor spinis,

Plin. 12, 15, 34, § 67:

horrida siccae silva comae,

Juv. 9, 12. —

Transf., in gen., rough, rude, rugged, wild, savage, horrid.

Lit.:

horrida signis chlamys,

Val. Fl. 5, 558 (for which:

aspera signis pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

membra videres Horrida paedore,

Lucr. 6, 1269:

pecudis jecur horridum et exile,

Cic. Div. 2, 13, 30:

horrida villosa corpora veste tegant,

Tib. 2, 3, 75:

pastor,

Ov. M. 1, 514:

Ilia cultu,

id. Am. 3, 6, 47; cf.:

Acestes in jaculis et pelle Libystidis ursae,

Verg. A. 5, 37:

Silvanus,

Hor. C. 3, 29, 22: Africa terribili tremit horrida terra tumultu, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 153 Müll. (Ann. v. 311 Vahl.); cf.:

Aetnensis ager et campus Leontinus sic erat deformis atque horridus, ut, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47 fin.:

horridior locus,

Ov. P. 1, 3, 83:

silva fuit, late dumis atque ilice nigra Horrida,

Verg. A. 9, 382:

sedes Taenari,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 10:

argumenta, velut horrida et confragosa, vitantes,

Quint. 5, 8, 1:

inde senilis Hiems tremulo venit horrida passu,

Ov. M. 15, 212; cf.:

cum Juppiter horridus austris Torquet aquosam hiemem,

Verg. A. 9, 670:

bruma,

id. G. 3, 442:

December,

Mart. 7, 36, 5:

stiria,

Verg. G. 3, 366:

grando,

id. ib. 1, 449:

tempestas,

Hor. Epod. 13, 1; Varr. ap. Plin. 18, 35, 79, § 349:

fluctus,

Hor. Epod. 10, 3; cf.:

aequora,

id. C. 3, 24, 40.— Poet.: si premerem ventosas horridus Alpes, qs. enveloped in horror, shuddering, Ov. Am. 2, 16, 19.—Of taste:

sapor,

harsh, raw, Plin. 34, 13, 33, § 129; cf. id. 13, 4, 9, § 43:

ruta silvestris horrida ad effectum est,

id. 20, 13, 61, § 131: (litterae) succedunt tristes et horridae... in hoc ipso frangit multo fit horridior (littera sexta nostrarum), Quint. 12, 10, 28 sq. —

Esp., with dishevelled hair:

si magna Asturici cecidit domus, horrida mater,

Juv. 3, 212:

paelex,

id. 2, 57.—

Trop.

Rough in character or manners, rude, blunt, stern, unpolished, uncouth:

huncine hominem te amplexari tam horridum,

Plaut. Truc. 5, 41:

ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

Cic. Brut. 31, 117; cf.:

vir paulo horridior et durior,

Plin. Ep. 3, 3, 5: spernitur orator bonus, horridus miles amatur, Enn. ap. Cic. Mur. 14, 30 (Ann. v. 273 Vahl.):

non ille, quamquam Socraticis madet Sermonibus, te negliget horridus,

Hor. C. 3, 21, 10:

fidens juventus horrida bracchiis,

id. ib. 3, 4, 50:

Germania,

id. ib. 4, 5, 26:

gens,

Verg. A. 7, 746:

horridus irā (Boreas), etc.,

Ov. M. 6, 685:

vita,

Cic. Quint. 30, 93:

virtus,

Sil. 11, 205; Stat. Th. 5, 172:

aspera, tristi, horrida oratione,

Cic. Or. 5, 20; cf.:

horridiora verba,

id. Brut. 17, 68:

sermo,

Quint. 9, 4, 3:

quaedam genera dicendi horridiora,

id. 12, 10, 10:

numerus Saturnius,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 157:

ita de horridis rebus nitida est oratio tua,

Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 51:

(antiquorum imitatores) fient horridi atque jejuni,

Quint. 2, 5, 21.—

With the predominating idea of an effect produced, causing tremor or horror, terrible, frightful, horrid (rare, and mostly poet. for the class. horribilis): horridiore aspectu esse, * Caes. B. G. 5, 14, 2; cf. in a Greek construction with an inf.:

et desit si larga Ceres, tunc horrida cerni,

Luc. 3, 347:

turba horrida aspici,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 19:

vis horrida teli,

Lucr. 3, 170:

acies,

Verg. A. 10, 408:

castra,

id. E. 10, 23:

proelia,

id. G. 2, 282:

arma,

Ov. M. 1, 126:

virga (mortis),

Hor. C. 1, 24, 16:

fata,

Verg. A. 11, 96:

jussa,

id. ib. 4, 378:

paupertas,

Lucr. 6, 1282:

aquilae ac signa, pulverulenta illa et cuspidibus horrida,

Plin. 13, 3, 4, § 23.— Hence, adv.: horrĭdē (acc. to II. B.), roughly, savagely, severely, sternly:

vixit semper inculte atque horride,

Cic. Quint. 18, 59:

horride inculteque dicere,

id. Or. 9, 28; cf. Quint. 10, 2, 17:

ornamentis utetur horridius,

Cic. Or. 25, 86: alloqui mitius aut horridius. Tac. H. 1, 82.

ignārus, a, um (also, ‡ ignarures agnoountes, Gloss. Philox.; v. gnarus init.), adj. [in-gnarus, like ignavus, ignotus, from the negative in and gnavus, gnotus], ignorant of a thing, not knowing, unacquainted with, inexperienced, unaware (syn.: inscius, nescius, insciens).

Lit. (freq. and class.); constr. usu. with the gen.; less frequently with a rel.-clause, with acc. and inf., with inf. alone, or absol.

With gen.:

ait se peregrinum esse, hujus ignarum oppidi,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 43:

imprudens harum rerum ignarusque omnium,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 56:

audi, ne te ignarum fuisse dicas meorum morum,

id. Ad. 2, 1, 6; id. Hec. 4, 4, 53:

ignara artis meretriciae,

id. Heaut. 2, 1, 14:

oratorem ne physicorum quidem esse ignarum volo,

Cic. Or. 34, 119; cf.:

physicae rationis ignari,

id. N. D. 2, 21, 54:

ignarus si sit facundiae ac poliendae orationis,

id. de Or. 1, 14, 63:

alicujus rei ignarus atque insolens,

id. ib. 1, 48, 207:

magna pars Pisonis ignari,

i. e. not knowing him, Tac. H. 4, 50; cf.:

alter alterius ignarus,

Plin. 11, 30, 36, § 109:

ignara puella mariti,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 132:

formica haud ignara ac non incauta futuri,

id. S. 1, 1, 35.—Of inanim. and abstr. things:

qui gurges aut quae flumina lugubris Ignara belli,

Hor. C. 2, 1, 34; Stat. S. 2, 2, 149:

non ignara philosophiae grammatice,

Quint. 1, 4, 4:

ignara hujusce doctrinae loquacitas,

id. 12, 2, 20.—

With rel. clause:

ignari, quid gravitas, quid integritas... quid denique virtus valeret,

Cic. Sest. 28, 60; id. Top. 20, 75:

cum quid ageretur in locis reliquis, essent ignari,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 43, 2:

haud ignari quanta invidiae immineret, tempestas,

Liv. 3, 38, 6:

quo essent in loco ignari,

Quint. 8, 3, 4.—

With acc. and inf.:

quamquam non sumus ignari multos studiose contra esse dicturos,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 1, 3:

ignari venisse dictatorem,

Liv. 8, 36, 2; 21, 22, 1:

ignarus, non omnes esse rogandos,

Ov. M. 6, 263:

non quidem sibi ignarum, posse argui quod, etc.,

i. e. he well knew, Tac. A. 4, 8.—

With inf. alone:

placito ignara moveri Atropos,

Stat. Th. 3, 67.—

Absol.:

tu me ignaro nec opinante, inscio notes et tuos et tuorum amicorum necessarios, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

ubi imperium ad ignaros pervenit, etc.,

Sall. C. 51, 27; id. J. 91, 1; cf. id. Quint. 20, 64: obpressit igitur necopinantes ignarosque omnes Perseus. Liv. 40, 57, 1:

si quis laudat Arelli Sollicitas ignarus opes,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 79:

quisnam ignarum nostris deus appulit oris?

Verg. A. 3, 338.— Sup.: Ba. An nescis quae sit haec res? Si. Juxta cum ignarissimis, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 62.—

Transf.

Unmindful, regardless of any thing:

o socii (neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum), O passi graviora, etc.,

Verg. A. 1, 198.—

Pass. (like gnarus), not known, unknown, = ignotus (mostly poet.;

not in Cic.): ignarus aeque (ac nescius) utroqueversum dicitur, non tantum qui ignorat, sed et qui ignoratur. Sallustius: more humanae cupidinis ignara visundi. Vergilius (A. 10, 706),

Gell. 9, 12, 20 sq.; cf. Non. 129, 18 sq.:

mare magnum et ignara lingua commercia prohibebant,

Sall. J. 18, 6:

quibus agrestis vita est, circumscriptio ignara est et fraus, Sen. de Ira, 3, 2: quem (amorem) non Fors ignara dedit, sed saeva Cupidinis ira,

unknown, obscure, Ov. M. 1, 453. —

With dat.: pauci interiere: plerosque velocitas et regio hostibus ignara tutata [p. 880] sunt, Sall. J. 52, 4; cf. Tac. A. 2, 13:

jamque aderat Theseus, proles ignara parenti,

Ov. M. 7, 404:

non quidem sibi ignara, quae de Silano vulgabantur,

Tac. A. 3, 69.— Sup.:

quaedam (sidera) sunt aliis omnino ignarissima,

Gell. 14, 1, 13.

ignāvĭa, ae, f. [id.], inactivity, laziness, idleness, sloth, listlessness, cowardice, worthlessness (syn.: socordia, desidia, inertia, pigritia, segnities; opp.: fortitudo, alacritas).

Lit. (class.):

dare argentum adulescenti, qui exaedificaret suam incohatam ignaviam,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 95: venit mihi ignavia; ea mihi tempestas fuit;

mi adventu suo grandinem imbremque attulit,

id. Most. 1, 2, 57 Lorenz ad loc.:

contraria fortitudini ignavia,

Cic. Inv. 2, 54, 165;

so opp. fortitudo,

id. Cat. 2, 11, 25:

inertiam, ignaviam, desidiam, luxuriam (adversariorum) proferre,

Auct. Her. 1, 5, 8:

timiditas et ignavia,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 7, 14:

ignaviam suam tenebrarum ac parietum custodiis tegere,

id. Rab. Perd. 7, 21:

socordiae sese atque ignaviae tradere,

Sall. C. 52;

so with socordia,

id. ib. 58, 4:

per luxum atque ignaviam aetatem agere,

id. J. 2, 4:

quod istic (= in te) cum ignavia est scelus,

Liv. 1, 47, 3:

quae tanta animis ignavia venit?

Verg. A. 11, 733:

copia (cibi) ignaviam affert,

Plin. 11, 14, 14, § 35:

fumo crebriore et ignavia earum (apium) excitatur ad opera,

id. 11, 16, 15, § 45:

ignavia corpus hebetat, labor firmat,

Cels. 1, 1.—Prov.:

ignaviam necessitas acuit,

Curt. 5, 4, 31.—

Transf., of things:

odoris,

i. e. weakness, Plin. 12, 25, 54, § 119.

imber, bris (abl. imbri, Cic. Att. 7, 20, 1; Verg. E. 7, 60; id. A. 4, 249; Hor. S. 1, 5, 95; Lucr. 1, 715 et saep.;

more freq. imbre,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 62; Cic. de Sen. 10, 34; Liv. 21, 58, 6; Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 11; Ov. Am. 3, 6. 68; id. M. 13, 889; cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 239 sq.), m. [kindr. to Sanscr. abhra, a cloud; cf. Lat. umbra; Gr. ombros], rain, heavy or violent rain, a rain-storm, shower of rain, pelting or pouring rain (cf.: pluvia, nimbus).

Lit. (class.):

imbres fluctusque atque procellae infensae,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 17:

venit imber, lavit parietes,

id. Most. 1, 2, 30:

erat hiems summa, tempestas perfrigida, imber maximus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86:

ita magnos et assiduos imbres habebamus,

id. Att. 13, 16, 1; Lucr. 6, 107:

maximo imbri Capuam veni,

Cic. Att. 7, 20, 1:

in imbri, in frigore,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 87:

iter factum corruptius imbri,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 95; so,

imbre lutoque Aspersus,

id. Ep. 1, 11, 11:

quae opera per imbrem fieri potuerint,

Cato, R. R. 2, 3: lapideus aut sanguineus imber, Civ. Div. 2, 28, 60; cf.:

quid cum saepe lapidum, sanguinis nonnumquam, terrae interdum, quondam etiam lactis imber defluxit?

id. ib. 1, 43, 98:

imbri lapidavit,

Liv. 43, 13:

tamquam lapides effuderit imber,

Juv. 13, 67.—

Prov.

Imbrem in cribrum gerere, i. e. to attempt an impossibility, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 100.—

Tam hoc tibi in proclivi est quam imber est quando pluit, i. e. exceedingly easy, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 86.—

Transf., in gen.

A rain-cloud, stormcloud:

caeruleus supra caput astitit imber,

Verg. A. 3, 194; 5, 10:

grandinis imbres,

hail-storms, Lucr. 6, 107.—

Rain-water:

piscinae cisternaeque servandis imbribus,

Tac. H. 5, 12.—

Water or liquid in gen. ( poet.): cui par imber et ignis, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 37 Müll. (Ann. v. 511 Vahl.);

so of water as an element: ex igni, terra atque anima procrescere et imbri,

Lucr. 1, 715:

ut ferrum Stridit, ubi in gelidum propere demersimus imbrem,

id. 6, 149:

calidi,

Ov. Am. 2, 15, 23: ratibusque fremebat Imber Neptuni, i. e. the sea, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 11, 299 (Ann. v. 490 Vahl.); so of the sea, Verg. A. 1, 123; Ov. H. 18, 104; Val. Fl. 4, 665:

amicos irriget imbres,

Verg. G. 4, 115:

imbre per indignas usque cadente genas,

a shower of tears, Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 18:

sanguineus,

stream of blood, Stat. Th. 1, 437; cf.:

cruentus,

Luc. 6, 224:

nectaris,

Claud. Nupt. Hon. 101.—

Like the Engl. word shower, of things that fall like rain:

ferreus ingruit imber,

Verg. A. 12, 284; cf.:

quo pacto Danaae misisse aiunt quondam in gremium imbrem aureum,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 37.

impendĕo ( inp-), ēre, v. n. and (anteclass.) a. [in-pendeo], to hang over any thing, to overhang (class.; esp. freq. in the trop. signif.; cf. immineo).

Lit.

Neutr.:

arbor in aedes illius impendet,

Dig. 43, 26, 1:

ut (gladius) impenderet illius beati cervicibus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 21, 62:

poëtae impendere apud inferos saxum Tantalo faciunt,

id. ib. 4, 16, 35; id. Fin. 1, 18, 60; cf. Lucr. 3, 980: nucem impendere super tegulas, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 2, 14; Lucr. 6, 564; cf.:

impendentium montium altitudines,

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 98.—

Act.:

nec, mare quae impendent, vesco sale saxa peresa, etc.,

Lucr. 1, 326.—

Trop., to hang or hover over a thing, to impend, to be near or imminent, to threaten.

Neutr., constr. in aliquem, alicui, or absol.

With in aliquem:

tantae in te impendent ruinae,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 77:

licet undique omnes in me terrores impendeant,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 31.—

With dat.:

nunc jam alia cura impendet pectori,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 32:

omnibus semper aliqui talis terror impendet,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 16, 35:

poenas impendere iis, a quibus, etc.,

id. Rep. 3, 11 fin.:

quid sibi impenderet, coepit suspicari,

id. Clu. 24, 66.—

Absol.:

nimborum nocte coortā Inpendent atrae formidinis ora superne,

Lucr. 4, 174; 6, 254:

quae vero aderant jam et impendebant, quonam modo ea depellere potuissetis?

Cic. Mil. 28, 76; cf.:

ut ea, quae partim jam assunt, partim impendent moderate feramus,

id. Fam. 4, 14, 1:

dum impendere Parthi videbantur,

id. Att. 6, 6, 3: tanta malorum impendet Ilias, id. ib. 8, 11, 3:

belli magni timor impendet,

id. Fam. 2, 11, 1; cf.:

ille quidem semper impendebit timor, ne, etc.,

id. Rep. 2, 28:

Ea contentio quae impendet,

id. Att. 2, 22, 3:

vento impendente,

Verg. G. 1, 365:

pluviā,

id. ib. 4, 191:

magnum bellum impendet a Parthis,

Cic. Att. 6, 2, 6; cf. id. Verr. 2, 5, 60, § 157; id. Prov. Cons. 17, 42:

impendentia ex ruinis et commutatione status publici pericula,

Vell. 2, 35, 3.—

Act.:

quae res me impendet, Lucil. ap. Fest. s. v. me, p. 16 Müll.: tanta te impendent mala,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 2.

► Part. pass.: impensus, a, um; poet. for impendens:

tempestas atque tenebrae coperiunt maria ac terras inpensa superne,

Lucr. 6, 491 Munro ad loc.; cf.:

impensum ferrum,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 1592.

in (old forms endŏ and indŭ, freq. in ante-class. poets; cf. Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4; id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2; Lucil. ap. Lact. 5, 9, 20; Lucr. 2, 1096; 5, 102; 6, 890 et saep.), prep. with abl. and acc. [kindr. with Sanscr. an; Greek en, en-tha, en-then, eis, i. e. en-s, ana; Goth. ana; Germ. in], denotes either rest or motion within or into a place or thing; opp. to ex; in, within, on, upon, among, at; into, to, towards.

With abl.

In space.

Lit., in (with abl. of the place or thing in which):

aliorum fructus in terra est, aliorum et extra,

Plin. 19, 4, 22, § 61:

alii in corde, alii in cerebro dixerunt animi esse sedem et locum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 19:

eo in rostris sedente suasit Serviliam legem Crassus,

id. Brut. 43, 161:

qui sunt cives in eadem re publica,

id. Rep. 1, 32 fin.:

facillimam in ea re publica esse concordiam, in qua idem conducat omnibus,

id. ib.:

T. Labienus ex loco superiore, quae res in nostris castris gererentur, conspicatus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26, 4:

quod si in scaena, id est in contione verum valet, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 26, 97:

in foro palam Syracusis,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 33, § 81:

plures in eo loco sine vulnere quam in proelio aut fuga intereunt,

Caes. B. C. 2, 35:

tulit de caede, quae in Appia via facta esset,

Cic. Mil. 6, 15:

in via fornicata,

Liv. 22, 36:

vigebat in illa domo mos patrius et disciplina,

Cic. de Sen. 11, 37:

in domo furtum factum ab eo qui domi fuit,

Quint. 5, 10, 16:

nupta in domo,

Liv. 6, 34, 9:

copias in castris continent,

in, within, Caes. B. C. 1, 66:

cum in angusto quodam pulpito stans diceret,

Quint. 11, 3, 130:

se ac suos in vehiculo conspici,

Liv. 5, 40, 10:

malo in illa tua sedecula sedere, quam in istorum sella curuli,

Cic. Att. 4, 10:

sedere in solio,

id. Fin. 2, 21, 66:

Albae constiterant, in urbe opportuna,

id. Phil. 4, 2, 6. —

Sometimes, also, with names of places: omnes se ultro sectari in Epheso memorat mulieres,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 182:

heri aliquot adolescentuli coiimus in Piraeo,

Ter. Eun. 3, 4, 1:

navis et in Cajeta est parata nobis et Brundisii,

Cic. Att. 8, 3, 6:

complures (naves) in Hispali faciendas curavit,

Caes. B. C. 2, 18:

caesos in Marathone ac Salamine,

Quint. 12, 10, 24:

in Berenice urbe Troglodytarum,

Plin. 2, 73, 75, § 183.—

In indicating a multitude or number, of, in, or among which a person or thing is, in, among (= gen. part.):

in his poeta hic nomen profitetur suum,

Ter. Eun. prol. 3:

Thales, qui sapientissimus in septem fuit,

Cic. Leg. 2, 11, 26:

peto ut eum complectare, diligas, in tuis habeas,

id. Fam. 13, 78, 2; cf.:

in perditis et desperatis,

id. ib. 13, 56, 1:

omnia quae secundum naturam fiunt, sunt habenda in bonis,

id. de Sen. 19, 71:

dolor in maximis malis ducitur,

id. Leg. 1, 11, 31:

justissimus unus in Teucris,

Verg. A. 2, 426:

cecidere in pugna ad duo milia... in his quatuor Romani centuriones,

Liv. 27, 12, 16:

in diis et feminae sunt,

Lact. 1, 16, 17.—

Of analogous relations of place or position:

sedere in equo,

on horseback, id. Verr. 2, 5, 10:

quid legati in equis,

id. Pis. 25, 60:

sedere in leone,

Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 109:

in eo flumine pons erat,

on, over, Caes. B. G. 2, 5:

in herboso Apidano,

on the banks of, Prop. 1, 3, 6:

in digitis,

on tiptoe, Val. Fl. 4, 267:

castra in limite locat,

on the rampart, Tac. A. 1, 50:

ipse coronam habebat unam in capite, alteram in collo,

on, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27:

oleae in arbore,

Cels. 2, 24:

Caesaris in barbaris erat nomen obscurius,

among, Caes. B. C. 1, 61:

in ceteris nationibus, Cels. praef. 1: qui in Brutiis praeerat,

Liv. 25, 16, 7:

in juvenibus,

Quint. 11, 1, 32:

nutus in mutis pro sermone est,

id. 11, 3, 66.—Of dress, like cum, q. v.:

in veste candida,

Liv. 45, 20, 5; 34, 7, 3:

in calceis,

id. 24, 38, 2:

in insignibus,

id. 5, 41, 2:

in tunicis albis,

Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 13:

in Persico et vulgari habitu,

Curt. 3, 3, 4:

in lugubri veste,

id. 10, 5, 17:

in Tyriis,

Ov. A. A. 2, 297:

in Cois,

id. ib. v. 298; cf.:

homines in catenis Romam mittere,

Liv. 29, 21, 12; 32, 1, 8: quis multa te in rosa urget, etc., Hor C. 1, 5, 1; so, in viola aut in rosa, Cic. Tusc. [p. 912] 5, 26, 73.—So of arms:

duas legiones in armis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 11, 6; cf. Verg. A. 3, 395:

in armis hostis,

under arms, Ov. M. 12,65:

quae in ore atque in oculis provinciae gesta sunt (= coram),

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 33, § 81; so,

in oculis provinciae,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 2:

in oculis omnium,

id. ib. 1, 3, 7:

divitiae, decus, gloria in oculis sita sunt,

Sall. C. 20, 14; Curt. 4, 13, 1; Liv. 22, 12, 6:

Julianus in ore ejus (Vitellii) jugulatur,

Tac. H. 3, 77; Sen. Ben. 7, 19, 7.—Of a passage in any writing (but when the author is named, by meton., for his works, apud is used, Krebs, Antibarb. p. 561):

in populorum institutis aut legibus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 15, 42:

in illis libris qui sunt de natura deorum,

id. Fat. 1, 1:

in Timaeo dicit,

id. N. D. 1, 12, 30:

epistula, in qua omnia perscripta erant,

Nep. Pelop. 3, 2:

perscribit in litteris, hostes ab se discessisse,

Caes. B. G. 5, 49; but in is also used with an author's name when, not a place in his book, but a feature of his style, etc., is referred to:

in Thucydide orbem modo orationis desidero,

Cic. Or. 71, 234:

in Herodoto omnia leniter fluunt,

Quint. 9, 4, 18.—Of books:

libri oratorii diu in manibus fuerunt,

Cic. Att. 4, 13, 2; id. Lael. 25, 96; but more freq. trop.: in manibus habere, tenere, etc., to be engaged, occupied with, to have under control or within reach:

philosophi quamcunque rem habent in manibus,

id. Tusc. 5, 7, 18:

quam spem nunc habeat in manibus, exponam,

id. Verr. 1, 6, 16:

rem habere in manibus,

id. Att. 6, 3, 1; cf.:

neque mihi in manu fuit Jugurtha qualis foret,

in my power, Sall. J. 14, 4:

postquam nihil esse in manu sua respondebatur,

Liv. 32, 24, 2:

quod ipsorum in manu sit,... bellum an pacem malint,

Tac. A. 2, 46; but, cum tantum belli in manibus esset, was in hand, busied (cf.:

inter manus),

Liv. 4, 57, 1; so,

quorum epistulas in manu teneo,

Cic. Phil. 12, 4, 9; cf. id. Att. 2, 2, 2:

in manu poculum tenens,

id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71:

coronati et lauream in manu tenentes,

Liv. 40, 37, 3; Suet. Claud. 15 fin. —Of that which is thought of as existing in the mind, memory, character, etc.:

in animo esse,

Cic. Fam. 14, 11:

in animo habere,

id. Rosc. Am. 18, 52:

lex est ratio insita in natura,

id. Leg. 1, 6, 18:

in memoria sedere,

id. de Or. 2, 28, 122; cf.:

tacito mutos volvunt in pectore questus,

Luc. 1, 247:

quanta auctoritas fuit in C. Metello!

Cic. de Sen. 17, 61. —So freq. of a person's qualities of mind or character:

erat in eo summa eloquentia, summa fides,

Cic. Mur. 28, 58; cf.:

in omni animante est summum aliquid atque optimum, ut in equis,

id. Fin. 4, 41, 37:

si quid artis in medicis est,

Curt. 3, 5, 13; cf.:

nibil esse in morte timendum,

Lucr. 3, 866.— Esp., in eo loco, in that state or condition:

in eo enim loco res sunt nostrae, ut, etc.,

Liv. 7, 35, 7: si vos in eo loco essetis, quid aliud fecissetis? Cat. ap. Quint. 9, 2, 21; so,

quo in loco, etc.: cum ex equitum et calonum fuga, quo in loco res essent, cognovissent,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26:

videtis, quo in loco res haec siet, Ter Phorm. 2, 4, 6: quod ipse, si in eodem loco esset, facturus fuerit,

Liv. 37, 14, 5.—Hence, without loco, in eo esse ut, etc., to be in such a condition, etc.:

non in eo esse Carthaginiensium res, ut Galliam armis obtineant,

Liv. 30, 19, 3:

cum res non in eo esset, ut Cyprum tentaret,

id. 33, 41, 9; 8, 27, 3; 2, 17, 5; Nep. Mil. 7, 3; id. Paus. 5, 1 (cf. I. C. 1. infra).—

In time, indicating its duration, in, during, in the course of:

feci ego istaec itidem in adulescentia,

in my youth, when I was young, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 6:

in tempore hoc,

Ter. And. 4, 5, 24:

in hoc tempore,

Tac. A. 13, 47:

in tali tempore,

Sall. C. 48, 5; Liv. 22, 35; 24, 28 al.:

in diebus paucis,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 77:

in brevi spatio,

id. Heaut. 5, 2, 2; Suet. Vesp. 4:

in qua aetate,

Cic. Brut. 43 fin.:

in ea aetate,

Liv. 1, 57:

in omni aetate,

Cic. de Sen. 3, 9:

in aetate, qua jam Alexander orbem terrarum subegisset,

Suet. Caes. 7:

qua (sc. Iphigenia) nihil erat in eo quidem anno natum pulchrius,

in the course of, during the year, Cic. Off. 3, 25, 95 (al. eo quidem anno):

nihil in vita se simile fecisse,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 91: nihil in vita vidit calamitatis A. Cluentius. id. Clu. 6, 18:

in tota vita inconstans,

id. Tusc. 4, 13, 29.—

In tempore, at the right or proper time, in time (Cic. uses only tempore; v. tempus): eccum ipsum video in tempore huc se recipere, Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 24:

ni pedites equitesque in tempore subvenissent,

Liv. 33, 5:

spreta in tempore gloria interdum cumulatior redit,

id. 2, 47:

rebellaturi,

Tac. A. 12, 50:

atque adeo in ipso tempore eccum ipsum obviam,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 52: in tempore, opportune. Nos sine praepositione dicimus tempore et tempori, Don. ad Ter. And. 4, 4, 19.—

In praesentia and in praesenti, at present, now, at this moment, under these circumstances:

sic enim mihi in praesentia occurrit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 14:

vestrae quidem cenae non solum in praesentia, sed etiam postero die jucundae sunt,

id. ib. 5, 35, 100:

id quod unum maxime in praesentia desiderabatur,

Liv. 21, 37:

haec ad te in praesenti scripsi, ut, etc.,

for the present, Cic. Fam. 2, 10, 4.—

With gerunds and fut. pass. participles, to indicate duration of time, in:

fit, ut distrahatur in deliberando animus,

Cic. Off. 1, 3, 9; id. Fam. 2, 6, 2:

vitiosum esse in dividendo partem in genere numerare,

id. Fin. 2, 9, 26:

quod in litteris dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte vigilarat,

id. Cat. 3, 3, 6:

ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret,

Caes. B. G. 2, 21:

in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus,

in laying waste, id. ib. 5, 19:

in excidenda Numantia,

Cic. Off. 1, 22, 76:

cum in immolanda Iphigenia tristis Calchas esset,

id. Or. 21, 74.—

In other relations, where a person or thing is thought of as in a certain condition, situation, or relation, in:

qui magno in aere alieno majores etiam possessiones habent,

Cic. Cat. 2, 8, 18:

se in insperatis repentinisque pecuniis jactare,

id. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

Larinum in summo timore omnium cum armatis advolavit,

id. Clu. 8, 25.—

So freq., of qualities or states of mind: summa in sollicitudine ac timore Parthici belli,

Caes. B. C. 3, 31:

torpescentne dextrae in amentia illa?

Liv. 23, 9, 7:

hunc diem perpetuum in laetitia degere,

Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 5; Cic. Cat. 4, 1, 2:

in metu,

Tac. A. 14, 43:

in voluptate,

Cic. Fin. 1, 19, 62:

alicui in amore esse,

beloved, id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 3:

alicui in amoribus esse,

id. Att. 6, 1, 12:

res in invidia erat,

Sall. J. 25, 5; Liv. 29, 37, 17: sum in expectatione omnium rerum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 4, 10:

num... Diogenem Stoicum coegit in suis studiis obmutescere senectus?

in his studies, Cic. de Sen. 7, 21:

mirificam cepi voluptatem ex tua diligentia: quod in summis tuis occupationibus mihi tamen rei publicae statum per te notum esse voluisti,

even in, notwithstanding your great occupations, id. Fam. 3, 11, 4.—

So freq., of business, employment, occupations, etc.: in aliqua re versari,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 47, § 105:

similia iis, quae in consilio dixerat,

Curt. 5, 5, 23:

in certamine armorum atque in omni palaestra quid satis recte cavetur,

Quint. 9, 4, 8:

agi in judiciis,

id. 11, 1, 78:

tum vos mihi essetis in consilio,

Cic. Rep. 3, 18, 28:

in actione... dicere,

Quint. 8, 2, 2.—Of an office, magistracy:

in quo tum magistratu forte Brutus erat,

Liv. 1, 59, 7; 4, 17, 1:

in eo magistratu pari diligentia se praebuit,

Nep. Han. 7, 5 (cf. B. 1. supra):

in ea ipsa causa fuit eloquentissimus,

Cic. Brut, 43, 160:

qui non defendit nec obsistit, si potest, injuriae, tam est in vitio, quam, etc.,

is in the wrong, acts wrongly, id. Off. 1, 7, 23:

etsi hoc quidem est in vitio, dissolutionem naturae tam valde perhorrescere,

is wrong, id. Fin. 5, 11, 31:

non sunt in eo genere tantae commoditates corporis,

id. ib. 4, 12, 29; cf.:

an omnino nulla sit in eo genere distinctio,

id. Or. 61, 205:

Drusus erat de praevaricatione absolutus in summa quatuor sententiis,

on the whole, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 16; cf.:

et in omni summa, ut mones, valde me ad otium pacemque converto,

id. ib. 3, 5, 5;

but, in summa, sic maxime judex credit, etc.,

in a word, in fine, Quint. 9, 2, 72; Auct. B. Alex. 71; Just. 37, 1, 8:

horum (juvenum) inductio in parte simulacrum decurrentis exercitus erat: ex parte elegantioris exercitii quam militaris artis,

in part, Liv. 44, 9, 5; cf.:

quod mihi in parte verum videtur,

Quint. 2, 8, 6:

patronorum in parte expeditior, in parte difficilior interrogatio est,

id. 5, 7, 22:

hoc facere in eo homine consueverunt,

in the case of, Caes. B. G. 7, 21:

in furibus aerarii,

Sall. C. 52, 12:

Achilles talis in hoste fuit,

Verg. A. 2, 540:

in hoc homine saepe a me quaeris, etc.,

in the case of, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 6: in nominibus impiis, Sall. C. 51, 15:

suspectus et in morte matris fuit,

Suet. Vit. 14:

qui praesentes metuunt, in absentia hostes erunt, = absentes,

Curt. 6, 3, 8 (cf. I. B. c. supra).—Of the meaning of words, etc.:

non solum in eodem sensu, sed etiam in diverso, eadem verba contra,

Quint. 9, 3, 36:

aliter voces aut eaedem in diversa significatione ponuntur,

id. 9, 3, 69:

Sallustius in significatione ista non superesse sed superare dicit,

Gell. 1, 22, 15:

stips non dicitur in significatione trunci,

Charis. 1, 18, 39:

semper in significatione ea hortus,

Plin. 19, 4, 19, § 50. —

In with abl. of adjj. is used with the verbs esse and habere to express quality:

cum exitus haud in facili essent, i. e. haud faciles,

Liv. 3, 8, 9:

adeo moderatio tuendae libertatis in difficili est,

id. 3, 8, 11; 3, 65, 11; but mostly with adjj. of the first and second declension:

in obscuro esse, Liv. praef. § 3: in dubio esse,

id. 2, 3, 1; 3, 19, 8; Ov. H. 19, 174:

dum in dubiost animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; 2, 2, 10:

in integro esse,

Cic. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 11, 15, 4:

in incerto esse,

Liv. 5, 28, 5:

in obvio esse,

id. 37, 23, 1:

in tuto esse,

id. 38, 4, 10; cf.:

videre te in tuto,

Cat. 30, 6:

in aequo esse,

Liv. 39, 37, 14; Tac. A. 2, 44:

in expedito esse,

Curt. 4, 2, 22:

in proximo esse,

Quint. 1, 3, 4:

in aperto esse,

Sall. C. 5, 3:

in promisco esse,

Liv. 7, 17, 7:

in augusto esse,

Cels. 5, 27, 2:

in incerto haberi,

Sall. J. 46, 8; Tac. A. 15, 17:

in levi habitum,

id. H. 2, 21; cf.:

in incerto relinquere,

Liv. 5, 28, 5; Tac. H. 2, 83.

With acc.

In space, with verbs of motion, into or to a place or thing (rarely with names of towns and small islands;

v. Zumpt, Gram. § 398): influxit non tenuis quidam e Graecia rivulus in hanc urbem,

Cic. Rep. 2, 19:

in Ephesum advenit,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 1, 35:

in Epirum venire,

Cic. Att. 13, 25, 3:

ibo in Piraeeum, visamque, ecquae advenerit in portum ex Epheso navis mercatoria,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 2: venio ad Piraeea, in quo magis reprehendendus sum, quod... Piraeea scripserim, non Piraeeum, quam in quod addiderim;

non enim hoc ut oppido praeposui, sed ut loco,

Cic. Att. 7, 3, 10:

se contulisse Tarquinios, in urbem Etruriae florentissimam,

id. Rep. 2, 19:

remigrare in domum veterem e nova,

id. Ac. 1, 4, 13:

cum in sua rura venerunt,

id. Tusc. 5, 35, 102:

a te ipso missi in ultimas gentes,

id. Fam. 15, 9:

in Ubios legatos mittere,

Caes. B. G. 4, 11:

dein Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum et opulentum,

Sall. J. 75, 1:

Regillum antiquam in patriam se contulerat,

Liv. 3, 58, 1:

abire in exercitum,

Plaut. Am. prol. 102.— With nuntio:

cum id Zmyrnam in contionem nuntiatum est,

Tac. A. 4, 56:

nuntiatur in castra,

Lact. Most. Pers. 46; cf.:

allatis in castra nuntiis,

Tac. H. 4, 32: in manus sumere, tradere, etc., into one's hands:

iste unumquodque vas in manus sumere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 27, § 63:

Falerios se in manus Romanis tradidisse,

Liv. 5, 27, 3.—Rarely with the verbs ponere, collocare, etc. (pregn., i. e. to bring into... and place there):

in crimen populo ponere,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 10:

ut liberos, uxores suaque omnia in silvas deponerent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 19:

duplam pecuniam in thesauros reponi,

Liv. 29, 19, 7:

prius me collocavi in arborem,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 8, 6:

sororem et propinquas suas nuptum in alias civitates collocasse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 18.— Motion in any direction, up to, to, into, down to:

in caelum ascendere,

Cic. Lael. 23 fin.:

filium ipse paene in umeros suos extulisset,

id. de Or. 1, 53, 228:

tamquam in aram confugitis ad deum,

up to the altar, id. Tusc. 3, 10, 25:

Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso,

Ov. M. 1, 113:

in flumen deicere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Nep. Chab. 4, 3.—

Denoting mere direction towards a place or thing, and hence sometimes joined with versus, towards:

quid nunc supina sursum in caelum conspicis,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 78:

si in latus aut dextrum aut sinistrum, ut ipsi in usu est, cubat,

Cels. 2, 3:

Belgae spectant in septentriones et orientem solem,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1:

in orientem Germaniae, in occidentem Hispaniae obtenditur, Gallis in meridiem etiam inspicitur,

Tac. Agr. 10:

in laevum prona nixus sedet Inachus urna,

Stat. Th. 2, 218.—With versus:

castra ex Biturigibus movet in Arvernos versus,

towards, Caes. B. G. 7, 8 fin.:

in Galliam versus movere,

Sall. C. 56, 4: in [p. 913] ltaliam versus, Front. Strat. 1, 4, 11:

si in urbem versus venturi erant,

Plin. Ep. 10, 82. —

So of that which is thought of as entering into the mind, memory, etc. (cf. I. A. 2. fin.):

in memoriam reducere,

Cic. Inv 1, 52, 98:

in animum inducere,

Liv. 27, 9:

in mentem venire,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3:

frequens imitatio transit in mores,

Quint. 1, 11, 3. —

Or into a writing or speech: in illam Metellinam orationem addidi quaedam,

Cic. Att. 1, 13, 5.—

In time, into, till, for:

dormiet in lucem,

into the daylight, till broad day, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 34:

statim e somno, quem plerumque in diem extrahunt, lavantur,

Tac. G. 22: sermonem in multam noctem produximus, deep into the night, Cic. Rep. Fragm. ap. Arus. Mess. p. 239 Lindem.:

in multam noctem luxit,

Suet. Tib. 74:

si febris in noctem augetur,

Cels. 7, 27:

dixit in noctem atque etiam nocte illatis lucernis,

Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 14:

indutias in triginta annos impetraverunt,

for thirty years, Liv. 9, 37, 12; 7, 20, 8:

nisi id verbum in omne tempus perdidissem,

forever, Cic. Fam. 5, 15, 1:

ad cenam hominem in hortos invitavit in posterum diem,

for the following day, id. Off. 3, 14, 58:

audistis auctionem constitutam in mensem Januarium,

id. Agr. 1, 2, 4:

subito reliquit annum suum seque in annum proximum transtulit,

id. Mil. 9, 24:

solis defectiones itemque lunae praedicuntur in multos annos,

for many years, id. Div. 2, 6, 17:

postero die Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie,

Liv. 27, 2:

qui ab matutino tempore duraverunt in occasum,

Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99:

seritur (semen lini) a Kalendis Octobribus in ortum aquilae,

Col. 2, 10, 17.—With usque:

neque illi didicerunt haec usque in senectutem,

Quint. 12, 11, 20:

in illum usque diem servati,

id. 8, 3, 68:

in serum usque patente cubiculo,

Suet. Oth. 11:

regnum trahat usque in tempora fati,

Sil. 11, 392: in posterum (posteritatem) or in futurum, in future, for the future: in praesens, for the present: in perpetuum or in aeternum, forever:

sancit in posterum, ne quis, etc.,

Cic. Cat. 4, 5, 10:

res dilata est in posterum,

id. Fam. 10, 12, 3:

video quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens, at in posteritatem impendeat,

id. Cat. 1, 9, 22:

id aegre et in praesentia hi passi et in futurum etiam metum ceperunt,

Liv. 34, 27, 10; cf.:

ingenti omnium et in praesens laetitia et in futurum spe,

id. 30, 17, 1:

effugis in futurum,

Tac. H. 1, 71:

quod eum tibi quaestoris in loco constitueras, idcirco tibi amicum in perpetuum fore putasti?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30; cf.:

oppidum omni periculo in perpetuum liberavit,

id. Fam. 13, 4, 2:

quae (leges) non in tempus aliquod, sed perpetuae utilitatis causa in aeternum latae sunt,

Liv. 34, 6, 4: in tempus, for a while, for a short time, for the occasion (postAug.):

sensit miles in tempus conficta,

Tac. A. 1, 37:

ne urbs sine imperio esset, in tempus deligebatur, qui jus redderet,

id. ib. 6, 11:

scaena in tempus structa,

id. ib. 14, 20. —So in diem, for the day, to meet the day's want:

nihil ex raptis in diem commeatibus superabat,

Liv. 22, 40, 8:

rapto in diem frumento,

id. 4, 10, 1;

but, cum illa fundum emisset in diem,

i. e. a fixed day of payment, Nep. Att. 9, 5: in singulos dies, or simply in dies, with comparatives and verbs denoting increase, from day to day, daily:

vitium in dies crescit,

Vell. 2, 5, 2:

in dies singulos breviores litteras ad te mitto,

Cic. Att. 5, 7:

qui senescat in dies,

Liv. 22, 39, 15: in diem, daily:

nos in diem vivimus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 33:

in diem et horam,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 47;

and in horas,

hourly, id. C. 2, 13, 14; id. S. 2, 7, 10.—

In other relations, in which an aiming at, an inclining or striving towards a thing, is conceivable, on, about, respecting; towards, against; for, as; in, to; into:

id, quod apud Platonem est in philosophos dictum,

about the philosophers, Cic. Off. 1, 9, 28:

Callimachi epigramma in Ambraciotam Cleombrotum est,

id. Tusc. 1, 34, 84; cf.:

cum cenaret Simonides apud Scopam cecinissetque id car men, quod in eum scripsisset, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 86, 352:

quo amore tandem inflammati esse debemus in ejus modi patriam,

towards, id. ib. 1, 44, 196:

in liberos nostros indulgentia,

id. ib. 2, 40, 168:

de suis meritis in rem publicam aggressus est dicere,

id. Or. 38, 133: ita ad impietatem in deos, in homines adjunxit injuriam, against, id. N. D. 3, 34 fin.:

in dominum quaeri,

to be examined as a witness against, id. Mil. 22, 60:

in eos impetum facere,

id. Att. 2, 22, 1:

invehi in Thebanos,

Nep. Epam. 6, 1; id. Tim. 5, 3:

quaecumque est hominis definitio, una in omnes valet,

id. Leg. 1, 10, 29:

num etiam in deos immortales inauspicatam legem valuisse?

Liv. 7, 6, 11:

vereor coram in os te laudare amplius,

to your face, Ter. Ad. 2, 4, 5:

si in me exerciturus (pugnos), quaeso, in parietem ut primum domes,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 168:

in puppim rediere rates,

Luc. 3, 545 Burm. (cf.:

sic equi dicuntur in frena redire, pulsi in terga recedere, Sulp. ad loc.): Cumis eam vidi: venerat enim in funus: cui funeri ego quoque operam dedi,

to the funeral, to take charge of the funeral, Cic. Att. 15, 1, B:

se quisque eum optabat, quem fortuna in id certamen legeret,

Liv. 21, 42, 2:

quodsi in nullius mercedem negotia eant, pauciora fore,

Tac. A. 11, 6:

haec civitas mulieri redimiculum praebeat, haec in collum, haec in crines,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 33:

Rhegium quondam in praesidium missa legio,

Liv. 28, 28; so,

datae in praesidium cohortes,

Tac. H. 4, 35: hoc idem significat Graecus ille in eam sententiam versus, to this effect or purport, Cic. Div. 2, 10, 25; cf. id. Fam. 9, 15, 4:

haec et in eam sententiam cum multa dixisset,

id. Att. 2, 22:

qui omnia sic exaequaverunt, ut in utramque partem ita paria redderent, uti nulla selectione uterentur,

id. Fin. 3, 4, 12:

in utramque partem disputat,

on both sides, for and against, id. Off. 3, 23, 89: te rogo, me tibi in omnes partes defendendum putes, Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 10 fin.:

facillime et in optimam partem cognoscuntur adulescentes, qui se ad claros et sapientes viros contulerunt,

id. Off. 2, 13, 46:

cives Romani servilem in modum cruciati et necati,

in the manner of slaves, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13; cf.:

miserandum in modum milites populi Romani capti, necati sunt,

id. Prov. Cons. 3, 5:

senior quidam Veiens vaticinantis in modum cecinit,

Liv. 5, 15, 4;

also: domus et villae in urbium modum aedificatae,

Sall. C. 12, 3:

perinde ac si in hanc formulam omnia judicia legitima sint,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 5, 15:

judicium quin acciperet in ea ipsa verba quae Naevius edebat, non recusasse,

id. Quint. 20, 63; cf.:

senatusconsultum in haec verba factum,

Liv. 30, 43, 9:

pax data Philippo in has leges est,

id. 33, 30:

Gallia omnis divisa est in partes tres,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1; cf.:

quae quidem in confirmationem et reprehensionem dividuntur,

Cic. Part. Or. 9, 33: describebat censores binos in singulas civitates, i. e. for or over each state, id. Verr. 2, 2, 53; cf. id. ib. 2, 4, 26:

itaque Titurium Tolosae quaternos denarios in singulas vini amphoras portorii nomine exegisse,

id. Font. 5, 9:

extulit eum plebs sextantibus collatis in capita,

a head, for each person, Liv. 2, 33 fin.:

Macedonibus treceni nummi in capita statutum est pretium,

id. 32, 17, 2; cf.:

Thracia in Rhoemetalcen filium... inque liberos Cotyis dividitur (i. e. inter),

Tac. A. 2, 67.—

Of the object or end in view, regarded also as the motive of action or effect:

non te in me illiberalem, sed me in se neglegentem putabit,

Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 16:

neglegentior in patrem,

Just. 32, 3, 1:

in quem omnes intenderat curas,

Curt. 3, 1, 21:

quos ardere in proelia vidi,

Verg. A. 2, 347:

in bellum ardentes,

Manil. 4, 220:

nutante in fugam exercitu,

Flor. 3, 10, 4:

in hanc tam opimam mercedem agite ( = ut eam vobis paretis, Weissenb. ad loc.),

Liv. 21, 43, 7:

certa praemia, in quorum spem pugnarent,

id. 21, 45, 4:

in id sors dejecta,

id. 21, 42, 2:

in id fide accepta,

id. 28, 17, 9:

in spem pacis solutis animis,

id. 6, 11, 5 et saep.:

ingrata misero vita ducenda est in hoc, ut, etc.,

Hor. Epod. 17, 63:

nec in hoc adhibetur, ut, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 16, 3:

alius non in hoc, ut offenderet, facit, id. de Ira, 2, 26, 3: in quod tum missi?

Just. 38, 3, 4.—So, like ad, with words expressing affections or inclination of the mind:

in obsequium plus aequo pronus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 10:

paratus in res novas,

Tac. H. 4, 32:

in utrumque paratus,

Verg. A. 2, 61.—

Of the result of an act or effort:

denique in familiae luctum atque in privignorum funus nupsit,

Cic. Clu. 66, 188:

paratusque miles, ut ordo agminis in aciem adsisteret,

Tac. A. 2, 16: excisum Euboicae latus ingens rupis in antrum, Verg. A. 6, 42:

portus ab Euroo fluctu curvatus in arcum,

id. ib. 3, 533:

populum in obsequia principum formavit,

Just. 3, 2, 9:

omnium partium decus in mercedem conruptum erat,

Sall. H. 1, 13 Dietsch:

commutari ex veris in falsa,

Cic. Fat. 9, 17; 9, 18:

in sollicitudinem versa fiducia est,

Curt. 3, 8, 20.—

Esp. in the phrase: in gratiam or in honorem, alicujus, in kindness, to show favor, out of good feeling, to show honor, etc., to any one (first in Liv.; cf. Weissenb. ad Liv. 28, 21, 4;

Krebs, Antibarb. p. 562): in gratiam levium sociorum injuriam facere,

Liv. 39, 26, 12:

pugnaturi in gratiam ducis,

id. 28, 21, 4:

quorum in gratiam Saguntum deleverat Hannibal,

id. 28, 39, 13; cf. id. 35, 2, 6; 26, 6, 16:

oratio habita in sexus honorem,

Quint. 1, 1, 6:

convivium in honorem victoriae,

id. 11, 2, 12:

in honorem Quadratillae,

Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 7:

in honorem tuum,

Sen. Ep. 20, 7; 79, 2; 92, 1; Vell. 2, 41 al.—

In the phrase, in rem esse, to be useful, to avail (cf.: e re esse;

opp.: contra rem esse): ut aequom est, quod in rem esse utrique arbitremur,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 10:

si in rem est Bacchidis,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 27; 2, 2, 7:

hortatur, imperat, quae in rem sunt,

Liv. 26, 44, 7:

cetera, quae cognosse in rem erat,

id. 22, 3, 2; 44, 19, 3:

in rem fore credens universos adpellare,

Sall. C. 20, 1; cf.:

in duas res magnas id usui fore,

Liv. 37, 15, 7:

in hos usus,

Verg. A. 4, 647.—

To form adverbial expressions:

non nominatim, qui Capuae, sed in universum qui usquam coissent, etc.,

in general, Liv. 9, 26, 8; cf.:

terra etsi aliquanto specie differt, in universum tamen aut silvis horrida aut paludibus foeda,

Tac. G. 5:

in universum aestimanti, etc.,

id. ib. 6:

aestate in totum, si fieri potest, abstinendum est (Venere),

wholly, entirely, Cels. 1, 3 fin.; cf. Col. 2, 1, 2:

in plenum dici potest, etc.,

fully, Plin. 16, 40, 79, § 217:

Marii virtutem in majus celebrare,

beyond due bounds, Sall. J. 73, 5:

aliter se corpus habere atque consuevit, neque in pejus tantum, sed etiam in melius,

for the worse, for the better, Cels. 2, 2:

in deterius,

Tac. A. 14, 43:

in mollius,

id. ib. 14, 39:

quid enim est iracundia in supervacuum tumultuante frigidius? Sen. de Ira, 2, 11: civitas saepta muris neque in barbarum corrupta (v. barbarus),

Tac. A. 6, 42; cf.:

aucto in barbarum cognomento,

id. H. 5, 2:

priusquam id sors cerneret, in incertum, ne quid gratia momenti faceret, in utramque provinciam decerni,

while the matter was uncertain, Liv. 43, 12, 2:

nec puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos In tantum spe tollet avos,

so much, Verg. A. 6, 876:

in tantum suam felicitatem virtutemque enituisse,

Liv. 22, 27, 4; cf.:

quaedam (aquae) fervent in tantum, ut non possint esse usui,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 24:

viri in tantum boni, in quantum humana simplicitas intellegi potest,

Vell. 2, 43, 4:

quippe pedum digitos, in quantum quaeque secuta est, Traxit,

Ov. M. 11, 71:

meliore in omnia ingenio animoque quam fortuna usus,

in all respects, Vell. 2, 13:

ut simul in omnia paremur,

Quint. 11, 3, 25:

in antecessum dare,

beforehand, Sen. Ep. 118.—

Sometimes with esse, habere, etc., in is followed by the acc. (constr. pregn.), to indicate a direction, aim, purpose, etc. (but v. Madvig. Gram. § 230, obs. 2, note, who regards these accusatives as originating in errors of pronunciation); so, esse in potestatem alicujus, to come into and remain in one ' s power: esse in mentem alicui, to come into and be in one ' s mind: esse in conspectum, to appear to and be in sight: esse in usum, to come into use, be used, etc.:

quod, qui illam partem urbis tenerent, in eorum potestatem portum futurum intellegebant,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 38:

ut portus in potestatem Locrensium esset,

Liv. 24, 1, 13; 2, 14, 4:

eam optimam rem publicam esse duco, quae sit in potestatem optimorum,

Cic. Leg. 3, 17:

neque enim sunt motus in nostram potestatem,

Quint. 6, 2, 29:

numero mihi in mentem fuit,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 25; cf.:

ecquid in mentem est tibi?

id. Bacch. 1, 2, 53:

nec prius surrexisse ac militibus in conspectum fuisse, quam, etc.,

Suet. Aug. 16:

quod satis in usum fuit, sublato, ceterum omne incensum est,

Liv. 22, 20, 6: ab hospitibus clientibusque suis, ab exteris nationibus, quae in amicitiam populi Romani dicionemque essent, injurias propulsare, Cic. Div. ap. Caecil. 20, 66: adesse in senatum [p. 914] jussit a. d. XIII. Kal. Octobr., id. Phil. 5, 7, 19.—Less freq. with habere: facito in memoriam habeas tuam majorem filiam mihi te despondisse, call or bring to mind, Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 108:

M. Minucium magistrum equitum, ne quid rei bellicae gereret, prope in custodiam habitum,

put in prison, kept in prison, Liv. 22, 25, 6:

reliquos in custodiam habitos,

Tac. H. 1, 87.—So rarely with other verbs:

pollicetur se provinciam Galliam retenturum in senatus populique Romani potestatem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 4, 8. —

In composition, n regularly becomes assimilated to a foll. l, m, or r, and is changed before the labials into m: illabor, immitto, irrumpo, imbibo, impello.—As to its meaning, according as it is connected with a verb of rest or motion, it conveys the idea of existence in a place or thing, or of motion, direction, or inclination into or to a place or thing: inesse; inhibere, inferre, impellere, etc. See Hand, Turs. III. pp. 243- 356.

in (before b and p, im; before l, m, and r, the n assimilates itself to these consonants), an inseparable particle [kindred with Sanscr. a-, an-; Gr. a-, an; Goth. and Germ. un-], which negatives the meaning of the noun or participle with which it is connected; Engl. un-, in-, not: impar, unequal: intolerabilis, unbearable, intolerable: immitis, not mild, rude, etc.