sequitur

dēclāmātĭo, ōnis, f. [declamo].

Exercise in oratorical delivery, exercise or practice in speaking, declamation (class.;

most freq. in Quint.): cum sit declamatio forensium actionum meditatio, etc.,

Quint. 4, 2, 29; cf. id. 2, 10, 4; 12 et saep.:

in quotidiana declamatione utilis, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 16, 21, 6; cf. id. Tusc. 1, 4, 7; 2, 11, 26.—

Meton. (abstr. pro concreto), a theme, subject for declamation, called also causa (v. h. v.), Quint. 1, 2, 13; 10, 2, 12; 10, 5, 14; cf. Sen. Contr. 1 praef.— Poet. also of a person who serves as a theme, Juv. 10, 167.—

In a bad sense, loud, eager talking, bawling (so several times in Cic.):

desinamus aliquando vulgari et pervagata declamatione contendere,

Cic. Planc. 19, 47: sequitur ut materiae abhorrenti a veritate, declamatio adhibeatur, [p. 521] Tac. Dial. 35:

non placet mihi inquisitio candidati, non declamatio potius quam persalutatio,

Cic. Mur. 21, 44.

dēnĭquē, adv. [etym. dub.; perh. dēnĭ, locative of de, and que].

Orig. denoting succession in time, and thereupon, and then, in the sequel.

In gen. (rare—for syn. cf.:

tum, demum, tandem, postremo): omnes negabant... denique hercle jam pudebat,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 8:

risu omnes qui aderant emoriri. Denique Metuebant omnes jam me,

id. Eun. 3, 1, 42:

ille imperat reliquis civitatibus obsides. Denique ei rei constituit diem,

Caes. B. G. 7, 64:

ferme ut quisque rem accurat suam, sic ei procedunt post principia denique,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 1, 4.—In the interrogatory formula:

quid denique agitis?

and what did you do then? Plaut. Bac. 2, 3, 60: id. Truc. 2, 4, 47.—More freq.,

Pregn., ending a period, at last, at length; lastly, finally:

boat caelum fremitu virum... Denique, ut voluimus, nostra superat manus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 80; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 12; Ter. And. 1, 1, 120:

nisi quia lubet experiri, quo evasuru 'st denique,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 93; cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 8; id. Phorm. 1, 2, 71:

Nil nostri miserere? mori me denique coges,

Verg. E. 2, 7:

quid jam misero mihi denique restat?

id. A. 2, 70; 2, 295 al.—

Strengthened by ad extremum, ad postremum, or tandem:

boni nescio quomodo tardiores sunt, et principiis rerum neglectis ad extremum ipsa denique necessitate excitantur,

Cic. Sest. 47:

victus denique ad postremum est,

Just. 12, 16 fin.; 37, 1 fin.: et tandem denique devorato pudore ad Milonem aio, Ap. M. 2, p. 121.—

Sometimes of that which happens after a long delay = tandem:

quae (sc. urbana) ego diu ignorans, ex tuis jucundissimis litteris a. d. V. Cal. Jan. denique cognovi,

Cic. Att. 5, 20, 8:

aliquam mihi partem hodie operae des denique, jam tandem ades ilico,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 40.—

With the particles tum, nunc, or an abl. of time (nearly = demum), just. precisely:

tum denique homines nostra intellegimus bona, cum, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 39:

qui convenit polliceri operam suam reip. tum denique, si necessitate cogentur? etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 6;

so tum denique,

id. Quint. 13, 43; id. Tusc. 3, 31, 75; id. de Sen. 23, 82; id. Fin. 1, 19, 64 et saep.;

and separated,

id. Lael. 22, 84; id. Caecin. 34 fin.:

tantum accessit, ut mihi nunc denique amare videar, antea dilexisse,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 5; cf. id. Quint. 13:

ne is, de cujus officio nemo umquam dubitavit, sexagesimo denique anno dedecore notetur,

id. ib. 31, 99; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 22, 4; id. B. C. 1, 5, 2; Sall. J. 105, 3.—

Like demum with pronouns, to give emphasis:

si qua metu dempto casta est, ea denique casta est,

Ov. Am. 3, 4, 3:

is enim denique honos mihi videri solet, qui, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 10, 10; cf.:

eo denique,

Cic. Quint. 11, 38.—

With vix (like vix demum):

posita vix denique mensa,

Ov. Her. 16, 215.—

Transf., in enumerations.

Like dein (deinde) followed by postremo, or ad postremum (rare):

denique sequitur... postremo si est, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 7, 19, 113:

omnes urbes, agri, regna denique, postremo etiam vectigalia vestra venierint,

Cic. Agr. 2, 23 fin.; id. Cat. 2, 11, 25; id. N. D. 3, 9, 23; cf. id. Fam. 2, 15, 4:

primum illis cum Lucanis bellum fuit.. Denique Alexander rex Epiri.. cum omnibus copiis ab his deletus est.. ad postremum Agathocles, etc.,

Just. 23, 1, 15. —

Pregn., to introduce the last of a series, finally, lastly, in fine (the usual meaning of the word; cf.:

postremo, novissime, ad extremum): consilium ceperunt... ut nomen hujus de parricidio deferrent, ut ad eam rem aliquem accusatorem veterem compararent... denique ut, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; cf. id. Rep. 1, 43; Ov. Tr. 2, 231: cur etiam secundo proelio aliquos ex suis amitteret? cur vulnerari pateretur optime de se meritos milites? [p. 546] cur denique fortunam periclitaretur? Caes. B. C. 1, 72, 2:

aut denique,

Cic. Arch, 6, 12:

qui denique,

id. Rep. 1, 17:

tum denique,

Verg. G. 2, 369 et saep.:

cum de moribus, de virtutibus, denique de republica disputet (Socrates),

Cic. Rep. 1, 10:

mathematici, poetae, musici, medici denique, etc.,

id. Fin. 5, 3, 7:

denique etiam,

id. Fl. 4, 9:

primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, etc.: deinde magnos animos esse in bonis viris..: deos denique immortales. auxilium esse laturos,

id. Cat. 2, 9.—

Freq. in ascending to a climax, or to a higher or more general expression, in a word, in fine, in short, briefly, even, in fact, indeed:

quis hunc hominem rite dixerit, qui sibi cum suis civibus, qui denique cum omni hominum genere nullam esse juris communionem velit?

Cic. Rep. 2, 26:

nemo bonus, nemo denique civis est, qui, etc.,

id. Pis. 20, 45; id. Verr. 2, 2, 69; Liv. 4, 56; Tac. A. 2, 10 al.:

pernegabo atque obdurabo, perjurabo denique,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 56; cf. Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 51; id. Hec. 4, 4, 95; Cic. Quint. 16, 51; id. Verr. 2, 2, 23 al.:

numquam tam mane egredior, neque tam vesperi domum revortor, quin te in fundo conspicer fodere, aut arare, aut aliquid facere denique, Heaut. 1, 1, 15: quod malum majus, seu tantum denique?

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 4; Caes. B. G. 2, 33, 2:

ne nummi pereant, aut pyga aut denique fama,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 133:

haec denique ejus fuit postrema oratio,

Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 44; so Cic. de Or. 2, 78, 317; id. Verr. 1, 27, 70; Nep. Pelop. 4, 3; Vell. 2, 113; Tac. A. 1, 26; Ov. M. 2, 95 al. —Hence, freq. emphatic with ipse:

arma, tela, locos, tempora, denique naturam ipsam industria vicerat,

Sall. J. 76:

hoc denique ipso die,

Cic. Mil. 36, 100.—With omnia, prius flamma, prius denique omnia, quam, etc., id. Phil. 13, 21, 49; Quint. 10, 1, 119; Plin. Ep. 7, 9, 13; cf.:

quidquid denique,

Cels. 2, 28, 1.—

In post-Aug. prose (esp. in the jurists), to denote an inference, in consequence, therefore, accordingly:

hujus victoriae callide dissimulata laetitia est: denique non solita sacra Philippus illa die fecit, etc.,

Just. 9, 4, 1:

pulcherrima Campaniae plaga est: nihil mollius caelo: denique bis floribus vernat,

Flor. 1, 16, 3; Dig. 1, 7, 13; 10, 4, 3, § 15 et saep. So in citing a decision for a position assumed:

denique Scaevola ait, etc.,

Dig. 7, 3, 4; 4, 4, 3; 7, 8, 14:

exstat quidem exemplum ejus, qui gessit (sc. magistratum) caecus: Appius denique Claudius caecus consiliis publicis intererat,

ib. 3, 1, 1, § 5 and 6; 48, 5, 8.—In class. usage denique includes the connective -que;

once in Plaut. and often in late Lat. a copul. conj. precedes it: atque hoc denique,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 18:

aurum, argentum, et denique aliae res,

Gai. Inst. 2, 13; Dig. 1, 8, 1. See Hand Turs. II. p. 260-278.

dē-sīdĕro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [etym. dub.; cf. considero], to long for, greatly wish for, to desire something not possessed (freq. and class.—for syn. cf.: opto, requiro, expeto, appeto, affecto, cupio, concupisco, aveo, gestio, capto, volo).

In gen., with acc.:

Dies noctesque me ames, me desideres,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 113:

quam tu filium tuom, tam pater me meus desiderat,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 66:

natura quid velit, anquirat, desideret,

Cic. Lael. 24:

nec sitio honores, nec desidero gloriam,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 3:

dum illa desideramus, ab aliis avertimur,

Quint. 10, 6, 7:

quid desideremus aut deprecemur,

id. 4, 1, 52:

nec nunc vires desidero adolescentis non plus quam adolescens tauri aut elephanti desiderabam,

Cic. de Sen. 9; Caes. B. C. 3, 74, 2:

desiderantem quod satis est,

Hor. Od. 3, 1, 25:

Sextilem totum mendax desideror,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 2 et saep.—

With acc. and inf.:

me gratiam aps te inire verbis nil desidero,

Plaut. Stich. 4, 1, 10:

mihi dari haud desidero,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 37:

quo ullam rem ad se importari desiderent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 2.— With inf. alone:

mori,

Vulg. Apoc. 9, 6.—

With ab or in:

ab Chrysippo nihil magnum desideravi,

Cic. Rep. 3, 8; id. Att. 8, 14, 2; Quint. 3, 1, 2 al.:

ab milite modestiam et continentiam,

Caes. B. G. 7, 52 fin.:

in quo (Catone) summam eloquentiam,

Cic. Brut. 31, 118; id. Fin. 5, 5, 13; id. Fam. 8, 5, 1; id. Lael. 22, 82; Quint. 7, 2, 55 al.—

Absol.:

misere amans desiderat,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 30; id. Mil. 4, 6, 29; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 16 al.—

Of inanimate subjects:

desiderarunt te oculi mei,

Cic. Planc. 5, 13:

nullam virtus aliam mercedem laborum desiderat praeter, etc.,

id. Arch. 11, 28:

ut desiderat laus probationem, sic, etc.,

Quint. 3, 7, 4 et saep.:

desiderant rigari arbores,

Plin. 17, 26, 40, § 249.

With predominant idea of lacking, wanting, to miss any thing:

ex me audies, quid in oratione tua desiderem,

Cic. Rep. 2, 38:

si non est, nolis esse neque desideres,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 73:

quid a peritioribus rei militaris desiderari videbatur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 61, 3 et saep.—Esp. with quominus:

praeter quercum Dodonaeam nihil desideramus, quo minus Epirum ipsum possidere videamur,

Cic. Att. 2, 4, 5. —

Meton. (effectus pro causa), to lose something; and more freq. pass., to be missing, to be lost:

in eo proelio non amplius CC milites desideravit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 99; cf. id. ib. 3, 71:

ut nulla navis desideraretur,

id. B. G. 5, 23, 3; 7, 11, 8 et saep.:

neque quicquam ex fano praeter unum signum desideratum est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 44; Vell. 2, 52, 6:

ex peditibus triginta,

Curt. 3, 29, 27.—

With the notion of inquiring, searching; to investigate, examine, discuss (rare):

sequitur ut morbo laborantibus remedia desiderentur,

Col. 9, 13, 1:

examina,

id. 9, 8, 1.— Impers.:

antequam desideraretur,

before the question should be raised, Vitr. 2, 6, 4.—Hence,

dēsīdĕrans, antis, P. a., in Sup. desiderantissimus, in the later writers for desideratissimus, as a term of endearment, heart's desire, best beloved:

vale, domine dulcissime, desiderantissime,

Fronto Ep. 5, 40; M. Aur. ib. 1, 5;

L. Aur. Verus,

ib. 2, 8; Inscr. Orell. 4644.— Adv.: dēsīdĕranter, acc. to no. I., with desire, eagerly (late Lat.):

appetere,

Cassiod. Var. 1, 4.— Comp.:

quanto desiderantius desideras,

Fronto Ep. ad Ver. Imp. 13.—

dēsīdĕrātus, a, um, P. a., wished for, longed for, welcome (very rare):

et veniet desideratus cunctis gentibus,

Vulg. Aggaei, 2, 8: blandissima et desideratissimi promissa. Plin. 30, 1, 1, § 2:

fratres desideratissimi,

Vulg. Philip. 4, 1;

and in inscrr. applied to a beloved person: FILIO DESIDERATISSIMO,

Inscr. Orell. 5068; id. Grut. 681, 2 al.

discussĭo, ōnis, f. [discutio] (very rare).

A shaking, Sen. Q. N. 6, 19, 2.—

An examination, discussion.

In gen. (late Lat. for disputatio, quaestio):

sequitur illa discussio, quid sit, etc.,

Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 16, 8; Tert. Pudic. 11.—

In partic., in the later period of the empire, a revision of the public accounts in the provinces, Cod. Just. 10, 30, 1; Symm. Ep. 5, 74.

dŭbĭus, a, um, adj. [for duhibius, duohabeo, held as two or double, i. e. doubtful; cf. dubito, Corss. Ausspr. 2, 1027].

Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating (cf. ambiguus, anceps, incertus, perplexus, duplex).

Lit. (very rare):

ut vas non quit constare, nisi humor Destitit in dubio fluctu jactarier intus,

Lucr. 6, 556; cf.:

fluctibus dubiis volvi coeptum est mare,

Liv. 37, 16, 4.—Far more freq. and class.,

Trop., vacillating in mind, uncertain.

Wavering in opinion, doubting, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, = ambigens, haesitans, etc.:

sin est is homo, anni multi me dubiam dant,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 17:

quae res est, quae cujusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit?

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10.— With an interrog. clause, A. and S. Gr. §

213 R. 4 (1.): temptat dubiam mentem rationis egestas, ecquae nam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,

Lucr. 5, 1211; cf.:

equites procul visi ab dubiis, quinam essent,

Liv. 4, 40:

dubius sum, quid faciam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 40:

dubius, unde rumperet silentium,

id. Epod. 5, 85:

spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant, Sive extrema pati,

Verg. A. 1, 218; cf. Liv. 1, 42:

Philippus non dubius, quin, etc.,

id. 31, 42:

haud dubius quin,

id. 42, 14; Curt. 5, 12.—With acc. and inf.:

dictator minime dubius, bellum cum his populis Patres jussuros,

Liv. 6, 14; so,

haud dubius,

id. 31, 24; Curt. 9, 7:

nec sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum Quam sit,

well aware how hard it is, Verg. G. 3, 289; so,

dubius with the genitives animi, Auct. B. Alex. 56, 2: mentis,

Ov. F. 6, 572:

consilii,

Just. 2, 13:

sententiae,

Liv. 33, 25 Drak.:

salutis,

Ov. M. 15, 438:

vitae,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 25:

fati,

Luc. 7, 611 al.; cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 437; A. and S. Gr. § 213 R. 1 ( a.).—

Wavering in resolution, irresolute, undecided (very rare):

dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha incolumes transeunt,

Sall. J. 107, 6; cf.

hostes (opp. firmi),

id. ib. 51 fin.:

nutantes ac dubiae civitates,

Suet. Caes. 4 fin.:

quid faciat dubius,

Ov. M. 8, 441.— Poet. transf.:

cuspis,

Sil. 4, 188.—

Pass., that is doubted of, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, undetermined (so most freq. in all periods and kinds of composition):

videsne igitur, quae dubia sint, ea sumi pro certis atque concessis?

Cic. Div. 2, 51, 106; cf. id. ib. 2, 50 fin.; id. Fin. 4, 24, 67; id. de Or. 1, 20, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; Quint. 3, 4, 8; 7, 8, 6:

nihil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas Ab dubiis,

Lucr. 4, 468 (cf. verba, vague language, opp. aperta, Quint. 7, 2, 48):

jus, opp. certum,

id. 12, 3, 6;

opp. confessum,

id. 7, 7, 7:

in regno, ubi ne obscura quidem est aut dubia servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31:

dubium vel anceps genus causarum,

Quint. 4, 1, 40; cf. id. 9, 2, 69: dubii variique casus, Auct. ap. Cic. Clu. 21, 58:

et incerta societas,

Suet. Aug. 17 et saep.:

quia sciebam dubiam esse fortunam scenicam, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 8: salus (opp. aperta pernicies),

Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69:

spes pacis,

id. Att. 8, 13:

victoria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 80, 6; cf.:

victoria, praeda, laus,

Sall. J. 85, 48:

Marte,

Vell. 2, 55, 3:

spes armorum,

id. 2, 71:

discrimen pugnae,

indecisive, Sil. 5, 519:

proelia,

Tac. G. 6:

auctor,

unknown, Ov. M. 12, 61 et saep.:

an auspicia repetenda, ne quid dubiis diis agerem?

i. e. unassured of their favor, Liv. 8, 32:

dubii socii suspensaeque ex fortuna fidei (opp. fideles socii and certi hostes),

id. 44, 18; cf. Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 5:

Hispaniae,

Tac. A. 3, 44; cf.:

gens dubiae ad id voluntatis,

Liv. 9, 15:

lux,

i. e. morning twilight, dawn, Ov. M. 11, 596:

sidera,

Juv. 5, 22; cf.

nox,

evening twilight, Ov. M. 4, 401:

caelum,

i. e. over cast, Verg. G. 1, 252:

fulgor solis,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 670; cf.:

et quasi languidus dies,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 6:

dubiāque tegens lanugine malas,

i. e. between down and a beard, Ov. M. 9, 398; 13, 754; cf.:

dubia lanuginis umbra, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Cel. 42: vina,

not sure to ripen, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 319:

consilia,

wavering, Tac. Agr. 18 et saep.:

hunc annum sequitur annus haud dubiis consulibus (shortly thereafter the contrary: Papirius Semproniusque, quorum de consulatu dubitabatur),

Liv. 4, 8; so,

haud dubius praetor,

id. 39, 39 fin.:

haud dubii hostes,

open enemies, id. 37, 49:

haud dubii Galli (opp. degeneres, mixti, Gallograeci vere),

id. 38, 17: cena dubia, see below, II.—

In the neutr. absol.

(Non, haud) dubium est, it is ( not, not at all) doubtful, uncertain, undecided. (aa) Absol.:

si quid erit dubium,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 40:

haud dubium id quidem est,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27; Ter. And. 2, 3, 25; cf.

in the interrog.: o! dubiumne id est?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 49; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 46; id. Phorm. 5, 2, 9; and with the dat.:

an dubium id tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 38; Cic. Fam. 4, 15.—(bb) With de:

de Pompeii exitu mihi dubium numquam fuit,

Cic. Att. 11, 6, 5; so,

de eorum jure,

id. de Or. 1, 57:

de re,

Quint. 7, 3, 4; cf. id. 7, 6, 3.—(ng) With an interrog. clause:

illud dubium (est), ad id, quod summum bonum dicitis, ecquaenam fieri possit accessio,

Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67; cf. Quint. 7, 9, 12:

hoc ergo, credo, dubium est, uter nostrum sit verecundior,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 126:

hoc enim dubium est, utrum... an,

Quint. 6, 3, 83:

Ambiorix copias suas judicione non conduxerit... an tempore exclusus, dubium est,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31, 1:

an dubium vobis fuit inesse vis aliqua videretur necne?

Cic. Caecin. 11, 31 et saep.—Since the Aug. per. freq. dubium, absol. and adv.:

codicilli, dubium ad quem scripti,

Quint. 7, 2, 52:

quo postquam dubium pius an sceleratus, Orestes venerat,

Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 69; Suet. Caes. 58; id. Aug. 28; id. Tib. 10; Flor. 1, 1, 12; 2, 14, 3:

Erechtheus, Justitiā dubium validisne potentior armis,

Ov. M. 6, 678; cf. id. Pont. 3, 1, 17:

neque multo post exstincto Maximo, dubium an quaesita morte,

Tac. A. 1, 5; Flor. 1, 1, 8; 4, 2, 91 al.—(dd) Non dubium est quin uxorem nolit filius, Ter. And. 1, 2, 1; id. Eun. 5, 6, 27; Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 32; id. Att. 13, 45; Quint. 11, 2, 10 et saep.:

haud dubium est, quin,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17; 3, 2, 50; id. Ad. 5, 9, 19;

and interrog.,

Quint. 3, 2, 1; 10, 1, 5. —(ee) With acc. and inf.:

periisso me una haud dubium est,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 46; so Liv. 38, 6; Suet. Caes. 52 fin.; cf.

interrog.: an dubium tibi est, eam esse hanc?

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 9.—Ellipt.:

si exploratum tibi sit posse te, etc., non esse cunctandum: si dubium sit, non esse conandum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 5.—

Dubium habere, to regard as uncertain, to doubt:

an tu dubium habebis, etiam sancte quom jurem tibi?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112:

an dubium habetis, num obficere quid vobis possit? etc.,

Sall. H. Fragm. III. 61, 8 Dietsch; cf.:

haec habere dubia, neque, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 9 fin. —

In dubium:

in dubium vocare,

to call in question, Cic. de Or. 2, 34; cf.: illud me dixisse nemo vocabit in dubium, Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 5. Vid. also under 3. b.:

venire in dubium,

Cic. Quint. 2; id. ib. 21, 67; Liv. 3, 13; cf.:

alii non veniunt in dubium de voluntate,

i. e. there is no doubt what their wish is, Cic. Att. 11, 15, 2. Vid. also under 3. b.—

In dubio, in doubt, in question, undetermined:

dum in dubio est animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; cf. Luc. 7, 247:

in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum esset, etc.,

Lucr. 3, 836; cf. id. 1085; Quint. 7, 9, 9:

aestate potius quam hieme dandum, non est in dubio,

Plin. 25, 5, 24, § 59 et saep.:

ut in dubio poneret, utrum... an, etc.,

Liv. 34, 5. Vid. also 3. b.—

Sine dubio, without doubt, doubtless, indisputably, certainly (very freq.; in Cic. more than twenty times; not in Caes. and Sall.): Th. Numquid dubitas quin? etc. Gn. Sine dubio, opinor, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 14; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2; 47; id. Cat. 2, 1; id. Balb. 24, 55; id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18; id. Off. 1, 29, 102; id. N. D. 1, 9, 23; id. Att. 1, 19, 2 et saep. Vid. the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 134 sq. Sometimes, esp. in Quint., with adversative particles: sed, verum, at, etc., no doubt, doubtless... but, yet, etc.: cum te togatis omnibus sine dubio anteferret... sed, etc.. Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 58; so with sed, id. de Or, 3, 57; Quint. 1, 6, 38; 5, 10, 53; 6, 3, 64;

with sed tamen,

id. 12, 6, 7;

with tamen,

id. 3, 8, 21; 5, 7, 28; 6, 4, 12;

with verum,

id. 8 prooem. § 33;

with at,

id. 8, 3, 67;

with autem,

id. 1, 6, 12 Spald.—

Procul dubio, beyond question, undoubtedly (very rare), Lucr. 3, 638; Liv. 39, 40 fin.; Plin. 18, 21, 50, § 187; and:

dubio procul,

Lucr. 1, 812; 2, 261.—

Meton., like anceps (4), doubtful, dubious, i. e. precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult (freq. but mostly poet.):

res dubias, egenas, inopiosas consili,

critical condition, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 2; so,

res,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 46; id. Most. 5, 1, 1; Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; id. J. 14, 5; Liv. 2, 50 fin.; Tac. A. 2, 62; Verg. A. 6, 196; 11, 445 al.; cf.

pericla (with advorsae res),

Lucr. 3, 55; 1076:

tempora (opp. secunda),

Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:

mons erat ascensu dubius,

Prop. 4, 4, 83; cf.:

quae (loca) dubia nisu videbantur,

Sall. J. 94, 2.—

In the neutr. absol. (i. q. discrimen, II. B. 2, and periculum):

mea quidem hercle certe in dubio vita est,

is in danger, Ter. And. 2, 2, 10 Ruhnk.; Sall. C. 52, 6; cf. Ov. Am. 2, 13, 2:

sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum,

Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 6; cf. Cic. Caecin. 27, 76:

tua fama et gnatae vita in dubium veniet,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 42; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 35; Ov. H. 16, 138 Loers.— Plur. as subst.:

hinc Italae gentes in dubiis responsa petunt,

Verg. A. 7, 86:

mens dubiis percussa pavet,

Luc. 6, 596.

For the syn. varius, manifold, various (only in the foll. passages): o multimodis variūm et dubiūm et prosperūm copem diem, Pac. ap. Non. 84, 23 (Trag. Rel. p. 115, ed. Rib.). And so prob. is to be explained dubia cena, a multifarious, richly provided supper, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 28 (for the subjoined explanation of Terence: ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum, is only outwardly adapted to the meaning of dubius); so,

dubia cena,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 77; and:

fercula dubiae cenae,

Aus. Mos. 102; Hier. Ep. 22, no. 16.—Hence, adv., in two forms.

dŭbĭe (acc. to I. B. 1.), doubtfully, dubiously (not in Plaut., Ter., or Caes.):

potest accidere, ut aliquod signum dubie datum pro certo sit acceptum,

Cic. Div. 1, 55.—Esp. freq. (particularly since the Aug. per.) with negatives: haud (rarely non) dubie, undoubtedly, indisputably, positively, certainly:

etsi non dubie mihi nuntiabatur Parthos transisse Euphratem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 1 (nowhere else as an adv. in Cic.):

non dubie,

Quint. 7, 2, 6; 9, 4, 67; Front. Strat. 2, 3, 16; and with sed (cf. dubius, I. B. 2. b. e), Quint. 11, 2, 1; so,

too, nec dubie,

Liv. 2, 23 fin.; Quint. 2, 14, 2;

and with verum,

id. 3, 4, 1;

with sed,

Tac. A. 4, 19 fin.: haud dubie jam victor, [p. 615] Sall. J. 102, 1 (cf. on the contrary in Cic.: sine ulla dubitatione hostis, Phil. 14, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 3, 38; Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 5); so,

haud dubie,

Liv. 1, 9; 13; 3, 24; 38; 53; 4, 2; 23; 5, 10 fin.; 33 fin.; 49 fin. et saep. (about 70 times; see the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 138); Quint. 10, 1, 85; Tac. A. 2, 43; 88; id. H. 1, 7; 46; 72; 3, 86; 4, 27 fin.; 80; id. G. 28; Suet. Caes. 55; id. Calig. 9; id. Galb. 2; Vulg. Lev. 13, 43.—

dubio = dubie, App. M. 9, 2.

dŭbĭus, a, um, adj. [for duhibius, duohabeo, held as two or double, i. e. doubtful; cf. dubito, Corss. Ausspr. 2, 1027].

Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating (cf. ambiguus, anceps, incertus, perplexus, duplex).

Lit. (very rare):

ut vas non quit constare, nisi humor Destitit in dubio fluctu jactarier intus,

Lucr. 6, 556; cf.:

fluctibus dubiis volvi coeptum est mare,

Liv. 37, 16, 4.—Far more freq. and class.,

Trop., vacillating in mind, uncertain.

Wavering in opinion, doubting, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, = ambigens, haesitans, etc.:

sin est is homo, anni multi me dubiam dant,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 17:

quae res est, quae cujusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit?

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10.— With an interrog. clause, A. and S. Gr. §

213 R. 4 (1.): temptat dubiam mentem rationis egestas, ecquae nam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,

Lucr. 5, 1211; cf.:

equites procul visi ab dubiis, quinam essent,

Liv. 4, 40:

dubius sum, quid faciam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 40:

dubius, unde rumperet silentium,

id. Epod. 5, 85:

spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant, Sive extrema pati,

Verg. A. 1, 218; cf. Liv. 1, 42:

Philippus non dubius, quin, etc.,

id. 31, 42:

haud dubius quin,

id. 42, 14; Curt. 5, 12.—With acc. and inf.:

dictator minime dubius, bellum cum his populis Patres jussuros,

Liv. 6, 14; so,

haud dubius,

id. 31, 24; Curt. 9, 7:

nec sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum Quam sit,

well aware how hard it is, Verg. G. 3, 289; so,

dubius with the genitives animi, Auct. B. Alex. 56, 2: mentis,

Ov. F. 6, 572:

consilii,

Just. 2, 13:

sententiae,

Liv. 33, 25 Drak.:

salutis,

Ov. M. 15, 438:

vitae,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 25:

fati,

Luc. 7, 611 al.; cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 437; A. and S. Gr. § 213 R. 1 ( a.).—

Wavering in resolution, irresolute, undecided (very rare):

dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha incolumes transeunt,

Sall. J. 107, 6; cf.

hostes (opp. firmi),

id. ib. 51 fin.:

nutantes ac dubiae civitates,

Suet. Caes. 4 fin.:

quid faciat dubius,

Ov. M. 8, 441.— Poet. transf.:

cuspis,

Sil. 4, 188.—

Pass., that is doubted of, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, undetermined (so most freq. in all periods and kinds of composition):

videsne igitur, quae dubia sint, ea sumi pro certis atque concessis?

Cic. Div. 2, 51, 106; cf. id. ib. 2, 50 fin.; id. Fin. 4, 24, 67; id. de Or. 1, 20, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; Quint. 3, 4, 8; 7, 8, 6:

nihil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas Ab dubiis,

Lucr. 4, 468 (cf. verba, vague language, opp. aperta, Quint. 7, 2, 48):

jus, opp. certum,

id. 12, 3, 6;

opp. confessum,

id. 7, 7, 7:

in regno, ubi ne obscura quidem est aut dubia servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31:

dubium vel anceps genus causarum,

Quint. 4, 1, 40; cf. id. 9, 2, 69: dubii variique casus, Auct. ap. Cic. Clu. 21, 58:

et incerta societas,

Suet. Aug. 17 et saep.:

quia sciebam dubiam esse fortunam scenicam, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 8: salus (opp. aperta pernicies),

Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69:

spes pacis,

id. Att. 8, 13:

victoria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 80, 6; cf.:

victoria, praeda, laus,

Sall. J. 85, 48:

Marte,

Vell. 2, 55, 3:

spes armorum,

id. 2, 71:

discrimen pugnae,

indecisive, Sil. 5, 519:

proelia,

Tac. G. 6:

auctor,

unknown, Ov. M. 12, 61 et saep.:

an auspicia repetenda, ne quid dubiis diis agerem?

i. e. unassured of their favor, Liv. 8, 32:

dubii socii suspensaeque ex fortuna fidei (opp. fideles socii and certi hostes),

id. 44, 18; cf. Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 5:

Hispaniae,

Tac. A. 3, 44; cf.:

gens dubiae ad id voluntatis,

Liv. 9, 15:

lux,

i. e. morning twilight, dawn, Ov. M. 11, 596:

sidera,

Juv. 5, 22; cf.

nox,

evening twilight, Ov. M. 4, 401:

caelum,

i. e. over cast, Verg. G. 1, 252:

fulgor solis,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 670; cf.:

et quasi languidus dies,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 6:

dubiāque tegens lanugine malas,

i. e. between down and a beard, Ov. M. 9, 398; 13, 754; cf.:

dubia lanuginis umbra, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Cel. 42: vina,

not sure to ripen, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 319:

consilia,

wavering, Tac. Agr. 18 et saep.:

hunc annum sequitur annus haud dubiis consulibus (shortly thereafter the contrary: Papirius Semproniusque, quorum de consulatu dubitabatur),

Liv. 4, 8; so,

haud dubius praetor,

id. 39, 39 fin.:

haud dubii hostes,

open enemies, id. 37, 49:

haud dubii Galli (opp. degeneres, mixti, Gallograeci vere),

id. 38, 17: cena dubia, see below, II.—

In the neutr. absol.

(Non, haud) dubium est, it is ( not, not at all) doubtful, uncertain, undecided. (aa) Absol.:

si quid erit dubium,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 40:

haud dubium id quidem est,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27; Ter. And. 2, 3, 25; cf.

in the interrog.: o! dubiumne id est?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 49; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 46; id. Phorm. 5, 2, 9; and with the dat.:

an dubium id tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 38; Cic. Fam. 4, 15.—(bb) With de:

de Pompeii exitu mihi dubium numquam fuit,

Cic. Att. 11, 6, 5; so,

de eorum jure,

id. de Or. 1, 57:

de re,

Quint. 7, 3, 4; cf. id. 7, 6, 3.—(ng) With an interrog. clause:

illud dubium (est), ad id, quod summum bonum dicitis, ecquaenam fieri possit accessio,

Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67; cf. Quint. 7, 9, 12:

hoc ergo, credo, dubium est, uter nostrum sit verecundior,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 126:

hoc enim dubium est, utrum... an,

Quint. 6, 3, 83:

Ambiorix copias suas judicione non conduxerit... an tempore exclusus, dubium est,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31, 1:

an dubium vobis fuit inesse vis aliqua videretur necne?

Cic. Caecin. 11, 31 et saep.—Since the Aug. per. freq. dubium, absol. and adv.:

codicilli, dubium ad quem scripti,

Quint. 7, 2, 52:

quo postquam dubium pius an sceleratus, Orestes venerat,

Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 69; Suet. Caes. 58; id. Aug. 28; id. Tib. 10; Flor. 1, 1, 12; 2, 14, 3:

Erechtheus, Justitiā dubium validisne potentior armis,

Ov. M. 6, 678; cf. id. Pont. 3, 1, 17:

neque multo post exstincto Maximo, dubium an quaesita morte,

Tac. A. 1, 5; Flor. 1, 1, 8; 4, 2, 91 al.—(dd) Non dubium est quin uxorem nolit filius, Ter. And. 1, 2, 1; id. Eun. 5, 6, 27; Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 32; id. Att. 13, 45; Quint. 11, 2, 10 et saep.:

haud dubium est, quin,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17; 3, 2, 50; id. Ad. 5, 9, 19;

and interrog.,

Quint. 3, 2, 1; 10, 1, 5. —(ee) With acc. and inf.:

periisso me una haud dubium est,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 46; so Liv. 38, 6; Suet. Caes. 52 fin.; cf.

interrog.: an dubium tibi est, eam esse hanc?

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 9.—Ellipt.:

si exploratum tibi sit posse te, etc., non esse cunctandum: si dubium sit, non esse conandum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 5.—

Dubium habere, to regard as uncertain, to doubt:

an tu dubium habebis, etiam sancte quom jurem tibi?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112:

an dubium habetis, num obficere quid vobis possit? etc.,

Sall. H. Fragm. III. 61, 8 Dietsch; cf.:

haec habere dubia, neque, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 9 fin. —

In dubium:

in dubium vocare,

to call in question, Cic. de Or. 2, 34; cf.: illud me dixisse nemo vocabit in dubium, Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 5. Vid. also under 3. b.:

venire in dubium,

Cic. Quint. 2; id. ib. 21, 67; Liv. 3, 13; cf.:

alii non veniunt in dubium de voluntate,

i. e. there is no doubt what their wish is, Cic. Att. 11, 15, 2. Vid. also under 3. b.—

In dubio, in doubt, in question, undetermined:

dum in dubio est animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; cf. Luc. 7, 247:

in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum esset, etc.,

Lucr. 3, 836; cf. id. 1085; Quint. 7, 9, 9:

aestate potius quam hieme dandum, non est in dubio,

Plin. 25, 5, 24, § 59 et saep.:

ut in dubio poneret, utrum... an, etc.,

Liv. 34, 5. Vid. also 3. b.—

Sine dubio, without doubt, doubtless, indisputably, certainly (very freq.; in Cic. more than twenty times; not in Caes. and Sall.): Th. Numquid dubitas quin? etc. Gn. Sine dubio, opinor, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 14; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2; 47; id. Cat. 2, 1; id. Balb. 24, 55; id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18; id. Off. 1, 29, 102; id. N. D. 1, 9, 23; id. Att. 1, 19, 2 et saep. Vid. the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 134 sq. Sometimes, esp. in Quint., with adversative particles: sed, verum, at, etc., no doubt, doubtless... but, yet, etc.: cum te togatis omnibus sine dubio anteferret... sed, etc.. Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 58; so with sed, id. de Or, 3, 57; Quint. 1, 6, 38; 5, 10, 53; 6, 3, 64;

with sed tamen,

id. 12, 6, 7;

with tamen,

id. 3, 8, 21; 5, 7, 28; 6, 4, 12;

with verum,

id. 8 prooem. § 33;

with at,

id. 8, 3, 67;

with autem,

id. 1, 6, 12 Spald.—

Procul dubio, beyond question, undoubtedly (very rare), Lucr. 3, 638; Liv. 39, 40 fin.; Plin. 18, 21, 50, § 187; and:

dubio procul,

Lucr. 1, 812; 2, 261.—

Meton., like anceps (4), doubtful, dubious, i. e. precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult (freq. but mostly poet.):

res dubias, egenas, inopiosas consili,

critical condition, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 2; so,

res,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 46; id. Most. 5, 1, 1; Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; id. J. 14, 5; Liv. 2, 50 fin.; Tac. A. 2, 62; Verg. A. 6, 196; 11, 445 al.; cf.

pericla (with advorsae res),

Lucr. 3, 55; 1076:

tempora (opp. secunda),

Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:

mons erat ascensu dubius,

Prop. 4, 4, 83; cf.:

quae (loca) dubia nisu videbantur,

Sall. J. 94, 2.—

In the neutr. absol. (i. q. discrimen, II. B. 2, and periculum):

mea quidem hercle certe in dubio vita est,

is in danger, Ter. And. 2, 2, 10 Ruhnk.; Sall. C. 52, 6; cf. Ov. Am. 2, 13, 2:

sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum,

Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 6; cf. Cic. Caecin. 27, 76:

tua fama et gnatae vita in dubium veniet,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 42; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 35; Ov. H. 16, 138 Loers.— Plur. as subst.:

hinc Italae gentes in dubiis responsa petunt,

Verg. A. 7, 86:

mens dubiis percussa pavet,

Luc. 6, 596.

For the syn. varius, manifold, various (only in the foll. passages): o multimodis variūm et dubiūm et prosperūm copem diem, Pac. ap. Non. 84, 23 (Trag. Rel. p. 115, ed. Rib.). And so prob. is to be explained dubia cena, a multifarious, richly provided supper, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 28 (for the subjoined explanation of Terence: ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum, is only outwardly adapted to the meaning of dubius); so,

dubia cena,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 77; and:

fercula dubiae cenae,

Aus. Mos. 102; Hier. Ep. 22, no. 16.—Hence, adv., in two forms.

dŭbĭe (acc. to I. B. 1.), doubtfully, dubiously (not in Plaut., Ter., or Caes.):

potest accidere, ut aliquod signum dubie datum pro certo sit acceptum,

Cic. Div. 1, 55.—Esp. freq. (particularly since the Aug. per.) with negatives: haud (rarely non) dubie, undoubtedly, indisputably, positively, certainly:

etsi non dubie mihi nuntiabatur Parthos transisse Euphratem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 1 (nowhere else as an adv. in Cic.):

non dubie,

Quint. 7, 2, 6; 9, 4, 67; Front. Strat. 2, 3, 16; and with sed (cf. dubius, I. B. 2. b. e), Quint. 11, 2, 1; so,

too, nec dubie,

Liv. 2, 23 fin.; Quint. 2, 14, 2;

and with verum,

id. 3, 4, 1;

with sed,

Tac. A. 4, 19 fin.: haud dubie jam victor, [p. 615] Sall. J. 102, 1 (cf. on the contrary in Cic.: sine ulla dubitatione hostis, Phil. 14, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 3, 38; Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 5); so,

haud dubie,

Liv. 1, 9; 13; 3, 24; 38; 53; 4, 2; 23; 5, 10 fin.; 33 fin.; 49 fin. et saep. (about 70 times; see the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 138); Quint. 10, 1, 85; Tac. A. 2, 43; 88; id. H. 1, 7; 46; 72; 3, 86; 4, 27 fin.; 80; id. G. 28; Suet. Caes. 55; id. Calig. 9; id. Galb. 2; Vulg. Lev. 13, 43.—

dubio = dubie, App. M. 9, 2.

dŭbĭus, a, um, adj. [for duhibius, duohabeo, held as two or double, i. e. doubtful; cf. dubito, Corss. Ausspr. 2, 1027].

Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating (cf. ambiguus, anceps, incertus, perplexus, duplex).

Lit. (very rare):

ut vas non quit constare, nisi humor Destitit in dubio fluctu jactarier intus,

Lucr. 6, 556; cf.:

fluctibus dubiis volvi coeptum est mare,

Liv. 37, 16, 4.—Far more freq. and class.,

Trop., vacillating in mind, uncertain.

Wavering in opinion, doubting, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, = ambigens, haesitans, etc.:

sin est is homo, anni multi me dubiam dant,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 17:

quae res est, quae cujusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit?

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10.— With an interrog. clause, A. and S. Gr. §

213 R. 4 (1.): temptat dubiam mentem rationis egestas, ecquae nam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,

Lucr. 5, 1211; cf.:

equites procul visi ab dubiis, quinam essent,

Liv. 4, 40:

dubius sum, quid faciam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 40:

dubius, unde rumperet silentium,

id. Epod. 5, 85:

spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant, Sive extrema pati,

Verg. A. 1, 218; cf. Liv. 1, 42:

Philippus non dubius, quin, etc.,

id. 31, 42:

haud dubius quin,

id. 42, 14; Curt. 5, 12.—With acc. and inf.:

dictator minime dubius, bellum cum his populis Patres jussuros,

Liv. 6, 14; so,

haud dubius,

id. 31, 24; Curt. 9, 7:

nec sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum Quam sit,

well aware how hard it is, Verg. G. 3, 289; so,

dubius with the genitives animi, Auct. B. Alex. 56, 2: mentis,

Ov. F. 6, 572:

consilii,

Just. 2, 13:

sententiae,

Liv. 33, 25 Drak.:

salutis,

Ov. M. 15, 438:

vitae,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 25:

fati,

Luc. 7, 611 al.; cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 437; A. and S. Gr. § 213 R. 1 ( a.).—

Wavering in resolution, irresolute, undecided (very rare):

dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha incolumes transeunt,

Sall. J. 107, 6; cf.

hostes (opp. firmi),

id. ib. 51 fin.:

nutantes ac dubiae civitates,

Suet. Caes. 4 fin.:

quid faciat dubius,

Ov. M. 8, 441.— Poet. transf.:

cuspis,

Sil. 4, 188.—

Pass., that is doubted of, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, undetermined (so most freq. in all periods and kinds of composition):

videsne igitur, quae dubia sint, ea sumi pro certis atque concessis?

Cic. Div. 2, 51, 106; cf. id. ib. 2, 50 fin.; id. Fin. 4, 24, 67; id. de Or. 1, 20, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; Quint. 3, 4, 8; 7, 8, 6:

nihil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas Ab dubiis,

Lucr. 4, 468 (cf. verba, vague language, opp. aperta, Quint. 7, 2, 48):

jus, opp. certum,

id. 12, 3, 6;

opp. confessum,

id. 7, 7, 7:

in regno, ubi ne obscura quidem est aut dubia servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31:

dubium vel anceps genus causarum,

Quint. 4, 1, 40; cf. id. 9, 2, 69: dubii variique casus, Auct. ap. Cic. Clu. 21, 58:

et incerta societas,

Suet. Aug. 17 et saep.:

quia sciebam dubiam esse fortunam scenicam, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 8: salus (opp. aperta pernicies),

Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69:

spes pacis,

id. Att. 8, 13:

victoria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 80, 6; cf.:

victoria, praeda, laus,

Sall. J. 85, 48:

Marte,

Vell. 2, 55, 3:

spes armorum,

id. 2, 71:

discrimen pugnae,

indecisive, Sil. 5, 519:

proelia,

Tac. G. 6:

auctor,

unknown, Ov. M. 12, 61 et saep.:

an auspicia repetenda, ne quid dubiis diis agerem?

i. e. unassured of their favor, Liv. 8, 32:

dubii socii suspensaeque ex fortuna fidei (opp. fideles socii and certi hostes),

id. 44, 18; cf. Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 5:

Hispaniae,

Tac. A. 3, 44; cf.:

gens dubiae ad id voluntatis,

Liv. 9, 15:

lux,

i. e. morning twilight, dawn, Ov. M. 11, 596:

sidera,

Juv. 5, 22; cf.

nox,

evening twilight, Ov. M. 4, 401:

caelum,

i. e. over cast, Verg. G. 1, 252:

fulgor solis,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 670; cf.:

et quasi languidus dies,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 6:

dubiāque tegens lanugine malas,

i. e. between down and a beard, Ov. M. 9, 398; 13, 754; cf.:

dubia lanuginis umbra, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Cel. 42: vina,

not sure to ripen, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 319:

consilia,

wavering, Tac. Agr. 18 et saep.:

hunc annum sequitur annus haud dubiis consulibus (shortly thereafter the contrary: Papirius Semproniusque, quorum de consulatu dubitabatur),

Liv. 4, 8; so,

haud dubius praetor,

id. 39, 39 fin.:

haud dubii hostes,

open enemies, id. 37, 49:

haud dubii Galli (opp. degeneres, mixti, Gallograeci vere),

id. 38, 17: cena dubia, see below, II.—

In the neutr. absol.

(Non, haud) dubium est, it is ( not, not at all) doubtful, uncertain, undecided. (aa) Absol.:

si quid erit dubium,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 40:

haud dubium id quidem est,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27; Ter. And. 2, 3, 25; cf.

in the interrog.: o! dubiumne id est?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 49; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 46; id. Phorm. 5, 2, 9; and with the dat.:

an dubium id tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 38; Cic. Fam. 4, 15.—(bb) With de:

de Pompeii exitu mihi dubium numquam fuit,

Cic. Att. 11, 6, 5; so,

de eorum jure,

id. de Or. 1, 57:

de re,

Quint. 7, 3, 4; cf. id. 7, 6, 3.—(ng) With an interrog. clause:

illud dubium (est), ad id, quod summum bonum dicitis, ecquaenam fieri possit accessio,

Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67; cf. Quint. 7, 9, 12:

hoc ergo, credo, dubium est, uter nostrum sit verecundior,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 126:

hoc enim dubium est, utrum... an,

Quint. 6, 3, 83:

Ambiorix copias suas judicione non conduxerit... an tempore exclusus, dubium est,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31, 1:

an dubium vobis fuit inesse vis aliqua videretur necne?

Cic. Caecin. 11, 31 et saep.—Since the Aug. per. freq. dubium, absol. and adv.:

codicilli, dubium ad quem scripti,

Quint. 7, 2, 52:

quo postquam dubium pius an sceleratus, Orestes venerat,

Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 69; Suet. Caes. 58; id. Aug. 28; id. Tib. 10; Flor. 1, 1, 12; 2, 14, 3:

Erechtheus, Justitiā dubium validisne potentior armis,

Ov. M. 6, 678; cf. id. Pont. 3, 1, 17:

neque multo post exstincto Maximo, dubium an quaesita morte,

Tac. A. 1, 5; Flor. 1, 1, 8; 4, 2, 91 al.—(dd) Non dubium est quin uxorem nolit filius, Ter. And. 1, 2, 1; id. Eun. 5, 6, 27; Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 32; id. Att. 13, 45; Quint. 11, 2, 10 et saep.:

haud dubium est, quin,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17; 3, 2, 50; id. Ad. 5, 9, 19;

and interrog.,

Quint. 3, 2, 1; 10, 1, 5. —(ee) With acc. and inf.:

periisso me una haud dubium est,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 46; so Liv. 38, 6; Suet. Caes. 52 fin.; cf.

interrog.: an dubium tibi est, eam esse hanc?

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 9.—Ellipt.:

si exploratum tibi sit posse te, etc., non esse cunctandum: si dubium sit, non esse conandum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 5.—

Dubium habere, to regard as uncertain, to doubt:

an tu dubium habebis, etiam sancte quom jurem tibi?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112:

an dubium habetis, num obficere quid vobis possit? etc.,

Sall. H. Fragm. III. 61, 8 Dietsch; cf.:

haec habere dubia, neque, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 9 fin. —

In dubium:

in dubium vocare,

to call in question, Cic. de Or. 2, 34; cf.: illud me dixisse nemo vocabit in dubium, Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 5. Vid. also under 3. b.:

venire in dubium,

Cic. Quint. 2; id. ib. 21, 67; Liv. 3, 13; cf.:

alii non veniunt in dubium de voluntate,

i. e. there is no doubt what their wish is, Cic. Att. 11, 15, 2. Vid. also under 3. b.—

In dubio, in doubt, in question, undetermined:

dum in dubio est animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; cf. Luc. 7, 247:

in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum esset, etc.,

Lucr. 3, 836; cf. id. 1085; Quint. 7, 9, 9:

aestate potius quam hieme dandum, non est in dubio,

Plin. 25, 5, 24, § 59 et saep.:

ut in dubio poneret, utrum... an, etc.,

Liv. 34, 5. Vid. also 3. b.—

Sine dubio, without doubt, doubtless, indisputably, certainly (very freq.; in Cic. more than twenty times; not in Caes. and Sall.): Th. Numquid dubitas quin? etc. Gn. Sine dubio, opinor, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 14; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2; 47; id. Cat. 2, 1; id. Balb. 24, 55; id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18; id. Off. 1, 29, 102; id. N. D. 1, 9, 23; id. Att. 1, 19, 2 et saep. Vid. the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 134 sq. Sometimes, esp. in Quint., with adversative particles: sed, verum, at, etc., no doubt, doubtless... but, yet, etc.: cum te togatis omnibus sine dubio anteferret... sed, etc.. Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 58; so with sed, id. de Or, 3, 57; Quint. 1, 6, 38; 5, 10, 53; 6, 3, 64;

with sed tamen,

id. 12, 6, 7;

with tamen,

id. 3, 8, 21; 5, 7, 28; 6, 4, 12;

with verum,

id. 8 prooem. § 33;

with at,

id. 8, 3, 67;

with autem,

id. 1, 6, 12 Spald.—

Procul dubio, beyond question, undoubtedly (very rare), Lucr. 3, 638; Liv. 39, 40 fin.; Plin. 18, 21, 50, § 187; and:

dubio procul,

Lucr. 1, 812; 2, 261.—

Meton., like anceps (4), doubtful, dubious, i. e. precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult (freq. but mostly poet.):

res dubias, egenas, inopiosas consili,

critical condition, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 2; so,

res,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 46; id. Most. 5, 1, 1; Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; id. J. 14, 5; Liv. 2, 50 fin.; Tac. A. 2, 62; Verg. A. 6, 196; 11, 445 al.; cf.

pericla (with advorsae res),

Lucr. 3, 55; 1076:

tempora (opp. secunda),

Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:

mons erat ascensu dubius,

Prop. 4, 4, 83; cf.:

quae (loca) dubia nisu videbantur,

Sall. J. 94, 2.—

In the neutr. absol. (i. q. discrimen, II. B. 2, and periculum):

mea quidem hercle certe in dubio vita est,

is in danger, Ter. And. 2, 2, 10 Ruhnk.; Sall. C. 52, 6; cf. Ov. Am. 2, 13, 2:

sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum,

Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 6; cf. Cic. Caecin. 27, 76:

tua fama et gnatae vita in dubium veniet,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 42; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 35; Ov. H. 16, 138 Loers.— Plur. as subst.:

hinc Italae gentes in dubiis responsa petunt,

Verg. A. 7, 86:

mens dubiis percussa pavet,

Luc. 6, 596.

For the syn. varius, manifold, various (only in the foll. passages): o multimodis variūm et dubiūm et prosperūm copem diem, Pac. ap. Non. 84, 23 (Trag. Rel. p. 115, ed. Rib.). And so prob. is to be explained dubia cena, a multifarious, richly provided supper, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 28 (for the subjoined explanation of Terence: ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum, is only outwardly adapted to the meaning of dubius); so,

dubia cena,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 77; and:

fercula dubiae cenae,

Aus. Mos. 102; Hier. Ep. 22, no. 16.—Hence, adv., in two forms.

dŭbĭe (acc. to I. B. 1.), doubtfully, dubiously (not in Plaut., Ter., or Caes.):

potest accidere, ut aliquod signum dubie datum pro certo sit acceptum,

Cic. Div. 1, 55.—Esp. freq. (particularly since the Aug. per.) with negatives: haud (rarely non) dubie, undoubtedly, indisputably, positively, certainly:

etsi non dubie mihi nuntiabatur Parthos transisse Euphratem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 1 (nowhere else as an adv. in Cic.):

non dubie,

Quint. 7, 2, 6; 9, 4, 67; Front. Strat. 2, 3, 16; and with sed (cf. dubius, I. B. 2. b. e), Quint. 11, 2, 1; so,

too, nec dubie,

Liv. 2, 23 fin.; Quint. 2, 14, 2;

and with verum,

id. 3, 4, 1;

with sed,

Tac. A. 4, 19 fin.: haud dubie jam victor, [p. 615] Sall. J. 102, 1 (cf. on the contrary in Cic.: sine ulla dubitatione hostis, Phil. 14, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 3, 38; Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 5); so,

haud dubie,

Liv. 1, 9; 13; 3, 24; 38; 53; 4, 2; 23; 5, 10 fin.; 33 fin.; 49 fin. et saep. (about 70 times; see the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 138); Quint. 10, 1, 85; Tac. A. 2, 43; 88; id. H. 1, 7; 46; 72; 3, 86; 4, 27 fin.; 80; id. G. 28; Suet. Caes. 55; id. Calig. 9; id. Galb. 2; Vulg. Lev. 13, 43.—

dubio = dubie, App. M. 9, 2.

explēmentum, i, n. [expleo], that which fills up.

Lit., of food, a filling, stuffing:

inanimentis explementum quaerito,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 19:

cacumina arborum explementum esse ventris,

Sen. Ep. 110, 12.—

Trop., of speech, a complement, supplement:

quod sequitur... explementum esse,

Sen. Suas. 2, 20.

exsultātĭo ( exult-), ōnis, f. [id.], a springing up, leaping, frisking (post-Aug.).

Lit.:

puerilis nimia exsultatio,

Col. 7, 3, 18; Quint. 2, 2, 12; Plin. 8, 54, 80, § 215. —

Trop., excessive rejoicing, exultation: gaudium enim exsultatio, exsultationem tumor et nimia aestimatio sui sequitur, Sen. de Ira, 2, 21; cf.:

laetitia dicitur exsultatio quaedam animi gaudio efferventior,

Gell. 2, 27, 31; Sen. Tranq. 15 fin.; Tac. H. 1, 72 al.

exsultātĭo ( exult-), ōnis, f. [id.], a springing up, leaping, frisking (post-Aug.).

Lit.:

puerilis nimia exsultatio,

Col. 7, 3, 18; Quint. 2, 2, 12; Plin. 8, 54, 80, § 215. —

Trop., excessive rejoicing, exultation: gaudium enim exsultatio, exsultationem tumor et nimia aestimatio sui sequitur, Sen. de Ira, 2, 21; cf.:

laetitia dicitur exsultatio quaedam animi gaudio efferventior,

Gell. 2, 27, 31; Sen. Tranq. 15 fin.; Tac. H. 1, 72 al.

fămes, is (ante- and post-class. nom. sing.:

famis,

Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 15; Prud. Psych. 479; gen.: fami, Cato and Lucil. ap. Gell. 9, 14, 10; abl., scanned fămē, Lucr. 3, 732; Verg. A. 6, 421; Ov. M. 5, 165; 8, 846; 11, 370 al.) f. [root gha-; Sanscr. gahami, to leave, abandon; Gr. chatis, chêtos, want; chêros, deprived of], hunger (syn.: inedia, jejunium, esuries, esuritio).

Lit.:

interficere aliquem siti fameque atque algu,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 36; id. Rud. 2, 2, 7; cf.:

cum cibo et potione fames sitisque depulsa est,

Cic. Fin. 1, 11, 37:

cibi condimentum esse famem, potionis sitim,

id. ib. 2, 28, 90:

bestiae fame monitae,

id. Clu. 25, 67:

fame atque inopia rerum omnium confecti,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 134;

(avis) fame enecta,

starved to death, id. Div. 2, 35, 73; cf.:

plebem fame necare,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2:

patientia famis,

id. Cat. 1, 10, 26: famem explere, to satiate, id. pro Dom. 23:

tolerare,

Caes. B. G. 1, 28, 3:

extremam famem sustentare,

id. ib. 7, 17, 3:

duram propellere,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 6; cf.:

pellere querna glande,

Tib. 2, 1, 38:

propulsare,

Col. 2, 10, 1; Tac. A. 14, 24:

deponere,

Ov. F. 6, 530:

levare,

to assuage, id. H. 14, 96:

vincere sacris extis,

Val. Fl. 2, 347 et saep.:

in principio fame utendum,

the patient must fast, Cels. 8, 10, 7; cf.:

primis diebus fames, deinde liberalius alimentum,

id. ib. —Prov.:

ambitiosa non est fames,

is not nice, Sen. Ep. 119, 14:

malum panem tibi tenerum et siligineum fames reddet,

id. ib. 123, 2.—

Transf.

Famine, dearth (rare in class. Lat.):

fames, quae tum erat in hac mea Asia: messis enim nulla fuerat,

Cic. Att. 5, 21, 8:

fames esse coepit,

Curt. 10, 8:

in fame frumentum exportare,

Cic. Fl. 7, 17; Vulg. Ruth, 1, 1; id. Matt. 24, 7 et saep.—

In gen., poverty, indigence:

aliquem ad famem reicere,

Ter. Phorm. prol. 19.

Trop.

Like sitis, a violent longing for any thing, greediness, greed, avidity ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

quid non mortalia pectora cogis, Auri sacra fames!

Verg. A. 3, 57; so,

auri fames,

Plin. 33, 4, 21, § 72; cf.:

argenti sitis importuna famesque,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 23; Plin. 33, 1, 3, § 6; cf.:

auri fames durissima est,

id. 33, 4, 21, § 72:

ex longa fame satiaret se auro,

Curt. 5, 1, 4:

crescentem sequitur cura pecuniam Majorumque fames,

Hor. C. 3, 16, 17:

honorum Marii fames,

Flor. 3, 21, 6.—

Of speech, poverty of expression:

jejunitatem et famem malle quam ubertatem et copiam,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 1, 3.—

Personified: Fames, as a goddess, Verg. A. 6, 276; Ov. M. 8, 784; 785 et saep.

fortūna, ae (archaic gen. sing. fortunas, like familias, escas, vias, etc., Naev. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.), f. [lengthened from fors; cf. Nep-tunus, v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 434], chance, hap, luck, fate, fortune (good or ill; syn.: casus, fors; fatum, providentia).

In gen.:

quid est enim aliud fors, quid fortuna, quid casus, quid eventus, nisi cum sic aliquid cecidit, sic evenit, ut vel non cadere atque evenire, vel aliter cadere atque evenire potuerit? quo modo ergo id, quod temere fit caeco casu et volubilitate fortunae, praesentiri et praedici potest?

Cic. Div. 2, 6, 15:

si haec habent aliquam talem necessitatem: quid est tandem quod casu fieri aut forte fortuna putemus? Nihil enim est tam contrarium rationi et constantiae quam fortuna: ut mihi ne in deum quidem cadere videatur, ut sciat, quid casu et fortuito futurum sit. Si enim scit, certe illud eveniet: sin certe eveniet, nulla fortuna est: est autem fortuna: rerum igitur fortuitarum nulla praesensio est, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 7, 18 sq.:

sed haec fortuna viderit, quoniam ratio non gubernat,

id. Att. 14, 11, 1:

vir ad casum fortunamque felix,

id. Font. 15 fin.:

si tot sunt in corpore bona, tot extra corpus in casu atque fortuna... plus fortunam quam consilium valere,

id. Tusc. 5, 9, 25; cf.:

(bona) posita non tam in consiliis nostris quam in fortunae temeritate,

id. Lael. 6, 20:

adversante fortuna,

id. Rep. 2, 16 fin.; id. Mur. 31, 64:

quorum ego causa timidius me fortunae committebam,

id. Att. 9, 6, 4:

fortunae rotam pertimescere,

id. Pis. 10, 22: secundam fortunam pulcherrime: adversam aeque ferre, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 6; cf.:

prospera adversave fortuna,

Cic. N. D. 3, 37, 89:

spoliatam fortunam conferre cum florente fortuna,

id. Pis. 16, 38:

integra fortuna (opp. afflicta),

id. Sull. 31 fin.:

florentissima (opp. durior),

id. Att. 10, 4, 4:

non praecipua, sed par cum ceteris fortunae condicio,

id. Rep. 1, 4:

optima,

id. ib. 3, 17 fin.:

rei publicae fortuna fatalis,

id. Sest. 7, 17:

belli,

Caes. B. C. 2, 6, 1; id. B. G. 1, 36, 3:

se suas civitatisque fortunas ejus fidei permissurum,

Caes. B. G. 5, 3 fin. (cf. II. B. 1. fin. infra.).—Prov.:

fortuna miserrima tuta est,

Ov. P. 2, 2, 31:

fortuna meliores sequitur,

Sall. H. 1, 48, 15 (Dietsch): fortuna cum blanditur, captatum venit, Publ. Syr. 167 (Rib.): fortes fortuna adjuvat; v. fortis, II. A. fin. —

Personified: Fortuna, the goddess of fate, luck, or fortune, Fortune: He. Respice me. Er. Fortuna quod nec facit nec faciet me jubes, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 54:

nequiquam tibi Fortuna faculam lucrifica adlucere volt,

id. Pers. 4, 3, 47:

quo in genere vel maxime est Fortuna numeranda,

Cic. N. D. 3, 24, 61:

heu, Fortuna, quis est crudelior in nos te deus?

Hor. S. 2, 8, 61:

saeviat atque novos moveat Fortuna tumultus,

id. ib. 2, 2, 126:

Fortunae fanum antiquum (Syracusis),

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

Fortunae in gremio sedens,

id. Div. 2, 41, 85 sq.:

bona Fortuna,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 3 fin.:

Malam Fortunam in aedis te adduxi meas,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 17:

mala Fortuna,

Cic. Leg. 2, 11, 28; id. N. D. 3, 25, 63: Fors Fortuna;

v. fors: Fortunae filius,

child of fortune, fortune's favorite, Hor. S. 2, 6, 49; v. filius.

In partic.

Without secunda or adversa, either good luck or ill luck, according to the context.

For fortuna secunda, good luck, good fortune, prosperity:

reliquum est, ut de felicitate pauca dicamus... Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni... non solum propter virtutem, sed etiam propter fortunam saepius imperia mandata,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 16, 47:

judicium hoc omnium mortalium est, fortunam a deo petendam,

id. N. D. 3, 36, 88:

diuturna cum fortuna,

id. Div. 1, 20, 39:

superbum se praebuit in fortuna,

id. Att. 8, 4, 1:

non solum ipsa fortuna caeca est, sed eos etiam plerumque efficit caecos, quos complexa est,

id. Lael. 15, 54:

a fortuna deseri,

Caes. B. G. 5, 34, 2: fortunam habere, to succeed, Liv. 24, 34, 1:

fortunam sibi facere,

id. 39, 40, 4; cf.:

fortunam sequi,

Tac. H. 4, 78:

habendam fortunae gratiam, quod, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 73, 3:

dum fortuna fuit,

Verg. A. 3, 16:

deos precetur et oret, Ut redeat miseris, abeat fortuna superbis,

Hor. A. P. 201:

ut tu fortunam, sic nos te feremus,

id. Ep. 1, 8, 17:

venimus ad summum fortunae,

id. ib. 2, 1, 32:

ut te Confestim liquidus fortunae rivus inauret,

id. ib. 1, 12, 9:

occidit Spes omnis et fortuna nostri Nominis,

id. C. 4, 4, 71.—Prov.: Fortunam citius reperias quam retineas, Publ. Syr. 168 (Rib.).—Hence,

Per fortunas, i. e. for heaven's sake, Cic. Att. 5, 11, 1; 5, 13, 3; 3, 20, 1.—

For fortuna adversa, ill luck, mishap, misfortune, adversity (very rare):

Trojae renascens alite lugubri Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 62:

ut arte Emendaturus fortunam,

id. S. 2, 8, 85.—

= condicio, state, condition, circumstances, fate, lot (class.;

a favorite expression of Cicero): est autem infima condicio et fortuna servorum,

Cic. Off. 1, 13, 41; cf.:

in infimi generis hominum condicione atque fortuna,

id. Mil. 34, 92:

(Lampsaceni) populi Romani condicione socii, fortuna servi,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 32, § 81;

so corresp. to condicio,

Quint. 3, 8, 50:

Aedui queruntur fortunae commutationem,

Caes. B. G. 7, 63:

ut non modo omnium generum, aetatum, ordinum omnes viri ac mulieres, omnis fortunae ac loci, sed, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 22, 52:

homines infimā fortunā,

id. Fin. 5, 19, 52:

inferiorem esse fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

spes amplificandae fortunae,

id. Lael. 16, 59:

cui cessit triplicis fortuna novissima regni,

lot, share, Ov. M. 5, 368:

Arruns Camillam Circuit et quae sit fortuna facillima temptat,

opportunity, Verg. A. 11, 761: Gallus utrum avem, an gentem, an fortunam corporis significet, bodily condition (of a eunuch), Quint. 7, 9, 2.— Plur.:

quod si eo meae fortunae redeunt, abs te ut distrahar,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 23:

omnes laudare fortunas meas, qui gnatum haberem tali ingenio praeditum,

id. And. 1, 1, 71:

ejus laudare fortunas, quod qua vellet ingredi posset,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 39, 115:

et secundas fortunas amittere coactus est, et in adversis sine ullo remedio permanere,

id. Sull. 23, 66; Caes. B. G. 5, 3, 5; 6, 7, 6.—

Transf., concr., fortunae, ārum, less freq. in the sing., property, possessions, goods, fortune.

Plur.:

tum propter rei publicae calamitates omnium possessiones erant incertae: nunc deum immortalium benignitate omnium fortunae sunt certae,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33:

bona fortunaeque,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 44, § 113:

pecunia fortunaeque,

id. Rosc. Am. 3, 7:

fortunas morte dimittere,

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 12:

et honore et auctoritate et fortunis facile civitatis suae princeps,

id. Rep. 2, 19:

fortunis sociorum consumptis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 11 fin.:

fortunarum pericula,

Quint. 4, 2, 122.—

Sing.:

quo mihi fortuna, si non conceditur uti?

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 12:

nec mea concessa est aliis fortuna,

Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 57:

adiri nomen invidiosae fortunae Caesaris,

Vell. 2, 60, 1 Ruhnk.:

de fortuna, qua uterque abundabat,

Quint. 6, 1, 50:

fortunam in nominibus habere,

Dig. 4, 7, 40 fin.

fortūna, ae (archaic gen. sing. fortunas, like familias, escas, vias, etc., Naev. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.), f. [lengthened from fors; cf. Nep-tunus, v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 434], chance, hap, luck, fate, fortune (good or ill; syn.: casus, fors; fatum, providentia).

In gen.:

quid est enim aliud fors, quid fortuna, quid casus, quid eventus, nisi cum sic aliquid cecidit, sic evenit, ut vel non cadere atque evenire, vel aliter cadere atque evenire potuerit? quo modo ergo id, quod temere fit caeco casu et volubilitate fortunae, praesentiri et praedici potest?

Cic. Div. 2, 6, 15:

si haec habent aliquam talem necessitatem: quid est tandem quod casu fieri aut forte fortuna putemus? Nihil enim est tam contrarium rationi et constantiae quam fortuna: ut mihi ne in deum quidem cadere videatur, ut sciat, quid casu et fortuito futurum sit. Si enim scit, certe illud eveniet: sin certe eveniet, nulla fortuna est: est autem fortuna: rerum igitur fortuitarum nulla praesensio est, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 7, 18 sq.:

sed haec fortuna viderit, quoniam ratio non gubernat,

id. Att. 14, 11, 1:

vir ad casum fortunamque felix,

id. Font. 15 fin.:

si tot sunt in corpore bona, tot extra corpus in casu atque fortuna... plus fortunam quam consilium valere,

id. Tusc. 5, 9, 25; cf.:

(bona) posita non tam in consiliis nostris quam in fortunae temeritate,

id. Lael. 6, 20:

adversante fortuna,

id. Rep. 2, 16 fin.; id. Mur. 31, 64:

quorum ego causa timidius me fortunae committebam,

id. Att. 9, 6, 4:

fortunae rotam pertimescere,

id. Pis. 10, 22: secundam fortunam pulcherrime: adversam aeque ferre, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 6; cf.:

prospera adversave fortuna,

Cic. N. D. 3, 37, 89:

spoliatam fortunam conferre cum florente fortuna,

id. Pis. 16, 38:

integra fortuna (opp. afflicta),

id. Sull. 31 fin.:

florentissima (opp. durior),

id. Att. 10, 4, 4:

non praecipua, sed par cum ceteris fortunae condicio,

id. Rep. 1, 4:

optima,

id. ib. 3, 17 fin.:

rei publicae fortuna fatalis,

id. Sest. 7, 17:

belli,

Caes. B. C. 2, 6, 1; id. B. G. 1, 36, 3:

se suas civitatisque fortunas ejus fidei permissurum,

Caes. B. G. 5, 3 fin. (cf. II. B. 1. fin. infra.).—Prov.:

fortuna miserrima tuta est,

Ov. P. 2, 2, 31:

fortuna meliores sequitur,

Sall. H. 1, 48, 15 (Dietsch): fortuna cum blanditur, captatum venit, Publ. Syr. 167 (Rib.): fortes fortuna adjuvat; v. fortis, II. A. fin. —

Personified: Fortuna, the goddess of fate, luck, or fortune, Fortune: He. Respice me. Er. Fortuna quod nec facit nec faciet me jubes, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 54:

nequiquam tibi Fortuna faculam lucrifica adlucere volt,

id. Pers. 4, 3, 47:

quo in genere vel maxime est Fortuna numeranda,

Cic. N. D. 3, 24, 61:

heu, Fortuna, quis est crudelior in nos te deus?

Hor. S. 2, 8, 61:

saeviat atque novos moveat Fortuna tumultus,

id. ib. 2, 2, 126:

Fortunae fanum antiquum (Syracusis),

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

Fortunae in gremio sedens,

id. Div. 2, 41, 85 sq.:

bona Fortuna,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 3 fin.:

Malam Fortunam in aedis te adduxi meas,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 17:

mala Fortuna,

Cic. Leg. 2, 11, 28; id. N. D. 3, 25, 63: Fors Fortuna;

v. fors: Fortunae filius,

child of fortune, fortune's favorite, Hor. S. 2, 6, 49; v. filius.

In partic.

Without secunda or adversa, either good luck or ill luck, according to the context.

For fortuna secunda, good luck, good fortune, prosperity:

reliquum est, ut de felicitate pauca dicamus... Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni... non solum propter virtutem, sed etiam propter fortunam saepius imperia mandata,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 16, 47:

judicium hoc omnium mortalium est, fortunam a deo petendam,

id. N. D. 3, 36, 88:

diuturna cum fortuna,

id. Div. 1, 20, 39:

superbum se praebuit in fortuna,

id. Att. 8, 4, 1:

non solum ipsa fortuna caeca est, sed eos etiam plerumque efficit caecos, quos complexa est,

id. Lael. 15, 54:

a fortuna deseri,

Caes. B. G. 5, 34, 2: fortunam habere, to succeed, Liv. 24, 34, 1:

fortunam sibi facere,

id. 39, 40, 4; cf.:

fortunam sequi,

Tac. H. 4, 78:

habendam fortunae gratiam, quod, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 73, 3:

dum fortuna fuit,

Verg. A. 3, 16:

deos precetur et oret, Ut redeat miseris, abeat fortuna superbis,

Hor. A. P. 201:

ut tu fortunam, sic nos te feremus,

id. Ep. 1, 8, 17:

venimus ad summum fortunae,

id. ib. 2, 1, 32:

ut te Confestim liquidus fortunae rivus inauret,

id. ib. 1, 12, 9:

occidit Spes omnis et fortuna nostri Nominis,

id. C. 4, 4, 71.—Prov.: Fortunam citius reperias quam retineas, Publ. Syr. 168 (Rib.).—Hence,

Per fortunas, i. e. for heaven's sake, Cic. Att. 5, 11, 1; 5, 13, 3; 3, 20, 1.—

For fortuna adversa, ill luck, mishap, misfortune, adversity (very rare):

Trojae renascens alite lugubri Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 62:

ut arte Emendaturus fortunam,

id. S. 2, 8, 85.—

= condicio, state, condition, circumstances, fate, lot (class.;

a favorite expression of Cicero): est autem infima condicio et fortuna servorum,

Cic. Off. 1, 13, 41; cf.:

in infimi generis hominum condicione atque fortuna,

id. Mil. 34, 92:

(Lampsaceni) populi Romani condicione socii, fortuna servi,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 32, § 81;

so corresp. to condicio,

Quint. 3, 8, 50:

Aedui queruntur fortunae commutationem,

Caes. B. G. 7, 63:

ut non modo omnium generum, aetatum, ordinum omnes viri ac mulieres, omnis fortunae ac loci, sed, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 22, 52:

homines infimā fortunā,

id. Fin. 5, 19, 52:

inferiorem esse fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

spes amplificandae fortunae,

id. Lael. 16, 59:

cui cessit triplicis fortuna novissima regni,

lot, share, Ov. M. 5, 368:

Arruns Camillam Circuit et quae sit fortuna facillima temptat,

opportunity, Verg. A. 11, 761: Gallus utrum avem, an gentem, an fortunam corporis significet, bodily condition (of a eunuch), Quint. 7, 9, 2.— Plur.:

quod si eo meae fortunae redeunt, abs te ut distrahar,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 23:

omnes laudare fortunas meas, qui gnatum haberem tali ingenio praeditum,

id. And. 1, 1, 71:

ejus laudare fortunas, quod qua vellet ingredi posset,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 39, 115:

et secundas fortunas amittere coactus est, et in adversis sine ullo remedio permanere,

id. Sull. 23, 66; Caes. B. G. 5, 3, 5; 6, 7, 6.—

Transf., concr., fortunae, ārum, less freq. in the sing., property, possessions, goods, fortune.

Plur.:

tum propter rei publicae calamitates omnium possessiones erant incertae: nunc deum immortalium benignitate omnium fortunae sunt certae,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33:

bona fortunaeque,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 44, § 113:

pecunia fortunaeque,

id. Rosc. Am. 3, 7:

fortunas morte dimittere,

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 12:

et honore et auctoritate et fortunis facile civitatis suae princeps,

id. Rep. 2, 19:

fortunis sociorum consumptis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 11 fin.:

fortunarum pericula,

Quint. 4, 2, 122.—

Sing.:

quo mihi fortuna, si non conceditur uti?

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 12:

nec mea concessa est aliis fortuna,

Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 57:

adiri nomen invidiosae fortunae Caesaris,

Vell. 2, 60, 1 Ruhnk.:

de fortuna, qua uterque abundabat,

Quint. 6, 1, 50:

fortunam in nominibus habere,

Dig. 4, 7, 40 fin.

fortūna, ae (archaic gen. sing. fortunas, like familias, escas, vias, etc., Naev. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P.), f. [lengthened from fors; cf. Nep-tunus, v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 434], chance, hap, luck, fate, fortune (good or ill; syn.: casus, fors; fatum, providentia).

In gen.:

quid est enim aliud fors, quid fortuna, quid casus, quid eventus, nisi cum sic aliquid cecidit, sic evenit, ut vel non cadere atque evenire, vel aliter cadere atque evenire potuerit? quo modo ergo id, quod temere fit caeco casu et volubilitate fortunae, praesentiri et praedici potest?

Cic. Div. 2, 6, 15:

si haec habent aliquam talem necessitatem: quid est tandem quod casu fieri aut forte fortuna putemus? Nihil enim est tam contrarium rationi et constantiae quam fortuna: ut mihi ne in deum quidem cadere videatur, ut sciat, quid casu et fortuito futurum sit. Si enim scit, certe illud eveniet: sin certe eveniet, nulla fortuna est: est autem fortuna: rerum igitur fortuitarum nulla praesensio est, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 7, 18 sq.:

sed haec fortuna viderit, quoniam ratio non gubernat,

id. Att. 14, 11, 1:

vir ad casum fortunamque felix,

id. Font. 15 fin.:

si tot sunt in corpore bona, tot extra corpus in casu atque fortuna... plus fortunam quam consilium valere,

id. Tusc. 5, 9, 25; cf.:

(bona) posita non tam in consiliis nostris quam in fortunae temeritate,

id. Lael. 6, 20:

adversante fortuna,

id. Rep. 2, 16 fin.; id. Mur. 31, 64:

quorum ego causa timidius me fortunae committebam,

id. Att. 9, 6, 4:

fortunae rotam pertimescere,

id. Pis. 10, 22: secundam fortunam pulcherrime: adversam aeque ferre, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 6; cf.:

prospera adversave fortuna,

Cic. N. D. 3, 37, 89:

spoliatam fortunam conferre cum florente fortuna,

id. Pis. 16, 38:

integra fortuna (opp. afflicta),

id. Sull. 31 fin.:

florentissima (opp. durior),

id. Att. 10, 4, 4:

non praecipua, sed par cum ceteris fortunae condicio,

id. Rep. 1, 4:

optima,

id. ib. 3, 17 fin.:

rei publicae fortuna fatalis,

id. Sest. 7, 17:

belli,

Caes. B. C. 2, 6, 1; id. B. G. 1, 36, 3:

se suas civitatisque fortunas ejus fidei permissurum,

Caes. B. G. 5, 3 fin. (cf. II. B. 1. fin. infra.).—Prov.:

fortuna miserrima tuta est,

Ov. P. 2, 2, 31:

fortuna meliores sequitur,

Sall. H. 1, 48, 15 (Dietsch): fortuna cum blanditur, captatum venit, Publ. Syr. 167 (Rib.): fortes fortuna adjuvat; v. fortis, II. A. fin. —

Personified: Fortuna, the goddess of fate, luck, or fortune, Fortune: He. Respice me. Er. Fortuna quod nec facit nec faciet me jubes, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 54:

nequiquam tibi Fortuna faculam lucrifica adlucere volt,

id. Pers. 4, 3, 47:

quo in genere vel maxime est Fortuna numeranda,

Cic. N. D. 3, 24, 61:

heu, Fortuna, quis est crudelior in nos te deus?

Hor. S. 2, 8, 61:

saeviat atque novos moveat Fortuna tumultus,

id. ib. 2, 2, 126:

Fortunae fanum antiquum (Syracusis),

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

Fortunae in gremio sedens,

id. Div. 2, 41, 85 sq.:

bona Fortuna,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 3 fin.:

Malam Fortunam in aedis te adduxi meas,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 17:

mala Fortuna,

Cic. Leg. 2, 11, 28; id. N. D. 3, 25, 63: Fors Fortuna;

v. fors: Fortunae filius,

child of fortune, fortune's favorite, Hor. S. 2, 6, 49; v. filius.

In partic.

Without secunda or adversa, either good luck or ill luck, according to the context.

For fortuna secunda, good luck, good fortune, prosperity:

reliquum est, ut de felicitate pauca dicamus... Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni... non solum propter virtutem, sed etiam propter fortunam saepius imperia mandata,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 16, 47:

judicium hoc omnium mortalium est, fortunam a deo petendam,

id. N. D. 3, 36, 88:

diuturna cum fortuna,

id. Div. 1, 20, 39:

superbum se praebuit in fortuna,

id. Att. 8, 4, 1:

non solum ipsa fortuna caeca est, sed eos etiam plerumque efficit caecos, quos complexa est,

id. Lael. 15, 54:

a fortuna deseri,

Caes. B. G. 5, 34, 2: fortunam habere, to succeed, Liv. 24, 34, 1:

fortunam sibi facere,

id. 39, 40, 4; cf.:

fortunam sequi,

Tac. H. 4, 78:

habendam fortunae gratiam, quod, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 3, 73, 3:

dum fortuna fuit,

Verg. A. 3, 16:

deos precetur et oret, Ut redeat miseris, abeat fortuna superbis,

Hor. A. P. 201:

ut tu fortunam, sic nos te feremus,

id. Ep. 1, 8, 17:

venimus ad summum fortunae,

id. ib. 2, 1, 32:

ut te Confestim liquidus fortunae rivus inauret,

id. ib. 1, 12, 9:

occidit Spes omnis et fortuna nostri Nominis,

id. C. 4, 4, 71.—Prov.: Fortunam citius reperias quam retineas, Publ. Syr. 168 (Rib.).—Hence,

Per fortunas, i. e. for heaven's sake, Cic. Att. 5, 11, 1; 5, 13, 3; 3, 20, 1.—

For fortuna adversa, ill luck, mishap, misfortune, adversity (very rare):

Trojae renascens alite lugubri Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 62:

ut arte Emendaturus fortunam,

id. S. 2, 8, 85.—

= condicio, state, condition, circumstances, fate, lot (class.;

a favorite expression of Cicero): est autem infima condicio et fortuna servorum,

Cic. Off. 1, 13, 41; cf.:

in infimi generis hominum condicione atque fortuna,

id. Mil. 34, 92:

(Lampsaceni) populi Romani condicione socii, fortuna servi,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 32, § 81;

so corresp. to condicio,

Quint. 3, 8, 50:

Aedui queruntur fortunae commutationem,

Caes. B. G. 7, 63:

ut non modo omnium generum, aetatum, ordinum omnes viri ac mulieres, omnis fortunae ac loci, sed, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 22, 52:

homines infimā fortunā,

id. Fin. 5, 19, 52:

inferiorem esse fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

spes amplificandae fortunae,

id. Lael. 16, 59:

cui cessit triplicis fortuna novissima regni,

lot, share, Ov. M. 5, 368:

Arruns Camillam Circuit et quae sit fortuna facillima temptat,

opportunity, Verg. A. 11, 761: Gallus utrum avem, an gentem, an fortunam corporis significet, bodily condition (of a eunuch), Quint. 7, 9, 2.— Plur.:

quod si eo meae fortunae redeunt, abs te ut distrahar,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 23:

omnes laudare fortunas meas, qui gnatum haberem tali ingenio praeditum,

id. And. 1, 1, 71:

ejus laudare fortunas, quod qua vellet ingredi posset,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 39, 115:

et secundas fortunas amittere coactus est, et in adversis sine ullo remedio permanere,

id. Sull. 23, 66; Caes. B. G. 5, 3, 5; 6, 7, 6.—

Transf., concr., fortunae, ārum, less freq. in the sing., property, possessions, goods, fortune.

Plur.:

tum propter rei publicae calamitates omnium possessiones erant incertae: nunc deum immortalium benignitate omnium fortunae sunt certae,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33:

bona fortunaeque,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 44, § 113:

pecunia fortunaeque,

id. Rosc. Am. 3, 7:

fortunas morte dimittere,

id. Tusc. 1, 6, 12:

et honore et auctoritate et fortunis facile civitatis suae princeps,

id. Rep. 2, 19:

fortunis sociorum consumptis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 11 fin.:

fortunarum pericula,

Quint. 4, 2, 122.—

Sing.:

quo mihi fortuna, si non conceditur uti?

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 12:

nec mea concessa est aliis fortuna,

Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 57:

adiri nomen invidiosae fortunae Caesaris,

Vell. 2, 60, 1 Ruhnk.:

de fortuna, qua uterque abundabat,

Quint. 6, 1, 50:

fortunam in nominibus habere,

Dig. 4, 7, 40 fin.

glōrĭa, ae, f. [Sanscr. cru, to hear; crav-as, fame; Gr. kluô, kleos; Lat. cluo, clueo, inclutus, from the root clŭo; lit., rumor, fame; hence also, like kleos, pregn.], glory, fame, renown, praise, honor (syn.: laus, laudatio, gloriatio, elogium, etc.).

Lit.

In gen.:

te inmortali adficere gloria,

Plaut. Am. 5, 2, 10: viri (Q. Fabii) gloria claret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 315 Vahl.): ut summae gloriae sint a virtute proficiscentia, dedecoris vero praecipui existimentur, quae voluptas suadeat non sine labe vitiorum, Cato ap. Schol. Cic. Sest. 66, p. 310 Orell.: hicine est ille Telamon, modo quem gloria ad caelum extulit? Poët. (perh. Enn.) ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 18, 39 (Trag. Rel. Inc. v. 93 Rib.):

virtutem tamquam umbra sequitur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 45, 109:

non tulit ullos haec civitas aut gloria clariores aut auctoritate graviores,

Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154: est enim gloria solida quaedam res et expressa, non adumbrata: ea est consentiens laus bonorum, incorrupta vox bene judicantium de excellente virtute;

ea virtuti resonat tamquam imago,

id. Tusc. 3, 2, 3 sq.:

trahimur omnes studio laddis et optimus quisque maxime gloriā ducitur. Ipsi illi philosophi etiam in illis libellis, quos de contemnenda gloria scribunt, nomen suum inscribunt, etc.,

id. Arch. 11, 26:

immortalis gloria (opp. sempiterna turpitudo),

id. Pis. 26, 63:

bello quaeritur gloria,

id. Off. 1, 12, 38:

maximam gloriam capere,

id. Lael. 7, 25:

esse in gloria sempiterna,

id. Att. 14, 11, 1:

sit in aeterna gloria Marius, qui, etc.,

id. Cat. 4, 10, 21:

esse in maxima gloria,

id. Off. 3, 21, 85:

excellens in re militari gloria,

id. Rep. 2, 17:

quod auctor ei summa augur gloria Attus Navius non erat,

id. ib. 2, 20:

honorum gradus summis hominibus et infimis sunt pares, gloriae dispares, etc.... ut is maxime gloria excellat, qui virtute plurimum praestet,

id. Planc. 24, 60:

unus bis remp. servavi, semel gloriā, iterum aerumna meā,

id. Sest. 22, 49:

an Pollio et Messala... parum ad posteros gloriae tradiderunt?

Quint. 12, 11, 28:

gloriam qui spreverit veram habebit,

Liv. 22, 39, 19: spreta in tempore gloria [p. 818] interdum cumulatior redit, id. 2, 47, 11:

militavi non sine gloria,

Hor. C. 3, 26, 2:

tenui Saleio Gloria quantalibet quid erit, si gloria tantum est,

Juv. 7, 81.— Poet.:

candidus, armenti gloria, taurus,

i. e. ornament, pride, Ov. A. A. 1, 290; Tib. 4, 1, 208.—In plur., reputation, fame, Auct. Her. 3, 6, 10; Sall. J. 41, 7:

veteres Gallorum gloriae,

glorious deeds, Tac. A. 3, 45:

ita sunt gloriae meretricum,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 4, 36; Gell. 2, 27, 5.—

With gen.:

simul rem et belli gloriam armis repperi, Tcr. Heaut. 1, 1, 60: nemo, qui fortitudinis gloriam consecutus est insidiis et malitiā, laudem est adeptus,

Cic. Off. 1, 19, 62; cf.:

pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 2 fin.:

gloria rei militaris,

id. ib. 5, 29, 4:

legum et publicae disciplinae,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 46, 110:

rerum gestarum gloria florere,

id. de Or. 1, 1, 1:

eximia virtutis,

id. Rep. 2, 10:

et gravitatis et ingenii,

id. Ac. 2, 23, 72; id. Off. 1, 32, 116:

imperii,

id. ib. 1, 12, 38:

dicendi,

id. Brut. 68, 239; Quint. 12, 10, 17:

carminum,

Tac. A. 12, 28:

et titulis et fascibus olim major habebatur donandi gloria,

Juv. 5, 111:

velocis gloria plantae,

id. 13, 98.—

Transf., subjectively, thirst or passion for glory, ambition; vainglory, pride, vaunting, boasting (class.).

In gen.:

pueri gloriā ducti,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 20, 46 Tischer:

moriar, ni, quae tua gloria est, puto te malle a Caesare consuli quam inaurari,

id. Fam. 7, 13, 1; cf.:

studio et gloriā,

id. Tusc. 2, 27, 65:

ostentatio et gloria,

id. Rab. Post. 14, 38; and:

jactantiā gloriāque,

Tac. A. 1, 8:

quem tulit ad scenam ventoso gloria curru,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 177; cf. id. S. 1, 6, 23; 2, 3, 179:

caecus Amor sui Et tollens vacuum plus nimio Gloria verticem,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 15:

patriam obruit olim gloria paucorum,

Juv. 10, 142:

vana gloria,

Liv. 22, 39, 18.—In plur.:

perjuriorem hoc hominem si quis viderit Aut gloriarum pleniorem, quam illic est,

vain boastings, Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 22; Gell. 1, 2, 6.—

With gen.:

generandi mellis,

Verg. G. 4, 205:

lautae mensae,

Luc. 4, 376.

grātĭa, ae, f. [gratus; lit., favor, both that in which one stands with others and that which one shows to others].

(Acc. to gratus, I.) Favor which one finds with others, esteem, regard, liking, love, friendship (syn. favor):

pluris pauciorum gratiam faciunt pars hominum quam id quod prosint pluribus,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 1, 12:

perspicio nihili meam vos facere gratiam,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 68:

ut majores ejus (Plancii) summum in praefectura florentissima gradum tenuerint et dignitatis et gratiae,

Cic. Planc. 13, 32; cf.:

Sex. Roscius gratia atque hospitiis florens hominum nobilissimorum,

id. Rosc. Am. 6, 15:

deinde si maxime talis est deus, ut nulla gratia, nulla hominum caritate teneatur, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 124:

neque quo Cn. Pompeii gratiam mihi per hanc causam conciliari putem,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 24, 70; cf.:

aliquem restituere in gratiam,

id. Prov. Cons. 9, 23:

aliquem restituere in ejus veterem gratiam,

id. Att. 1, 3, 3:

in gratiam reducere,

id. Rab. Post. 8, 19; cf.

also: cum aliquo in gratiam redire,

to reconcile one's self with one, id. Att. 1, 14, 7; Nep. Alcib. 5, 1; id. Thras. 3 fin.; id. Dat. 8, 5 al.:

alicujus gratiam sequi,

Caes. B. C. 1, 1, 3; cf.:

si suam gratiam Romani velint, posse eis utiles esse amicos,

id. B. G. 4, 7, 4:

ab aliquo inire gratiam,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 46, § 113:

a bonis omnibus summam inire gratiam,

id. Att. 7, 9, 3:

magnam inire gratiam,

id. Fin. 4, 12, 31:

quantam eo facto ad plebem inierat gratiam,

Liv. 33, 46, 7:

apud regem gratiam initam volebant,

id. 36, 5, 3:

at te apud eum, dii boni, quanta in gratia posui!

Cic. Att. 6, 6, 4; cf. id. ib. 5, 11, 6; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6 fin.;

with a different construction: apud Lentulum ponam te in gratiam (Ern. conj. in gratia),

Cic. Att. 5, 3, 3:

cum aliquo in laude et in gratia esse,

id. Verr. 1, 17, 51; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

inter vos sic haec potius cum bona Ut componantur gratia quam cum mala,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 17 Ruhnk.:

plerique (in divortio) cum bona gratia discedunt,

Dig. 24, 1, 32, § 10;

without bona: cum istuc quod postulo impetro cum gratia,

with a good grace, Ter. And. 2, 5, 11:

omnia quae potui in hac summa tua gratia ac potentia a te impetrare,

credit, influence, Cic. Fam. 13, 29, 5; cf.:

Iccius Remus, summa nobilitate et gratia inter suos,

Caes. B. G. 2, 6, 4; 1, 43, 8:

gratiā plurimum posse,

id. ib. 1, 9, 3; 1, 20, 2; cf.:

quantum gratia, auctoritate, pecunia valent,

id. ib. 7, 63, 1:

gratiā valere,

id. B. C. 2, 44, 1:

inproba quamvis Gratia fallaci praetoris vicerit urna,

Juv. 13, 4:

quem triumphum magis gratiae quam rerum gestarum magnitudini datum constabat,

Liv. 40, 59, 1.—In plur.:

L. Murenae provincia multas bonas gratias cum optima existimatione attulit,

tokens of favor, Cic. Mur. 20, 42:

cum haec res plurimas gratias, firmissimas amicitias pariat,

id. ib. 11, 24:

non hominum potentium studio, non excellentibus gratiis paucorum, sed universi populi Romani judicio consulem factum,

id. Agr. 2, 3, 7.—

Transf., objectively, like the Gr. charis, agreeableness, pleasantness, charm, beauty, loveliness, grace (only poet. and in post-Aug. prose;

esp. freq. in Quint.): gratia formae,

Ov. M. 7, 44; Suet. Tit. 3:

corporis,

id. Vit. 3; id. Vit. Ter. 1; Plin. 28, 19, 79, § 260:

quid ille gratiae in vultu ostenderit,

Quint. 6 prooem. § 7; cf. id. 6, 3, 26:

unica nec desit jocundis gratia verbis,

charm, Prop. 1, 2, 29; cf.: neque abest facundis gratia dictis, Ov. M. 13, 127:

plenus est jucunditatis et gratiae (Horatius),

Quint. 10, 1, 96:

sermonis Attici,

id. ib. 65;

12, 10, 35: dicendi,

id. 9, 3, 74:

brevitatis novitatisque,

id. ib. 58:

omnis bene scriptorum,

id. 11, 2, 46 et saep.; Cels. 4, 29 med.:

uvis et vinis gratiam affert fumus fabrilis,

Plin. 14, 1, 3, § 16; id. 17, 9, 6, § 53. —Hence,

As a nom. propr.: Grātiae, ārum, f., a transl. of the Gr. Charites, the goddesses of favor, loveliness, grace, etc., the three Graces, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome, Sen. Ben. 1, 3, 3; Serv. Verg. A. 1, 720; Hor. C. 1, 4, 6; 1, 30, 6; 3, 19, 16; 3, 21, 22; Quint. 10, 1, 82.—In sing.: Grātia, ae, collect., Ov. M. 6, 429.

Favor which one shows to another, mark of favor, kindness, courtesy, service, obligation.

In gen. (rare): ita mihi Telamonis patris, avi Aeaci et proavi Jovis grata est gratia, Enn. ap. Non. 85, 23 (Trag. v. 367 Vahl.):

ergo ab eo petito gratiam istam,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 63; cf.:

gratiam a patre si petimus, spero ab eo impetrassere,

id. Stich. 1, 2, 23:

petivit in beneficii loco et gratiae, ut, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 82, § 189; cf.:

quod beneficii gratiaeque causa concessit,

id. ib. 2, 3, 48 fin.:

hanc gratiam ut sibi des,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 30:

juris jurandi volo gratiam facias,

excuse, release, Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 59; cf.:

alicui delicti gratiam facere,

to grant pardon, forgive, Sall. J. 104 fin. Kritz.:

qui mihi atque animo meo nullius umquam delicti gratiam fecissem,

id. Cat. 52, 8; cf.

also: quibus senatus belli Lepidani gratiam fecerat,

id. Fragm. 3, 34 Gerl.:

alii ipsi professi se pugnaturos in gratiam ducis,

to please, for the sake of, Liv. 28, 21, 4; cf.:

deletam urbem cernimus eorum, quorum in gratiam Saguntum deleverat Hannibal,

id. 28, 39, 12 Drak.:

in gratiam alicujus,

id. 35, 2, 6; 39, 26, 12; Vell. 2, 41, 2; Suet. Tib. 49 al.; cf.

also: data visceratio in praeteritam judicii gratiam,

for the favor shown him on the trial, Liv. 8, 22, 4:

nil ibi majorum respectus, gratia nulla umbrarum,

Juv. 8, 64.—

In partic., a mark of favor shown for a service rendered, thanks (by word or deed), thankfulness, gratitude; acknowledgment, return, requital (the form with agere of returning thanks is the plur., but with habere, referre, debere, nearly always in sing.; but when thanks are due to or rendered by more than one person, the form gratias referre, etc., may be used; v. infra., and cf. Krebs. Antibarb. p. 505):

quae (gratia) in memoria et remuneratione officiorum et honoris et amicitiarum observantiam teneat,

Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 66; cf.:

gratia est, in qua amicitiarum et officiorum alterius memoria et remunerandi voluntas continetur,

id. ib. 2, 53, 161:

immortales ago tibi gratias agamque dum vivam: nam relaturum me affirmare non possum,

id. Fam. 10, 11, 1; cf.:

renuntiate, gratias regi me agere: referre gratiam aliam nunc non posse, quam ut suadeam, ne, etc.,

Liv. 37, 37, 8 (v. ago):

dīs gratias agere... si referre studeant gratias,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 26 sq.:

L. Lucceius meus, homo omnium gratissimus, mirificas tibi apud me gratias egit, cum diceret, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 42, 1:

eique amplissimis verbis per senatus consultum gratias egimus,

id. Phil. 1, 1, 3:

Lentulo nostro egi per litteras tuo nomine gratias diligenter,

id. Fam. 1, 10:

justissimas gratias agere,

id. Leg. 2, 3, 6:

quamquam gratiarum actionem a te non desiderabam, etc.,

id. Fam. 10, 19, 1:

nunc tecum sic agam, tulisse ut potius injuriam, quam retulisse gratiam videar,

to have made a return, requital, recompense, id. Sull. 16, 47 fin.:

magno meo beneficio affecti cumulatissime mihi gratiam retulerunt,

id. Fam. 13, 4, 1:

praeclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam,

id. Cat. 1, 11, 28:

ut pro tantis eorum in rem publicam meritis honores eis habeantur gratiaeque referantur,

id. Phil. 3, 15, 39; cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 25:

me omnibus, si minus referenda gratia satisfacere potuerim, at praedicanda et habenda certe satis esse facturum,

if I cannot requite... I can extol, id. Balb. 1, 2; cf.: nimirum inops ille, si bonus est vir, etiam si referre gratiam non potest, habere certe potest. Commode autem quicumque dixit, pecuniam qui habeat, non reddidisse; qui reddiderit, non habere: gratiam autem et qui retulerit, habere et qui habeat retulisse, id. Off. 2, 20, 69; id. Planc. 28, 68; cf. id. ib. 42, 101; id. Fam. 5, 11, 1:

gratias habere,

Liv. 24, 37, 7:

alicui summas gratias habere,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 33:

alicui maximas infinitasque agere atque habere gratias, quod, etc.,

Vitr. 6 praef. 4:

merito vestro maximas vobis gratias omnes et agere et habere debemus,

Cic. Phil. 3, 10, 25:

meritam dīs immortalibus gratiam justis honoribus et memori mente persolvere,

id. Planc. 33, 80:

pro beneficio gratiam repetere,

Liv. 1, 47, 7:

gratias ob hoc agere, quod, etc.,

Liv. 54, 50, 4; so with ob, Plin. Ep. 9, 31, 21; Treb. Pol. Trig. Tyr. 10, 9:

pro tuo summo beneficio gratias agere,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, 16; Liv. 23, 11, 12; Plin, Pan. 25, 1; cf. Gell. 9, 3, 5:

dum carmine nostro Redditur agricolis gratia caelitibus,

Tib. 2, 1, 36; cf.:

hoc certe justitiae convenit suum cuique reddere, beneficio gratiam, injuriae talionem aut certe malam gratiam,

Sen. Ep. 81 med.;

rarely: in gratiam habere (=ita accipere, ut ad gratiam comparandam valere putet),

to accept as thankworthy, Sall. J. 111, 1:

unum vis curem: curo. Et est dīs gratia, Cum ita, ut volo, est,

I thank, Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 58; cf.: Er. Eamus intro, ut prandeamus. Me. Bene vocas: tam gratia est, no, I'm much obliged to you (the negative being omitted, as in the Fr. je vous remercie, and the Germ. ich danke sehr), Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 36.—Ellipt.: fores effregit? restituentur;

discidit Vestem? resarcietur: est, dīs gratia, Et unde haec fiant, et adhuc non molesta sunt,

thank Heaven, Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 41.—With acc. and inf. (anteclass. and post-Aug.):

dīs gratias agebat, tempus sibi dari, etc.,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 2, 6; Tac. H. 4, 64; cf. Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 4; id. And. 1, 1, 15.—Hence, as adverbs:

grātĭā (acc. to II. A.), lit., in favor of, on account of, for the sake of; hence, in gen., on account of (usually placed after the gen., in Quint. a few times before it; cf.: causa, ergo).

With gen.:

sed neque longioribus quam oportet hyperbatis compositioni serviamus, ne quae ejus gratia fecerimus, propter eam fecisse videamur,

lest what we have done to embellish the style we should seem to have done merely on account of the construction we had chosen, Quint. 9, 4, 144:

tantum abest, ut haec bestiarum etiam causa parata sint, ut ipsas bestias hominum gratia generatas esse videamus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 63, 158: tu me amoris magis quam honoris servavisti gratia, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 69 (Trag. v. 316 Vahl.); cf.:

honoris gratia nomino,

Cic. Quint. 7, 28:

nuptiarum gratia haec sunt ficta atque incepta omnia,

Ter. And. 5, 1, 17:

simulabat sese negotii gratia properare,

Sall. J. 76, 1: hominem occisum esse constat;

non praedae gratia: quia inspoliatus est,

Quint. 7, 1, 33; cf.:

hereditatis gratia,

id. 5, 12, 5:

quem censores senatu probri gratia moverant,

Sall. C. 23, 1:

profectus gratia dicere,

Quint. 2, 10, 9:

brevitatis gratia,

id. 4, 2, 43:

decoris gratia,

id. 8, 6, 65:

difficultatis gratia,

id. 9, 2, 77:

aut invidiae gratia... aut miserationis,

id. 9, 2, 8:

praesentis gratia litis,

id. 2, 7, 4 al. —With gerund.: duxit me uxorem liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

ut aut voluptates omittantur majorum voluptatum adipiscendarum causa, aut dolores suscipiantur majorum dolorum effugiendorum gratia,

Cic. Fin. 1, 10, 36; cf. Caes. B. G. 7, 43, 2:

tentandi gratia,

Sall. J. 47, 2:

hiemandi gratia,

id. ib. 61, 3:

colloquendi gratia,

id. ib. 61, 4:

placandi gratia,

id. ib. 71, 5:

simulandi gratia,

id. ib. 37, 4:

sui exposcendi gratia,

Nep. Hann. 7, 6:

amplificandi gratia... vel miserandi,

Quint. 9, 3, 28:

elevandae invidiae gratia,

id. 5, 13, 40:

recuperandae dignitatis gratia,

id. 11, 1, 79:

vitandae similitudinis gratia,

id. 9, 1, 11 al. —Ellipt.: ejus generis hae sunt quaestiones. Si, exempli gratia, vir bonus Alexandria Rhodum magnum frumenti numerum advexerit, etc., for example, for instance (for the usual exempli causa; so,

verbi gratia, for verbi causa, infra),

Cic. Off. 3, 12, 50; so,

exempli gratia,

Plin. 2, 41, 41, § 110;

for which in full: pauca tamen exempli gratia ponam,

Quint. 6, 5, 6:

eorum unam discordiam ponemus exempli gratia,

Plin. 18, 25, 57, § 213:

propter aliam quampiam rem, verbi gratia propter voluptatem,

for instance, Cic. Fin. 5, 11, 30.—Placed before the [p. 826] gen.:

gratiā decoris,

Quint. 8 praef. §

18: compositionis,

id. 9, 4, 58:

lenitatis,

id. 9, 4, 144:

significationis,

id. 8, 6, 2.—

With pron. (mostly ante-class.):

meā gratiā,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 64; id. Ps. 5, 2, 3:

qui nihil ocius venit tamen hac gratia,

id. Stich. 5, 1, 5; cf.:

abire istac gratia,

id. Ps. 1, 5, 138: (Medea) per agros passim dispergit corpus: id eā gratiā, Ut, etc., Poët. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 26, 67; so,

eā gratiā,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 8; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 20; id. Hec. 4, 3, 11:

sed huc qua gratia te arcessi jussi, ausculta,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 19; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 79:

id ea gratia eveniebat, quod nemo ex fuga regem sequitur,

Sall. J. 54, 4:

id ea gratia facilius fuit, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 80, 4.—

grā-tĭīs (always as a trisyll. in ante-class. poets; Pompon. Com. Fragm. v. 110 Rib.; Plaut. As. prol. 5; id. Ep. 3, 4, 38; Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 26; cf. Charis. p. 1806; so in Cic. Verr. 2, 4 and 5 Halm), and contr., grātīs (since the class. per.; acc. to II. A.), lit., out of favor or kindness; hence, pregn., without recompense or reward, for nothing, gratuitously, gratis, proika (cf.:

gratuito, nequidquam, frustra): quae (psaltria) quantum potest Aliquo abicienda est, si non pretio, at gratiis,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 26; cf. Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 46:

si mihi dantur duo talenta argenti numerata in manum, Hanc tibi noctem honoris causa gratiis dono dabo,

id. As. 1, 3, 38 sq.:

quam introduxistis fidicinam, atque etiam fides, Ei quae accessere, tibi addam dono gratiis,

into the bargain, to boot, id. Ep. 3, 4, 38:

quae Romae magna cum infamia pretio accepto edixeras, ea sola te, ne gratis in provincia male audires, ex edicto Siciliensi sustulisse video,

Cic. Verr. 1, 46, 118:

hic primum questus est non leviter Saturius, communem factum esse gratis cum Roscio, qui pretio proprius fuisset Fanni,

id. Rosc. Com. 10, 27:

gratis dare alicui (opp. pretium accipere ab aliquo),

Mart. 14, 175, 2:

id me scis antea gratis tibi esse pollicitum. Quid nunc putas, tanta mihi abs te mercede proposita?

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3, § 7:

gratis rei publicae servire,

id. Clu. 26, 71:

tantum gratis pagina nostra placet,

Mart. 5, 16, 10:

virtutes omnes per se ipsas gratis diligere,

Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 83.—Opp. for payment:

is repente, ut Romam venit, gratis praetor factus est. Alia porro pecunia ne accusaretur data,

Cic. Verr. 1, 39, 101; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 19, §

48: habitent gratis in alieno?

id. Off. 2, 23, 83; so,

habitare in aedibus alienis,

Dig. 39, 5, 9:

habitationem cui dare,

free of cost, ib. 19, 2, 53, § 2; Mart. 10, 3, 11.

grātĭa, ae, f. [gratus; lit., favor, both that in which one stands with others and that which one shows to others].

(Acc. to gratus, I.) Favor which one finds with others, esteem, regard, liking, love, friendship (syn. favor):

pluris pauciorum gratiam faciunt pars hominum quam id quod prosint pluribus,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 1, 12:

perspicio nihili meam vos facere gratiam,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 68:

ut majores ejus (Plancii) summum in praefectura florentissima gradum tenuerint et dignitatis et gratiae,

Cic. Planc. 13, 32; cf.:

Sex. Roscius gratia atque hospitiis florens hominum nobilissimorum,

id. Rosc. Am. 6, 15:

deinde si maxime talis est deus, ut nulla gratia, nulla hominum caritate teneatur, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 124:

neque quo Cn. Pompeii gratiam mihi per hanc causam conciliari putem,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 24, 70; cf.:

aliquem restituere in gratiam,

id. Prov. Cons. 9, 23:

aliquem restituere in ejus veterem gratiam,

id. Att. 1, 3, 3:

in gratiam reducere,

id. Rab. Post. 8, 19; cf.

also: cum aliquo in gratiam redire,

to reconcile one's self with one, id. Att. 1, 14, 7; Nep. Alcib. 5, 1; id. Thras. 3 fin.; id. Dat. 8, 5 al.:

alicujus gratiam sequi,

Caes. B. C. 1, 1, 3; cf.:

si suam gratiam Romani velint, posse eis utiles esse amicos,

id. B. G. 4, 7, 4:

ab aliquo inire gratiam,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 46, § 113:

a bonis omnibus summam inire gratiam,

id. Att. 7, 9, 3:

magnam inire gratiam,

id. Fin. 4, 12, 31:

quantam eo facto ad plebem inierat gratiam,

Liv. 33, 46, 7:

apud regem gratiam initam volebant,

id. 36, 5, 3:

at te apud eum, dii boni, quanta in gratia posui!

Cic. Att. 6, 6, 4; cf. id. ib. 5, 11, 6; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6 fin.;

with a different construction: apud Lentulum ponam te in gratiam (Ern. conj. in gratia),

Cic. Att. 5, 3, 3:

cum aliquo in laude et in gratia esse,

id. Verr. 1, 17, 51; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

inter vos sic haec potius cum bona Ut componantur gratia quam cum mala,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 17 Ruhnk.:

plerique (in divortio) cum bona gratia discedunt,

Dig. 24, 1, 32, § 10;

without bona: cum istuc quod postulo impetro cum gratia,

with a good grace, Ter. And. 2, 5, 11:

omnia quae potui in hac summa tua gratia ac potentia a te impetrare,

credit, influence, Cic. Fam. 13, 29, 5; cf.:

Iccius Remus, summa nobilitate et gratia inter suos,

Caes. B. G. 2, 6, 4; 1, 43, 8:

gratiā plurimum posse,

id. ib. 1, 9, 3; 1, 20, 2; cf.:

quantum gratia, auctoritate, pecunia valent,

id. ib. 7, 63, 1:

gratiā valere,

id. B. C. 2, 44, 1:

inproba quamvis Gratia fallaci praetoris vicerit urna,

Juv. 13, 4:

quem triumphum magis gratiae quam rerum gestarum magnitudini datum constabat,

Liv. 40, 59, 1.—In plur.:

L. Murenae provincia multas bonas gratias cum optima existimatione attulit,

tokens of favor, Cic. Mur. 20, 42:

cum haec res plurimas gratias, firmissimas amicitias pariat,

id. ib. 11, 24:

non hominum potentium studio, non excellentibus gratiis paucorum, sed universi populi Romani judicio consulem factum,

id. Agr. 2, 3, 7.—

Transf., objectively, like the Gr. charis, agreeableness, pleasantness, charm, beauty, loveliness, grace (only poet. and in post-Aug. prose;

esp. freq. in Quint.): gratia formae,

Ov. M. 7, 44; Suet. Tit. 3:

corporis,

id. Vit. 3; id. Vit. Ter. 1; Plin. 28, 19, 79, § 260:

quid ille gratiae in vultu ostenderit,

Quint. 6 prooem. § 7; cf. id. 6, 3, 26:

unica nec desit jocundis gratia verbis,

charm, Prop. 1, 2, 29; cf.: neque abest facundis gratia dictis, Ov. M. 13, 127:

plenus est jucunditatis et gratiae (Horatius),

Quint. 10, 1, 96:

sermonis Attici,

id. ib. 65;

12, 10, 35: dicendi,

id. 9, 3, 74:

brevitatis novitatisque,

id. ib. 58:

omnis bene scriptorum,

id. 11, 2, 46 et saep.; Cels. 4, 29 med.:

uvis et vinis gratiam affert fumus fabrilis,

Plin. 14, 1, 3, § 16; id. 17, 9, 6, § 53. —Hence,

As a nom. propr.: Grātiae, ārum, f., a transl. of the Gr. Charites, the goddesses of favor, loveliness, grace, etc., the three Graces, Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia, daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome, Sen. Ben. 1, 3, 3; Serv. Verg. A. 1, 720; Hor. C. 1, 4, 6; 1, 30, 6; 3, 19, 16; 3, 21, 22; Quint. 10, 1, 82.—In sing.: Grātia, ae, collect., Ov. M. 6, 429.

Favor which one shows to another, mark of favor, kindness, courtesy, service, obligation.

In gen. (rare): ita mihi Telamonis patris, avi Aeaci et proavi Jovis grata est gratia, Enn. ap. Non. 85, 23 (Trag. v. 367 Vahl.):

ergo ab eo petito gratiam istam,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 63; cf.:

gratiam a patre si petimus, spero ab eo impetrassere,

id. Stich. 1, 2, 23:

petivit in beneficii loco et gratiae, ut, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 82, § 189; cf.:

quod beneficii gratiaeque causa concessit,

id. ib. 2, 3, 48 fin.:

hanc gratiam ut sibi des,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 30:

juris jurandi volo gratiam facias,

excuse, release, Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 59; cf.:

alicui delicti gratiam facere,

to grant pardon, forgive, Sall. J. 104 fin. Kritz.:

qui mihi atque animo meo nullius umquam delicti gratiam fecissem,

id. Cat. 52, 8; cf.

also: quibus senatus belli Lepidani gratiam fecerat,

id. Fragm. 3, 34 Gerl.:

alii ipsi professi se pugnaturos in gratiam ducis,

to please, for the sake of, Liv. 28, 21, 4; cf.:

deletam urbem cernimus eorum, quorum in gratiam Saguntum deleverat Hannibal,

id. 28, 39, 12 Drak.:

in gratiam alicujus,

id. 35, 2, 6; 39, 26, 12; Vell. 2, 41, 2; Suet. Tib. 49 al.; cf.

also: data visceratio in praeteritam judicii gratiam,

for the favor shown him on the trial, Liv. 8, 22, 4:

nil ibi majorum respectus, gratia nulla umbrarum,

Juv. 8, 64.—

In partic., a mark of favor shown for a service rendered, thanks (by word or deed), thankfulness, gratitude; acknowledgment, return, requital (the form with agere of returning thanks is the plur., but with habere, referre, debere, nearly always in sing.; but when thanks are due to or rendered by more than one person, the form gratias referre, etc., may be used; v. infra., and cf. Krebs. Antibarb. p. 505):

quae (gratia) in memoria et remuneratione officiorum et honoris et amicitiarum observantiam teneat,

Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 66; cf.:

gratia est, in qua amicitiarum et officiorum alterius memoria et remunerandi voluntas continetur,

id. ib. 2, 53, 161:

immortales ago tibi gratias agamque dum vivam: nam relaturum me affirmare non possum,

id. Fam. 10, 11, 1; cf.:

renuntiate, gratias regi me agere: referre gratiam aliam nunc non posse, quam ut suadeam, ne, etc.,

Liv. 37, 37, 8 (v. ago):

dīs gratias agere... si referre studeant gratias,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 26 sq.:

L. Lucceius meus, homo omnium gratissimus, mirificas tibi apud me gratias egit, cum diceret, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 42, 1:

eique amplissimis verbis per senatus consultum gratias egimus,

id. Phil. 1, 1, 3:

Lentulo nostro egi per litteras tuo nomine gratias diligenter,

id. Fam. 1, 10:

justissimas gratias agere,

id. Leg. 2, 3, 6:

quamquam gratiarum actionem a te non desiderabam, etc.,

id. Fam. 10, 19, 1:

nunc tecum sic agam, tulisse ut potius injuriam, quam retulisse gratiam videar,

to have made a return, requital, recompense, id. Sull. 16, 47 fin.:

magno meo beneficio affecti cumulatissime mihi gratiam retulerunt,

id. Fam. 13, 4, 1:

praeclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam,

id. Cat. 1, 11, 28:

ut pro tantis eorum in rem publicam meritis honores eis habeantur gratiaeque referantur,

id. Phil. 3, 15, 39; cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 25:

me omnibus, si minus referenda gratia satisfacere potuerim, at praedicanda et habenda certe satis esse facturum,

if I cannot requite... I can extol, id. Balb. 1, 2; cf.: nimirum inops ille, si bonus est vir, etiam si referre gratiam non potest, habere certe potest. Commode autem quicumque dixit, pecuniam qui habeat, non reddidisse; qui reddiderit, non habere: gratiam autem et qui retulerit, habere et qui habeat retulisse, id. Off. 2, 20, 69; id. Planc. 28, 68; cf. id. ib. 42, 101; id. Fam. 5, 11, 1:

gratias habere,

Liv. 24, 37, 7:

alicui summas gratias habere,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 33:

alicui maximas infinitasque agere atque habere gratias, quod, etc.,

Vitr. 6 praef. 4:

merito vestro maximas vobis gratias omnes et agere et habere debemus,

Cic. Phil. 3, 10, 25:

meritam dīs immortalibus gratiam justis honoribus et memori mente persolvere,

id. Planc. 33, 80:

pro beneficio gratiam repetere,

Liv. 1, 47, 7:

gratias ob hoc agere, quod, etc.,

Liv. 54, 50, 4; so with ob, Plin. Ep. 9, 31, 21; Treb. Pol. Trig. Tyr. 10, 9:

pro tuo summo beneficio gratias agere,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, 16; Liv. 23, 11, 12; Plin, Pan. 25, 1; cf. Gell. 9, 3, 5:

dum carmine nostro Redditur agricolis gratia caelitibus,

Tib. 2, 1, 36; cf.:

hoc certe justitiae convenit suum cuique reddere, beneficio gratiam, injuriae talionem aut certe malam gratiam,

Sen. Ep. 81 med.;

rarely: in gratiam habere (=ita accipere, ut ad gratiam comparandam valere putet),

to accept as thankworthy, Sall. J. 111, 1:

unum vis curem: curo. Et est dīs gratia, Cum ita, ut volo, est,

I thank, Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 58; cf.: Er. Eamus intro, ut prandeamus. Me. Bene vocas: tam gratia est, no, I'm much obliged to you (the negative being omitted, as in the Fr. je vous remercie, and the Germ. ich danke sehr), Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 36.—Ellipt.: fores effregit? restituentur;

discidit Vestem? resarcietur: est, dīs gratia, Et unde haec fiant, et adhuc non molesta sunt,

thank Heaven, Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 41.—With acc. and inf. (anteclass. and post-Aug.):

dīs gratias agebat, tempus sibi dari, etc.,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 2, 6; Tac. H. 4, 64; cf. Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 4; id. And. 1, 1, 15.—Hence, as adverbs:

grātĭā (acc. to II. A.), lit., in favor of, on account of, for the sake of; hence, in gen., on account of (usually placed after the gen., in Quint. a few times before it; cf.: causa, ergo).

With gen.:

sed neque longioribus quam oportet hyperbatis compositioni serviamus, ne quae ejus gratia fecerimus, propter eam fecisse videamur,

lest what we have done to embellish the style we should seem to have done merely on account of the construction we had chosen, Quint. 9, 4, 144:

tantum abest, ut haec bestiarum etiam causa parata sint, ut ipsas bestias hominum gratia generatas esse videamus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 63, 158: tu me amoris magis quam honoris servavisti gratia, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 69 (Trag. v. 316 Vahl.); cf.:

honoris gratia nomino,

Cic. Quint. 7, 28:

nuptiarum gratia haec sunt ficta atque incepta omnia,

Ter. And. 5, 1, 17:

simulabat sese negotii gratia properare,

Sall. J. 76, 1: hominem occisum esse constat;

non praedae gratia: quia inspoliatus est,

Quint. 7, 1, 33; cf.:

hereditatis gratia,

id. 5, 12, 5:

quem censores senatu probri gratia moverant,

Sall. C. 23, 1:

profectus gratia dicere,

Quint. 2, 10, 9:

brevitatis gratia,

id. 4, 2, 43:

decoris gratia,

id. 8, 6, 65:

difficultatis gratia,

id. 9, 2, 77:

aut invidiae gratia... aut miserationis,

id. 9, 2, 8:

praesentis gratia litis,

id. 2, 7, 4 al. —With gerund.: duxit me uxorem liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

ut aut voluptates omittantur majorum voluptatum adipiscendarum causa, aut dolores suscipiantur majorum dolorum effugiendorum gratia,

Cic. Fin. 1, 10, 36; cf. Caes. B. G. 7, 43, 2:

tentandi gratia,

Sall. J. 47, 2:

hiemandi gratia,

id. ib. 61, 3:

colloquendi gratia,

id. ib. 61, 4:

placandi gratia,

id. ib. 71, 5:

simulandi gratia,

id. ib. 37, 4:

sui exposcendi gratia,

Nep. Hann. 7, 6:

amplificandi gratia... vel miserandi,

Quint. 9, 3, 28:

elevandae invidiae gratia,

id. 5, 13, 40:

recuperandae dignitatis gratia,

id. 11, 1, 79:

vitandae similitudinis gratia,

id. 9, 1, 11 al. —Ellipt.: ejus generis hae sunt quaestiones. Si, exempli gratia, vir bonus Alexandria Rhodum magnum frumenti numerum advexerit, etc., for example, for instance (for the usual exempli causa; so,

verbi gratia, for verbi causa, infra),

Cic. Off. 3, 12, 50; so,

exempli gratia,

Plin. 2, 41, 41, § 110;

for which in full: pauca tamen exempli gratia ponam,

Quint. 6, 5, 6:

eorum unam discordiam ponemus exempli gratia,

Plin. 18, 25, 57, § 213:

propter aliam quampiam rem, verbi gratia propter voluptatem,

for instance, Cic. Fin. 5, 11, 30.—Placed before the [p. 826] gen.:

gratiā decoris,

Quint. 8 praef. §

18: compositionis,

id. 9, 4, 58:

lenitatis,

id. 9, 4, 144:

significationis,

id. 8, 6, 2.—

With pron. (mostly ante-class.):

meā gratiā,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 64; id. Ps. 5, 2, 3:

qui nihil ocius venit tamen hac gratia,

id. Stich. 5, 1, 5; cf.:

abire istac gratia,

id. Ps. 1, 5, 138: (Medea) per agros passim dispergit corpus: id eā gratiā, Ut, etc., Poët. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 26, 67; so,

eā gratiā,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 8; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 20; id. Hec. 4, 3, 11:

sed huc qua gratia te arcessi jussi, ausculta,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 19; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 79:

id ea gratia eveniebat, quod nemo ex fuga regem sequitur,

Sall. J. 54, 4:

id ea gratia facilius fuit, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 80, 4.—

grā-tĭīs (always as a trisyll. in ante-class. poets; Pompon. Com. Fragm. v. 110 Rib.; Plaut. As. prol. 5; id. Ep. 3, 4, 38; Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 26; cf. Charis. p. 1806; so in Cic. Verr. 2, 4 and 5 Halm), and contr., grātīs (since the class. per.; acc. to II. A.), lit., out of favor or kindness; hence, pregn., without recompense or reward, for nothing, gratuitously, gratis, proika (cf.:

gratuito, nequidquam, frustra): quae (psaltria) quantum potest Aliquo abicienda est, si non pretio, at gratiis,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 26; cf. Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 46:

si mihi dantur duo talenta argenti numerata in manum, Hanc tibi noctem honoris causa gratiis dono dabo,

id. As. 1, 3, 38 sq.:

quam introduxistis fidicinam, atque etiam fides, Ei quae accessere, tibi addam dono gratiis,

into the bargain, to boot, id. Ep. 3, 4, 38:

quae Romae magna cum infamia pretio accepto edixeras, ea sola te, ne gratis in provincia male audires, ex edicto Siciliensi sustulisse video,

Cic. Verr. 1, 46, 118:

hic primum questus est non leviter Saturius, communem factum esse gratis cum Roscio, qui pretio proprius fuisset Fanni,

id. Rosc. Com. 10, 27:

gratis dare alicui (opp. pretium accipere ab aliquo),

Mart. 14, 175, 2:

id me scis antea gratis tibi esse pollicitum. Quid nunc putas, tanta mihi abs te mercede proposita?

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3, § 7:

gratis rei publicae servire,

id. Clu. 26, 71:

tantum gratis pagina nostra placet,

Mart. 5, 16, 10:

virtutes omnes per se ipsas gratis diligere,

Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 83.—Opp. for payment:

is repente, ut Romam venit, gratis praetor factus est. Alia porro pecunia ne accusaretur data,

Cic. Verr. 1, 39, 101; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 19, §

48: habitent gratis in alieno?

id. Off. 2, 23, 83; so,

habitare in aedibus alienis,

Dig. 39, 5, 9:

habitationem cui dare,

free of cost, ib. 19, 2, 53, § 2; Mart. 10, 3, 11.

H, h, the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet and the weakest guttural. The sign is borrowed from the Greek, in which H was the old form of the spiritus asper, corresp. to the Latin H-sound (HEKATON, hekaton, ÊOS, hos, etc.). Even some of the ancients doubted whether the Latin H was properly a letter:

si H littera est, non nota,

Quint. 1, 5, 19; cf.:

H litteram, sive illam spiritum magis quam litteram dici oportet, etc.,

Gell. 2, 3, 1. Before the fall of the republic, the sound of H before vowels became so weak that it was frequently omitted in writing; and this weakness became more marked in many words in the time of the empire; cf.: aheneus and aeneus; cohors and coörs; prehendo and prendo; vehemens and vemens, etc. (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 96 sqq.).As an initial and medial, H may be combined with any vowel, but the orthography, in this respect, was inconstant: thus we have herus and erus; honus, honera, and onus, onera; harundo and arundo; and even hac for ac (Inscr. Orell. 23); aruspex and haruspex; ercisco, erctum, and hercisco, herctum; aheneus and aëneus; Annibal and Hannibal; Adria and Hadria, etc.; v. Gell. l. l.—As a sign for the aspiration of the consonants c, p, r, and t (as in Greek the aspirates ch, ph, th were originally designated by KH, HH, TH), H first came into use in the seventh century of Rome; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 160; and v. the letter C.— Medial h is often dropped.—As a final, h occurs only in the interjections ah and vah.In the formation of words, h was changed into c before t, as tractum from traho; vectum from veho; and coalesced with s into x, as traxi, vexi; cf. also onyx from onych-s; v. the letter X.As an abbreviation, H. denotes hic, haec, hoc, hujus, etc.; habet, heres, honor, etc. HH. heredes. H. AQ. hic acquiescit. H. B. M. heredes bene merenti. H. C. Hispania citerior or hic condiderunt. H. E. T. heres ex testamento. H. F. C. heres faciundum curavit. H. L. hunc locum. H. L. ET. M. H. N. S. hic locus et monumentum heredem non sequitur. H. M. S. D. M. hoc monumentum sine dolo malo. H. S. E. hic situs est. H. S. F. hoc sibi fecit, etc.; v. Inscr. Orell. II. p. 461 sq.

for sestertium does not strictly belong here, because H is not the letter of that shape, but the numeral II. crossed; v. sestertius init.

H, h, the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet and the weakest guttural. The sign is borrowed from the Greek, in which H was the old form of the spiritus asper, corresp. to the Latin H-sound (HEKATON, hekaton, ÊOS, hos, etc.). Even some of the ancients doubted whether the Latin H was properly a letter:

si H littera est, non nota,

Quint. 1, 5, 19; cf.:

H litteram, sive illam spiritum magis quam litteram dici oportet, etc.,

Gell. 2, 3, 1. Before the fall of the republic, the sound of H before vowels became so weak that it was frequently omitted in writing; and this weakness became more marked in many words in the time of the empire; cf.: aheneus and aeneus; cohors and coörs; prehendo and prendo; vehemens and vemens, etc. (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 96 sqq.).As an initial and medial, H may be combined with any vowel, but the orthography, in this respect, was inconstant: thus we have herus and erus; honus, honera, and onus, onera; harundo and arundo; and even hac for ac (Inscr. Orell. 23); aruspex and haruspex; ercisco, erctum, and hercisco, herctum; aheneus and aëneus; Annibal and Hannibal; Adria and Hadria, etc.; v. Gell. l. l.—As a sign for the aspiration of the consonants c, p, r, and t (as in Greek the aspirates ch, ph, th were originally designated by KH, HH, TH), H first came into use in the seventh century of Rome; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 160; and v. the letter C.— Medial h is often dropped.—As a final, h occurs only in the interjections ah and vah.In the formation of words, h was changed into c before t, as tractum from traho; vectum from veho; and coalesced with s into x, as traxi, vexi; cf. also onyx from onych-s; v. the letter X.As an abbreviation, H. denotes hic, haec, hoc, hujus, etc.; habet, heres, honor, etc. HH. heredes. H. AQ. hic acquiescit. H. B. M. heredes bene merenti. H. C. Hispania citerior or hic condiderunt. H. E. T. heres ex testamento. H. F. C. heres faciundum curavit. H. L. hunc locum. H. L. ET. M. H. N. S. hic locus et monumentum heredem non sequitur. H. M. S. D. M. hoc monumentum sine dolo malo. H. S. E. hic situs est. H. S. F. hoc sibi fecit, etc.; v. Inscr. Orell. II. p. 461 sq.

for sestertium does not strictly belong here, because H is not the letter of that shape, but the numeral II. crossed; v. sestertius init.

haerĕsis (scanned hĕrĕsis in Prud. Psych. 725; Ham. 64), is and ĕos, f., = hairesis.

A (philosophical or religious) sect, a school of thought (=secta): Cato in ea est haeresi, quae nullum sequitur florem orationis, Cic. Par. prooem. § 2;

as Greek,

id. Fam. 15, 16, 3:

Pythagorae haeresim sequi,

Vitr. 5 praef. —

Heretical religious doctrine, heresy, Tert. adv. Haer. 1 sq. et saep.:

Ariana,

the Arian heresy, Sid. Ep. 7, 6:

plurimae sectae et haereses,

Lact. 4, 30, 2.— Hĕrĕsis, personif., Prud. Psych. 710.—

Comically: joca tua plena facetiarum de haeresi Vestoriana... risisse me satis,

i. e. craft, trade, Cic. Att. 14, 14, 1.—

A calling, profession: navalis, Cod. Th. 13, 6, 9 sq.