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make+threats

  • 41 empty

    1. adjective
    1) leer; frei [Sitz, Parkplatz]

    empty of something — ohne etwas

    2) (coll.): (hungry)

    I feel a bit empty — ich bin ein bisschen hungrig

    3) (fig.) (foolish) dumm; hohl [Kopf]; (meaningless) leer
    2. noun
    (bottle) leere Flasche; (container) leerer Behälter
    3. transitive verb
    1) (remove contents of) leeren; (finish using contents of) aufbrauchen; (eat/drink whole contents of) leer essen [Teller]/leeren [Glas]
    2) (transfer) umfüllen ( into in + Akk.); (pour) schütten ( over über + Akk.)
    4. intransitive verb
    1) (become empty) sich leeren

    empty into — [Fluss, Abwasserkanal:] münden in (+ Akk.)

    * * *
    ['empti] 1. adjective
    1) (having nothing inside: an empty box; an empty cup.) leer
    2) (unoccupied: an empty house.) leer
    3) ((with of) completely without: a street quite empty of people.) leer
    4) (having no practical result; (likely to be) unfulfilled: empty threats.) leer
    2. verb
    1) (to make or become empty: He emptied the jug; The cinema emptied quickly at 10.30; He emptied out his pockets.) leeren
    2) (to tip, pour, or fall out of a container: She emptied the milk into a pan; The rubbish emptied on to the ground.) (sich) entleeren
    3. noun
    (an empty bottle etc: Take the empties back to the shop.) das Leergut
    - academic.ru/24080/emptiness">emptiness
    - empty-handed
    - empty-headed
    * * *
    emp·ty
    [ˈem(p)ti]
    I. adj
    1. (with nothing inside) leer; (with no people) ship, train leer; house, flat leer stehend attr; castle unbewohnt; (without cargo) unbeladen; (unfurnished) unmöbliert; (not taken) chair frei
    the larder was \empty of food in der Speisekammer waren keine Lebensmittel mehr
    you shouldn't drink alcohol on an \empty stomach du solltest auf nüchternen Magen keinen Alkohol trinken
    \empty of people menschenleer
    to stare into \empty space ins Leere starren
    2. FOOD nährstoffarm
    \empty calories wertlose Kalorien
    3. ( fig: without purpose, meaning) leer, nichtssagend
    her life felt \empty ihr Leben fühlte sich leer an
    to lead an \empty existence ein armseliges Leben führen
    \empty gestures/promises/threats/words leere Gesten/Versprechungen/Drohungen/Worte
    \empty talk hohles Gerede
    II. vt
    <- ie->
    ▪ to \empty sth etw [ent]leeren
    he emptied the bath er ließ das Wasser aus der Badewanne
    he emptied the contents of the tin into the saucepan er schüttete den Inhalt der Dose in den Kochtopf
    to \empty one's bladder/bowels seine Blase/seinen Darm entleeren
    to \empty a bottle eine Flasche ausleeren
    to \empty a house ein Haus räumen; ( hum) burglar ein Haus leer räumen
    to \empty sth into the sink etw in den Ausguss [o SCHWEIZ Schüttstein] [o SCHWEIZ Spültrog] schütten
    III. vi
    <- ie->
    sich akk leeren; water auslaufen; river münden
    IV. n
    ▪ empties pl Leergut nt
    * * *
    ['emptI]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) leer; (= unoccupied) house leer stehend attr; seat, chair, space, place frei

    there were no empty seats on the bus —

    on an empty stomach — mit leerem Magen; take drug, drink alcohol auf leeren Magen

    empty vessels make the most sound (Prov) — die am wenigsten zu sagen haben, reden am meisten

    See:
    → also empty-headed, empty-handed
    2)

    (= devoid) the parks are empty of children —

    3) (fig: meaningless, dreary) words, phrase, marriage, gesture, promise, threat, feeling leer; dream, hope verloren; life, days, weeks leer, unausgefüllt; (= expressionless) face, expression, eyes leer, ausdruckslos

    to feel empty — ein leeres Gefühl or ein Gefühl nt

    that empty feeling — dieses leere Gefühl, dieses Gefühl der Leere

    2. n usu pl
    3. vt
    1) leeren; container (ent)leeren; box, room ausräumen; house räumen; glass, bottle leeren; (by drinking) austrinken; pond, tank ablassen, leeren; lorry abladen

    her singing emptied the hall in ten minutes flat —

    2) (= pour) liquid, contents ausgießen, leeren

    he emptied it into another container — er goss es in ein anderes Gefäß um

    4. vi
    (water) auslaufen, abfließen; (rivers) münden, sich ergießen (liter) (into in +acc); (theatre, streets) sich leeren
    * * *
    empty [ˈemptı]
    A adj (adv emptily)
    1. leer:
    a) sich (innerlich) leer fühlen,
    b) umg Kohldampf schieben;
    empty nesters Eltern, deren Kinder (erwachsen und) aus dem Haus sind;
    empty-nest syndrome PSYCH Syndrom, das dann auftritt, wenn die Kinder (erwachsen und) aus dem Haus sind; → stomach A 1, vessel 1
    2. leer (stehend), unbewohnt:
    stand empty leer stehen
    3. leer, unbeladen:
    empty weight Eigen-, Leergewicht n
    4. empty of ohne (akk):
    empty of joy freudlos;
    empty of meaning nichtssagend;
    5. fig leer, nichtssagend, inhaltslos:
    empty promises leere Versprechungen;
    empty talk leeres oder hohles Gerede
    B v/t
    1. (aus)leeren, entleeren, leer machen, ein Fach etc ausräumen, einen Lastwagen etc abladen, eine Pfeife ausklopfen:
    empty one’s bladder die Blase entleeren
    2. ein Glas etc leeren, leer trinken, austrinken, einen Teller etc leeren, leer essen
    3. ein Haus etc räumen
    4. schütten, leeren, gießen ( alle:
    into in akk)
    5. empty itself → C 2
    6. berauben (of gen):
    empty sth of its importance einer Sache ihre Bedeutung nehmen
    C v/i
    1. leer werden, sich leeren
    2. sich ergießen, münden ( beide:
    into the sea ins Meer)
    D s leerer Behälter, besonders leere Flasche, pl auch Leergut n
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) leer; frei [Sitz, Parkplatz]
    2) (coll.): (hungry)
    3) (fig.) (foolish) dumm; hohl [Kopf]; (meaningless) leer
    2. noun
    (bottle) leere Flasche; (container) leerer Behälter
    3. transitive verb
    1) (remove contents of) leeren; (finish using contents of) aufbrauchen; (eat/drink whole contents of) leer essen [Teller]/leeren [Glas]
    2) (transfer) umfüllen ( into in + Akk.); (pour) schütten ( over über + Akk.)
    4. intransitive verb
    1) (become empty) sich leeren

    empty into — [Fluss, Abwasserkanal:] münden in (+ Akk.)

    * * *
    adj.
    inhaltslos adj.
    leer adj. v.
    ausleeren v.
    leeren v.

    English-german dictionary > empty

  • 42 frighten

    transitive verb
    [Explosion, Schuss:] erschrecken; [Gedanke, Drohung:] angst machen (+ Dat.)

    be frightened at or by something — vor etwas (Dat.) erschrecken

    be frightened to death — (fig.) zu Tode erschrocken sein

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/101560/frighten_away">frighten away
    * * *
    verb (to make (someone) afraid: She was frightened by a large dog.) erschrecken
    * * *
    fright·en
    [ˈfraɪtən]
    I. vt
    ▪ to \frighten sb jdn erschrecken, jdm Angst machen
    to \frighten sb to death jdn zu Tode erschrecken
    to \frighten the life [or the [living] daylights] out of sb jdn furchtbar erschrecken
    to \frighten sb into silence/submission jdn zum Schweigen/Aufgeben bringen
    ▪ to \frighten sb out of doing sth jdn von etw dat abschrecken
    II. vi erschrecken
    to [not] \frighten easily [nicht] leicht Angst bekommen
    * * *
    ['fraɪtn]
    1. vt
    (= give a sudden fright) erschrecken, Angst einjagen (+dat); (= make scared) Angst machen (+dat), Angst einjagen (+dat); (idea, thought) ängstigen, Angst or Furcht einflößen (+dat)

    I'm not easily frightened — ich fürchte mich nicht so schnell, ich habe nicht so schnell Angst; (with threats etc) so schnell or leicht kann man mir keine Angst machen

    to frighten sb into agreeing to sth — jdm solche Angst machen, dass er/sie einer Sache (dat) zustimmt

    2. vi

    she doesn't frighten easily — so leicht fürchtet sie sich nicht; (with threats etc) so schnell or leicht kann man ihr keine Angst machen

    * * *
    frighten [ˈfraıtn]
    A v/t
    1. a) jemanden erschrecken, jemandem einen Schrecken einjagen
    b) jemandem Angst einjagen oder machen:
    frighten sb into doing sth jemanden so einschüchtern, dass er etwas tut;
    frighten sb out of doing sth jemanden davon abschrecken, etwas zu tun;
    frighten sb out of his wits ( oder senses) jemanden furchtbar erschrecken oder ängstigen;
    frighten sb to death jemanden zu Tode erschrecken;
    I was frightened ich erschrak oder bekam Angst (at, of vor dat)
    2. meist frighten away ( oder off) vertreiben, -scheuchen
    a) er erschrickt leicht, er ist schreckhaft,
    b) man kann ihm leicht Angst einjagen oder machen
    * * *
    transitive verb
    [Explosion, Schuss:] erschrecken; [Gedanke, Drohung:] angst machen (+ Dat.)

    be frightened at or by something — vor etwas (Dat.) erschrecken

    be frightened to death — (fig.) zu Tode erschrocken sein

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    beängstigen v.
    einschüchtern v.
    erschrecken v.
    (§ p.,pp.: erschrak, ist erschrocken)
    ängstigen v.

    English-german dictionary > frighten

  • 43 deter

    [di'tə:]
    past tense, past participle - deterred; verb
    (to make less willing or prevent by frightening: She was not deterred by his threats.) afskrække
    * * *
    [di'tə:]
    past tense, past participle - deterred; verb
    (to make less willing or prevent by frightening: She was not deterred by his threats.) afskrække

    English-Danish dictionary > deter

  • 44 empty

    ['empti] 1. adjective
    1) (having nothing inside: an empty box; an empty cup.) tom
    2) (unoccupied: an empty house.) tom
    3) ((with of) completely without: a street quite empty of people.) tom
    4) (having no practical result; (likely to be) unfulfilled: empty threats.) tom
    2. verb
    1) (to make or become empty: He emptied the jug; The cinema emptied quickly at 10.30; He emptied out his pockets.) tømme
    2) (to tip, pour, or fall out of a container: She emptied the milk into a pan; The rubbish emptied on to the ground.) hælde; falde ud
    3. noun
    (an empty bottle etc: Take the empties back to the shop.) tom
    - empty-handed
    - empty-headed
    * * *
    ['empti] 1. adjective
    1) (having nothing inside: an empty box; an empty cup.) tom
    2) (unoccupied: an empty house.) tom
    3) ((with of) completely without: a street quite empty of people.) tom
    4) (having no practical result; (likely to be) unfulfilled: empty threats.) tom
    2. verb
    1) (to make or become empty: He emptied the jug; The cinema emptied quickly at 10.30; He emptied out his pockets.) tømme
    2) (to tip, pour, or fall out of a container: She emptied the milk into a pan; The rubbish emptied on to the ground.) hælde; falde ud
    3. noun
    (an empty bottle etc: Take the empties back to the shop.) tom
    - empty-handed
    - empty-headed

    English-Danish dictionary > empty

  • 45 perturb

    [pə'tə:b]
    (to make (someone) worried or anxious: His threats didn't perturb her in the least.) bekymre; forurolige
    * * *
    [pə'tə:b]
    (to make (someone) worried or anxious: His threats didn't perturb her in the least.) bekymre; forurolige

    English-Danish dictionary > perturb

  • 46 barrera arancelaria

    f.
    tariff barrier, tariff wall.
    * * *
    (n.) = trade barrier, tariff barrier
    Ex. In a world divided by ideology, by trade barriers, by military threats and nuclear fears, we librarians are not powerless.
    Ex. Tariff barriers, currency restrictions and trade embargoes often make the task of the librarian impossible if the intention is to plan the free flow of material and information as openly as possible.
    * * *
    (n.) = trade barrier, tariff barrier

    Ex: In a world divided by ideology, by trade barriers, by military threats and nuclear fears, we librarians are not powerless.

    Ex: Tariff barriers, currency restrictions and trade embargoes often make the task of the librarian impossible if the intention is to plan the free flow of material and information as openly as possible.

    Spanish-English dictionary > barrera arancelaria

  • 47 exquisitez

    f.
    1 exquisiteness.
    2 exquisite thing (cosa).
    3 fine thing, daintiness, lovely thing.
    * * *
    1 exquisiteness
    2 (manjar) delicacy
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=cualidad) [de algo refinado] exquisiteness; [de algo excelente] excellence
    2) [de comida] delicacy
    3) pey affectation
    * * *
    1) ( cualidad) exquisiteness, deliciousness; ( comida deliciosa)
    * * *
    = delicacy, titbit [tidbit, -UK], morsel.
    Ex. What was new about the iron presses was their capacity for printing large formes with great delicacy.
    Ex. Her young companion was exceedingly perturbed by this titbit of news; he knew that Kate Lespran was not one to make empty threats.
    Ex. The three monkeys used in this study chose the left arm as the leading arm to reach out and pull back a spring-loaded drawer containing a food morsel.
    * * *
    1) ( cualidad) exquisiteness, deliciousness; ( comida deliciosa)
    * * *
    = delicacy, titbit [tidbit, -UK], morsel.

    Ex: What was new about the iron presses was their capacity for printing large formes with great delicacy.

    Ex: Her young companion was exceedingly perturbed by this titbit of news; he knew that Kate Lespran was not one to make empty threats.
    Ex: The three monkeys used in this study chose the left arm as the leading arm to reach out and pull back a spring-loaded drawer containing a food morsel.

    * * *
    A
    1 (cualidad) exquisiteness, deliciousness
    2
    (comida deliciosa): la tarta es una exquisitez the cake is absolutely delicious o superb
    B
    (refinamiento): se vestía con exquisitez she dressed exquisitely
    un bordado de una exquisitez extraordinaria a quite exquisite piece of embroidery
    * * *

    exquisitez sustantivo femenino
    1 (cualidad) exquisiteness: siempre se ha distinguido por la exquisitez de su trato, she has always been known for her refined manner
    2 (cosa) la mesa estaba llena de exquisiteces, the table was laden with delicious dishes
    ' exquisitez' also found in these entries:
    English:
    nicety
    - delicacy
    - titbit
    * * *
    1. [cualidad] exquisiteness;
    se comporta con exquisitez he behaves impeccably
    2. [cosa] exquisite thing;
    [comida] delicacy
    * * *
    f
    1 cualidad exquisiteness
    2 ( cosa exquisita) delicacy
    * * *
    exquisitez nf, pl - teces
    1) : exquisiteness, refinement
    2) : delicacy, special dish

    Spanish-English dictionary > exquisitez

  • 48 fiero

    adj.
    1 fierce, feral, ferocious, rancorous.
    2 harsh, angry.
    * * *
    1 (animal salvaje) wild; (feroz) fierce, ferocious
    2 (persona) cruel
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=feroz) fierce, ferocious; (Zool) wild
    2) (=cruel) cruel
    3) † (=feo) ugly
    2.
    † SMPL (=amenazas) threats; (=bravatas) boasts, bragging sing

    echar o hacer fieros — (=amenazas) to utter threats; (=bravatas) to boast, brag

    * * *
    - ra adjetivo
    a) ( feroz) < animal> fierce, ferocious; <huracán/tormenta> fierce
    b) (RPl fam) ( feo) ugly
    * * *
    = ferocius, ferocious.
    Ex. Fuller's novel make for a form of intellectual clarity, even if that clarity, paradoxically, is expressed in a ferocious hell-bent manner.
    Ex. One by one, he wiped the floor with opponents who had spoken in the debate -- with a ferocious blend of rant, rhetoric and rumbustious counterattack.
    * * *
    - ra adjetivo
    a) ( feroz) < animal> fierce, ferocious; <huracán/tormenta> fierce
    b) (RPl fam) ( feo) ugly
    * * *
    = ferocius, ferocious.

    Ex: Fuller's novel make for a form of intellectual clarity, even if that clarity, paradoxically, is expressed in a ferocious hell-bent manner.

    Ex: One by one, he wiped the floor with opponents who had spoken in the debate -- with a ferocious blend of rant, rhetoric and rumbustious counterattack.

    * * *
    fiero -ra
    1 (feroz) ‹animal› fierce, ferocious; ‹huracán/tormenta› fierce
    animales de aspecto fiero fierce-looking animals
    2 ( RPl fam) (feo) ugly
    es fiera como la noche she's as ugly as sin ( colloq)
    * * *

    fiero
    ◊ -ra adjetivo ‹ animal› fierce, ferocious

    fiero,-a adjetivo
    1 (animal) wild
    2 (batalla, combate) fierce, ferocious

    ' fiero' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    brava
    - bravo
    - fiera
    English:
    fierce
    - raging
    - vicious
    * * *
    fiero, -a adj
    1. [feroz] savage, ferocious
    2. RP Fam [feo] [persona, edificio] hideous;
    [situación] horrendous;
    no vayas a su casa que está fiera la cosa don't go round to his place because things are pretty heavy
    * * *
    adj fierce
    * * *
    fiero, -ra adj
    feroz: fierce, ferocious
    * * *
    fiero adj (feroz) fierce / ferocious

    Spanish-English dictionary > fiero

  • 49 impúdico

    adj.
    indecent, impudent, immodest, obscene.
    * * *
    1 (indecente) immodest, indecent
    2 (desvergonzado) shameless
    * * *
    ADJ (=desvergonzado) immodest, shameless; (=obsceno) lewd; (=lascivo) lecherous
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo (frml o hum)
    a) ( obsceno) indecent
    b) ( desvergonzado) shameless
    * * *
    = immodest, indecent, obscene, ribald.
    Ex. The author reviews an article by Tom Eadie, ' Immodest proposals: user instruction for students does not work'.
    Ex. The passage of the Exon bill would make criminal the sending of obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy or indecent data over the Net = La aprobación de la ley Exon haría que fuese un delito el envío a través de Internet de información obscena, lujuriosa, lasciva, inmoral o indecente.
    Ex. Prompt responses are required to bomb threats and reports of such dangerous or criminal conduct as sprinkling acid on chairs or clothing, mutilating books, tampering with the card catalog, or obscene behavior.
    Ex. About this time several of the old crones of the tribe offered their ribald advice on how the new couple should conduct themselves off in the forest together.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo (frml o hum)
    a) ( obsceno) indecent
    b) ( desvergonzado) shameless
    * * *
    = immodest, indecent, obscene, ribald.

    Ex: The author reviews an article by Tom Eadie, ' Immodest proposals: user instruction for students does not work'.

    Ex: The passage of the Exon bill would make criminal the sending of obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy or indecent data over the Net = La aprobación de la ley Exon haría que fuese un delito el envío a través de Internet de información obscena, lujuriosa, lasciva, inmoral o indecente.
    Ex: Prompt responses are required to bomb threats and reports of such dangerous or criminal conduct as sprinkling acid on chairs or clothing, mutilating books, tampering with the card catalog, or obscene behavior.
    Ex: About this time several of the old crones of the tribe offered their ribald advice on how the new couple should conduct themselves off in the forest together.

    * * *
    impúdico1 -ca
    1 ( frml)
    (obsceno): las fotografías la mostraban en poses impúdicas the photographs showed her in indecent poses
    2 ( frml o hum); ‹persona› shameless
    no seas impúdica don't be so shameless o brazen
    impúdico2 -ca
    masculine, feminine
    ( frml o hum):
    es un impúdico he has no shame
    * * *

    impúdico
    ◊ -ca adjetivo (frml o hum)



    ' impúdico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    verde
    - desvergonzado
    English:
    smutty
    - immodest
    * * *
    impúdico, -a adj
    immodest, indecent
    * * *
    adj shameless, immodest
    * * *
    impúdico, -ca adj
    : shameless, indecent

    Spanish-English dictionary > impúdico

  • 50 indecente

    adj.
    1 indecent.
    2 miserable, wretched (indigno).
    f. & m.
    indecent person.
    * * *
    1 (impúdico) indecent; (indecoroso) improper
    2 (indigno) miserable; (cochambroso) filthy
    3 (vil) wretched
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [persona] (=falto de decencia) indecent; (=obsceno) obscene

    ¡indecente! — you brute!

    2) (=asqueroso) filthy
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo <persona/vestido> indecent; <película/lenguaje> obscene
    II
    masculino y femenino rude o shameless person
    * * *
    = filthy [filthier -comp, filthiest -sup.], indecent, abject, abjected, obscene.
    Ex. Printing houses -- apart from the few that had been built for the purpose rather than converted from something else -- were generally filthy and badly ventilated.
    Ex. The passage of the Exon bill would make criminal the sending of obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy or indecent data over the Net = La aprobación de la ley Exon haría que fuese un delito el envío a través de Internet de información obscena, lujuriosa, lasciva, inmoral o indecente.
    Ex. Her art works incorporate such abject materials as dirt, hair, excrement, dead animals, menstrual blood and rotting food in order to confront taboo issues of gender and sexuality.
    Ex. In this study of sapphism in the British novel, Moore often directs our attention to the periphery of sapphic romances, when an abjected body suffers on behalf of the stainless heroine.
    Ex. Prompt responses are required to bomb threats and reports of such dangerous or criminal conduct as sprinkling acid on chairs or clothing, mutilating books, tampering with the card catalog, or obscene behavior.
    ----
    * exposición indecente = indecent exposure.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo <persona/vestido> indecent; <película/lenguaje> obscene
    II
    masculino y femenino rude o shameless person
    * * *
    = filthy [filthier -comp, filthiest -sup.], indecent, abject, abjected, obscene.

    Ex: Printing houses -- apart from the few that had been built for the purpose rather than converted from something else -- were generally filthy and badly ventilated.

    Ex: The passage of the Exon bill would make criminal the sending of obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy or indecent data over the Net = La aprobación de la ley Exon haría que fuese un delito el envío a través de Internet de información obscena, lujuriosa, lasciva, inmoral o indecente.
    Ex: Her art works incorporate such abject materials as dirt, hair, excrement, dead animals, menstrual blood and rotting food in order to confront taboo issues of gender and sexuality.
    Ex: In this study of sapphism in the British novel, Moore often directs our attention to the periphery of sapphic romances, when an abjected body suffers on behalf of the stainless heroine.
    Ex: Prompt responses are required to bomb threats and reports of such dangerous or criminal conduct as sprinkling acid on chairs or clothing, mutilating books, tampering with the card catalog, or obscene behavior.
    * exposición indecente = indecent exposure.

    * * *
    1 ‹persona› indecent; ‹vestido› indecent; ‹película/lenguaje› obscene
    2 (miserable) wretched, miserable
    rude o shameless person
    * * *

    indecente adjetivo ‹persona/vestido› indecent;
    ‹película/lenguaje› obscene
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
    rude o shameless person
    indecente adjetivo
    1 (obsceno, inmoral) indecent
    2 (intolerable) dreadful: llegó a casa a una hora indecente, he arrived home very late
    ' indecente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sórdida
    - sórdido
    - deshonesto
    - guarro
    English:
    filthy
    - immodest
    - improper
    - indecent
    - rude
    - suggestive
    * * *
    1. [impúdico] indecent
    2. [indigno] miserable, wretched
    * * *
    adj indecent; película obscene
    * * *
    : indecent, obscene
    * * *
    1. (inmoral) indecent
    2. (sucio) filthy [comp. filthier; superl. filthiest]

    Spanish-English dictionary > indecente

  • 51 obsceno

    adj.
    obscene, bawdy, crude, indecent.
    * * *
    1 obscene
    * * *
    (f. - obscena)
    adj.
    * * *
    * * *
    - na adjetivo obscene
    * * *
    = obscene, indecent, scatological, salacious, ribald, lusty [lustier -comp., lustiest -sup.].
    Ex. Prompt responses are required to bomb threats and reports of such dangerous or criminal conduct as sprinkling acid on chairs or clothing, mutilating books, tampering with the card catalog, or obscene behavior.
    Ex. The passage of the Exon bill would make criminal the sending of obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy or indecent data over the Net = La aprobación de la ley Exon haría que fuese un delito el envío a través de Internet de información obscena, lujuriosa, lasciva, inmoral o indecente.
    Ex. At heart, it is a smirkingly adolescent pursuit of cheap laughs and mild titillation, with a surfeit of jokes involving breasts and bums and with new extremes of scatological humiliation.
    Ex. Being salacious in character, he spread the gossip that the boss and his new secretary were an item.
    Ex. About this time several of the old crones of the tribe offered their ribald advice on how the new couple should conduct themselves off in the forest together.
    Ex. He creates a type of reverse orientalism peopled by sex-hungry 'dark-age femme fatales' and ' lusty young Barbarians reeking of ale'.
    * * *
    - na adjetivo obscene
    * * *
    = obscene, indecent, scatological, salacious, ribald, lusty [lustier -comp., lustiest -sup.].

    Ex: Prompt responses are required to bomb threats and reports of such dangerous or criminal conduct as sprinkling acid on chairs or clothing, mutilating books, tampering with the card catalog, or obscene behavior.

    Ex: The passage of the Exon bill would make criminal the sending of obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy or indecent data over the Net = La aprobación de la ley Exon haría que fuese un delito el envío a través de Internet de información obscena, lujuriosa, lasciva, inmoral o indecente.
    Ex: At heart, it is a smirkingly adolescent pursuit of cheap laughs and mild titillation, with a surfeit of jokes involving breasts and bums and with new extremes of scatological humiliation.
    Ex: Being salacious in character, he spread the gossip that the boss and his new secretary were an item.
    Ex: About this time several of the old crones of the tribe offered their ribald advice on how the new couple should conduct themselves off in the forest together.
    Ex: He creates a type of reverse orientalism peopled by sex-hungry 'dark-age femme fatales' and ' lusty young Barbarians reeking of ale'.

    * * *
    obsceno -na
    obscene
    * * *

    obsceno
    ◊ -na adjetivo

    obscene
    obsceno,-a adjetivo obscene

    ' obsceno' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escabrosa
    - escabroso
    - horrorizar
    - indecente
    - obscena
    - sucia
    - sucio
    - tono
    - impúdico
    English:
    blue
    - filthy
    - foul
    - obscene
    - raunchy
    - smutty
    - V
    - V-sign
    * * *
    obsceno, -a adj
    obscene
    * * *
    adj obscene
    * * *
    obsceno, -na adj
    : obscene

    Spanish-English dictionary > obsceno

  • 52 reyerta

    f.
    1 fight, brawl.
    2 quarrel, dispute, fight, brawl.
    3 armed dispute, war.
    * * *
    1 quarrel, row, fight
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino brawl, fight
    * * *
    = row, wrangle, bickering, squabble, squabbling, dogfight [dog fight], brawl, scuffle, scuffling, spat, affray, dust-up, fracas, fracas.
    Ex. The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.
    Ex. This is a history of The Old Librarian's Almanack (a pamphlet produced as a hoax in 1909) and of the literary wrangles which ensued from its publication.
    Ex. Even if the management decided to make an arbitrary decision, it would be better than the endless bickering and ad-hoc measures we are having to put up with.
    Ex. One might mistakenly be left with the impression that the crisis is a mere 'banana republic' squabble over power.
    Ex. The DVD-RW drive has arrived but not without lots of squabbling among industry competitors.
    Ex. The article recounts the 17-day political dogfight at which John W. Davis was eventually given the Democratic presidential nomination.
    Ex. About 75% of all personal acts of violence (murder, assault and battery), 90% of vandalism, 75% of public brawls, & more than 50% of burglaries & thefts are alcohol-related.
    Ex. The focus of the discussion is less on the altercation than on the reactions of the teacher and the students not only to the fight but also to the atmosphere of the classroom after the scuffle.
    Ex. Violence in public places (eg, pubs, clubs, discos) is limited mainly to threats & scuffling.
    Ex. It also includes a blow-by-blow account of spats between management and labor.
    Ex. The Public Order Act 1986 contains many of the more common public order offences such as riot, affray and threatening behaviour.
    Ex. The annual global dust-up over whale hunting is about to kick off again.
    Ex. There are, as I see it, approximately three positions one can take on the matter, each with its own adherents in the current fracas.
    Ex. There are, as I see it, approximately three positions one can take on the matter, each with its own adherents in the current fracas.
    ----
    * reyerta pública = affray.
    * * *
    femenino brawl, fight
    * * *
    = row, wrangle, bickering, squabble, squabbling, dogfight [dog fight], brawl, scuffle, scuffling, spat, affray, dust-up, fracas, fracas.

    Ex: The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.

    Ex: This is a history of The Old Librarian's Almanack (a pamphlet produced as a hoax in 1909) and of the literary wrangles which ensued from its publication.
    Ex: Even if the management decided to make an arbitrary decision, it would be better than the endless bickering and ad-hoc measures we are having to put up with.
    Ex: One might mistakenly be left with the impression that the crisis is a mere 'banana republic' squabble over power.
    Ex: The DVD-RW drive has arrived but not without lots of squabbling among industry competitors.
    Ex: The article recounts the 17-day political dogfight at which John W. Davis was eventually given the Democratic presidential nomination.
    Ex: About 75% of all personal acts of violence (murder, assault and battery), 90% of vandalism, 75% of public brawls, & more than 50% of burglaries & thefts are alcohol-related.
    Ex: The focus of the discussion is less on the altercation than on the reactions of the teacher and the students not only to the fight but also to the atmosphere of the classroom after the scuffle.
    Ex: Violence in public places (eg, pubs, clubs, discos) is limited mainly to threats & scuffling.
    Ex: It also includes a blow-by-blow account of spats between management and labor.
    Ex: The Public Order Act 1986 contains many of the more common public order offences such as riot, affray and threatening behaviour.
    Ex: The annual global dust-up over whale hunting is about to kick off again.
    Ex: There are, as I see it, approximately three positions one can take on the matter, each with its own adherents in the current fracas.
    Ex: There are, as I see it, approximately three positions one can take on the matter, each with its own adherents in the current fracas.
    * reyerta pública = affray.

    * * *
    brawl, fight
    * * *

    reyerta sustantivo femenino brawl, fracas, fight
    ' reyerta' also found in these entries:
    English:
    brawl
    - punch-up
    - scuffle
    * * *
    fight, brawl
    * * *
    f fight
    * * *
    : brawl, fight

    Spanish-English dictionary > reyerta

  • 53 trozo de información

    (n.) = tidbit [titbit, -USA], titbit [tidbit, -UK]
    Ex. The stories are told in the breathless voice of a gossip, full of juicy tidbits, and a shrewd understanding of what makes one life connect to another.
    Ex. Her young companion was exceedingly perturbed by this titbit of news; he knew that Kate Lespran was not one to make empty threats.
    * * *
    (n.) = tidbit [titbit, -USA], titbit [tidbit, -UK]

    Ex: The stories are told in the breathless voice of a gossip, full of juicy tidbits, and a shrewd understanding of what makes one life connect to another.

    Ex: Her young companion was exceedingly perturbed by this titbit of news; he knew that Kate Lespran was not one to make empty threats.

    Spanish-English dictionary > trozo de información

  • 54 HEIT

    * * *
    n.
    1) solemn promise, vow; efla (stofna, festa) heit, to make a vow; strengja e-s heit, to make a solemn vow;
    2) pl. threats (hann stóð undir heitum ok illyrðum).
    * * *
    n. pl. [cp. Ulf. wota = ἀπειλή], threatening words or gestures, threats, Lat. minae; standa undir heitum ok íllyrðum, Bs. i. 728; heit ok harðyrði, Barl. 194; köld heit, Edda (Ht.); þeirra heit dvínuðu, Edda (in a verse); af heitum, from his threatening gestures, Am. 19.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > HEIT

  • 55 lanciare

    throw
    prodotto launch
    lanciare un'occhiata glance, take a quick look
    lanciare un urlo give a shout, shout
    * * *
    lanciare v.tr.
    1 to throw*; to fling*, to hurl, to launch: lanciare una pietra, to throw a stone; lanciare pietre contro qlcu., to throw stones at s.o.; lanciare un siluro, to launch (o to discharge o to fire) a torpedo; lanciare delle bombe, to throw (o to drop) bombs; lanciare in aria una moneta, to toss a coin; lanciare un'occhiata a qlcu., to dart (o to cast) a glance at s.o.; lanciare un grido, to give (o to utter) a cry (o to cry out); lanciò un grido di dolore, she cried out with pain; lanciare una bestemmia, to hurl a curse; lanciare minacce contro qlcu., to hurl threats at (o to launch threats against) s.o. // lanciare un cavallo, to start a horse off at full gallop // sul rettilineo lanciò l'auto a tutta velocità, he drove at full speed (o put on a spurt) on the straight // ha lanciato l'idea di fare una gita domenica prossima, he threw out the idea of going on an outing next Sunday
    2 (diffondere, far conoscere) to launch, to bring* out; (articoli) to push, to market: lanciare un prodotto, to launch a product; lanciare un attore, un film, to launch an actor, a film; lanciare una campagna, to launch a campaign; lanciare in commercio, to bring into trade; stanno lanciando molto il nuovo detersivo, they are launching an intensive campaign for the new washing powder; lanciare una moda, to launch (o to set) a fashion; lanciare qlcu. negli affari, to launch s.o. into business (o to start s.o. in business o to give s.o. a start) // (fin.) lanciare una società, to float a company; lanciare un prestito, to float a loan
    3 (inform.) (un programma) to launch, to activate, to introduce; (un sottoprogramma) to call.
    ◘ lanciarsi v.rifl.
    1 to throw* oneself; to fling* (oneself), to dash, to hurl oneself: lanciare in avanti, to rush (o to dash o to shoot) forward; lanciare contro qlcu., to hurl oneself at s.o.; si lanciò fuori dalla stanza, he dashed out of the room; si lanciò nell'acqua, he threw himself (o plunged) into the water; lanciare all'inseguimento di qlcu., to dash off in pursuit of s.o.; lanciare nella mischia, to hurl oneself into the fray; lanciare col paracadute, to bale out (o to parachute)
    2 (fig.) (buttarsi, introdursi) to launch: lanciare in una discussione, to launch into a discussion; lanciare nella politica, to launch out into politics; lanciare con entusiasmo in una nuova attività, to fling (o to throw) oneself into a new activity with enthusiasm.
    * * *
    [lan'tʃare]
    1. vt
    1) (gen) to throw, (con forza) to hurl, fling, (bombe) to drop, (missili, siluri) to launch

    lanciare qc a qn — to throw sth to sb, (per colpirlo) to throw sth at sb

    2) (emettere: grido) to give out, (invettiva) to hurl, (S.O.S.) to send out
    3) (introdurre: idea, nave, prodotto, moda) to launch
    4) (far andare veloce: macchina) to get up to top speed
    1) (gen)

    lanciarsi in qc (anche) fig — to throw o.s. into sth

    lanciarsi contro qn — to hurl o fling o.s. at sb

    lanciarsi nella mischia — to throw o.s. into the fray

    2)

    (fig : fare il primo passo) lanciarsi in — to launch into, embark upon o on

    che aspetti? — lanciati! — what are you waiting for? — off you go!

    * * *
    [lan'tʃare] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (gettare) to throw* [pallone, sasso]; (con violenza) to hurl, to fling*; pesc. to cast* [lenza, rete]; sport to throw* [disco, giavellotto, martello, peso]

    lanciare qcs. in acqua, aria — to throw sth. in the water, (up) in the air

    lanciare qcs. a qcn. — to throw sth. to sb., sb. sth

    2) (inviare) to launch [ satellite]; to fire [missile, freccia] (su, a at); to drop [ bomba] (su, a on)
    3) (emettere) to give* [ grido]
    4) (indirizzare) to hurl [ insulto]; to give* [ sguardo]; to issue [ sfida]; to make*, to fling*, to level [ accusa] (a, contro against); to issue [ ultimatum]; to send* out [SOS, invito]; to launch [ appello]
    5) (promuovere) to launch [prodotto, cantante, inchiesta, campagna]

    lanciare una moda — to start o set a fashion

    lanciare un'auto a 150 km/h — to take a car up to 150 kph

    7) inform. to launch [ programma]
    8) econ. to float [ prestito]
    2.
    verbo pronominale lanciarsi
    1) (inviarsi) to throw* [sth.] to each other [palla, oggetto]; to exchange [ingiurie, insulti]
    2) (saltare) to leap*, to jump; (col paracadute) to parachute; (precipitarsi) to dart, to fling* oneself

    -rsi all'inseguimento di qcn. — to set off in hot pursuit of sb

    - rsi in — to embark on [operazione, spese]

    * * *
    lanciare
    /lan't∫are/ [1]
     1 (gettare) to throw* [pallone, sasso]; (con violenza) to hurl, to fling*; pesc. to cast* [lenza, rete]; sport to throw* [disco, giavellotto, martello, peso]; lanciare qcs. in acqua, aria to throw sth. in the water, (up) in the air; lanciare qcs. a qcn. to throw sth. to sb., sb. sth.
     2 (inviare) to launch [ satellite]; to fire [missile, freccia] (su, a at); to drop [ bomba] (su, a on)
     3 (emettere) to give* [ grido]
     4 (indirizzare) to hurl [ insulto]; to give* [ sguardo]; to issue [ sfida]; to make*, to fling*, to level [ accusa] (a, contro against); to issue [ ultimatum]; to send* out [SOS, invito]; to launch [ appello]
     5 (promuovere) to launch [prodotto, cantante, inchiesta, campagna]; è il film che l'ha lanciato it's the film that made his name; lanciare una moda to start o set a fashion
     6 (fare accelerare) lanciare un'auto a 150 km/h to take a car up to 150 kph; lanciare un cavallo al galoppo to spur one's mount into a gallop
     7 inform. to launch [ programma]
     8 econ. to float [ prestito]
    II lanciarsi verbo pronominale
     1 (inviarsi) to throw* [sth.] to each other [palla, oggetto]; to exchange [ingiurie, insulti]
     2 (saltare) to leap*, to jump; (col paracadute) to parachute; (precipitarsi) to dart, to fling* oneself; -rsi all'inseguimento di qcn. to set off in hot pursuit of sb.
     3 (impegnarsi) - rsi in to embark on [operazione, spese]; - rsi negli affari to go into business.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > lanciare

  • 56 pr|ośba

    f 1. (proszenie) request
    - pokorna prośba a humble request
    - natarczywa prośba an importunate request
    - prośba o wodę/pomoc a request for water/help
    - na czyjąś prośbę at the request of sb
    - przychylić się do czyjejś prośby książk. to accede to sb’s request
    - spełnić a. uwzględnić czyjąś prośbę to comply with sb’s request
    - mam prośbę I need a favour
    - mam (do ciebie) jedną prośbę I’ve got a a. one request to make (of you)
    - uwzględniono jego prośbę o urlop he was granted his request for leave
    - nie zwracał uwagi na jej gorące a. usilne prośby he ignored her entreaties
    - przyszedł do mnie z prośbą o radę/pomoc he sought my advice/help
    - zwrócili się do mnie z prośbą o pożyczkę they came to me a. asked me for a loan
    2. książk. (petycja) (formal) request
    - napisał/wniósł prośbę o ułaskawienie he submitted a plea for pardon a. a reprieve
    - wniósł prośbę o dymisję he tendered a. submitted his resignation
    ■ prośby i groźby threats and entreaties
    - nie pomogły prośby ani groźby threats and entreaties were of no avail
    - ani prośbami ani groźbami nic nie wskórali they didn’t achieve anything with either threats or entreaties
    - chodzić a. iść po prośbie przest. to go begging

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > pr|ośba

  • 57 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 58 mouth

    ̘. ̈n.mauθ
    1. сущ.;
    мн. -s
    1) а) рот, уста to close, shut one's mouth ≈ закрыть рот to open one's mouth ≈ открыть рот to cram, stuff one's mouth (with food) ≈ набивать рот (пищей) to rinse one's mouth ≈ полоскать рот mouth waters ≈ слюнки текут by mouth by word of mouth rail full mouth down in the mouth б) устье, вход;
    входное отверстие (чего угодно) в) горлышко( бутылки) ;
    дуло, жерло Syn: muzzle г) тех. отверстие, выходной патрубок, раструб, рупор д) кратер вулкана
    2) а) едок, рот useless mouth б) редк. глашатай, "голос" (кого-л.) His name is remembered in no tale, for he himself had forgotten it, but he said: "I am the Mouth of Sauron". ≈ Ни одно сказание не называет его по имени, ибо он сам забыл, как зовут его, а говорил лишь: "Я - Голос Саурона" (Дж.Р.Р.Толкиен, "Властелин Колец", ч. 3 "Возвращение короля", кн. 5, гл. 10, "Черные Врата распахиваются") в) дурак, дурень Syn: dupe
    3) а) гримаса make mouths б) сл. наглость, нахальство
    4) удила (сокращение от mouth-piece) ∙ from mouth to mouth ≈ из уст в уста to open one's mouth too wide ≈ ожидать слишком многого;
    запрашивать( слишком высокую цену) to take the words out of smb.'s mouth ≈ предвосхитить чьи-л. слова to have a good (bad) mouth ≈ хорошо (плохо) слушаться узды (о лошади) put words into smb.'s mouth
    2. гл.
    1) уст. или архаич. говорить;
    изрекать, заявлять Syn: pronounce, speak, utter
    2) а) жевать, чавкать Syn: champ, smack one's lips б) держать в зубах в) класть в рот г) трепать (дичь;
    о собаке)
    3) а) приучать лошадь к узде б) определять возраст овец, осматривая зубы
    4) строить рожи, гримасничать Syn: grimace, make/pull faces
    5) впадать( о реке) Syn: disembogue рот;
    уста - in the * во рту - it sounds strange in his * в его устах это звучит странно - by *, by word of * устно - from * to * из уст в уста - to open one's * открыть рот;
    начать говорить, заговорить - I shouldn't have opened my * мне надо было молчать - to close /to shut/ one's * закрыть рот;
    замолчать - keep your * shut! молчи!, помалкивай!;
    держи язык за зубами! - he kept his * shut about it он об этом помалкивал - to stop smb.'s * (with a gag) заткнуть кому-л. рот (кляпом) - I have a foul * у меня во рту неприятный привкус рот, едок - to feed five *s кормить /содержать, иметь на иждивении/ пятерых - useless * дармоед гримаса - to make a * /*s/ (at smb.) строить рожи (кому-л.), гримасничать - to make a wry * скорчить кислую мину - to make a pretty * сложить губы сердечком отверстие, выход( горное) устье выработки вход (в гавань, пещеру) устье (реки) горлышко (бутылки) (военное) дуло;
    дульце( гильзы) ;
    окно( магазина) (техническое) зев, устье;
    выходной патрубок;
    раструб (техническое) приемное отверстие( дробилки) (техническое) вход, входное отверстие (сленг) наглость, нахальство > to put words into smb.'s * вложить слова в чьи-л. уста, подсказывать кому-л., что надо говорить;
    приписывать кому-л. какие-л. слова /речи/ > to take the words out of smb.'s * предвосхитить чьи-л. слова, сказать то, что хотел сказать другой > to condemn oneself out of one's own * выступать или давать показания против самого себя > to make smb.'s * water разжигать чей-л. аппетит > my * waters у меня слюнки текут > down in /at/ the * в унынии, в плохом настроении, павший духом, как в воду опущенный > to have a big * говорить громко и много;
    говорить нахально /нагло/ > to give * подавать голос( о собаке) ;
    орать > to shoot off one's * болтать, трепаться > to give * to a feeling (вслух) выражать чувства > to make a poor * прикидываться нищим, прибедняться > to open one's * (too) wide запросить /заломить/ слишком высокую цену > to laugh on the wrong side of one's * плакать /огорчаться, расстраиваться/ (вместо того, чтобы смеяться) ;
    (устаревшее) принужденно /неестественно/ смеяться > to have a soft * быть слабоуздой говорить торжественно, напыщенно или высокопарно;
    изрекать - to * empty threats изрекать пустые угрозы - to * it ораторствовать декламировать;
    говорить четко, с подчернутой артикуляцией - to * (out) one's words декламировать, четко произнося каждое слово брать, хватать ртом, губами гримасничать впадать (о реке) приучать лошадь к узде ~ рот, уста;
    by mouth, by word of mouth устно ~ рот, уста;
    by mouth, by word of mouth устно word: ~ слово;
    word for word слово в слово;
    буквально;
    by word of mouth устно;
    на словах by ~ of mouth устно ~ тех. устье, зев, отверстие;
    выходной патрубок;
    раструб;
    рупор;
    from mouth to mouth из уст в уста to have a good (bad) ~ хорошо (плохо) слушаться узды (о лошади) ~ гримаса;
    to make mouths строить рожи, гримасничать mouth впадать (о реке) ~ вход (в гавань, пещеру) ~ говорить торжественно;
    изрекать ~ горлышко (бутылки) ;
    дуло, жерло ~ гримаса;
    to make mouths строить рожи, гримасничать ~ гримасничать ~ жевать;
    чавкать ~ sl. нахальство ~ приучать лошадь к узде ~ рот, едок ~ рот, уста;
    by mouth, by word of mouth устно ~ тех. устье, зев, отверстие;
    выходной патрубок;
    раструб;
    рупор;
    from mouth to mouth из уст в уста ~ устье (реки, шахты) to open one's ~ too wide запрашивать (слишком высокую цену) to open one's ~ too wide ожидать слишком многого to put words into (smb.'s) ~ подсказать( кому-л.), что надо говорить to put words into (smb.'s) ~ приписывать (кому-л.) (какие-л.) слова to take the words out of (smb.'s) предвосхитить (чьи-л.) слова

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > mouth

  • 59 laugh

    1. noun
    Lachen, das; (loud and continuous) Gelächter, das

    have a [good] laugh about something — [herzlich] über etwas (Akk.) lachen

    have the last laugh — derjenige sein, der zuletzt lacht (fig.)

    he is always good for a laugh — bei ihm gibt es immer etwas zu lachen

    somebody/something is a laugh a minute — bei jemandem/etwas muss man alle Augenblicke lachen

    for laughs — zum od. aus Spaß

    for a laugh — [so] zum Spaß

    2. intransitive verb

    laugh at somebody/something — (in amusement) über jemanden/etwas lachen; (jeer) jemanden auslachen/etwas verlachen; über jemanden/etwas lachen

    he who laughs last laughs longest — (prov.) wer zuletzt lacht, lacht am besten (Spr.)

    don't make me laugh — (coll. iron.) dass ich nicht lache!

    3. transitive verb

    laugh oneself silly — sich krank- od. schieflachen (ugs.)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/41951/laugh_off">laugh off
    * * *
    1. verb
    (to make sounds with the voice in showing happiness, amusement, scorn etc: We laughed at the funny photographs; Children were laughing in the garden as they played.) lachen
    2. noun
    (an act or sound of laughing: He gave a laugh; a loud laugh.) das Lachen
    - laughable
    - laughably
    - laughingly
    - laughter
    - laughing-stock
    - laugh at
    * * *
    [lɑ:f, AM læf]
    I. n
    to get [or raise] a \laugh Gelächter hervorrufen
    to give a \laugh [kurz] loslachen
    2. ( fam: amusing activity) Spaß m; (amusing person) Stimmungsmacher(in) m(f), Pausenclown m fam
    she's a good \laugh sie bringt Stimmung in die Bude fam
    to do sth for a \laugh [or for \laughs] etw [nur] aus [o zum] Spaß tun
    II. vi
    1. (express amusement) lachen
    to \laugh like a drain BRIT sich akk vor Lachen biegen [o krümmen]
    to \laugh aloud [or out loud] in lautes Gelächter ausbrechen
    to \laugh till one cries Tränen lachen
    to make sb \laugh jdn zum Lachen bringen; ( fam)
    his threats make me \laugh über seine Drohungen kann ich [doch] nur lachen
    you pay? don't make me \laugh du bezahlst? dass ich nicht lache!
    ▪ to \laugh at sb/sth über jdn/etw lachen
    2. ( fig fam: scorn)
    ▪ to \laugh at sb/sth sich akk über jdn/etw lustig machen
    ▪ to \laugh at sb (find funny) über jdn lachen; (find ridiculous) jdn auslachen
    3.
    ▶ to be \laughing ( fam)
    if the loan is approved, you'll be \laughing wenn du das Darlehen bekommst, dann geht es dir aber gut
    ▶ to \laugh sth out of court etw als lächerlich abtun, über etw akk mit einem Lachen hinweggehen
    ▶ to \laugh in sb's face jdn auslachen
    ▶ you've got to \laugh [otherwise you'd cry] ( fam) Humor ist, wenn man trotzdem lacht! prov
    ▶ to \laugh one's head off ( fam) sich akk totlachen fam; (show disbelief)
    what a ludicrous story — I \laughed my head off was für eine haarsträubende Geschichte — das kann doch nicht wahr sein
    ▶ he who \laughs last \laughs longest [or AM best] ( prov) wer zuletzt lacht, lacht am besten prov
    ▶ no \laughing matter nicht zum Lachen, ganz und gar nicht komisch
    ▶ to \laugh up one's sleeve at sb sich akk über jdn hinter seinem Rücken lustig machen
    ▶ to \laugh all the way to the bank ( fam) das Geschäft seines Lebens machen, den [ganz] großen Coup landen fam
    ▶ sb will be \laughing on the other side of his/her face [or AM also out of the other side of his/her mouth] jdm wird das Lachen schon noch vergehen
    * * *
    [lAːf]
    1. n
    1) Lachen nt

    no, she said, with a laugh — nein, sagte sie lachend

    what a laugh ( she's got)! — die hat vielleicht 'ne Lache! (inf)

    give us a laugh! (inf) — bring uns mal zum Lachen!

    to have the last laugh ( over or on sb) — es jdm zeigen

    he played Hamlet for laughs — er machte aus Hamlet eine komische Figur

    they played "Othello" for laughs — sie machten aus "Othello" eine Komödie

    2) (inf

    = fun) what a laugh — (das ist ja) zum Totlachen or zum Schreien (inf)!

    we didn't achieve much, but we had a good laugh — wir haben nicht viel geschafft, aber es war trotzdem lustig

    to be good for a laugh —

    2. vi
    lachen (about, at, over über +acc)

    to laugh up one's sleeve — sich (dat) ins Fäustchen lachen

    he who laughs last laughs longest (Prov) — wer zuletzt lacht, lacht am besten (Prov)

    if you've got your own house, you're laughing (inf) — wenn man ein eigenes Haus hat, hat man es gut

    See:
    → drain
    3. vt

    don't be silly, he laughed — red keinen Unsinn, sagte er lachend

    * * *
    laugh [lɑːf; US læf]
    A s
    1. a) Lachen n, Lache f, Gelächter n
    b) Lacher m umg:
    with a laugh lachend;
    give a laugh auflachen;
    give a loud laugh laut auf- oder herauslachen;
    have a good laugh at sth herzlich über eine Sache lachen;
    have ( oder get) the laugh of ( oder on) sb über jemanden (am Ende) triumphieren;
    have the laugh on one’s side die Lacher auf seiner Seite haben;
    the laugh is against him die Lacher sind auf der anderen Seite;
    have the last laugh am Ende recht haben;
    his jokes are always good for a laugh umg über seine Witze kann man immer lachen
    2. umg Spaß m:
    it’s (he’s) a laugh es (er) ist zum Lachen;
    for laughs (nur) zum Spaß, aus Blödsinn
    B v/i lachen:
    a) über jemanden od etwas lachen, sich über jemanden od etwas lustig machen, jemanden auslachen,
    b) jemanden anlachen;
    laugh at o.s. über sich selbst lachen;
    laugh to o.s. in sich hineinlachen;
    a) jemanden zum Lachen bringen,
    b) jemandem lächerlich vorkommen;
    don’t make me laugh! umg dass ich nicht lache!;
    he laughs best who laughs last (Sprichwort) wer zuletzt lacht, lacht am besten;
    you’re laughing umg du hasts gut;
    you may well laugh du hast gut lachen; → beard A 1, face A 1, sleeve A 1, wrong A 2
    C v/t
    1. lachend äußern:
    he laughed his thanks er dankte lachend
    2. lachen:
    laugh a bitter laugh bitter lachen;
    laugh sb out of sth jemanden durch Lachen von etwas abbringen; → court A 10, scorn A 2
    * * *
    1. noun
    Lachen, das; (loud and continuous) Gelächter, das

    have a [good] laugh about something — [herzlich] über etwas (Akk.) lachen

    have the last laugh — derjenige sein, der zuletzt lacht (fig.)

    somebody/something is a laugh a minute — bei jemandem/etwas muss man alle Augenblicke lachen

    for laughs — zum od. aus Spaß

    for a laugh — [so] zum Spaß

    2. intransitive verb

    laugh at somebody/something — (in amusement) über jemanden/etwas lachen; (jeer) jemanden auslachen/etwas verlachen; über jemanden/etwas lachen

    he who laughs last laughs longest — (prov.) wer zuletzt lacht, lacht am besten (Spr.)

    don't make me laugh — (coll. iron.) dass ich nicht lache!

    3. transitive verb

    laugh oneself silly — sich krank- od. schieflachen (ugs.)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Lache -n f. (at) v.
    auslachen v.
    lachen (über) v.

    English-german dictionary > laugh

  • 60 signifier

    signifier [siɲifje]
    ➭ TABLE 7 transitive verb
       a. ( = avoir pour sens) to mean
    • que signifie ce mot ? what does this word mean?
    • qu'est-ce que cela signifie ? what's the meaning of this? ; (après remarque hostile) what's that supposed to mean? ; (à un enfant qui fait une scène) what's all this in aid of?
       b. (formal) ( = faire connaître) to make known
    • signifier ses intentions/sa volonté à qn to make one's intentions/one's wishes known to sb
       c. [+ décision judiciaire] to serve notice of (à on)
    * * *
    siɲifje

    qu'est-ce que ça signifie? — ( question normale) what does it mean?; ( ton mécontent) what is the meaning of this?

    2) ( notifier)

    signifier quelque chose à quelqu'un — fml to inform somebody of something; Droit to notify somebody of something

    * * *
    siɲifje vt
    1) [mot] (= vouloir dire) to mean
    2) [personne] to make sth known

    signifier son désaccord à qn — to make one's disagreement known to sb, to make it know to sb that one disagrees

    * * *
    signifier verb table: plier vtr
    1 ( avoir pour sens) to mean; qu'est-ce que ça signifie? ( question normale) what does it mean?; ( ton mécontent) what is the meaning of this?;
    2 ( impliquer) to mean; cela signifie que it means that;
    3 fml ( notifier) signifier qch à qn to inform sb of sth [décision, refus]; signifier à qn que to inform sb that; signifier son congé à qn to give sb notice; signifier à un employé qu'il est congédié to inform an employee of his/her dismissal; signifier à un ami de se tenir prêt à partir to tell a friend to be ready to leave;
    4 Jur signifier qch à qn to notify sb of sth.
    [siɲifje] verbe transitif
    1. [avoir tel sens - suj: mot, symbole] to mean, to signify
    2. [indiquer - suj: mimique, geste, acte] to mean
    [pour exprimer l'irritation]
    3. [être le signe avant-coureur de] to mean, to betoken (soutenu)
    4. [impliquer] to mean, to imply
    5. (soutenu) [notifier] to notify
    il m'a signifié son départ/son accord he has informed me that he is leaving/that he agrees
    6. DROIT [jugement] to notify
    signifier à quelqu'un que... to serve notice on ou upon somebody that...

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > signifier

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