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free+from+damage

Толкование Перевод

1 free from damage

free from damage

incólume, não avariado.

English-Portuguese dictionary > free from damage
2 free from damage

nieuszkodzony

English-Polish dictionary for engineers > free from damage
3 free

[fri:] 1. adjective
1) (allowed to move where one wants; not shut in, tied, fastened etc: The prison door opened, and he was a free man.) livre

2) (not forced or persuaded to act, think, speak etc in a particular way: free speech; You are free to think what you like.) livre

3) ((with with) generous: He is always free with his money/advice.) generoso

4) (frank, open and ready to speak: a free manner.) franco

5) (costing nothing: a free gift.) gratuito

6) (not working or having another appointment; not busy: I shall be free at five o'clock.) livre

7) (not occupied, not in use: Is this table free?) livre

8) ((with of or from) without or no longer having (especially something or someone unpleasant etc): She is free from pain now; free of charge.) livre
2. verb
1) (to make or set (someone) free: He freed all the prisoners.) libertar

2) ((with from or of) to rid or relieve (someone) of something: She was able to free herself from her debts by working at an additional job.) livrar(-se)

•

- freedom
- freely
- free-for-all
- freehand
- freehold
- freelance 3. verb
(to work in this way: He is freelancing now.) trabalhar por conta própria

- Freepost
- free skating
- free speech
- free trade
- freeway
- freewheel
- free will
- a free hand
- set free
* * *

[fri:] vt (ps e pp freed) 1 livrar, libertar, emancipar, soltar, pôr em liberdade. 2 resgatar, desobrigar, isentar, eximir. 3 desembaraçar, desobstruir, franquear, abrir. • adj 1 livre, independente, autônomo. you are free to do what you want / você tem toda liberdade para fazer o que deseja. 2 liberto, emancipado, que pode dispor de sua pessoa. it is free for you to go / você pode ir, se quiser. 3 espontâneo, voluntário. I am free to confess / estou pronto a confessar. 4 discricionário, arbitrário. 5 solto, desprendido, desatado, não fixo. the ship is free of the harbour / o navio encontra-se fora das águas do porto. 6 em liberdade, absolvido, inocente. he was set free / ele foi posto em liberdade. 7 desimpedido, desobstruído. 8 desocupado, vago. 9 permitido, lícito. 10 desembaraçado. 11 descoberto, aberto. 12 acessível, público, aberto (porto). 13 gratuito, grátis, franco. 14 isento, dispensado. 15 generoso, liberal, pródigo, profuso. 16 abundante, copioso, ilimitado, irrestrito. 17 não convencional, sem cerimônia. he was very free with me / ele tomou muitas liberdades comigo. 18 não textual, não ao pé da letra. 19 franco, sincero, ingênuo, cândido, que fala com franqueza. 20 atrevido, licencioso, descomedido, indecente, imoral, libertino. 21 desenfreado, descuidado. 22 Naut favorável. 23 Bot que não estão aderentes entre si. 24 Chem puro, simples (elemento). • adv grátis, gratuitamente. carriage free transporte pago. duty free isento de taxa alfadengária. for free coll grátis. free alongside ship (abreviatura: FAS) posto no costado do navio. free and easy natural, despreocupado, sem cerimônia. free and unencumbered sem hipoteca, não hipotecado. free cost gratuito. free from damage incólume, não avariado. free from disease livre de doença. free from restraint livre de restrições, desimpedido. free of care despreocupado, sem preocupações. free of charge (abreviatura: FOC) livre de despesas, franco. free of crowds and noise longe das multidões e do barulho. free of debt sem dívidas. free of duty sem taxa alfandegária. free on board (abreviatura: FOB) livre de despesas de transporte. free on quay (abreviatura: FOQ) entregue no cais sem despesa. free on rails (abreviatura: FOR) livre de despesas até ser posto no trem. free on truck (abreviatura: FOT) posto no caminhão livre de despesas. it runs free Tech corre em vazio. of my own free will de minha livre e espontânea vontade. post free porte pago. to feel free sentir-se à vontade. to free of limpar (um lugar) de, livrar-se de (alguém). to have ones’ hands free ter as mãos vazias. toll free isento de taxa, chamada telefônica grátis. to make free with explorar, usar de liberdade, tratar desrespeitosamente. to make someone free of something dar a alguém o direito de usar ou partilhar algo.

English-Portuguese dictionary > free
4 free

1. adjective,
freer, freest

1) frei

get free — freikommen; sich befreien

go free — (escape unpunished) straffrei ausgehen

let somebody go free — (leave captivity) jemanden freilassen; (unpunished) jemanden freisprechen

set free — freilassen; (fig.) erlösen

free of something — (without) frei von etwas

free of charge/cost — gebührenfrei/kostenlos

free and easy — ungezwungen; locker (ugs.)

give free rein to something — einer Sache (Dat.) freien Lauf lassen

2) (having liberty)

somebody is free to do something — es steht jemandem frei, etwas zu tun

you're free to choose — du kannst frei [aus]wählen

leave somebody free to do something — es jemandem ermöglichen, etwas zu tun

feel free! — nur zu! (ugs.)

feel free to correct me — du darfst mich gerne korrigieren

it's a free country — (coll.) wir leben in einem freien Land

free from something — frei von etwas

free from pain/troubles — schmerz-/sorgenfrei

3) (provided without payment) kostenlos; frei [Überfahrt, Unterkunft, Versand, Verpflegung]; Frei[karte, -exemplar, -fahrt]; Gratis[probe, -vorstellung]

‘admission free’ — "Eintritt frei"

have a free ride on the train — umsonst mit der Bahn fahren

for free — (coll.) umsonst

4) (not occupied, not reserved, not being used) frei

free time — Freizeit, die

when would you be free to start work? — wann könnten Sie mit der Arbeit anfangen?

he's free in the mornings — er hat morgens Zeit

5) (generous)

be free with something — mit etwas großzügig umgehen

6) (frank, open) offen; freimütig

7) (not strict) frei [Übersetzung, Interpretation, Bearbeitung usw.]
2. adverb
(without cost or payment) gratis; umsonst
3. transitive verb
(set at liberty) freilassen; (disentangle) befreien (of, from von)

free somebody/oneself from — jemanden/sich befreien von [Tyrannei, Unterdrückung, Tradition]; jemanden/sich befreien aus [Gefängnis, Sklaverei, Umklammerung]

free somebody/oneself of — jemanden/sich befreien od. freimachen von

* * *
[fri:] 1. adjective
1) (allowed to move where one wants; not shut in, tied, fastened etc: The prison door opened, and he was a free man.) frei

2) (not forced or persuaded to act, think, speak etc in a particular way: free speech; You are free to think what you like.) frei

3) ((with with) generous: He is always free with his money/advice.) freigiebig

4) (frank, open and ready to speak: a free manner.) frei

5) (costing nothing: a free gift.) kostenlos

6) (not working or having another appointment; not busy: I shall be free at five o'clock.) frei

7) (not occupied, not in use: Is this table free?) frei

8) ((with of or from) without or no longer having (especially something or someone unpleasant etc): She is free from pain now; free of charge.) ohne, frei
2. verb
1) (to make or set (someone) free: He freed all the prisoners.) freilassen, befreien

2) ((with from or of) to rid or relieve (someone) of something: She was able to free herself from her debts by working at an additional job.) entlasten

•

- academic.ru/29289/freedom">freedom
- freely
- free-for-all
- freehand
- freehold
- freelance 3. verb
(to work in this way: He is freelancing now.) freiberuflich tätig sein

- Freepost
- free skating
- free speech
- free trade
- freeway
- freewheel
- free will
- a free hand
- set free
* * *

free

[fri:]

I. adj

1. (not physically impeded) frei

to break \free [of [or from] sth] ( also fig) sich akk [aus etw dat] befreien

to break [or cut] \free [of [or from] sb] ( also fig) sich akk [von jdm] losreißen a. fig

to roam/run \free frei herumlaufen

to set sb/an animal \free ( also fig) jdn/ein Tier freilassen

2. (not confined) frei

she left the court a \free woman sie verließ das Gericht als freie Frau

to go [or walk] \free straffrei ausgehen

3. (not under compulsion) frei

you are \free to come and go as you please Sie können kommen und gehen, wann Sie wollen

you're \free to refuse es steht Ihnen frei abzulehnen

am I \free to leave now? kann ich jetzt gehen?

did you do this of your own \free will? haben Sie das aus freiem Willen getan?

\free choice freie Wahl

to feel \free sich dat keinen Zwang antun

can I get myself a drink? — feel \free kann ich mir etwas zu trinken nehmen? — bedienen Sie sich nur

feel \free to interrupt me unterbrechen Sie mich ruhig

4. (without obstruction) frei

\free movement of capital freier Kapitalverkehr

\free movement of labour Freizügigkeit f für Arbeitnehmer und Selbstständige

\free play MECH Spielraum m

to allow [or give] one's emotions \free play [or \free play to one's emotions] seinen Gefühlen freien Lauf lassen

5. (disposable) frei

\free capital freies Kapital

\free reserves freie Rücklagen

6. POL elections, press frei

it's a \free country! das ist ein freies Land!

\free speech Redefreiheit f

7. pred (rid of) frei (of/from von + dat)

to be \free of [or from] a disease eine Krankheit nicht haben

my doctor told me I would never be completely \free of the disease mein Arzt sagte mir, dass ich die Krankheit niemals ganz loswerden würde fam

\free of charge kostenlos

to be \free of [or from] customs/tax zoll-/steuerfrei sein

\free of [or from] dirt schmutzfrei

\free of pain schmerzfrei

▪ to be \free of sb jdn los sein fam

8. inv (not attached or entangled) lose

I want the bookcase to stand \free of the wall ich will, dass der Bücherschrank nicht an der Wand steht

to get/pull sth \free etw freibekommen/losreißen

to work [itself/sth] \free [sich/etw akk] lösen

9. pred (not busy) person

to leave sb \free to do sth es jdm ermöglichen, etw zu tun

▪ to be \free [to do sth] Zeit haben[, etw zu tun]

10. inv (without appointments) time frei

I've got a \free evening next Monday ich habe nächsten Montag einen freien Abend

\free time Freizeit f

11. inv (not occupied) object frei; seat unbesetzt

excuse me, is this seat \free? Entschuldigung, ist dieser Platz frei?

if you take these bags that will give me a free hand to open the door wenn Sie diese Tüten nehmen, habe ich die Hand frei, um die Türe zu öffnen

to leave sth \free etw freilassen

12. inv (costing nothing) gratis, unentgeltlich

admission is \free der Eintritt ist frei

entrance is \free for pensioners Rentner haben freien Eintritt

\free copy Freiexemplar nt

\free issue STOCKEX Emission f von Gratisaktien

\free ticket Freikarte f

13. (generous) freigiebig

▪ to be \free with sth mit etw dat großzügig sein

to make \free with sth mit etw dat großzügig umgehen

don't her parents mind her making \free with their house while they're on holiday? haben ihre Eltern nichts dagegen, dass sie so frei über ihr Haus verfügt, während sie im Urlaub sind?

14. (inexact) frei, nicht wörtlich

\free translation freie Übersetzung

15. (frank) offen; (casual) manners ungezwungen; ( pej) unverschämt

16. (public) library öffentlich

17. LIT, MUS, SPORT (not restricted by convention) frei

\free section Kür f

18. CHEM oxygen, radical frei, nicht gebunden

19.

▶ to be as \free as the air [or a bird] frei wie ein Vogel sein

▶ the best things in life are \free ( saying) das Beste im Leben ist umsonst

▶ \free and easy entspannt, locker

▶ there's no such thing as a \free lunch nichts ist umsonst

II. adv inv frei, gratis

\free of charge kostenlos

\free, gratis, and for nothing ( hum) gratis und umsonst

for \free ( fam) gratis, umsonst

III. vt

1. (release)

▪ to \free sb/an animal jdn/ein Tier freilassen

▪ to \free sb/an animal [from sth] jdn/ein Tier [von [o aus] etw dat] befreien

▪ to \free sth [from sth] part of the body etw [von etw dat] frei machen

he tried to \free his hands from the rope er versuchte, seine Hände aus dem Seil zu befreien

2. (relieve)

▪ to \free sb/sth/oneself from [or of] sth jdn/etw/sich von etw dat befreien [o frei machen]

to \free sb from a contract jdn aus einem Vertrag entlassen

3. (make available)

▪ to \free sth etw frei machen

I need to \free the afternoon to write this report ich muss mir den Nachmittag frei machen, um diesen Bericht zu schreiben

to \free funds Gelder flüssigmachen

to \free a space Platz schaffen

▪ to \free sb to do sth jdm Freiraum geben, etw zu tun

4. (loosen)

▪ to \free sth rusty bolt, cog, tap etw lösen

we managed to \free the propeller from the rope wir konnten den Propeller vom Seil losmachen

* * *
[friː]
1. adj (+er)

1) (= at liberty, unrestricted) person, animal, state, activity, translation, choice frei

as free as a bird or (the) air —

to set a prisoner free — einen Gefangenen freilassen or auf freien Fuß setzen

he is free to go — es steht ihm frei zu gehen

you're free to choose — die Wahl steht Ihnen frei

you're free to come too — Sie können ruhig auch kommen

you're free to go now — Sie können jetzt gehen(, wenn Sie wollen)

you're free to decide — Sie können das selbst entscheiden

I'm not free to do it — es steht mir nicht frei, es zu tun

(do) feel free to help yourself/ask questions — nehmen Sie sich/fragen Sie ruhig

feel free! (inf) — bitte, gern(e)!

to give sb a free hand — jdm freie Hand lassen

he left one end of the rope free — er ließ ein Ende des Seils lose

free elections — freie Wahlen pl

See:

→ rein

2)

(+prep) free from worry — sorgenfrei

free from blame/responsibility — frei von Schuld/Verantwortung

free of sth — frei von etw

free of or from pain — schmerzfrei

free of violence — gewaltlos

free of fear — ohne Angst

a world free of nuclear weapons — eine Welt ohne Atomwaffen

at last I was free of her — endlich war ich sie los

3) (= costing nothing) kostenlos, Gratis-; (COMM) gratis

free shares — Gratisaktien pl

it's free — das kostet nichts

admission free — Eintritt frei

to get sth free — etw umsonst bekommen

we got in free or for free (inf) —

free, gratis and for nothing — gratis und umsonst

I can tell you that for free (inf) — das kann ich dir gratis sagen

free delivery — (porto)freier Versand

free alongside ship (Comm) — frei Kai

free on board (Comm) — frei Schiff

4) (= not occupied) room, seat, hour, person frei

a few seats are kept free — einige Plätze werden frei gehalten

I wasn't free earlier —

this leaves our hands free for other issues — dadurch haben wir für andere Dinge Zeit

if you've got a free hand could you carry this? — wenn du eine Hand frei hast, kannst du mir das tragen?

5) (= lavish, profuse) großzügig, freigebig; (= licentious, improper) language, behaviour frei, lose; (= overfamiliar) plumpvertraulich

to be free with one's money — großzügig mit seinem Geld umgehen

to be free with one's advice — Ratschläge erteilen

to make free with other people's property — sich großzügig anderer Leute Sachen (gen) bedienen

2. vt
prisoner (= release) freilassen; (= help escape) befreien; caged animal freilassen; nation befreien; (= untie) person losbinden; tangle (auf)lösen; pipe frei machen; rusty screw, caught fabric lösen; (= make available) person frei machen
to free sb from pain — jdn von seinen Schmerzen befreien

to free oneself from sth — sich von etw frei machen

* * *

free [friː]

A adj (adv freely)

1. allg frei:

a) unabhängig

b) selbstständig

c) ungebunden

d) ungehindert

e) uneingeschränkt

f) in Freiheit (befindlich):

he left the court a free man, he walked free from court er verließ das Gericht als freier Mann;

he’s always free SPORT er ist immer anspielbar;

he is free to go, it is free for him to go es steht ihm frei zu gehen;

please be free to ask questions Sie können gerne Fragen stellen;

it’s ( oder this is) a free country umg ist das etwa verboten?, hier kann jeder tun und lassen, was er will;

mind if I sit here? - it’s a free country ich kann dich nicht daran hindern;

give sb a free hand jemandem freie Hand lassen; → set C 2, swing C 1, will² A 3

2. frei:

a) unbeschäftigt:

he is free after 5 o’clock

b) ohne Verpflichtungen (Abend etc)

c) nicht besetzt:

this room is free

3. frei:

a) nicht wörtlich:

a free translation

b) nicht an Regeln gebunden:

free verse;

free practice (Motorsport) freies Training;

free skating (Eis-, Rollkunstlauf) Kür(laufen) f(n);

free skater Kürläufer(in);

free technique (Skilanglauf) freie Technik

c) frei gestaltet (Version etc)

4. (from, of) frei (von), ohne (akk):

free of alcohol alkoholfrei;

free of damage WIRTSCH unbeschädigt;

free from error fehlerfrei;

free from infection MED frei von ansteckenden Krankheiten;

stay free of injury SPORT von Verletzungen verschont bleiben;

free from prejudice ( oder bias) vorurteilsfrei, unvoreingenommen;

the judge wasn’t free from prejudice JUR der Richter war befangen

5. frei, befreit ( beide:

from, of von):

free from contradiction widerspruchsfrei;

free of debt schuldenfrei;

free from distortion TECH verzerrungsfrei;

free of income tax einkommensteuerfrei;

free of pain schmerzfrei;

free of taxes steuerfrei;

free and unencumbered JUR unbelastet, hypothekenfrei; → charge C 7

6. gefeit, im’mun, gesichert ( alle:

from gegen)

7. CHEM nicht gebunden, frei

8. los(e), frei:

get one’s arm free seinen Arm freibekommen

9. frei (stehend oder schwebend)

10. ungezwungen, natürlich, unbefangen:

free manners; → easy A 11

11. a) offen(herzig), freimütig

b) unverblümt

c) dreist, plump-vertraulich:

make free with sich Freiheiten herausnehmen gegen jemanden; sich (ungeniert) gütlich tun an einer Sache

12. allzu frei:

free talk lockere Reden pl

13. freigebig, großzügig:

be free with großzügig sein oder umgehen mit

14. reichlich: → flow A 1

15. leicht, flott, zügig

16. a) (kosten-, gebühren)frei, kostenlos, unentgeltlich, gratis:

free admission freier Eintritt;

free copy Freiexemplar n;

free fares pl Nulltarif m;

free gift (Werbe)Geschenk n, Zugabe f;

free sample Gratisprobe f;

free ticket Freikarte f, BAHN etc Freifahrkarte f, -schein m;

free transport Beförderung f zum Nulltarif;

for free umg umsonst;

get sth for free umg etwas geschenkt bekommen; → pass C 2 b

b) TEL gebührenfrei, zum Nulltarif

17. WIRTSCH frei (Handelsklausel):

free alongside ship frei Längsseite Schiff;

free on board frei an Bord;

free on rail frei Waggon;

free domicile frei Haus

18. WIRTSCH zoll- oder genehmigungsfrei (Importe etc)

19. WIRTSCH frei verfügbar (Vermögenswerte etc)

20. öffentlich, allen zugänglich:

free library Volksbücherei f;

be (made) free of sth freien Zutritt zu etwas haben

21. willig, bereit ( beide:

to do zu tun)

22. Turnen: ohne Geräte:

free gymnastics Freiübungen

23. (frei) beweglich:

free balloon Freiballon m;

be free of the harbo(u)r aus dem Hafen heraus sein

24. TECH leer (Maschine):

run free leerlaufen

25. LING

a) in einer offenen Silbe stehend (Vokal)

b) frei, nicht fest (Wortakzent)

B v/t

1. befreien ( from von, aus) (auch fig):

free o.s. sich befreien;

free o.s. of sich frei machen von

2. freilassen

3. entlasten (from, of von)

4. auch free up WIRTSCH Preise freigeben

C adv allg frei:

call us free on … rufen Sie uns gebührenfrei oder zum Nulltarif an unter …;

go free SCHIFF raumschots segeln

* * *
1. adjective,
freer, freest

1) frei

get free — freikommen; sich befreien

go free — (escape unpunished) straffrei ausgehen

let somebody go free — (leave captivity) jemanden freilassen; (unpunished) jemanden freisprechen

set free — freilassen; (fig.) erlösen

free of something — (without) frei von etwas

free of charge/cost — gebührenfrei/kostenlos

free and easy — ungezwungen; locker (ugs.)

give free rein to something — einer Sache (Dat.) freien Lauf lassen

2) (having liberty)

somebody is free to do something — es steht jemandem frei, etwas zu tun

you're free to choose — du kannst frei [aus]wählen

leave somebody free to do something — es jemandem ermöglichen, etwas zu tun

feel free! — nur zu! (ugs.)

feel free to correct me — du darfst mich gerne korrigieren

it's a free country — (coll.) wir leben in einem freien Land

free from something — frei von etwas

free from pain/troubles — schmerz-/sorgenfrei

3) (provided without payment) kostenlos; frei [Überfahrt, Unterkunft, Versand, Verpflegung]; Frei[karte, -exemplar, -fahrt]; Gratis[probe, -vorstellung]

‘admission free’ — "Eintritt frei"

have a free ride on the train — umsonst mit der Bahn fahren

for free — (coll.) umsonst

4) (not occupied, not reserved, not being used) frei

free time — Freizeit, die

when would you be free to start work? — wann könnten Sie mit der Arbeit anfangen?

he's free in the mornings — er hat morgens Zeit

5) (generous)

be free with something — mit etwas großzügig umgehen

6) (frank, open) offen; freimütig

7) (not strict) frei [Übersetzung, Interpretation, Bearbeitung usw.]
2. adverb
(without cost or payment) gratis; umsonst
3. transitive verb
(set at liberty) freilassen; (disentangle) befreien (of, from von)

free somebody/oneself from — jemanden/sich befreien von [Tyrannei, Unterdrückung, Tradition]; jemanden/sich befreien aus [Gefängnis, Sklaverei, Umklammerung]

free somebody/oneself of — jemanden/sich befreien od. freimachen von

* * *

adj.

frei adj.

offenherzig adj.

umsonst adj. (from) v.

befreien (von) v. v.

befreien v.

freigeben v.

English-german dictionary > free
5 free

1) вільний, незайнятий; не закріплений; звільнений ( від чогось); добровільний; доступний; безкоштовний, безоплатний, безплатний; безмитний; який не підлягає обкладанню (митом, податками тощо); який не несе відповідальності за збитки; відкритий

2) звільняти, визволяти, випускати на волю

3) вільно; добровільно; безоплатно, безкоштовно; безмитно

•

free access to and from the sea — вільний доступ до моря і вільний вихід з нього

free exercise of the right to elect and to be elected — вільне здійснення права обирати і бути обраним

free movement of both goods and people — вільний рух товарів і людей

- free a hostage
- free access
- free access to the courts
- free agency
- free agent
- free airport
- free alongside ship
- free and clear
- free and discharged
- free article
- free at store
- free baggage
- free base
- free-base
- free circulation
- free city
- free-cleared
- free competition
- free delivery
- free discretion
- free economic zone
- free education
- free election
- free elections
- free enterprise
- free entry
- free-entry list
- free exchange of opinions
- free exercise
- free exercise of religion
- free exercise of will
- free fishing
- free forcibly from custody
- free from a charge
- free from allegiance
- free from arrest
- free from custody
- free from debts
- free from detention
- free from easements
- free from imprisonment
- free from liability
- free from penalty
- free from points
- free from punishment
- free from responsibility
- free from restraint
- free from supervision
- free from tax
- free goods
- free hand
- free harbor
- free harbour
- free health care
- free immediately
- free imports
- free in and out
- free in and stowed
- free-lance
- free-lance work
- free law
- free-law conception
- free-law doctrine
- free lawyer
- free legal service
- free list
- free-listed goods
- free market
- free marriage
- free medical treatment
- free movement
- free movement of goods
- free of all average
- free of capture and seizure
- free of charge
- free of customs
- free of damage
- free of debt
- free of defects
- free of duty
- free of income tax
- free of interest
- free on bail
- free on board
- free on board vessel
- free on rail
- free on truck
- free on wagon
- free pardon
- free pass
- free port
- free port
- free pratique
- free press
- free sea
- free service
- free society
- free tenure
- free trade
- free trade area
- free-trade agreement
- free trade zone
- free tuition
- free union
- free vote
- free will
- free will payment
- free zone

English-Ukrainian law dictionary > free
6 free alongside ship (insert named port of shipment)
1. свободно вдоль борта судна
свободно вдоль борта судна
fas
Данный термин означает, что продавец считается выполнившим свое обязательство по поставке, когда товар размещен вдоль борта номинированного покупателем судна (т.е. на причале или на барже) в согласованном порту отгрузки. Риск утраты или повреждения товара переходит, когда товар расположен вдоль борта судна, и с этого момента покупатель несет все расходы. Данный термин подлежит использованию только для морского и внутреннего водного транспорта (ИНКОТЕРМС 2010)
[Упрощение процедур торговли: англо-русский глоссарий терминов (пересмотренное второе издание) НЬЮ-ЙОРК, ЖЕНЕВА, МОСКВА 2011 год]

EN

fas (insert named port of shipment)
free alongside ship (insert named port of shipment)
Incoterm under which the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel (e.g., on a quay or a barge) nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are alongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards. This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport (INCOTERMS 2010)
[Trade Facilitation Terms: An English - Russian Glossary (revised second edition) NEW YORK, GENEVA, MOSCOW 2380]

Тематики
- торговля
Синонимы
- fas
EN
- fas (insert named port of shipment)
- free alongside ship (insert named port of shipment)
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > free alongside ship (insert named port of shipment)
7 free on board (insert named port of shipment)
1. свободно на борту (с указанием порта отгрузки)
свободно на борту (с указанием порта отгрузки)
fob (с указанием порта отгрузки)
Данный термин означает, что продавец поставляет товар на борт судна, номинированного покупателем в поименованном порту отгрузки, или обеспечивает предоставление поставленного таким образом товара. Риск утраты или повреждения товара переходит, когда товар находится на борту судна, и с этого момента покупатель несет все расходы. Данный термин подлежит использованию только для морского и внутреннего водного транспорта (ИНКОТЕРМС 2010)
[Упрощение процедур торговли: англо-русский глоссарий терминов (пересмотренное второе издание) НЬЮ-ЙОРК, ЖЕНЕВА, МОСКВА 2011 год]

EN

fob (insert named port of shipment)
free on board (insert named port of shipment)
Incoterm under which the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards. This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport (INCOTERMS 2010)
[Trade Facilitation Terms: An English - Russian Glossary (revised second edition) NEW YORK, GENEVA, MOSCOW 2389]

Тематики
- торговля
Синонимы
- fob (с указанием порта отгрузки)
EN
- fob (insert named port of shipment)
- free on board (insert named port of shipment)
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > free on board (insert named port of shipment)
8 liability

1) ответственность, обязанность

2) обязательство; долг, задолженность

3) бухг. пассив

4) помеха, препятствие, обуза

•

- absolute liability

- acceptance liabilities

- accrued liabilities

- actual tax liability

- additional liability

- assessed tax liabilities

- bank liabilities

- business liabilities

- contingent liability

- contingent liabilities

- contractual liability

- contract liabilities

- contractual liabilities

- corporate liability

- corporate profits tax liability

- cross liabilities

- current liabilities

- debt liability

- debtor's liability for payment of the borrowed funds

- deferred liabilities

- deposit liabilities

- direct liability

- estimated liabilities

- external liabilities

- financial liability

- fiscal liabilities

- fixed liability

- fixed-rate liabilities

- floating liabilities

- foreign liabilities

- full liability

- gross liabilities

- gross liabilities in balance value

- income tax liability

- indirect liability

- individual liability

- insurance liability

- interest sensitive liabilities

- internal liabilities

- joint liability

- joint and several liability

- latent tax liability

- legal liability

- licensor's liability

- limited liability

- liquid liabilities

- long-term liabilities

- material liability

- matured liabilities

- maturing liability

- net current liabilities

- noncontractual liability

- noncurrent liabilities

- no-fault liability

- off-balance-sheet liability

- other liabilities

- outstanding liabilities

- payroll liabilities

- pecuniary liability

- personal liability

- primary liability

- prime liability

- prior-year tax liability

- rate-sensitive liabilities

- reserve liability

- restricted liability

- secondary liabilities

- secured liability

- shareholders' liability

- short-term liabilities

- sight liability

- solo liability

- tax liability

- time liability

- total liabilities

- underwriting liability

- unfunded pension liability

- unlimited liability

- unsecured liabilities

- year's tax liability

- liability for compensation

- liability for damage

- liability for damages

- liability for debts

- liability for debts and torts

- liability for endorsement

- liability for infringement

- liability for loss

- liabilities for settlements

- liability for tax

- liabilities of a bank

- liability of an acceptor

- liability of a drawer

- liability of indemnity

- liability for infringement

- liability on a bill

- liabilities on shares

- liability to compensate for damage

- liability to compensate for losses

- liabilities to creditors

- liabilities to shareholders

- liabilities to stockholders

- liabilities under a contract

- accept liability

- accrue liabilities

- admit liability

- assume liability

- break down liabilities

- calculate tax liability

- carry as liability

- clear the current liability

- clear off liabilities

- contract liabilities

- deny liability

- discharge liabilities

- discharge from liability

- discharge from liabilities

- disclaim liability

- enjoy limited liability

- escape liability

- establish liability

- exclude liability

- exempt from liability

- extend liability

- fail to meet liabilities

- free from liability

- have liability on a bill

- incur liability

- involve liability

- limit liability

- meet liabilities

- pay liabilities

- plug the state's unfunded pension liability

- release from liability

- relieve from liability

- repay liabilities

- repudiate liability

- service one's liabilities

- shoulder liability

- take liability

- liabilities and shareholders' equity

- liabilities denominated in foreign currency

- commitments and contingent liabilities

- without liability

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > liability
9 liability

n

1) обязанность; ответственность

2) обязательство

3) pl долги, задолженность, денежные обязательства

4) бухг. пассив

- absolute liability
- acceptance liabilities
- accrued liabilities
- actual tax liability
- additional liabilities
- assessed tax liabilities
- bank liabilities
- business liabilities
- capital liabilities
- carrier's liability
- civil liability
- collective liability
- common law liability
- contingent liabilities
- contract liabilities
- contractual liabilities
- corporate liability
- corporate profits tax liability
- criminal liability
- cross liabilities
- current liabilities
- debt liability
- debtor's liability for payment of the borrowed funds
- deferred liabilities
- deposit liabilities
- direct liability
- eligible liabilities
- employer's liability
- estimated liabilities
- external liabilities
- financial liability
- fixed liabilities
- floating liabilities
- foreign liabilities
- full liability
- government liability
- gross liabilities
- imputed liability
- income tax liability
- indirect liability
- individual liability
- insurance liability
- interest sensitive liabilities
- internal liabilities
- joint liability
- joint and several liability
- licensee's liabilities
- licensor's liability
- legal liability
- limited liability
- liquid liabilities
- long-term liabilities
- material liability
- matured liabilities
- maturing liability
- maximum liability
- noncontractual liability
- noncurrent liabilities
- net liabilities
- off-balance-sheet liability
- other liabilities
- outstanding liabilities
- partnership liabilities
- payroll liabilities
- pension liabilities
- personal liability
- primary liability
- prime liability
- prior-year tax liability
- products liability
- proportional liability
- quick liabilities
- rate-sensitive liabilities
- reserve liability
- secondary liabilities
- secured liability
- short-term liabilities
- sight liability
- solo liability
- tax liability
- time liability
- total liabilities
- trade liabilities
- underwriting liability
- unfunded pension liability
- unlimited liability
- vicarious liability
- year's tax liability
- liability for compensation
- liability for damage
- liability for damages
- liability for debts
- liability for debts and torts
- liability for defects
- liability for endorsement
- liability for infringement
- liability for loss
- liability for partnership debts
- liabilities for settlements
- liability for tax
- liability of an acceptor
- liabilities of a bank
- liability of a carrier
- liability of a drawer
- liability of indemnity
- liability of infringement
- liability on a bill
- liability on a charter
- liability to compensate for damage
- liability to compensate for losses
- liabilities to creditors
- liability to furnish information
- liability to indemnify
- liability to insure
- liability to pay customs duties
- liability to provide maintenance
- liabilities to stockholders
- liabilities under a contract
- without liability
- accept liability
- accrue liabilities
- admit liability
- assume liability
- break down liabilities
- calculate tax liability
- carry as liability
- clear the current liability
- clear off liabilities
- contract liabilities
- create liability
- deny liability
- discharge liabilities
- discharge from liability
- discharge from liabilities
- disclaim liability
- enjoy limited liability
- establish liability
- exclude liability
- exempt liability
- extend liability
- fail to one's liabilities
- fail to meet liabilities
- free from liability
- have liability on a bill
- incur liability
- incur liabilities
- involve liability
- limit liability
- meet liabilities
- minimize tax liability
- modify liabilities
- pay liabilities
- plug the state's unfunded pension liability
- release from liability
- relieve from liability
- repay liabilities
- repudiate liability
- service one's liabilities
- shoulder liability
- take liability upon oneself
- understate tax liability
- undertake liability

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > liability
10 responsibility

n

1) ответственность

2) обязанность, обязательство

- absolute responsibility
- additional responsibility
- administrative responsibility
- civil responsibility
- cost responsibility
- direct responsibility
- economic responsibility
- financial responsibility
- fiscal responsibility
- full responsibility
- functional responsibility
- joint responsibility
- limited responsibility
- management responsibility
- managerial responsibility
- material responsibility
- mutual responsibility
- participant's responsibilits
- pecuniary responsibility
- personal responsibility
- primary responsibility
- prime responsibility
- private responsibility
- professional responsibility
- shared responsibility
- solo responsibility
- split responsibility
- undivided responsibility
- umlimited responsibility
- vicarious responsibility
- warranty responsibility
- responsibility for damage
- responsibility for delivery
- responsibility for the quality of products
- responsibility for shortage
- responsibility for transportation
- on one's own responsibility
- within smb's responsibility
- accept responsibility
- allocate responsibilities
- assume responsibility
- bear responsibility
- be free from responsibility
- decline responsibility
- deny responsibility
- disclaim responsibility
- divide responsibilities
- do on one's own responsibility
- entrust smb with responsibility
- escape responsibility
- establish responsibility
- exempt from responsibility
- extend responsibility
- free from responsibility
- impose responsibility
- increase responsibility
- limit responsibility
- place responsibility
- release from responsibility
- relieve from responsibility
- repudiate responsibility
- share responsibility
- shift responsibility on smb
- shoulder responsibility
- undertake responsibility

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > responsibility
11 liability

n

1) ответственность; обязательство; долг; обязанность

2) (тж pl) денежные обязательства; задолженность

3) помеха, обуза

•

to account for liability — составлять задолженность

to admit liability — признавать себя ответственным

to assume liability — принимать на себя обязательства

to confess liability — признавать ответственность / долг / обязательства

to discharge liability — выполнять обязательства

to disclaim liability — отказываться от обязательств

to excuse liability — юр. избавлять от судебной ответственности

to exempt / to free from liabilities — освобождать от обязательств

to impose liabilities — налагать обязательства

to incur liabilities — навлекать на себя обязательства в отношении чего-л.

to limit liability — ограничивать ответственность

to pledge liabilities — брать на себя обязательства

to share liability — разделять ответственность ( за содеянное)

to shield smb from liability — защищать кого-л. от ответственности

- absolute liability
- accrued liabilities
- criminal liability
- current liability
- deferred liabilities
- direct liability
- disciplinary liability
- double liability
- employer's liability
- external liabilities
- financial liability
- fixed liabilities
- foreign liability
- he has become a political liability
- legal liability for smth
- liability for breakage
- liability for compensation
- liability for damage
- liability for debts
- liability for military services
- liability for war crimes
- liability ies of bank
- liability ies to foreign officials
- liability of indemnity
- liability to carry arms
- liability to pay taxes
- limited liability
- long-term fixed liabilities
- material liability
- outstanding liabilities
- political liability
- primary liability
- product liability
- public liability
- secondary liability
- serious liability to smb
- short-term liability
- tax liability
- total liabilities
- unlimited liability

Politics english-russian dictionary > liability
12 break

1. transitive verb,
broke, broken

1) brechen; (so as to damage) zerbrechen; kaputtmachen (ugs.); aufschlagen [Ei zum Kochen]; zerreißen [Seil]; (fig.): (interrupt) unterbrechen; brechen [Bann, Zauber, Schweigen]

break something in two/in pieces — etwas in zwei Teile/in Stücke brechen

the TV/my watch is broken — der Fernseher/meine Uhr ist kaputt (ugs.)

2) (fracture) sich (Dat.) brechen; (pierce) verletzen [Haut]

he broke his leg — er hat sich (Dat.) das Bein gebrochen

break one's/somebody's back — (fig.) sich/jemanden kaputtmachen (ugs.)

break the back of something — (fig.) bei etwas das Schwerste hinter sich bringen

break open — aufbrechen

3) (violate) brechen [Vertrag, Versprechen]; verletzen, verstoßen gegen [Regel, Tradition]; nicht einhalten [Verabredung]; überschreiten [Grenze]

break the law — gegen das Gesetz verstoßen

4) (destroy) zerstören, ruinieren [Freundschaft, Ehe]

5) (surpass) brechen [Rekord]

6) (abscond from)

break jail — [aus dem Gefängnis] ausbrechen

7) (weaken) brechen, beugen [Stolz]; zusammenbrechen lassen [Streik]

break somebody's heart — jemandem das Herz brechen

break somebody — (crush) jemanden fertig machen (ugs.)

break the habit — es sich (Dat.) abgewöhnen; see also academic.ru/44727/make">make 1. 15)

8) (cushion) auffangen [Schlag, jemandes Fall]

9) (make bankrupt) ruinieren

break the bank — die Bank sprengen

it won't break the bank — (fig. coll.) es kostet kein Vermögen

10) (reveal)

break the news that... — melden, dass...

11) (solve) entschlüsseln, entziffern [Kode, Geheimschrift]

12) (Tennis)

break service/somebody's service — den Aufschlag des Gegners/jemandes Aufschlag durchbrechen. See also broken 2.
2. intransitive verb,
broke, broken

1) kaputtgehen (ugs.); entzweigehen; [Faden, Seil:] [zer]reißen; [Glas, Tasse, Teller:] zerbrechen; [Eis:] brechen

somebody's heart is breaking — jemandem bricht das Herz

break in two/in pieces — entzweibrechen

2) (crack) [Fenster-, Glasscheibe:] zerspringen

my back was nearly breaking — ich brach mir fast das Kreuz

3) (sever links)

break with somebody/something — mit jemandem/etwas brechen

4)

break into — einbrechen in (+ Akk.) [Haus]; aufbrechen [Safe]

he broke into a sweat — ihm brach der Schweiß aus

break into a trot/run — etc. zu traben/laufen usw. anfangen

break into a banknote — eine Banknote anbrechen

break out of prison — etc. aus dem Gefängnis usw. ausbrechen

5)

break free or loose [from somebody/somebody's grip] — sich [von jemandem/aus jemandes Griff] losreißen

break free/loose [from prison] — [aus dem Gefängnis] ausbrechen

6) [Welle:] sich brechen (on/against an + Dat.)

7) [Wetter:] umschlagen

8) [Wolkendecke:] aufreißen

9) [Tag:] anbrechen

10) [Sturm:] losbrechen

11)

somebody's voice is breaking — jemand kommt in den Stimmbruch; (with emotion) jemandem bricht die Stimme

12) (have interval)

break for coffee/lunch — [eine] Kaffee-/Mittagspause machen

13) (become public) bekannt werden
3. noun
1) Bruch, der; (of rope) Reißen, das

break [of service] — (Tennis) Break, der od. das

a break with somebody/something — ein Bruch mit jemandem/etwas

break of day — Tagesanbruch, der

2) (gap) Lücke, die; (Electr.): (in circuit) Unterbrechung, die

3) (sudden dash)

they made a sudden break [for it] — sie stürmten plötzlich davon

4) (interruption) Unterbrechung, die

5) (pause, holiday) Pause, die

during the commercial breaks on TV — während der Werbespots im Fernsehen

take or have a break — [eine] Pause machen

6) (coll.): (fair chance, piece of luck) Chance, die

lucky break — große Chance

that was a bad break for him — das war Pech für ihn

Phrasal Verbs:

- break away

- break down

- break in

- break into

- break off

- break out

- break out of

- break through

- break up

* * *
[breik] 1. past tense - broke; verb
1) (to divide into two or more parts (by force).) brechen

2) ((usually with off/away) to separate (a part) from the whole (by force).) abbrechen

3) (to make or become unusable.) vernichten

4) (to go against, or not act according to (the law etc): He broke his appointment at the last minute.) brechen

5) (to do better than (a sporting etc record).) (einen Rekord etc.) brechen

6) (to interrupt: She broke her journey in London.) abbrechen

7) (to put an end to: He broke the silence.) brechen

8) (to make or become known: They gently broke the news of his death to his wife.) beibringen

9) ((of a boy's voice) to fall in pitch.) brechen

10) (to soften the effect of (a fall, the force of the wind etc).) brechen

11) (to begin: The storm broke before they reached shelter.) losbrechen
2. noun
1) (a pause: a break in the conversation.) die Pause

2) (a change: a break in the weather.) der Umschwung

3) (an opening.) die Lücke

4) (a chance or piece of (good or bad) luck: This is your big break.) der Durchbruch

•

- breakable
3. noun
((usually in plural) something likely to break.) der zerbrechliche Gegenstand

- breakage
- breaker
- breakdown
- break-in
- breakneck
- breakout
- breakthrough
- breakwater
- break away
- break down
- break into
- break in
- break loose
- break off
- break out
- break out in
- break the ice
- break up
- make a break for it
* * *

break

[breɪk]

I. NOUN

1. (fracture) Bruch m; (in glass, pottery) Sprung m; (in rock, wood) Riss m; MED Bruch m

2. (gap) Lücke f; (in rock) Spalt m; (in line) Unterbrechung f

3. (escape) Ausbruch m

to make a \break ausbrechen

4. (interruption) Unterbrechung f, Pause f; esp BRIT SCH (during classes) Pause f; (holiday) Ferien pl

coffee/lunch \break Kaffee-/Mittagspause f

Easter/Christmas \break Oster-/Weihnachtsferien pl

commercial \break TV, RADIO Werbung f

to have [or take] a \break eine Pause machen

we decided to have a short \break in Paris wir beschlossen, einen Kurzurlaub in Paris zu verbringen

to need a \break from sth eine Pause von etw dat brauchen

5. METEO

\break of day Tagesanbruch m

a \break in the weather ( liter) ein Wetterumschwung m

6. (divergence) Bruch m

a \break with family tradition ein Bruch mit der Familientradition

7. (end of relationship) Abbruch m

to make a clean/complete \break einen sauberen/endgültigen Schlussstrich ziehen

to make the \break [from sb/sth] die Beziehung [zu jdm/etw] abbrechen

8. (opportunity) Chance f, Gelegenheit f

she got her main \break as an actress in a Spielberg film sie hatte ihre größte Chance als Schauspielerin in einem Spielbergfilm

9. SPORT (in tennis)

\break [of serve] Break m o nt; (in snooker, billiards) Anstoß m

10. COMM ( fam: sharp fall) plötzlicher und starker Einbruch von Preisen und Kursen

11. COMPUT

\break key Pause-Taste f

12.

▶ give me a \break! ( fam: knock it off!) hör auf [damit]!; (give me a chance) gib mir eine Chance!

II. TRANSITIVE VERB

<broke, broken>

1. (shatter)

▪ to \break sth etw zerbrechen; (in two pieces) etw entzweibrechen; (force open) etw aufbrechen; (damage) etw kaputt machen fam; (fracture) etw brechen

we heard the sound of \breaking glass wir hörten das Geräusch von zerberstendem Glas

to \break an alibi ( fig) ein Alibi entkräften

to \break one's arm sich dat den Arm brechen

to \break one's back [or AM ass] ( fig fam) sich akk abrackern [o abstrampeln] fam

to \break sb's back ( fig) jdm das Kreuz brechen fig

to \break a bottle/a glass eine Flasche/ein Glas zerbrechen

to \break an egg ein Ei aufschlagen

to \break sb's heart ( fig) jdm das Herz brechen geh

to \break a nail/tooth sich dat einen Nagel/Zahn abbrechen

to \break sb's nose jdm die Nase brechen

to \break sth into smithereens etw in [tausend] Stücke schlagen

to \break the sonic [or sound] barrier die Schallmauer durchbrechen

to \break a window ein Fenster einschlagen

2. (momentarily interrupt)

▪ to \break sth etw unterbrechen

I need something to \break the monotony of my typing job ich brauche etwas, das etwas Abwechslung in meine eintönige Schreibarbeit bringt

to \break sb's fall jds Fall abfangen

to \break a circuit ELEC einen Stromkreis unterbrechen

to \break step [or stride] aus dem Gleichschritt kommen; MIL aus dem Schritt fallen

3. (put an end to)

▪ to \break sth etw zerstören

to \break the back of sth BRIT, AUS das Schlimmste einer S. gen hinter sich akk bringen

we can \break the back of this work today if we really try wenn wir uns ernsthaft bemühen, können wir diese Arbeit heute zum größten Teil erledigen

to \break camp das Lager abbrechen

to \break a deadlock einen toten Punkt überwinden, etw wieder in Gang bringen

to \break a habit eine Gewohnheit aufgeben

to \break sb of a habit jdm eine Angewohnheit abgewöhnen

to \break an impasse [or a stalemate] aus einer Sackgasse herauskommen

to \break a romantic mood eine romantische Stimmung kaputt machen fam

to \break the peace/a record/the silence den Frieden/einen Rekord/das Schweigen brechen

to \break a spell einen Bann brechen

to \break sb's spirit jdn mutlos machen

to \break a strike einen Streik brechen

to \break the suspense [or tension] die Spannung lösen

4. SPORT

to \break a tie in Führung gehen, einen Führungstreffer erzielen

▪ to \break sb TENNIS jdm das Aufschlagspiel abnehmen

5. (violate)

▪ to \break sth etw brechen

to \break an agreement eine Vereinbarung verletzen

to \break a date eine Verabredung nicht einhalten

to \break a/the law ein/das Gesetz übertreten

to \break a treaty gegen einen Vertrag verstoßen

to \break one's word sein Wort brechen

6. (forcefully end)

▪ to \break sth etw durchbrechen

to \break sb's hold sich akk aus jds Griff befreien

7. (decipher)

to \break a cipher/a code eine Geheimschrift/einen Code entschlüsseln

8. (make public)

▪ to \break sth etw bekanntgeben; JOURN etw veröffentlichen

▪ to \break sth to sb jdm etw mitteilen [o sagen]

\break it to me gently! ( hum) bring's mir schonend bei!

how will we ever \break it to her? wie sollen wir es ihr nur sagen?

to \break the news to sb jdm die Nachricht beibringen

9. (separate into parts)

▪ to \break sth etw auseinanderreißen

to \break bread REL das [heilige] Abendmahl empfangen

to \break bread [with sb] ( dated liter) [mit jdm] das Brot brechen veraltet [o sein Brot teilen]

to \break a collection [or set] eine Sammlung auseinanderreißen

10. (make change for)

to \break a note [or AM bill] einen Geldschein wechseln [o fam kleinmachen

11. (crush spirit)

▪ to \break sb jdn brechen [o fam kleinkriegen]

her spirit had been broken by the regime in the home das in dem Heim herrschende System hatte sie seelisch gebrochen

▪ to \break an animal (tame) ein Tier zähmen; (train) ein Tier abrichten

to \break sb's will jds Willen brechen

12. (leave)

to \break cover MIL aus der Deckung hervorbrechen; (from hiding place) aus dem Versteck herauskommen

to \break formation MIL aus der Aufstellung heraustreten

to \break rank MIL aus dem Glied treten

to \break rank[s] ( fig) die eigenen Reihen verraten

to \break ship sich akk beim Landgang absetzen

13. (open up)

to \break ground den ersten Spatenstich machen

to \break fresh [or new] ground ( fig) Neuland [o neue Gebiete] erschließen

14.

▶ to \break the bank ( hum) die Bank sprengen

▶ to \break the ice ( fam) das Eis brechen

▶ \break a leg! ( fam) Hals- und Beinbruch! fam

▶ you can't make an omelette without \breaking eggs ( saying) wo gehobelt wird, da fallen Späne prov

▶ to \break the mould innovativ sein

▶ sticks and stones may \break my bones [but names will never hurt me] ( saying) Beschimpfungen können mir nichts anhaben

▶ to \break wind einen fahrenlassen fam

III. INTRANSITIVE VERB

<broke, broken>

1. (shatter) zerbrechen; (stop working) kaputtgehen fam; (fall apart) auseinanderbrechen

2. (interrupt) Pause machen

shall we \break [off] for lunch? machen wir Mittagspause?

3. wave sich akk brechen

a wave broke over the boat eine Welle brach über dem Boot zusammen

4. (change in voice)

her voice was \breaking with emotion vor Rührung versagte ihr die Stimme

the boy's voice is \breaking der Junge ist [gerade] im Stimmbruch

5. METEO weather umschlagen; dawn, day anbrechen; storm losbrechen

6. (collapse under strain) zusammenbrechen

7. (become public) news, scandal bekannt werden, publikwerden, ans Licht kommen

8. (in billiards, snooker) anstoßen

9. BOXING sich akk trennen

10. (move out of formation) clouds aufreißen; crowd sich akk teilen; MIL, SPORT sich akk auflösen

11. MED [auf]platzen

the waters have broken die Fruchtblase ist geplatzt

12.

▶ to \break even kostendeckend arbeiten

▶ to \break free ausbrechen, sich akk befreien

▶ to \break loose sich akk losreißen

▶ it's make or \break! es geht um alles oder nichts!

* * *
[breɪk] vb: pret broke, ptp broken
1. NOUN

1) = fracture in bone, pipe Bruch m; (GRAM, TYP = word break) (Silben)trennung f

... he said with a break in his voice —... sagte er mit stockender Stimme

break in the circuit (Elec) — Stromkreisunterbrechung f

2) = gap Lücke f; (in rock) Spalte f, Riss m; (in drawn line) Unterbrechung f

row upon row of houses without a break — Häuserzeile auf Häuserzeile, ohne Lücke or lückenlos

3) = pause ALSO BRIT SCH Pause f; (in journey) Pause f, Unterbrechung f

without a break — ohne Unterbrechung or Pause, ununterbrochen

to take or have a break — (eine) Pause machen

at break (Sch) — in der Pause

after the break (Rad, TV) — nach der Pause

give me a break! ( inf, expressing annoyance ) — nun mach mal halblang! (inf)

4) = end of relations Bruch m

5) = change Abwechslung f

break in the weather — Wetterumschwung m

6) = respite Erholung f

the playgroup gives parents a break — die Spielgruppe verschafft den Eltern etwas Erholung

7) = holiday Urlaub m

I'm looking forward to a good break — ich freue mich auf einen schönen Urlaub

8)

at break of day — bei Tagesanbruch

9) = escape inf Ausbruch m

they made a break for it — sie versuchten zu entkommen

10) = opportunity inf

to have a good/bad break — Glück or Schwein (inf) nt/Pech nt haben

we had a few lucky breaks — wir haben ein paar Mal Glück or Schwein (inf) gehabt

she had her first big break in a Broadway play — sie bekam ihre erste große Chance in einem Broadwaystück

11) BILLIARDS Break nt or m, Serie f

2. TRANSITIVE VERB

1) in pieces = fracture bone sich (dat) brechen; stick zerbrechen; (= smash) kaputt schlagen, kaputt machen; glass, cup zerbrechen; window einschlagen; egg aufbrechen

to break sth from sth — etw von etw abbrechen

to break one's leg — sich (dat) das Bein brechen

break a leg! ( US : inf ) — Hals- und Beinbruch!

2) = make unusable toy, chair kaputt machen

3) = violate promise, treaty, vow brechen; law, rule, commandment verletzen; appointment nicht einhalten

to break bail — die Haftverschonung brechen

4) = interrupt journey, silence, fast unterbrechen; spell brechen; monotony, routine unterbrechen, auflockern

to break a holiday short (Brit) — einen Urlaub abbrechen

to break a habit — mit einer Gewohnheit brechen, sich (dat) etw abgewöhnen

he couldn't break the habit of smoking — er konnte sich das Rauchen nicht abgewöhnen

to break sb of a habit — jdm etw abgewöhnen

5) = penetrate skin ritzen; surface, shell durchbrechen

his skin is bruised but not broken —

to break surface ( submarine fig ) —, fig ) auftauchen

6) = surpass record brechen; sound barrier durchbrechen

7) = open up → ground

8) = tame horse zureiten; person brechen

9) = destroy person kleinkriegen (inf), mürbemachen; resistance, strike brechen; code entziffern; (TENNIS) serve durchbrechen

his spirit was broken by the spell in solitary confinement —

this betrayal nearly broke him — dieser Verrat hätte ihn fast zum Wahnsinn getrieben

to break sb ( financially) —

to break the bank (Gambling) — die Bank sprengen

37p, well that won't exactly break the bank — 37 Pence, na, davon gehe ich/gehen wir noch nicht bankrott

his service was broken (Tennis) — er hat das Aufschlagspiel abgegeben

10) = soften fall dämpfen, abfangen

the wall breaks the force of the wind — der Wind bricht sich an der Mauer

11) = get out of jail, one's bonds ausbrechen aus

to break step (Mil) — aus dem Schritt fallen

12) = disclose news mitteilen

how can I break it to her? — wie soll ich es ihr sagen?

3. INTRANSITIVE VERB

1) in pieces = snap twig, bone brechen; (rope) zerreißen; (= smash, window) kaputtgehen; (cup, glass) zerbrechen

breaking strain — Belastbarkeit f

2) = become useless watch, toy, chair kaputtgehen

3)

= become detached to break from sth — von etw abbrechen

4) = pause (eine) Pause machen, unterbrechen

to break for lunch — Mittagspause machen

5) = change weather, luck umschlagen

6) = disperse clouds aufreißen; (crowd) sich teilen

7) = give way health leiden, Schaden nehmen; (stamina) gebrochen werden; under interrogation etc zusammenbrechen

his spirit broke — sein Mut verließ ihn

8) wave sich brechen

9) day, dawn anbrechen; (suddenly storm) losbrechen

10) voice with emotion brechen

his voice is beginning to break (boy) — er kommt in den Stimmbruch

11) = become known story, news, scandal bekannt werden, an den Tag or ans Licht kommen

the news broke on Wall Street yesterday — gestern platzte diese Nachricht in der Wall Street

12) = escape from jail ausbrechen (from aus) → loose

13)

company to break even — seine (Un)kosten decken

14) BILLIARDS anstoßen

15)

ball to break to the right/left — nach rechts/links wegspringen

16) = let go (BOXING ETC) sich trennen

break! — break!

17) = end relations brechen

4. PHRASAL VERBS

* * *

break¹ [breık]

A s

1. (Ab-, Zer-, Durch-, Entzwei)Brechen n, Bruch m

2. Bruch (-stelle f) m, Durchbruch m, Riss m, Spalt m, Bresche f, Öffnung f, Zwischenraum m, Lücke f (auch fig)

3. fig Bruch m (from, with mit; between zwischen dat):

a break with tradition;

she made a break from her family sie brach mit ihrer Familie; → clean A 15

4. (Wald)Lichtung f

5. a) Pause f (Br auch SCHULE), Unterbrechung f ( auch ELEK):

before (after) the break SPORT vor (nach) der Pause, vor (nach) dem Seitenwechsel;

without a break ununterbrochen;

have ( oder take) a break (eine) Pause machen;

take a break for a cigarette eine Zigarettenpause machen

b) RADIO, TV Werbeunterbrechung f:

we’ll be back again right after the break gleich nach der Werbung geht es weiter

c) Kurzurlaub m:

have ( oder take) a weekend break übers Wochenende verreisen

6. fig, auch LIT Zäsur f, Einschnitt m

7. Ausbruch m (eines Gefangenen), Fluchtversuch m:

make a break for it ( oder for freedom) das Weite suchen, flüchten;

they made a break for the door sie stürzten zur Tür

8. (plötzlicher) Wechsel, Umschwung m:

break in the weather Wetterumschlag m;

at break of day bei Tagesanbruch

9. SPORT Konter m

10. WIRTSCH Preis-, Kurssturz m, Kurseinbruch m

11. MUS

a) Registerwechsel m

b) Jazz: Break m/n (kurzes Zwischensolo)

12. MUS

a) Versagen n (im Ton)

b) Versager m (Ton)

13. Richtungswechsel m

14. Billard:

a) Serie f

b) Abweichen n (des Balles)

15. Boxen: Trennkommando n

16. Pferderennen: Start m

17. umg

a) a bad break Pech n;

a lucky break Dusel m, Schwein n (beide umg)

b) (faire) Chance f:

give sb a break

18. auch break of serve (Tennis) Break m/n (Spielgewinn bei gegnerischem Aufschlag):

he had a break er schaffte ein(en) Break, ihm gelang ein Break

B v/t prät broke [brəʊk], obs brake [breık], pperf broken [ˈbrəʊkən]

1. ab-, auf-, durchbrechen, (er-, zer)brechen:

break open eine Tür etc aufbrechen;

break one’s arm sich den Arm brechen;

break sb’s head jemandem den Schädel einschlagen;

break a glass ein Glas zerbrechen;

break jail aus dem Gefängnis ausbrechen;

break a leg, John! umg besonders THEAT Hals- und Beinbruch!;

break a record fig einen Rekord brechen;

break a seal ein Siegel erbrechen;

break sb’s service, break sb (Tennis) jemandem den Aufschlag abnehmen, jemanden breaken;

he broke service (Tennis) er schaffte ein(en) Break, ihm gelang ein Break; → ass², back¹ A 1, balls A, heart Bes Redew, neck A 2

2. zerreißen, -schlagen, -trümmern, kaputt machen umg

3. PHYS Licht, Strahlen, weitS. Wellen, Wind brechen, einen Stoß oder Fall abfangen, dämpfen, auch fig abschwächen

4. ab-, unterbrechen, trennen, aufheben, sprengen:

break company

a) auseinandergehen,

b) sich wegstehlen;

break a journey eine Reise unterbrechen;

break one’s silence sein Schweigen brechen;

a cry broke the silence ein Schrei zerriss die Stille;

break a set

a) einen Satz (z. B. Gläser durch Zerbrechen eines einzelnen Teiles) unvollständig machen,

b) einen Satz (z. B. Briefmarken) auseinanderreißen;

break a siege eine Belagerung aufheben; → blockade A 1, camp¹ A 1, fast³ B 1, ice¹ A 1

5. ELEK

a) einen Stromkreis oder Kontakt unterbrechen, einen Kontakt öffnen

b) ab-, ausschalten

6. aufgeben, ablegen:

break a custom mit einer Tradition oder Gewohnheit brechen;

break sb of sth jemandem etwas abgewöhnen; → habit 1

7. a) eine Speise, eine Ware, einen Geldschein anbrechen: → bottle¹ A 1, bread Bes Redew

b) einen Geldschein kleinmachen umg (wechseln)

8. fig jemandes Macht, Willen etc brechen, jemanden zerbrechen, jemandem das Rückgrat brechen:

break sb’s resistance jemandes Widerstand brechen;

break sb’s spirits jemandes Lebensmut brechen

9. a) Tiere zähmen, abrichten, ein Pferd zureiten, einfahren, auch jemanden gewöhnen (to an akk):

break a horse to harness (to rein) ein Pferd einfahren (zureiten)

b) ein Auto etc einfahren, neue Schuhe einlaufen, austreten

c) jemanden einarbeiten, anlernen

10. das Gesetz, einen Vertrag, sein Versprechen etc brechen, eine Regel verletzen, eine Vorschrift übertreten, verstoßen gegen, ein Tempolimit überschreiten:

rules are made to be broken Vorschriften sind dazu da, um übertreten zu werden

11. fig vernichten, (auch finanziell) ruinieren oder zugrunde richten, eine Ehe etc zerrütten:

break a will JUR ein Testament (durch gerichtliches Verfahren) aufheben; → bank¹ A 3

12. MIL

a) entlassen

b) degradieren

13. eröffnen, kundtun:

break the bad news gently to sb jemandem die schlechte Nachricht schonend beibringen

14. US umg eine Unternehmung starten

15. HIST foltern, auf der oder die Folter strecken: → wheel A 6

16. a) einen Code etc knacken umg, entschlüsseln

b) einen Fall lösen, aufklären

17. break (the) ground AGR ein Brachfeld umbrechen, -pflügen; → ground¹ A 1

18. MUS

a) einen Akkord brechen

b) Notenwerte zerlegen

C v/i

1. brechen:

break into

a) in ein Haus etc einbrechen,

b) allg und fig eindringen oder einbrechen in (akk):

break into the best social circles; → preserve B 2 b,

c) etwas unterbrechen, hineinplatzen in (akk),

d) fig ausbrechen in (akk):

he broke into laughter; → applause 1,

e) → B 7 a;

break through eine Absperrung etc durchbrechen;

break with mit jemandem, einer Tradition etc brechen; → loose A 1

2. (zer)brechen, zerspringen, -reißen, (-)platzen, entzweigehen, kaputtgehen umg:

the rope broke das Seil riss;

break open aufspringen, -platzen

3. unterbrochen werden

4. (plötzlich) auftauchen (Fisch, U-Boot)

5. sich (zer)teilen (Wolken)

6. zersprengt werden, in Unordnung geraten, weichen (Truppen), sich auflösen (Heer)

7. MED aufbrechen, -gehen (Abszess), aufplatzen (Zyste), platzen, aufspringen (Haut)

8. fig brechen (Herz, Widerstand etc)

9. nachlassen, abnehmen, gebrochen oder zerrüttet werden, verfallen (Geist oder Gesundheit), (auch seelisch) zusammenbrechen

10. umschlagen, mutieren (Stimme):

his voice broke

a) er befand sich im Stimmbruch, er mutierte,

b) ihm brach die Stimme ( with vor Rührung etc)

11. SPORT die Gangart wechseln (Pferd)

12. Tennis: breaken

13. sich brechen, branden (Wellen)

14. brechen (Eis)

15. umschlagen (Wetter)

16. anbrechen (Tag)

17. los-, ausbrechen ( over über dat):

the storm broke der Sturm brach los

18. eröffnet werden, bekannt gegeben werden (Nachricht)

19. WIRTSCH plötzlich im Preis oder Kurs fallen (Ware, Wertpapier)

20. WIRTSCH ruiniert werden, Bankrott machen oder bankrottgehen, fallieren

21. Boxen: sich trennen:

break! break!

22. rennen, hasten:

break for cover hastig in Deckung gehen

23. Pferderennen: starten

24. eine Pause machen:

break for lunch (eine) Mittagspause machen

25. besonders US umg sich entwickeln:

things are breaking well

break² [breık] s

1. Break m/n (Art Kremser mit zwei Längssitzen)

2. Wagen zum Einfahren von Pferden

* * *
1. transitive verb,
broke, broken

1) brechen; (so as to damage) zerbrechen; kaputtmachen (ugs.); aufschlagen [Ei zum Kochen]; zerreißen [Seil]; (fig.): (interrupt) unterbrechen; brechen [Bann, Zauber, Schweigen]

break something in two/in pieces — etwas in zwei Teile/in Stücke brechen

the TV/my watch is broken — der Fernseher/meine Uhr ist kaputt (ugs.)

2) (fracture) sich (Dat.) brechen; (pierce) verletzen [Haut]

he broke his leg — er hat sich (Dat.) das Bein gebrochen

break one's/somebody's back — (fig.) sich/jemanden kaputtmachen (ugs.)

break the back of something — (fig.) bei etwas das Schwerste hinter sich bringen

break open — aufbrechen

3) (violate) brechen [Vertrag, Versprechen]; verletzen, verstoßen gegen [Regel, Tradition]; nicht einhalten [Verabredung]; überschreiten [Grenze]

break the law — gegen das Gesetz verstoßen

4) (destroy) zerstören, ruinieren [Freundschaft, Ehe]

5) (surpass) brechen [Rekord]

6) (abscond from)

break jail — [aus dem Gefängnis] ausbrechen

7) (weaken) brechen, beugen [Stolz]; zusammenbrechen lassen [Streik]

break somebody's heart — jemandem das Herz brechen

break somebody — (crush) jemanden fertig machen (ugs.)

break the habit — es sich (Dat.) abgewöhnen; see also make 1. 15)

8) (cushion) auffangen [Schlag, jemandes Fall]

9) (make bankrupt) ruinieren

break the bank — die Bank sprengen

it won't break the bank — (fig. coll.) es kostet kein Vermögen

10) (reveal)

break the news that... — melden, dass...

11) (solve) entschlüsseln, entziffern [Kode, Geheimschrift]

12) (Tennis)

break service/somebody's service — den Aufschlag des Gegners/jemandes Aufschlag durchbrechen. See also broken 2.
2. intransitive verb,
broke, broken

1) kaputtgehen (ugs.); entzweigehen; [Faden, Seil:] [zer]reißen; [Glas, Tasse, Teller:] zerbrechen; [Eis:] brechen

somebody's heart is breaking — jemandem bricht das Herz

break in two/in pieces — entzweibrechen

2) (crack) [Fenster-, Glasscheibe:] zerspringen

my back was nearly breaking — ich brach mir fast das Kreuz

3) (sever links)

break with somebody/something — mit jemandem/etwas brechen

4)

break into — einbrechen in (+ Akk.) [Haus]; aufbrechen [Safe]

he broke into a sweat — ihm brach der Schweiß aus

break into a trot/run — etc. zu traben/laufen usw. anfangen

break into a banknote — eine Banknote anbrechen

break out of prison — etc. aus dem Gefängnis usw. ausbrechen

5)

break free or loose [from somebody/somebody's grip] — sich [von jemandem/aus jemandes Griff] losreißen

break free/loose [from prison] — [aus dem Gefängnis] ausbrechen

6) [Welle:] sich brechen (on/against an + Dat.)

7) [Wetter:] umschlagen

8) [Wolkendecke:] aufreißen

9) [Tag:] anbrechen

10) [Sturm:] losbrechen

11)

somebody's voice is breaking — jemand kommt in den Stimmbruch; (with emotion) jemandem bricht die Stimme

12) (have interval)

break for coffee/lunch — [eine] Kaffee-/Mittagspause machen

13) (become public) bekannt werden
3. noun
1) Bruch, der; (of rope) Reißen, das

break [of service] — (Tennis) Break, der od. das

a break with somebody/something — ein Bruch mit jemandem/etwas

break of day — Tagesanbruch, der

2) (gap) Lücke, die; (Electr.): (in circuit) Unterbrechung, die

3) (sudden dash)

they made a sudden break [for it] — sie stürmten plötzlich davon

4) (interruption) Unterbrechung, die

5) (pause, holiday) Pause, die

during the commercial breaks on TV — während der Werbespots im Fernsehen

take or have a break — [eine] Pause machen

6) (coll.): (fair chance, piece of luck) Chance, die

lucky break — große Chance

that was a bad break for him — das war Pech für ihn

Phrasal Verbs:

- break away

- break down

- break in

- break into

- break off

- break out

- break out of

- break through

- break up

* * *

(printing) n.

Absatz -¨e (Buchdruck) m. n.

Arbeitspause f.

Bruch ¨-e m.

Lücke -n f.

Pause -n (Schule) f.

Pause -n (Sport) f.

Pause -n f.

Rast -en f.

Umbruch -¨e (von Gefäß) m.

Unterbrechung f. (up) with someone expr.

jemandem die Freundschaft aufkündigen ausdr. v.

(§ p.,p.p.: broke, broken)

= abbrechen v.

aufheben v.

stoppen v.

unterbrechen v.

zersplittern v.

English-german dictionary > break
13 break

I [breɪk]
nome

1) (fracture) rottura f., frattura f.

2) (crack) spaccatura f., incrinatura f.

3) (gap) (in wall) breccia f.; (in row, line) spazio m. (vuoto); (in circuit, chain) interruzione f.; (in conversation, match) pausa f.; (in performance) intervallo m.

a break in the clouds — uno squarcio fra le nuvole, una schiarita

a break in transmission — un'interruzione delle trasmissioni

4) rad. telev. (anche commercial break) pausa f. pubblicitaria, pubblicità f.

5) (pause) pausa f.; scol. intervallo m., ricreazione f.

to take a break — fare una pausa

I worked for six hours without a break — ho lavorato senza sosta per sei ore

to take o have a break from working smettere di lavorare per un lungo periodo; give us a break! — colloq. dacci tregua!

6) (holiday) vacanze f.pl.

the Christmas break — le vacanze di Natale

7) fig. (departure) rottura f.

a break with the past — un taglio con il passato

it's time to make the break — (from family) è ora di lasciare il nido; (from job) è ora di cambiare

8) (opportunity) colloq. opportunità f.

a big break — una grande occasione

a lucky break — un colpo di fortuna

9) (dawn)

at the break of day — allo spuntar del giorno, all'alba

10) (escape bid)

to make a break for it — (from prison) colloq. tentare la fuga

to make a break for the door — cercare di raggiungere la porta (per scappare)

11) (in tennis) (anche service break) break m.

12) (in snooker, pool)

it's your break — tocca a te cominciare

to make a 50 point break — totalizzare 50 punti di seguito
II 1. [breɪk]
verbo transitivo (pass. broke; p.pass. broken)

1) (damage) rompere [chair, eggs, stick, toy]; rompere, spaccare [plate, window]; spezzare [ rope]

to break a tooth, a bone — rompersi o spezzarsi un dente, un osso

to break one's leg — rompersi una gamba

to break one's neck — rompersi il collo (anche fig.)

2) (rupture) infrangere [ seal]; interrompere [ sentence]

the skin is not broken — la pelle non è offesa

the river broke its banks — il fiume ruppe gli argini

3) (interrupt) [ person] rompere [ silence]; [shout, siren] squarciare [ silence]; interrompere [ circuit]; rompere [monotony, spell]; spezzare, rompere [ties, links]

to break one's silence — rompere il silenzio

we broke our journey in Rome — facemmo una sosta a Roma

4) (disobey) infrangere [law, rule]; non rispettare [embargo, terms]; violare [ treaty]; sospendere [ strike]; rompere, venir meno a [ vow]; mancare a [ appointment]

he broke his word, promise — ha mancato di parola, è venuto meno alla sua promessa

5) (exceed, surpass) oltrepassare, superare [speed limit, bounds]; battere [ record]; superare [ speed barrier]

6) (lessen the impact of) tagliare [ wind]; [ branches] frenare [ fall]; [ hay] attutire [ fall]

7) fig. (destroy) [ troops] soffocare [ rebellion]; spezzare [resistance, will]

to break sb.'s spirit — abbattere il morale di qcn.

to break a habit — liberarsi da un'abitudine

8) (ruin) rovinare [ person]

9) equit. domare [ young horse]

10) (in tennis)

to break sb.'s serve — strappare il servizio a qcn

11) (decipher) decifrare [ code]

12) (leave)

to break camp — levare il campo

13) (announce) annunciare [ news]; rivelare [ truth]

to break the news to sb. — comunicare la notizia a qcn
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass. broke; p.pass. broken)

1) (be damaged) [chair, egg, string] rompersi; [ branch] rompersi, spezzarsi; [plate, window] rompersi, infrangersi; [arm, bone, leg] rompersi, fratturarsi; [ bag] spaccarsi

the vase broke in two — il vaso si ruppe in due

the sound of breaking glass — il rumore di vetro infranto

2) (separate) [ clouds] aprirsi, squarciarsi; [ waves] (in)frangersi

3) (stop for a rest) fare una pausa

4) (change) [ good weather] guastarsi; [ heatwave] cessare

5) (begin) [ day] spuntare, cominciare; [ storm] scoppiare; [scandal, story] scoppiare, esplodere

6) (discontinue)

to break with sb. — rompere (i rapporti) con qcn.

to break with a party, the church — lasciare un partito, la chiesa

to break with tradition — rompere con la tradizione

7) (weaken)

their spirit never broke — non si sono mai persi di spirito

to break under torture — crollare, cedere sotto le torture

8) (change tone) [ boy's voice] mutare, cambiare

in a voice breaking with emotion — con la voce rotta per l'emozione

•

- break away

- break down

- break even

- break free

- break in

- break into

- break off

- break out

- break through

- break up

* * *
[breik] 1. past tense - broke; verb
1) (to divide into two or more parts (by force).) rompere, spezzare

2) ((usually with off/away) to separate (a part) from the whole (by force).) rompere, spezzare

3) (to make or become unusable.) rompere

4) (to go against, or not act according to (the law etc): He broke his appointment at the last minute.) infrangere, venire meno

5) (to do better than (a sporting etc record).) battere, superare

6) (to interrupt: She broke her journey in London.) interrompere

7) (to put an end to: He broke the silence.) rompere

8) (to make or become known: They gently broke the news of his death to his wife.) comunicare

9) ((of a boy's voice) to fall in pitch.) alterarsi, mutare

10) (to soften the effect of (a fall, the force of the wind etc).) smussare

11) (to begin: The storm broke before they reached shelter.) scoppiare, cominciare
2. noun
1) (a pause: a break in the conversation.) pausa

2) (a change: a break in the weather.) cambiamento

3) (an opening.) inizio

4) (a chance or piece of (good or bad) luck: This is your big break.) opportunità, occasione

•

- breakable
3. noun
((usually in plural) something likely to break.) oggetto fragile

- breakage
- breaker
- breakdown
- break-in
- breakneck
- breakout
- breakthrough
- breakwater
- break away
- break down
- break into
- break in
- break loose
- break off
- break out
- break out in
- break the ice
- break up
- make a break for it
* * *
I [breɪk]
nome

1) (fracture) rottura f., frattura f.

2) (crack) spaccatura f., incrinatura f.

3) (gap) (in wall) breccia f.; (in row, line) spazio m. (vuoto); (in circuit, chain) interruzione f.; (in conversation, match) pausa f.; (in performance) intervallo m.

a break in the clouds — uno squarcio fra le nuvole, una schiarita

a break in transmission — un'interruzione delle trasmissioni

4) rad. telev. (anche commercial break) pausa f. pubblicitaria, pubblicità f.

5) (pause) pausa f.; scol. intervallo m., ricreazione f.

to take a break — fare una pausa

I worked for six hours without a break — ho lavorato senza sosta per sei ore

to take o have a break from working smettere di lavorare per un lungo periodo; give us a break! — colloq. dacci tregua!

6) (holiday) vacanze f.pl.

the Christmas break — le vacanze di Natale

7) fig. (departure) rottura f.

a break with the past — un taglio con il passato

it's time to make the break — (from family) è ora di lasciare il nido; (from job) è ora di cambiare

8) (opportunity) colloq. opportunità f.

a big break — una grande occasione

a lucky break — un colpo di fortuna

9) (dawn)

at the break of day — allo spuntar del giorno, all'alba

10) (escape bid)

to make a break for it — (from prison) colloq. tentare la fuga

to make a break for the door — cercare di raggiungere la porta (per scappare)

11) (in tennis) (anche service break) break m.

12) (in snooker, pool)

it's your break — tocca a te cominciare

to make a 50 point break — totalizzare 50 punti di seguito
II 1. [breɪk]
verbo transitivo (pass. broke; p.pass. broken)

1) (damage) rompere [chair, eggs, stick, toy]; rompere, spaccare [plate, window]; spezzare [ rope]

to break a tooth, a bone — rompersi o spezzarsi un dente, un osso

to break one's leg — rompersi una gamba

to break one's neck — rompersi il collo (anche fig.)

2) (rupture) infrangere [ seal]; interrompere [ sentence]

the skin is not broken — la pelle non è offesa

the river broke its banks — il fiume ruppe gli argini

3) (interrupt) [ person] rompere [ silence]; [shout, siren] squarciare [ silence]; interrompere [ circuit]; rompere [monotony, spell]; spezzare, rompere [ties, links]

to break one's silence — rompere il silenzio

we broke our journey in Rome — facemmo una sosta a Roma

4) (disobey) infrangere [law, rule]; non rispettare [embargo, terms]; violare [ treaty]; sospendere [ strike]; rompere, venir meno a [ vow]; mancare a [ appointment]

he broke his word, promise — ha mancato di parola, è venuto meno alla sua promessa

5) (exceed, surpass) oltrepassare, superare [speed limit, bounds]; battere [ record]; superare [ speed barrier]

6) (lessen the impact of) tagliare [ wind]; [ branches] frenare [ fall]; [ hay] attutire [ fall]

7) fig. (destroy) [ troops] soffocare [ rebellion]; spezzare [resistance, will]

to break sb.'s spirit — abbattere il morale di qcn.

to break a habit — liberarsi da un'abitudine

8) (ruin) rovinare [ person]

9) equit. domare [ young horse]

10) (in tennis)

to break sb.'s serve — strappare il servizio a qcn

11) (decipher) decifrare [ code]

12) (leave)

to break camp — levare il campo

13) (announce) annunciare [ news]; rivelare [ truth]

to break the news to sb. — comunicare la notizia a qcn
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass. broke; p.pass. broken)

1) (be damaged) [chair, egg, string] rompersi; [ branch] rompersi, spezzarsi; [plate, window] rompersi, infrangersi; [arm, bone, leg] rompersi, fratturarsi; [ bag] spaccarsi

the vase broke in two — il vaso si ruppe in due

the sound of breaking glass — il rumore di vetro infranto

2) (separate) [ clouds] aprirsi, squarciarsi; [ waves] (in)frangersi

3) (stop for a rest) fare una pausa

4) (change) [ good weather] guastarsi; [ heatwave] cessare

5) (begin) [ day] spuntare, cominciare; [ storm] scoppiare; [scandal, story] scoppiare, esplodere

6) (discontinue)

to break with sb. — rompere (i rapporti) con qcn.

to break with a party, the church — lasciare un partito, la chiesa

to break with tradition — rompere con la tradizione

7) (weaken)

their spirit never broke — non si sono mai persi di spirito

to break under torture — crollare, cedere sotto le torture

8) (change tone) [ boy's voice] mutare, cambiare

in a voice breaking with emotion — con la voce rotta per l'emozione

•

- break away

- break down

- break even

- break free

- break in

- break into

- break off

- break out

- break through

- break up

English-Italian dictionary > break
14 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
15 break

break

A n

1 ( fracture) fracture f ;

2 ( crack) (in plate, plank, surface) fêlure f ;

3 ( gap) (in fence, wall) brèche f ; (in row, line) espace m ; (in circuit, chain, sequence) rupture f ; (in conversation, match) pause f ; ( in performance) entracte m ; (in traffic, procession) trou m, espace m ; a break in the clouds une éclaircie ; a break in transmission une interruption dans la retransmission ;

4 Radio, TV ( also commercial break) page f de publicité ; we're going to take a break now tout de suite, une page de publicité ;

5 ( pause) gen pause f ; Sch récréation f ; to take a break faire une pause ; I walked/worked for six hours without a break j'ai marché/travaillé pendant six heures sans m'arrêter ; to have a break from work arrêter de travailler ; to take ou have a break from working/driving ne plus travailler/conduire pendant un temps ; to take ou have a break from nursing/teaching arrêter le métier d'infirmière/d'enseignant pendant un temps ; I often give her a break from looking after the kids je m'occupe souvent des enfants pour qu'elle se repose ; give us a break ○ ! fiche-nous la paix ○ ! ;

6 ( holiday) vacances fpl ; the Christmas break les vacances de Noël ; a weekend break in Milan un week-end à Milan ;

7 fig ( departure) rupture f (with avec) ; a break with tradition/the past une rupture avec la tradition/le passé ; it's time to make a ou the break ( from family) il est temps de voler de ses propres ailes ; ( from job) il est temps de passer à autre chose ;

8 ○ ( opportunity) chance f ; her big break came in 1973 1973 a été l'année de sa veine ○ ; he gave me a break il m'a donné ma chance ; a lucky break un coup de veine ○ ; a bad break des déboires mpl ; to give sb an even break donner sa chance à qn ;

9 ( dawn) at the break of day au lever du jour, à l'aube f ;

10 ( escape bid) to make a break for it ○ ( from prison) se faire la belle ○ ; to make a break for the door/the trees se précipiter vers la porte/les arbres ;

11 Print line break fin f d'alinéa ; page break changement m de page ; paragraph break fin f de paragraphe ;

12 ( in tennis) ( also service break) break m ;

13 (in snooker, pool) ( first shot) it's your break c'est à toi de casser ; ( series of shots) to make a 50 point break marquer une série de 50 points ;

14 Mus ( in jazz) break m.

B vtr ( prét broke ; pp broken)

1 ( damage) casser [chair, eggs, rope, stick, toy] ; casser, briser [glass, plate, window] ; casser [machine] ; to break a tooth/a nail/a bone se casser une dent/un ongle/un os ; to break one's leg/arm se casser la jambe/le bras ; to break one's back lit se casser la colonne vertébrale ; I nearly broke my back moving the piano fig j'ai failli me briser les reins en déplaçant le piano ; to break one's neck lit avoir une rupture des vertèbres cervicales ; somebody is going to break their neck on those steps fig quelqu'un va se casser la figure sur ces marches ○ ; she broke the bottle over his head elle lui a cassé la bouteille sur la tête ;

2 (split, rupture) briser [seal] ; couper [sentence, word] ; the skin is not broken il n'y a pas de plaie ; not a ripple broke the surface of the water pas une ride ne troublait la surface de l'eau ; to break surface [diver, submarine] remonter à la surface ; the river broke its banks la rivière a débordé ;

3 ( interrupt) [person] rompre [silence] ; [shout, siren] déchirer [silence] ; couper [circuit, current] ; rompre [monotony, spell] ; rompre [ties, links] (with avec) ; to break one's silence sortir de son silence (on à propos de) ; to break sb's concentration déconcentrer qn ; we broke our journey in Milan nous avons fait un arrêt à Milan ; the tower breaks the line of the roof/of the horizon la tour rompt la ligne du toit/de l'horizon ; to break step rompre le pas ;

4 ( disobey) enfreindre [law] ; ne pas respecter [embargo, blockade, conditions, terms] ; violer [treaty] ; désobéir à [commandment, rule] ; briser [strike] ; rompre [vow] ; manquer [appointment] ; he broke his word/promise il a manqué à sa parole/promesse ;

5 (exceed, surpass) dépasser [speed limit, bounds] ; battre [record, opponent] ; franchir [speed barrier] ; briser [class barrier] ;

6 ( lessen the impact of) couper [wind] ; [branches] freiner [fall] ; [hay] amortir [fall] ;

7 fig ( destroy) [troops] briser [rebellion] ; briser [person, resistance, determination, will] ; to break sb's spirit saper le moral de qn ; to break sb's hold over sb débarrasser qn de l'emprise de qn ; discussions which aim to break this deadlock des discussions qui visent à nous sortir de cette impasse ; to break a habit se défaire d'une habitude ;

8 ( ruin) ruiner [person] ; this contract will make or break the company ( financially) ce contrat fera la fortune ou la ruine de l'entreprise ; this decision will make or break me ( personally) cette décision sera mon salut ou ma perte ;

9 Equit débourrer [young horse] ;

10 ( in tennis) to break sb's serve faire le break ;

11 Mil casser [officer] ;

12 ( decipher) déchiffrer [cipher, code] ;

13 ( leave) to break camp lever le camp ;

14 ( announce) annoncer [news] ; révéler [truth] ; to break the news to sb apprendre la nouvelle à qn ; break it to her gently annonce-lui la nouvelle avec douceur.

C vi ( prét broke ; pp broken)

1 ( be damaged) [branch, chair, egg, handle, tooth, string] se casser ; [plate, glass, window] se briser ; [arm, bone, leg] se fracturer ; [bag] se déchirer ; china breaks easily la porcelaine se casse facilement ; the vase broke in two/into a thousand pieces le vase s'est brisé en deux/en mille morceaux ; the sound of breaking glass le bruit de verre brisé ;

2 ( separate) [clouds] se disperser ; [waves] se briser (against contre ; on, over sur) ;

3 Sport [boxers] se séparer ; ‘break! ’ ( referee 's command) ‘break!’ ;

4 ( stop for a rest) faire une pause ;

5 ( change) [good weather] se gâter ; [drought, heatwave] cesser ; [luck] tourner ;

6 ( begin) [day] se lever ; [storm] éclater ; [scandal, news story] éclater ;

7 ( discontinue) to break with sb rompre les relations avec qn ; to break with a party/the church quitter un parti/l'église ; to break with tradition/convention rompre avec la tradition/les conventions ;

8 ( weaken) their spirit never broke leur moral n'a jamais faibli ; to break under torture/interrogation céder sous la torture/l'interrogation ;

9 ( change tone) [boy's voice] muer ; her voice breaks on the high notes sa voix s'éraille dans les aigus ; in a voice breaking with emotion d 'une voix brisée par l'émotion ;

10 (in snooker, pool) casser.

Phrasal verbs

■ break away:

▶ break away

1 ( become detached) [island, shell] se détacher (from de) ; to break away from [group, person] rompre avec [family, party, organization] ; [state] se séparer de [union] ; [animal] se détacher de [herd] ; [boat] rompre [moorings] ;

2 ( escape) échapper (from à) ;

3 Sport [runner, cyclist] se détacher (from de) ;

▶ break away [sth], break [sth] away enlever [outer shell, casing].

■ break down:

▶ break down

1 ( stop functioning) [car, elevator, machine] tomber en panne ; we broke down on the main street nous sommes tombés en panne sur la grand-rue ;

2 ( collapse) fig [alliance, coalition] éclater ; [negotiations] échouer ; [contact, communication] cesser ; [law and order] se dégrader ; [argument] ne pas tenir debout ; [system] s'effondrer ; [person] s'effondrer, craquer ; he broke down under the strain il a craqué sous la pression ;

3 ( cry) fondre en larmes ;

4 ( be classified) [cost findings, statistics] se décomposer (into en) ; the cost of the repair breaks down as follows le prix de la réparation se décompose ainsi ;

5 ( decompose) [compound] se décomposer (en into) ;

6 ( confess) ( under interrogation) céder ;

▶ break [sth] down, break down [sth]

1 ( demolish) lit enfoncer [door] ; démolir [fence, wall] ; fig faire tomber [barriers] ; vaincre [opposition, resistance, shyness] ;

2 ( analyse) ventiler [budget, cost, expenses, statistics] ; décomposer [word] (into en) ; décomposer [data, findings] (into par) ; décomposer [argument] ;

3 ( cause to decompose) décomposer [compound, gas] (into en) ; [enzyme, catalyst] dissoudre [protein, starch] ; [gastric juices] dissoudre [food].

■ break even Fin rentrer dans ses frais.

■ break forth littér [sun, water] jaillir (from de).

■ break free:

▶ break free [prisoner] s'évader ; to break free of se couper de [family] ; échapper à [captor].

■ break in

1 ( enter forcibly) [thief] entrer (par effraction) ; [police] entrer de force ; the burglar broke in through a window le cambrioleur est entré par une fenêtre ;

2 ( interrupt) interrompre ; ‘I don't want to go,’ he broke in ‘je ne veux pas y aller,’ a-t-il interrompu ; to break in on sb/sth interrompre qn/qch ;

▶ break [sth] in débourrer [young horse] ; assouplir [shoe] ; to break in one's glasses s'habituer à ses lunettes ;

▶ break [sb] in accoutumer [qn] au travail [recruit, newcomer] ; to break sb in gently donner le temps à qn de s'accoutumer au travail.

■ break into:

▶ break into [sth]

1 ( enter by force) entrer dans [qch] (par effraction) [building] ; forcer la portière de [car] ; forcer [safe, till] ; her car was broken into sa voiture a été cambriolée ;

2 ( start to use) entamer [new packet, new bottle, banknote, savings] ;

3 ( encroach on) empiéter sur [leisure time, working day] ; couper [morning, day] ;

4 ( begin to do) to break into song/cheers se mettre à chanter/acclamer ; to break into peals of laughter éclater de rire ; to break into a run/gallop se mettre à courir/au galop ;

5 ( make headway) [company] s'implanter sur [market] ; [person] s'introduire dans [job market] ; [person] percer dans [show business].

■ break loose [dog, horse] s'échapper (from de).

■ break off:

▶ break off

1 ( snap off) [end, mast, tip] se casser ; [handle, piece] se détacher ;

2 ( stop speaking) s'interrompre ; she broke off to answer the phone elle s'est interrompue pour répondre au téléphone ;

3 ( pause) faire une pause, s'arrêter ;

▶ break off [sth], break [sth] off

1 ( snap) casser [branch, piece, segment, mast] ;

2 ( terminate) rompre [engagement, relationship, contact, negotiations, ties] ; interrompre [conversation] ; they decided to break it off (relationship, engagement) ils ont décidé de rompre ; to break off doing arrêter de faire.

■ break out:

▶ break out

1 ( erupt) [epidemic, fire] se déclarer ; [fight, panic, riot, storm] éclater ; [rash] apparaître ; to break out in a rash ou in spots [person] avoir une éruption de boutons ; [face] se couvrir de boutons ; to break out in a sweat se mettre à transpirer ;

2 ( escape) [prisoner] s'évader ; to break out of s'échapper de [cage, prison] ; sortir de [routine, vicious circle] ; se libérer de [chains, straitjacket].

■ break through:

▶ break through [army] faire une percée ;

▶ break through [sth] percer [defences, reserve] ; franchir [barrier, cordon] ; se frayer un passage à travers [crowd] ; traverser [mur] ; [sun] percer [clouds].

■ break up:

▶ break up

1 ( disintegrate) lit [wreck] se désagréger ; fig [empire] s'effondrer ; [alliance] éclater ; [group, family, couple] se séparer ; their marriage/relationship is breaking up leur mariage/relation va mal ;

2 ( disperse) [crowd] se disperser ; [cloud, slick] se disperser ; [meeting] se terminer ;

3 GB Sch schools break up on Friday les cours finissent vendredi ; we break up for Christmas on Tuesday pour Noël, nous finissons mardi ;

▶ break [sth] up, break up [sth] ( split up) disperser [demonstrators] ; démanteler [spy ring, drugs ring] ; séparer [team, couple] ; désunir [family] ; briser [alliance, marriage] ; démembrer [empire] ; diviser [sentence, word] (into en) ; morceler [land] ; [diagrams] aérer [text] ; mettre fin à [party, fight, demonstration] ; break it up! ( stop fighting) ça suffit maintenant!

Big English-French dictionary > break
16 make

1. I
abs

the ebb was making начинался отлив; the tide making we weighed anchor во время прилива мы бросили якорь
2. II
1) make in some manner this toy makes easily эту игрушку легко сделать: hay ought to make well [in this drying breeze] [на таком сухом ветерке] сено должно хорошо просушиться /сохнуть/

2) make somewhere make upstream (downstream) идти /плыть/ вверх (вниз) по течению

3) make in some manner the tide is making fast вода быстро прибывает; winter is making earnestly наступает настоящая зима

4) make in some manner make well (poorly, etc.) хорошо и т. д. зарабатывать; he always makes pretty handsomely он всегда недурно зарабатывает
3. III
1) make smth. make machines (tools, paper, chairs, hats, etc.) делать /производить/ машины и т. д., make bricks делать /обжигать/ кирпичи; make a boat (a bridge, a house, a road, etc.) (подстроить лодку и т. д.: make a dress (a coat, a blouse, etc.) делать /шить/ платье и т. д.; make a film снимать фильм: make lunch (jelly, a good supper, etc.) делать /готовить/ завтрак и т. д., make coffee варить кофе; make tea заварить чай; make bread (ис-)печь хлеб; make a garden (a park, flower-beds, etc.) разбивать сад и т. д.; make hay косить траву: make a path делать /прокладывать/ дорожку: where will they make a camp? где они раскинут /разобьют/ лагерь?; make beds стелить /заправлять/ постели; make a fire разжигать камин или раскладывать костер; make nests вить гнезда; beavers make their holes бобры роют норы

2) make smth. make one's reputation (one's name) создать себе репутацию (имя); make smb.'s character формировать чей-л. характер; make one's own life строить свой собственную жизнь, самостоятельно строить свой жизнь; make haste торопиться; make progress делать успехи; make preparations делать приготовления; make plans разрабатывать / вынашивать/ планы; he is making plans to go away он собирается /намеревается/ уехать; who made this ridiculous rule? кто придумал это глупое правило?; make war вести войну, воевать; are they willing to make peace? a) они согласны заключить мир?; б) они готовы примириться? || make a stand занимать принципиальную позицию: make love а) ухаживать; говорить ласковые слова; б) ласкать, заниматься любовью

3) make smb., smth. one big deal made the young man молодой человек добился успеха благодаря лишь всего одной крупной сделке; hard work made him он добился успеха упорным трудом; wars made and unmade this country эта страна возвеличилась благодаря войнам, и они же привели ее к гибели; industry has made Manchester Манчестер превратился в важный центр благодаря развитию промышленности

4) make smth. make trouble (a fuss, a mess, etc.) создавать неприятности и т. д.; he made a terrible to-do он устроил ужасный скандал; don't make noise не делай шума, не шуми; make a change (a disturbance, a panic, etc.) вызывать изменение и т. д., make mischief а) наносить вред; б) шалить, безобразничать; this makes a great difference это совсем другое дело; it makes no difference это ничего не меняет. это все равно; make a great hit coll. иметь огромный успех

5) make smth. make eighty miles (five kilometres, etc.) сделать / пройти/ восемьдесят миль и т. д.; make twenty knots идти со скоростью двадцать узлов; make good time а) идти /двигаться/ с хорошей скоростью; б) sport. показать хорошее время

6) make smth. соll. make port (harbour, home, land, one's destination, etc.) добираться до /достигать/ порта и т. д., he's tired out, he'll never make the summit он уже выдохся, ему ни за что не добраться до вершины; make the tram (the bus, the next flight, etc.) успевать на /поймать/ трамвай и т. д.; I had hoped to get to the meeting but I found at the last minute that I couldn't make it я надеялся попасть на собрание, но в последнюю минуту понял, что не успею

7) make smth. make good grades получать хорошие отметки, хорошо учиться; make the highest score получить больше всего очков; who made the score? кто выиграл /победил/?; I doubt whether he will make much сомневаюсь, чтобы он мог многого добиться, вряд ли он мог многого добиться, вряд ли он многого добьется; those plants will not make much, the soil is too poor эти растения не пойдут /не будут хорошо расти/, здесь плохая почва; do you think a table this wide can make the doorway? вы думаете такой ширины стол пройдет в дверь?; make the team (the best-seller list, the first ten, etc.) попасть в команду и т. д.; this news made the front page это известие поместили на первой полосе [газеты] || make it добиться успеха; make one's point доказать свою течку зрения; has he made his point? понятно, что он хотел сказать?

8) make smth. make a good salary (three pounds a week, a profit, etc.) получать хорошее жалованье и т. д.; make a living зарабатывать на жизнь; make money а) зарабатывать деньги; б) разбогатеть; make a fortune приобрести состояние; make a loss потерпеть /понести/ убыток; make smb. make friends приобрести /завеете/ друзей; make enemies нажить врагов

9) make smth. one hundred pence make a pound сто пенсов составляют фунт; twelve inches make one foot в одном футе двенадцать дюймов; that makes 40 cents you owe me итак, ты мне должен сорок центов; this made his tenth novel это был уже его десятый роман; how many people make a quorum? сколько человек требуется /необходимо/ для кворума?; how many players make а, football team? сколько человек в футбольной команде?; will you make one of the party? не составите ли вы нам компанию?, не присоединитесь ли вы к нам?; "mouse" makes "mice" in the plural множественное число от "mouse" - "mice"

10) make smth. make a will (a deal of transfer, a promissory note, a bill of exchange, etc.) составлять завещание и т. д.; make a list составлять список; make a report написать отчет, подготовить доклад; make a contract (a bargain, an agreement, etc.) заключать /подписывать/ контракт и т. д.

11) semiaux make smth. make a stop остановиться, сделать остановку; make a landing сделать посадку; make a pause сделать паузу; make a move а) стронуться с места, двинуться; it's ten o'clock, it's time we made a move уже десять часов, нам пора двигаться / отправляться/; don't make a move! ни с места!, не двигаться!; б) сделать ход; make a start начать; make a good start положить хорошее начало; make an early start рано отправиться в путь; make a jump прыгнуть; make a sign сделать /подать/ знак; make a bow поклониться; make a curtsey сделать книксен; make a call а) нанести короткий визит; I have to make a few calls мне надо забежать в несколько мест: б) позвонить по телефону; let me make a call first разрешите мне сначала позвонить по телефону; make a trip совершать /предпринимать/ поездку; make a speech произнести речь, выступить с речью; make an offer /а proposition/ внести предложение, предложить; make a proposal сделать предложение, предложить выйти замуж; make an answer /а reply/ дать ответ, ответить; make a denial отклонять; опровергать, помещать опровержение; make a joke отпустить шутку; make a complaint (по)жаловаться; make a vow дать клятву, поклясться; make a choice выбирать, делать выбор; make a mistake сделать /допустить/ ошибку, ошибиться; make inquiries наводить справки; make a sacrifice приносить жертву, жертвовать; make room /place/ подвинуться, освободить место; make way освободить дорогу /путь/, отойти в сторону; make a face скорчить рожу, гримасничать

12) aux make smb. make a lawyer (a good teacher, a bad farmer, a waiter, an excellent husband, etc.) быть хорошим юристом и т. д., he makes a good carpenter он хороший плотник: he made a very poor musician из него получился очень плохой музыкант; one good verse doesn't make a poet одно хорошее стихотворение еще не дает права называться поэтом; he and his cousin would make a handsome couple он и его кузина составляют прекрасную пару; make smth. cold tea makes an excellent drink холодный чай make прекрасный напиток; dry wood makes a good fire сухое дерево хорошо горит; that makes a good answer! вот хороший ответ!; this makes no sense в этом нет никакого смысла; это бессмысленно; these plays (their letters to each other, etc.) make pleasant reading эти пьесы и т. д. приятно читать; his adventures make all exciting story рассказ о его приключениях слушаешь с волнением
4. IV
1) make smth. in some manner make smth. quickly (eventually, inevitably, unhesitatingly, etc.) делать что-л. быстро и т. д.; make smth. lawfully (scientifically. delicately, persistently, etc.) делать /осуществлять/ что-л. на законных основаниях и т. д.

2) make some distance in some time make 200 miles an hour (ten miles a day, etc.) делать двести миль в час и т. д.; we made only three miles that day в тот день мы прошли /проделали/ только три мили; some airplanes can make over 500 miles an hour скорость некоторых самолетов превышает пятьсот миль в час

3) make smth. at some time he will never make much он никогда не добьется успеха

4) make sonic money in some time make L 2000 a year зарабатывать /получать/ две тысячи фунтов в год; how much money do you make a week (a month, a year, etc.)? сколько [денег] вы получаете /зарабатываете/ в неделю и т. д.?
5. V
1) make smb. smth. make him a new toy (her a dress, the children a swing in the garden, etc.) сделать ему /для него/ новую игрушку и т. д., make her a cup of tea приготовь /подай/ ей чашку чаю

2) make smth. smth. make it a rule взять [что-л.] за правило; he made it a rule to get up early он взял себе за правило рано вставать; make it one's business считать это своим делом; don't make cheating a practice не привыкай обманывать; he made a certificate his object он поставил себе целью получить диплом

3) make smb. smb. make smb. one's heir (him king, a page knight, him a teacher, etc.) сделать кого-л. своим наследником и т. д., make a priest a bishop возвести священника в сан епископа; make smb. a judge (one's spokesman, one's special envoy, etc.) назначать кого-л. судьей и т. д., they made him chairman его выбрали председателем; make a colonel general присвоить /дать/ полковнику звание генерала; произвести полковника в генералы; make smb. a duke (a peer, etc.) дать /пожаловать/ кому-л. титул герцога и т. д., he intended to make his son a barrister (a soldier, a carpenter, etc.) он хотел, чтобы его сын стал адвокатом и т. д.; he made her his wife он сделал ее своей женой, он женился на ней; make smb. prisoner взять кого-л. в плен; make oneself a martyr сделать из себя мученика, пойти на муки; make this character an important person (Hamlet a figure of tragic indecision, Shylock a tragic figure, her a figure of fun, etc.) делать из этого персонажа значительную личность и т. д.

4) make smth. smth. add one more egg and make it a round dozen прибавь еще одно яйцо, и будет /получится/ дюжина

5) make it smth. shall we make it Tuesday? договоримся на вторник?; can you come at six? - make it half past вы можете прийти в шесть? - Лучше условимся на половину седьмого; I shall make it tomorrow я договорись на завтра

6) make smth. smth. make the distance about 70 miles полагать /считать/, что расстояние равно примерно семидесяти милям; I make the total about L 50 по-моему, общая сумма составит фунтов пятьдесят; how large do you make the crowd? как вы думаете, сколько в этой толпе человек?; what do you make the time? сколько, по-вашему, сейчас времени?; what time do you make it? - I make it half past four сколько сейчас времени, по-вашему? - Мне кажется, что сейчас примерно половина пятого

7) semiaux make smb. smth. make smb. an offer (one or two attractive proposals, a bid for the antique table, etc.) сделать кому-л. какое-л. предложение и т. д.; I made her a present of the vase я подарил ей эту вазу; he made me a sign он сделал /подал/ мне знак; she made him a face она скорчила ему рожу

8) 0 make smb. smb. she will make him a good wife (a good mother, a loyal friend, etc.) она будет ему хорошей женой и т. д.; make smb. smth. this cloth will make me a good suit из этого отреза мне выйдет хороший костюм
6. VI
1) make smb., smth. be of some nudity his upbringing made him selfish воспитание сделало его эгоистом; her eyes made her beautiful глаза делали ее прекрасной; he was trying to make himself agreeable он старался быть приятным; we shall try to make your stay here agreeable мы постараемся [сделать так], чтобы ваш визит сюда доставил вам удовольствие; make oneself responsible взять на себя ответственность; make children immune against this disease создать /выработать/ у детей иммунитет против /к/ этой болезни; this portrait makes him too old на портрете он выглядит гораздо старше [, чем он есть на самом деле]; this opera made him immortal эта опера принесла ему бессмертие; make his novels (the song, this new theory, the actress, etc.) popular (famous) сделать его романы и т. д. популярными, создать /принести/ популярность (славу) его романам и т. д.; don't stand about doing nothing - make yourself useful не стойте без дела, помогите [нам]; you've made my nose too big вы нарисовали мне слишком большей нос; make smb., smth. be in some state make smb. happy (rich, poor, etc.) сделать кого-л. счастливым и т. д., make the prisoners free освободить заключенных; make oneself comfortable удобно устроиться; they are coming, make yourselves ready они приближаются, будьте готовы; she is seeing it for the first time, we must make her ready такое она увидит впервые, надо ее подготовить; make smb. angry рассердить кого-л.; her answers made him furious ее ответы взбесили его: make smb. sick a) вызывать у кого-л. тошноту; what made you sick? отчего вам стало плохо?; б) coll. раздражать кого-л.: your questions make me sick мне надоели ваши вопросы, меня тошнит от ваших вопросов; hot weather makes some people sleepy в жару некоторых людей клонит ко сну; it will make you ridiculous in their eyes это выставит вас в смешном свете в их глазах; make it flat сплющить что-л. || make it worth smb.'s while компенсировать кому-л. что-л.; if you help me with this job I'll make it worth your while если вы поможете мне в этом [деле], я в долгу не останусь / вы не будете внакладе/: make oneself (one's point) clear ясно излагать свои мысли (аргументы)

2) make smb. be in some state what makes you so late? что вас так задержало?, отчего вы так опоздали?; it made her more careful после этого она стала осторожнее
7. VII
1) make smb., smth. do smth. make smb. stop (go, laugh, cry, sign a statement, repeat a story, fall asleep, etc.) заставить кого-л. остановиться и т. д.: they made me feel ashamed они меня смутили; make smb. understand а) заставить кого-л. понять; б) дать кому-л. понять; don't make me do it не вынуждай меня это делать / к этому/; I can make him believe anything I choose я могу убедить его в чем угодно; it makes me think you are right это убеждает меня в вашей правоте; I can't make anyone hear не могу достучаться или дозваться, дозвониться к кому-л.; make an engine start завести мотор; make the kettle boil вскипятить чайник; make water boil довести воду до кипения; I can't make the fire burn никак не могу разжечь костер или развести огонь; what makes the grass grow so quickly? отчего трава растет так быстро?; the wind made the bells ring колокольчики звенели на ветру: onions make our eyes smart от лука [у нас] щиплет глаза; his account made our hair stand on end от его рассказа у нас волосы встали дыбом || make smth. do обходиться чем-л.: there is not much money but I'll make it do денег немного, но я постараюсь, чтобы их хватило; I shall have to make this coat do for a bit longer придется еще немного походить в старом пальто id make both ends meet сводить концы с концами

2) make smb. do smth. most of the chronicles make the king die in 1026 согласно большинству хроник король умер в тысяча двадцать шестом году; some scholars make Homer come from one city, others from another ученые спорят о месте рождения Гомера
8. IX
make smth., smb. done make the results (the news, his arrival, the invention, etc.) known обнародовать результаты и т. д., сообщить о результатах и т. д., make smth. felt сделать что-л. ощутимым; make oneself known а) назвать себя; б) заставить о себе говорить, заявить о себе, добиться известности; make him known to my father познакомить его с моим отцом, представить его моему отцу; make oneself understood ясно изъясняться; сан you make yourself understood in English? вас понимают, когда вы говорите по-английски?; he couldn't make himself /his voice/ heard above the noise of the traffic он не мог перекричать уличный шум, его не было слышно из-за уличного шума; we must make him respected необходимо вызвать к нему уважение /заставить людей уважать его/
9. XI
1) be made somewhere be made in England (in France, etc.) производиться /выпускаться/ в Англии и т. д. ; made in USSR сделано в СССР; be made in a factory производиться /делаться/ на фабрике; be made of (with, from, into) smth. be made of wood (of silk, of plastic, etc.) быть [сделанным] из дерева и т. д., this cloth is made of cotton эта ткань делается из хлопка; what is this made of? из чего это сделано?; а bow is made of stick and string лук делается из палки и бечевки; cheese is made from milk (cereal is made from grain, rubber is made from sap, etc.) сыр делают из молока и т. д., gas is made from coal газ производят из каменного угля; wool is made into cloth из шерсти делают /ткут/ ткань; grapes are made into raisins из винограда сушат изюм; the skin of the walrus is made into leather из шкуры моржа выделывают кожу; their food is always made with garlic в пищу они всегда добавляют чеснок; I like my coffee made with milk я люблю кофе [приготовленный] с молоком; be made for smb., smth. these houses are made for our workers эти дома построены для наших рабочих; this hat was made for you эту шляпку сделали [специально] для вас; this car is made for speed эти автомашины производятся специально для скоростной езды; be made with /by/ smth. this can be made with a knife это можно сделать ножом; this tool is made by a very intricate process изготовление этого инструмента сопряжено с большими сложностями; this thing is made by hand (by machinery) эту вещь делают вручную (на машине); be made by smb., smth. this was made by my friend это сделал (построил, создал и т. п.) мой друг; these experiments are made by robots эти опыты выполняют роботы; this grotto was not made by nature, it was made by man это не естественный грот, он создан человеком || be made to order (to measure) быть сделанным /сшитым/ на заказ; all his clothes are made to order он шьет все свои вещи [у портного], он делает все свои вещи на заказ id be made of different stuff быть совсем другим человеком, make быть сделанным из другого теста; let them all see what you are made of пусть все видят, что ты за человек /чего ты стоишь/; а first-class job was made of his house его дом прекрасно отремонтировали

2) be made the decision is made решение вынесено; be made at some time unless a move is made very soon, it will be too late если в ближайшее время что-либо не сделают, будет слишком поздно; be made by smb. the first move was made by my brother первый шаг сделал мой брат; be made of smth. effective use was made of this money эти деньги были потрачены с пользой; be made for smth. these rules were made for a special purpose эти правила были составлены с особой целью; be made to do smth. the regulations were made to protect children эти правила созданы /выработаны/ для защиты детей || note should be made следует обратить внимание; а careful note should be made of what he says нужно внимательно отнестись /прислушаться/ к тому, что он говорит

3) be made smb. he was made commander-in-chief (general manager, president of the club, a judge, etc.) его назначили главнокомандующим и т. д., he was made an officer его произвели в офицеры; he was made a knight он был посвящен в рыцари; he was made prisoner его взяли в плен; be made by smb., smth. the recommendation was made by the committee эта рекомендация была предложена комиссией; the writer was made by his first book с первой же книги его признали настоящим писателем; be made for smb. they are made for each other они созданы друг для друга

4) be made to be of some state be made known придать гласность; the results are to be made known on application результаты сообщают, если подано соответствующее заявление; the full story was never made public все подробности этой истории так и не стали достоянием общественности; be made about smth., smb. much fuss has been made about it (about the affair, about her, etc.) вокруг этого и т. д. была поднята большая шумиха; be made to do smth. the pupil was made to write his biography (to speak up, to stay after lessons, etc.) ученика заставили написать свою биографию и т. д.; the crowd was made to disperse толпу разогнали; these two statements cannot be made to agree эти два заявления противоречат друг другу

5) be made on (out of, by, etc.) smth. how much will be made on the business? какой доход будет получен от этого предприятия /даст это предприятие/?; а good deal of capital will be made out of this это принесет солидный капитал: I have по desire for money that has been made by dishonest means я не хочу брать деньги, заработанные нечестным путем

6) be made of smth. nothing could be made of the scribble in his note books (of her note, of his mumbling, etc,) ничего нельзя было понять из каракулей в его тетради и т. д.

7) be made with smb. a treaty has been made with other countries был заключен договор с другими странами
10. XII
have smth. made for smth. I must have a coat made for the winter мне нужно отдать сшить зимнее пальто
11. XIII
1) || make believe делать вид; he made believe to work hard (to throw a ball, not to know anything, etc.) он делал вид, что он усердно работает и т. д., make believe to be a scholar воображать себя ученым

2) semiaux make to do smth. he made to go он хотел было уйти; he made to stop me он попытался было остановить меня; he made to snatch her bag он рванулся вперед, чтобы вы хватить у нее сумку

3) · make do with (without, on) smth. I will have to make do with cold meat for dinner (with a very short holiday, with an old wireless set, etc.) мне придется довольствоваться холодным мясом вместо обеда и т. д.; I shall have to make do without a coat придется мне обойтись без пальто; I don't know how she makes do on so small an income не знаю, как она сводит концы с концами при таком небольшом заработке; I shall make do on biscuits and cheese сыра и галет мне будет достаточно
12. XV
1) || make good coll. добиться успеха; I never believed that he would make good я никогда не верил, что он чего-нибудь добьется; talent and education are necessary to make good in this field чтобы добиться успеха в этой области, необходимы талант и образование

2) || make good smth. оправдывать что-л.; he made good his promise он выполнил /сдержал/ свое обещание; she made good her claims она доказала справедливость или законность своих притязаний: you will have to make good your boast тебе придется доказать, что это не пустое хвастовство; make good its title tic) be ranked as an independent science обосновать /доказать/ свое право считаться самостоятельной наукой; make good the damage (the shortage, the loss, etc.) возмещать убытки и т. д. ; any money that you cannot account for you will have to make good тебе придется возместить /вернуть/ все деньги, за которые ты не сумеешь отчитаться

3) 0 || make sure /certain/ быть уверенным или удостовериться; have you made sure of the facts (of the timetable, of the results, etc.)? вы проверили факты и т. д.?, вы убеждены в правильности фактов и т. д.?; if you want to make sure of a seat you had better book in advance если вы хотите наверняка иметь билет, закажите его заранее / заблаговременно/; first they made sure of him сначала они [проверили его и] убедились в его надежности; I want to make sure of catching her (of getting there in time, of having a good seat, of his answering the letter, etc.) я хочу быть уверенным, что застану ее и т. д.,make sure that the letter was delivered (that the doors are locked, that there is no one here, etc.) убедиться, что письмо доставлено и т. д.; will you please make sure that they are all here? проверьте, пожалуйста, все ли она пришли; I made certain that he would do so я был уверен, что он так и поступит; make bold осмеливаться; make bold to ask a favour (to call on you, to express my opinion, etc.) осмелиться просить об одолжении и т. д.; I make bold to say that he knows nothing about it осмелюсь утверждать, что он ничего об этом не знает; make light of smth. не придавать чему-л. особого значения; she made light of her troubles (of this accident, of a situation, of other people's illness, etc.) она легко относится к своим неприятностям и т. д., она особенно не переживает из-за своих неприятностей и т. д.; make ready подготовиться; make merry веселиться; make merry over his victory радоваться /веселиться/ по случаю его победы; make free with smth. пользоваться чем-л., не стесняясь
13. XVI
1) make after smb. make after the fox (after the rabbit, after the escaped convict, etc.) броситься /пуститься/ преследовать лису и т. д., she made after him like a mad woman она как безумная бросилась за ним; in the morning we made after them утром мы пустились за ними вслед; make at smb. he gave a shout and made at me он издал крик и (на)бросился на меня; the dog made at the postman собака накинулась на почтальона; the angry woman made at me with her umbrella рассерженная женщина (накинулась на меня с зонтиком; make for /toward/ smb., smth. make for the crowd (for the sea, for the nearest town, toward a distant hill, for home, etc.) двигаться по направлению /направляться/ к толпе и т. д., he quickly made for /toward/ the door он бросился к двери; she made for the sound of guns она пошла туда, откуда раздавались выстрелы; the dog made for the robber собака бросилась за грабителем; make for the open sea направиться в открытое море

2) make on smth. coll. make on this business (on shares, on oil, etc.) заработать на этом деле и т. д., he made pretty handsomely on that bargain он неплохо заработал /нажился/ на этой сделке

3) 0 make for smth. make for better understanding between countries ( for the happiness of all, for a friendly atmosphere in the club, for peace, for stability of marriage, etc.) способствовать лучшему взаимопониманию между странами и т. д.; does early rising make for good health? полезно ли для здоровья рано вставать?; that weather makes for optimism в такую погоду и настроение хорошее; new facts made for the prisoner's acquittal новые факты ускорили вынесение /помогли вынесению/ оправдательного приговора заключенному; make against smth. experience makes against this assertion опыт опровергает это утверждение; your behaviour makes against your chance of success ваше поведение не способствует /мешает/ вашему успеху
14. XXI1
1) make smth. out of /from, of, with/ smth. make bottles out of glass (bricks of clay, flour from wheat, a box out of a bit of mahogany, etc.) делать бутылки из стекла и т. д., make wreaths of daisies плести венки из маргариток; make a megaphone of one's hands сложить руки рупором; the cake was spoilt as she made it with a bad egg торт был испорчен, так как она положила в тесто несвежее яйцо; what do you make with flour (with the eggs, with these things, etc.)? что вы делаете из муки и т. д.?; what will you make with all these flowers? что вы будете делать с таким количеством цветов?; what can you make out of this stuff? что ты можешь сделать / сшить/ из этого материала?; make smth. in smth. make a hole in the ground выкопать яму в земле; make a gap in the hedge проделать лаз /дыру/ в изгороди; it made a hole /а dent/ in my savings (in my reserves, in smb.'s finances, etc.) от этого пострадали мои сбережения и т. д., make smth. for smth. make an opening for the wires сделать входное отверстие для проводов; make a hole for a tree выкопать яму под дерево; he made a bookcase for his apartment он сам сделал в своей квартире книжный шкаф; make smth. into smth. make milk into cheese and butter (hide into leather, wood into pulp, etc.) перерабатывать молоко на масло и сыр и т. д.; make these huts into temporary houses (it into a stock company, the desert into a garden, etc.) превращать эти хижины во временное жилье и т. д., make these books into bundles связать книги в пачки; make a story into a play переделать повесть в пьесу

2) make smth. of smb. make an example of smb. ставить кого-л. в пример; make fun of smb. подшучивать или издеваться над кем-л.; make a laughing-stock of smb. сделать кого-л. посмешищем, выставлять кого-л. в смешном виде; make a fool /an ass/ of him (of her husband, etc.) делать из него и т. д. дурака; make a fool (a beast, a pig, etc.) of oneself вести себя как дурак и т. д., make a nuisance of oneself надоедать /докучать, досаждать/ кому-л.; make an exhibition /а spectacle, a show/ of oneself привлекать к себе внимание; make smth. of smth. make a profession of smth. сделать что-л. своей профессией; make a business of politics заниматься политикой профессионально; make a parade / a show/ of one's talents щеголять /кичиться/ своими талантами; make a boast of smth. хвастаться / хвалиться/ чем-л.; make a secret of smth. делать из чего-л. тайну /секрет/; he was asked to help but he made a hash /a muddle, a mess/ of everything его просили помочь, а он все испортил; make hell of smb.'s life превратить чью-л. жизнь в ад; make a note of his telephone number записать номер его телефона; make notes of a lecture записать лекцию; you must make a mental note of what he is saying вы должны запомнить /взять на заметку/, что он говорят; don't make a habit of it смотри, чтобы это не превратилось в привычку; make the most of smth. максимально использовать что-л.; make the best of one's delay (of this scanty information, of his absence, etc.) наилучшим образом /наиболее эффективно/ использовать задержку и т. д.; make a good thing of it извлечь из этого пользу; make good use of this opportunity воспользоваться предоставившейся возможностью; make a good (a bad) job of smth. хорошо (плохо) справиться с чем-л.; make smth. for smb., smth. make a name for oneself стать известным; make a reputation for oneself создать себе репутацию; make allowance (s) for circumstances (for smb.'s inexperience, for her age, etc.) делать скидку на обстоятельства и т. д.; make arrangements for a meeting (for a party, for a dance, for their departure, etc.) подготовить собрание и т. д., make much for the peace of the world много сделать для сохранения мира; make smb., smth. with smb. make friends with smb. подружиться с кем-л., наладить с кем-л. дружеские отношения; а quarrel with smb. поссориться с кем-л.; make peace with smb. помириться с кем-л.; make smth. in (on, etc.) smth., smb. make a name in the world снискать мировую славу, приобрести известность во всем мире; make an impression on smb. производить на кого-л. впечатление; make war upon smb., smth. a) идти войной на кого-л., что-л.; б) вести войну с кем-л., чем-л. || make love to smb. а) ласкать кого-л., заниматься любовью с кем-л., б) ухаживать за кем-л.; говорить кому-л. ласковые слова

3) make smb. of smb. his parents want to make a doctor (a lawyer, a soldier, an actor, etc.) of their son родители хотят, чтобы их сын стал врачом и т. д., make a man of him сделать из него человека; make a friend of her children подружиться с ее детьми; make a friend of an enemy превратить врага в друга; make smb. into smb. make them into slaves (him into a bully, her into a sophisticated hostess, etc.) превратить их в /сделать из них/ рабов и т. д.

4) make smth. over smth. make a fuss (a row, a scandal, etc.) over smth. поднимать шум и т. д. по какому-л. поводу; make a to-do over a trifle поднимать шумиху из-за пустяка

5) make smth. for smth. make a dash for the open window (a bolt for the door, a bee-line for the gates, etc.) броситься к открытому окну и т. д., make smth. to smth. make one's way to the station (to the river, to the house, back to the tower, etc.) пойти /направиться/ к станции и т. д., make smth. by smth. make the crossing by ferry переправиться на пароме; make smth. at smb. make a grab at him попытаться схватить его || it's time we were making tracks for home нам уже пора повернуть к дому

6) make some distance in some time we made the whole distance in ten days мы прошли весь путь /покрыли все расстояние/ за десять дней; we've made 80 miles since noon с полудня мы проделали восемьдесят миль

7) make smth. in some time the train will make Moscow in five hours поезд будет в Москве через пять часов

8) make smth. at /in/ smth. make good grades at school получать [в школе] хорошие отметки, хорошо учиться; make the highest score in the match получать в этом матче больше всех очков /самый лучший результат/; make one's way in the world преуспеть, добиться успеха || coll. he'll make it through college ему удастся окончить колледж; he made six towns on this trip во время этой поездки он посетил шесть городов /побывал в шести городах/

9) make smth. by (out of, from, in, etc.) smth. make a good deal by it хорошо на этом заработать; make much profit out of this undertaking извлекать большую выгоду из этого предприятия; he made a great fortune out of tea он составил большое состояние на торговле чаем; make a great deal of money in oil много заработать на нефти; make a living from literary work зарабатывать [на жизнь] литературным трудом; make a loss on the transaction потерпеть /понести/ убытки на этой сделке

10) make smth. of smth., smb. read this letter and tell me what you make of it прочтите это письмо и скажите, как вы его расцениваете; what do you make of the new assistant? какое у тебя впечатление /что ты думаешь/ о новом помощнике?; make much of this article ( of her work, of this man, etc.) быть высокого мнения об этой статье и т. д., newspapers made much of his achievements газеты превозносили его успехи; she makes too much of the boy уж слишком она носится с этим мальчиком; make little of smth., smb. относиться пренебрежительно к чему-л., кому-л., не считаться с чем-л., кем-л.; he made little of his feat он принижал значение своего героического поступка

11) make smth. of smth. I could make nothing of his words (of all this scribble, of her letter, etc.) я ничего не мог понять из его слов и т. д., его слова были мне совершенно непонятны и т. д., you will make more of it than I вы в этом лучше разберетесь [, чем я]; I can make no sense of what he says я не вижу никакого смысла в том, что он говорит; what are we to make of his behaviour? как нам следует /нам прикажете/ понимать его поведение?

12) make smth. with smb. they made a bargain with him они заключили с ним сделку || make a settlement on smb. распорядиться имуществом в пользу кого-л.

13) semiaux make smth. for smb. make room for smb. [подвинуться и] дать кому-л. место; can you make room for one more man? найдется место еще для одного человека?; make way for others посторониться, дать дорогу другим; make smth. at smb. he made a face at them он состроил им рожу; don't make eyes at him не строй ему глазки

14) 0 make smth. in some time he will make a sergeant in six months через шесть месяцев он станет сержантом
15. XXII
1) make smth. of doing smth. make a practice of working in his garden in the morning (of helping others, of doing his exercises in front of an open window, etc.) взять за правило по утрам работать в его саду и т. д.; he makes a practice of cheating он всегда обманывает; make a point of being on time у него принцип make не опаздывать /быть пунктуальным/; she made it a point of being very patient with these children она особенно старалась быть терпеливой с этими детьми

2) make smth. by doing smth. make one's living by giving piano lessons (by writing books for children, by selling flowers, etc.) зарабатывать на жизнь уроками игры на фортепиано и т. д.; she makes money by nursing она зарабатывает деньги, ухаживая за больными; she made her name by writing memoirs она прославилась своими мемуарами
16. XXIV1
|| make it as smb. coll. добиться успеха, будучи кем-л.; I wanted to make it as a writer мне хотелось добиться успеха на писательском поприще
17. XXVI
make smth. [that]... this makes the fifth time you've failed this examination ты уже [в] пятый раз проваливаешься на этом экзамене

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > make
17 break

break [breɪk]

(verb: preterite broke, past participle broken)

1. noun

   a. (in conversation, programme, line) interruption f ; (in journey) arrêt m ; (at work) pause f ; (at school) pause f, récréation f

• to take a break ( = few minutes) faire une pause ; ( = holiday) prendre des vacances ; ( = change) se changer les idées

• six hours without a break six heures d'affilée

• after the break ( = advertisements) après la pause (publicitaire)

• a break in the clouds une éclaircie

• a break in the weather un changement de temps

• he spoke of the need for a break with the past il a dit qu'il fallait rompre avec le passé

► to make a break

• to make a break for it prendre la fuite

• he made a break for the door il s'est élancé vers la porte

   b. [of bone] fracture f

   c. (literary) at break of day au point du jour

   d. ( = luck, opportunity) (inf) chance f

• he's had all the breaks il a eu toutes les veines (inf)

• she got her first big break in "Sarafina" elle a percé dans « Sarafina »

• give me a break! (inf) ( = leave me alone) fichez-moi la paix ! (inf)

   e. (Snooker) série f

• to have a break of serve (Tennis) faire le break

2. transitive verb

   a. casser ; [+ skin] écorcher

• to break sth in two casser qch en deux

• to break one's leg/one's neck se casser la jambe/le cou

• the bone is not broken il n'y a pas de fracture

• to break open [+ door] enfoncer ; [+ lock, safe] fracturer

• to break ground on a new building (US) commencer à construire un nouveau bâtiment

• to break new or fresh ground innover

• to break one's back se casser la colonne vertébrale

• to break the back of a task (British) faire le plus dur d'une tâche

• to break sb's heart briser le cœur de qn

• to break one's heart over sth avoir le cœur brisé par qch

• to break a record battre un record

   b. [+ promise] manquer à ; [+ treaty] violer

• to break the law enfreindre la loi

• to break a vow rompre un serment

   c. [+ courage, spirit, strike] briser

• to break sb ( = demoralize) briser qn ; ( = ruin) ruiner qn

• television can make you or break you la télévision peut soit vous apporter la gloire soit vous briser

• to break sb of a habit faire perdre une habitude à qn

• to break a habit se débarrasser d'une habitude

• it won't break the bank (inf) cela ne va pas te (or nous or les etc) ruiner

   d. [+ silence, spell] rompre

• to break sb's serve prendre le service de qn

• to break one's journey faire une étape (or des étapes)

   e. [+ fall] amortir

   f. [+ news] annoncer

• try to break it to her gently essayez de le lui annoncer avec ménagement

3. intransitive verb

   a. (se) casser ; [bone] se fracturer

• to break in two se casser en deux

   b. [clouds] se dissiper

   c. [storm] éclater ; [wave] déferler

   d. [news, story] éclater

   e. ( = weaken, change) [health] se détériorer ; [voice] (boy's) muer ; (in emotion) se briser ( with sous le coup de ) ; [weather] se gâter

• he broke under torture il a craqué sous la torture

• his spirit broke son courage l'a abandonné

   f. [dawn] poindre ; [day] se lever

   g. ( = pause) faire une pause

• we broke for lunch nous avons fait une pause pour le déjeuner

   h. (set structures)

► to break even rentrer dans ses fonds

► to break free se libérer

► to break loose [person, animal] s'échapper ; [boat] rompre ses amarres

► to break with sb rompre avec qn

4. compounds

► break-even point noun seuil m de rentabilité

► break-in noun cambriolage m

► break-up noun [of friendship] rupture f ; [of empire, group of states] démantèlement m ; [of political party] scission f

• since the break-up of his marriage depuis qu'il est séparé de sa femme

► break away intransitive verb

(from captor) s'échapper

• to break away from a group se séparer d'un groupe► break down

1. intransitive verb

   a. [vehicle] tomber en panne ; [argument] s'effondrer ; [resistance] céder ; [negotiations] échouer

• after negotiations broke down... après l'échec m des négociations...

   b. ( = decompose) se décomposer ( into en)

   c. ( = weep) fondre en larmes

2. separable transitive verb

   a. ( = demolish) démolir ; [+ door] enfoncer ; [+ opposition] briser

   b. [+ accounts] détailler ; [+ sales figures, costs] ventiler ; [+ substance] décomposer

► break in

1. intransitive verb

   a. ( = interrupt) interrompre

   b. ( = enter illegally) entrer par effraction

2. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ door] enfoncer

   b. [+ engine, car] roder

• it took a month to break in my new shoes cela a pris un mois avant que mes nouvelles chaussures se fassent

► break into inseparable transitive verb

   a. ( = enter illegally) [+ house] entrer par effraction dans

• to break into a safe fracturer un coffre-fort

   b. [+ savings] entamer

   c. [company] to break into a new market percer sur un nouveau marché

   d. to break into song se mettre à chanter

• to break into a run se mettre à courir

► break off

1. intransitive verb

   a. [piece, twig] se casser net

   b. ( = stop) s'arrêter ( doing sth de faire qch)

• he broke off in mid-sentence il s'est arrêté au milieu d'une phrase

2. separable transitive verb

   a. ( = snap off) casser

   b. ( = end) [+ relationship, negotiations] rompre

► break out intransitive verb

   a. [war, fire] éclater

• to break out into a sweat suer ; (from fear) commencer à avoir des sueurs froides

   b. ( = escape) s'échapper (of de)

► break through

1. intransitive verb

( = succeed) percer

2. inseparable transitive verb

[+ defences, obstacles] faire tomber

► break up

1. intransitive verb

   a. [ice] craquer ; [ship in storm] se disloquer ; [partnership] cesser ; [empire] effondrer

• their marriage broke up ils se sont séparés

• to break up with sb rompre avec qn

   b. [crowd] se disperser ; [meeting] prendre fin

• the schools break up tomorrow (British) les cours se terminent demain

   c. [phone line] couper

• you're breaking up je ne te capte plus

   d. (US = laugh) (inf!) se tordre de rire

2. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ chocolate] casser en morceaux

• to break up the soil casser les mottes de terre

   b. [+ coalition] briser ; [+ empire] démembrer

• to break up a marriage briser un couple

• to do sth to break up one's day faire qch pour faire une coupure dans la journée

   c. [+ crowd, demonstration] disperser

• police used tear gas to break up the demonstration la police a utilisé du gaz lacrymogène pour disperser les manifestants

   d. (US = make laugh) (inf!) donner le fou rire à

* * *
[breɪk] 1.
noun

1) ( fracture) fracture f

2) ( crack) fêlure f

3) ( gap) ( in wall) brèche f; (in row, line) espace m; (in circuit, chain) rupture f; (in conversation, match) pause f; ( in performance) entracte m; ( in traffic) trou m, espace m

a break in the clouds — une éclaircie

a break in transmission — une interruption dans la retransmission

4) Radio, Television page f de publicité

5) ( pause) gen pause f; School récréation f

to take a break — faire une pause

to work for six hours without a break — travailler pendant six heures sans s'arrêter

to take ou have a break from working — ne plus travailler pendant un temps

I often give her a break from looking after the kids — je m'occupe souvent des enfants pour qu'elle se repose

6) ( holiday) vacances fpl

the Christmas break — les vacances de Noël

7) fig ( departure) rupture f ( with avec)

a break with tradition — une rupture avec la tradition

it's time to make a ou the break — ( from family) il est temps de voler de ses propres ailes; ( from job) il est temps de passer à autre chose

8) (colloq) ( opportunity) chance f

her big break came in 1973 — 1973 a été l'année de sa veine (colloq)

he gave me a break — il m'a donné ma chance

9) ( dawn)

at the break of day — au lever du jour, à l'aube f

10) ( escape bid)

to make a break for it — (colloq) ( from prison) se faire la belle (colloq)

to make a break for the door — se précipiter vers la porte

11) Sport ( in tennis) break m; (in snooker, pool)

it's your break — c'est à toi de casser

to make a 50 point break — marquer une série de 50 points
2.
transitive verb (prét broke; pp broken)

1) ( damage) casser [chair, eggs, rope, stick, toy]; casser [plate, window]

to break a tooth/a bone — se casser une dent/un os

to break one's leg — se casser la jambe

to break one's neck — lit avoir une rupture des vertèbres cervicales; fig se casser la figure

2) ( rupture) briser [seal]

the skin is not broken — il n'y a pas de plaie

the river broke its banks — la rivière a débordé

3) ( interrupt) [person] rompre [silence]; [shout, siren] déchirer [silence]; couper [circuit]; rompre [monotony, spell, ties, links] ( with avec)

to break one's silence — sortir de son silence (on à propos de)

we broke our journey in Milan — nous avons fait un arrêt à Milan

4) ( disobey) enfreindre [law]; ne pas respecter [embargo, terms]; violer [treaty]; désobéir à [rule]; briser [strike]; rompre [vow]; manquer [appointment]

to break one's word/promise — manquer à sa parole/promesse

5) (exceed, surpass) dépasser [speed limit, bounds]; battre [record]; franchir [speed barrier]

6) ( lessen the impact of) couper [wind]; [branches] freiner [fall]; [hay] amortir [fall]

7) fig ( destroy) [troops] briser [rebellion]; briser [person, resistance, will]

to break somebody's spirit — saper le moral de quelqu'un

to break a habit — se défaire d'une habitude

8) ( ruin) ruiner [person]

9) ( tame) débourrer [young horse]

10) ( in tennis)

to break somebody's serve — faire le break

11) ( decipher) déchiffrer [code]

12) ( leave)

to break camp — lever le camp

13) ( announce) annoncer [news]; révéler [truth]

to break the news to somebody — apprendre la nouvelle à quelqu'un
3.
intransitive verb (prét broke; pp broken)

1) ( be damaged) [branch, chair, egg, string] se casser; [plate, window] se casser; [arm, bone, leg] se fracturer; [bag] se déchirer

to break in two — se casser en deux

the sound of breaking glass — le bruit de verre brisé

2) ( separate) [clouds] se disperser; [waves] se briser

3) ( stop for a rest) faire une pause

4) ( change) [good weather] se gâter; [heatwave] cesser

5) ( begin) [day] se lever; [storm] éclater; [scandal, story] éclater

6) ( discontinue)

to break with somebody — rompre les relations avec quelqu'un

to break with tradition — rompre avec la tradition

7) ( weaken)

their spirit never broke — leur moral n'a jamais faibli

to break under torture — céder sous la torture

8) ( change tone) [boy's voice] muer

in a voice breaking with emotion — d'une voix brisée par l'émotion

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- break away

- break down

- break even

- break free

- break in

- break into

- break off

- break out

- break through

- break up

English-French dictionary > break
18 economy

n

1) экономика; хозяйство

2) экономия; бережливость

•

to afflict the world's economy — отрицательно влиять на мировую экономику

to animate the economy — оживлять экономику

to apply the brakes to the economy — тормозить развитие экономики

to boost the economy — ускорять развитие экономики

to bring in a market economy — вводить экономику рыночного типа

to bring the economy under control — ставить экономику под контроль

to bring the country into the global economy — делать страну частью мировой экономической системы

to build up national economy — строить / создавать национальную экономику

to convert the country's ailing economy into smth — превращать больную экономику страны во что-л.

to correct the economy — исправлять положение в экономике

to create a diversified economy — создавать многоотраслевую экономику

to cripple the economy — подрывать экономику

to deal a heavy blow to the country's economy — наносить серьезный удар по экономике страны

to derail the economy — подрывать экономику

to destabilize the economy — дестабилизировать экономику

to develop the national economy — развивать национальную экономику

to dislocate the economy — приводить экономику к разрухе

to dismantle state control of the economy — отказываться от государственного управления экономикой

to distort country's economy — придавать экономике страны однобокий характер

to embark on a market economy — начинать переход к рыночной экономике

to enter the world economy — становиться частью мировой экономической системы

to exhaust the economy — истощать экономику

to expand a country's economy — развивать экономику страны

to get a big pickup in the world economy — добиваться значительного подъема мировой экономики

to get the economy back on track — налаживать экономику

to get the economy into shape — приводить экономику в порядок

to get the economy moving — давать толчок развитию экономики

to give a temporary boost to the economy — приводить ко временному подъему в экономике

to govern the world economy — управлять мировой экономикой

to have a damping effect on economy — приводить к застою в экономике

to have a profound effect on the economy — серьезно отражаться на состоянии экономики

to have an impact on a country's economy — сказываться на экономике страны

to help a country toward a market economy — помогать переходу страны к рыночной экономике

to improve one's economy — улучшать состояние экономики

to industrialize economy — индустриализировать экономику

to inflict damage on a country's economy — наносить ущерб экономике страны

to inherit a backward economy from smb — унаследовать отсталую экономику от кого-л.

to interact with the world economy — взаимодействовать с мировой экономикой

to keep a tight control over the economy — осуществлять жесткий контроль над экономикой

to keep the economy in balance — поддерживать экономику в состоянии равновесия

to knick the economy into shape — приводить экономику в порядок

to knock a country's economy into shape — приводить в порядок экономику страны

to liberalize the economy — либерализировать экономику

to make economy buoyant — стимулировать экономический рост

to meet the needs of the national economy for smth — удовлетворять потребности национальной экономики в чем-л.

to militarize the economy — милитаризировать экономику

to mismanage a country's economy — проявлять бесхозяйственность в управлении экономикой страны

to overhaul a country's economy — приводить в порядок экономику страны

to paralyze the economy — парализовывать экономику

to place strains on a country's economy — перегружать экономику страны

to place the economy of the country under control — ставить экономику страны под контроль

to plunge the economy into chaos — ввергать экономику страны в хаос

to put the economy into shape — приводить экономику в порядок

to put the economy on the a war-time footing — переводить экономику на военные рельсы

to put the country's economy back on its feet — ставить экономику страны на ноги

to ravage the economy — подрывать экономику

to rebuild a country's economy — восстанавливать / реконструировать экономику страны

to regenerate the economy — восстанавливать экономику

to rehabilitate the war-ravaged national economy — восстанавливать разрушенную войной экономику страны

to rejuvenate the economy — восстанавливать экономику

to remodel the economy — переделывать / изменять экономику

to reshape the economy — перестраивать экономику

to restore the economy — восстанавливать экономику

to restructure the economy — перестраивать экономику

to return to a command economy — возвращаться к командным методам в экономике

to revitalize / to revive the economy — возрождать / оживлять экономику

to run the economy — управлять экономикой

to rupture the economy — разрушать экономику

to sabotage the economy — сознательно подрывать экономику

to safeguard a country's economy against smth — обезопасить экономику страны от чего-л.

to satisfy the needs of the national economy for smth — удовлетворять потребности национальной экономики в чем-л.

to shake up the economy — встряхивать экономику

to slow the economy — замедлять развитие экономики

to stabilize the economy — стабилизировать экономику

to stave off further deterioration of the economy — предотвращать дальнейший спад экономики

to steady the world economy — укреплять мировую экономику

to stimulate one's domestic economy — стимулировать рост экономики внутри страны

to strengthen the economy — укреплять экономику

to take the heat out of the economy — ослаблять экономику

to throw the economy into recession — приводить к экономическому спаду

to tighten one's economy hold — усиливать свое экономическое влияние

to transform the economy — преобразовывать экономику

to trip the economy into recession — подталкивать экономику к спаду

to turn the economy round — налаживать экономику

to undermine a country's economy — подрывать экономику страны

to weaken the economy — ослаблять экономику

- advanced economy
- adversely affected branches of economy
- agricultural economy
- ailing economy
- ailing economies of the Third World
- all-embracing economy
- appalling state of the economy
- balanced development of the branches of economy
- barter economy
- beleaguered economy
- black economy
- buoyancy in a country's economy
- buoyant economy
- business economy
- capitalist economy
- centralized economy
- centrally planned economy
- closed economy
- cohesive economy
- collapsing economy
- colonialist economy
- command economy
- commanding heights of the economy
- competitive economy
- complementary economies
- consumer economy
- controlled economy
- crippled economy
- crisis-free economy
- critical state of the economy
- day-to-day running of economy
- debt-ridden economy
- defense economy
- developed economy
- developed national economy
- developing economy
- dire state of the economy
- disrupted economy
- domestic economy
- economy catches its breath
- economy constricts
- economy expands
- economy goes deeper into crisis
- economy goes into a decline
- economy is buoyant
- economy is close to collapse
- economy is coming out of recession
- economy is crumbling
- economy is diving into a recession
- economy is facing a slump
- economy is faltering
- economy is headed upward
- economy is in a dreadful state
- economy is in a state of collapse
- economy is in bad condition
- economy is in recession
- economy is in the doldrums
- economy is not out of the woods yet
- economy is rolling downhill
- economy is sagging
- economy is seriously unbalanced
- economy is shrinking
- economy of disarmament
- economy of fuel
- economy of one-sided development
- economy of scarcity
- economy recovers
- economy undergoing charges
- economy will undergo drastic surgical measures
- economy with a high rate of growth in per capita output
- economies of industrialized countries are booming
- economies of scale
- economies on labor
- economies on social services
- emerging economy
- engineering economy
- exchange economy
- expanding economy
- fast developing economy
- flagging economy
- fragile economy
- frail economy
- free economy
- free enterprise economy
- freewheeling economy
- full employment economy
- ghost economy
- gilt-edged economy
- global economy
- gray economy
- green economy
- gross mismanagement of economy
- growth of the economy
- growth rate of the economy
- healthy economy
- high employment economy
- high interest rates further dampen down the economy
- highly developed branches of the economy
- home economy
- humane economy
- industrial economy
- inflationary pressures on the economy
- intensification of economy
- laissez-faire economy
- less centralized grip on the economy
- lop-sided economy
- low pressure economy
- major economy
- management of the economy
- market economy
- market-oriented economy
- mature economy
- mechanics of economy
- militarization of the economy
- militarized economy
- military economy
- mixed economy
- modernization of the economy
- monetary economy
- moribund economy
- multibranch economy
- multisectoral economy
- multistructrural economy
- national economy
- no-growth period of economy
- ongoing trends in the world economy
- overheated economy
- peace-time economy
- peasant economy
- plan-based economy
- planless economy
- plan-market economy
- planned economy
- pluralistic economy
- policy of economy

- political economy
- powerful economy
- private economy
- private enterprise economy
- private sector of the economy
- progressive transformation of the economy
- protected economy
- public sector of the economy
- rapid expansion of the economy
- ravaged economy
- recovery in economy
- reforming of the economy along western lines
- regulated market economy
- retooling of the national economy
- revitalization of the economy
- robber economy
- robust economy
- run-down economy
- rural economy
- sagging economy
- sane economy
- self-sustained economy
- shadow economy
- shaky economy
- shattered economy
- shift away from central control of the economy
- shift to a market economy
- sick economy
- siege economy
- simple commodity economy
- size of the economy
- slide in the economy
- slowing of economy
- sluggish economy
- socialist economy
- socialist system of economy
- socialized economy
- sound economy
- Soviet-style economy
- spaceman economy
- spontaneous economy
- stability of economy
- stagnant economy
- state of the economy

- state-monopoly economy
- state-run economy
- stationary economy
- steady-state economy
- strict economy
- strong economy
- study of world economy
- subsistence economy
- sustained growth of economy
- swift transition to market economy
- swiss-cheese economy
- switchover to a market economy
- the country's economy grew by 10 per cent
- the country's economy has been in better shape than before
- the country's economy is in a pretty bad way
- the country's economy is in dire trouble
- tottering economy
- transition to market economy
- troubled economy
- turnaround in the economy
- two interlined economies
- unbalanced economy
- under-the-table economy
- unstable economy
- viable economy
- war economy
- war-ravaged economy
- war-time economy
- weakening of the economy
- world economy

Politics english-russian dictionary > economy
19 toll

I [təʊl]
nome

1) (number)

the toll of — il numero di [victims, incidents]

death toll — numero dei morti, vittime ( from di, per)

2) (levy) (on road, bridge) pedaggio m., dazio m.

••

to take a heavy toll — (on lives) fare molte vittime; (on industry, environment) esigere un pesante tributo

to take its o their toll — [earthquake, disease] fare strage
II [təʊl]
nome (of bell) rintocco m.; (for funeral) rintocco m. funebre
III 1. [təʊl]
verbo transitivo suonare a morto [ bell]
2.
verbo intransitivo [ bell] suonare a morto

* * *
I [təul] verb
(to ring (a bell) slowly: The church bell tolled solemnly.)
II [təul] noun
1) (a tax charged for crossing a bridge, driving on certain roads etc: All cars pay a toll of $1; ( also adjective) a toll bridge.)

2) (an amount of loss or damage suffered, eg as a result of disaster: Every year there is a heavy toll of human lives on the roads.)

•

- toll-free number

* * *
I [təʊl]
1. n

1) (on road) pedaggio

2)

(losses, casualties) the death toll on the roads — il numero di vittime sulle strade

the severe winter has taken its toll on the crops — l'inverno rigido ha colpito duramente il raccolto

2. adj

(road, bridge) a pedaggio
II [təʊl]
1. vt, vi

(bell) suonare lentamente e solennemente

2. n

(of bell) rintocco

* * *
toll (1) /təʊl/
n.

1 pedaggio

2 (fisc.) balzello; gabella; dazio; imposta

3 ( USA) tariffa interurbana ( del telefono)

4 (stor.) molenda; tributo molitorio

5 (fig.) costo, perdita ( di vite umane, ecc.); tributo (fig.): the human toll, la perdita di vite umane; the weekend death toll on the roads, gl'incidenti mortali del traffico di fine settimana

● toll bar, barriera di pedaggio □ toll bridge, ponte (soggetto) a pedaggio □ (spec. USA) toll call, telefonata interurbana □ toll collector, esattore ( di dazi, imposte, ecc.) □ toll-free, (autom., trasp.: di un ponte, un'autostrada, un tunnel) esente da pedaggio; (fisc.) esente da dazio; (comput.) gratuito; ( USA: di telefonata) gratuita; ( anche) a carico del destinatario □ (telef.) toll-free number, numero verde □ (stor.) toll gatherer, gabelliere □ toll-line, linea interurbana □ toll road, strada a pedaggio □ (leg.) toll through, pedaggio municipale ( per attraversare un ponte, ecc.) □ (leg.) toll traverse, pedaggio per attraversare un terreno (un ponte, ecc.) di proprietà privata □ (autom.) toll tunnel, tunnel a pedaggio □ to take toll of, esigere un tributo da; (fig.) costare, portar via: The accident took a heavy toll of lives, l'incidente è costato la vita a molte persone.
toll (2) /təʊl/
n.

(solo al sing.) rintocco (spec. di campana che suona a morto).
(to) toll (1) /təʊl/
A v. i.

esigere un tributo; far pagare un pedaggio

B v. t.

1 esigere un tributo da (q.); far pagare un pedaggio a (q.)

2 riscuotere (qc. ) come tributo (o pedaggio).
(to) toll (2) /təʊl/
v. t. e i.

suonare a rintocchi; suonare a morto; rintoccare; battere: to toll the hour, battere l'ora; to toll sb. 's death, suonare a morto per q.

● (fig.) to toll a warning bell, suonare il campanello d'allarme.

* * *
I [təʊl]
nome

1) (number)

the toll of — il numero di [victims, incidents]

death toll — numero dei morti, vittime ( from di, per)

2) (levy) (on road, bridge) pedaggio m., dazio m.

••

to take a heavy toll — (on lives) fare molte vittime; (on industry, environment) esigere un pesante tributo

to take its o their toll — [earthquake, disease] fare strage
II [təʊl]
nome (of bell) rintocco m.; (for funeral) rintocco m. funebre
III 1. [təʊl]
verbo transitivo suonare a morto [ bell]
2.
verbo intransitivo [ bell] suonare a morto

English-Italian dictionary > toll
20 work

[wɜ:k, Am wɜ:rk] n

1) no pl ( useful activity) Arbeit f;

good \work! gute Arbeit!;

there's a lot of \work to be done yet es gibt noch viel zu tun;

the garden still needs a lot of \work im Garten muss noch [so] einiges gemacht werden;

forces of destruction are at \work here ( fig) hier sind zerstörerische Kräfte am Werk;

various factors are at \work in this situation in dieser Situation spielen verschiedene Faktoren eine Rolle;

\work on the tunnel has been suspended die Arbeiten am Tunnel wurden vorübergehend eingestellt;

to be a [real] piece of \work ganz schön nervig sein;

to be hard \work [doing sth] ( strenuous) anstrengend sein[, etw zu tun];

( difficult) schwierig sein[, etw zu tun];

to be at \work doing sth [gerade] damit beschäftigt sein, etw zu tun;

to get [or go] [or set] to \work sich akk an die Arbeit machen;

to get [or go] [or set] to \work on sth sich akk an etw akk machen;

to get [or go] [or set] to \work on sb ( fam) jdn in die Mache nehmen ( fam) ( strongly influence) jdn bearbeiten ( fam)

to make \work for sb jdm Arbeit machen;

to make \work for oneself sich dat unnötige Arbeit machen;

to put [or set] sb to \work doing sth jdn losschicken, etw zu tun

2) no pl ( employment) Arbeit f;

\work in the laboratory was interesting die Arbeit im Labor war interessant;

what sort of \work do you have experience in? welche Berufserfahrungen haben Sie?;

to be in \work eine Stelle [o Arbeit] haben;

to be out of \work arbeitslos sein;

to get \work as a translator eine Stelle als Übersetzer/Übersetzerin finden;

to look for \work auf Arbeitssuche sein;

to be looking for \work as a system analyst eine Stelle als Systemanalytiker/-analytikerin suchen

3) no pl ( place of employment) Arbeit f, Arbeitsplatz m;

he rang me from \work er rief mich von der Arbeit [aus] an;

to get to \work on the train mit dem Zug zur Arbeit fahren;

to be injured at \work einen Arbeitsunfall haben;

to be late for \work zu spät zur Arbeit kommen;

to have to stay late at \work lange arbeiten müssen;

to be at \work bei der Arbeit sein;

I'll be at \work until late this evening ich werde heute bis spät abends arbeiten;

to be off \work frei haben;

( without permission) fehlen;

to be off \work sick sich akk krankgemeldet haben;

to commute to \work pendeln;

to go/travel to \work zur Arbeit gehen/fahren

4) no pl ( sth produced by sb) Werk f;

this is the \work of professional thieves dies ist das Werk professioneller Diebe

5) art, lit, mus Werk nt;

“The Complete W\works of William Shakespeare” „Shakespeares gesammelte Werke“;

\works of art Kunstwerke ntpl;

\work in bronze Bronzearbeiten fpl;

\work in leather aus Leder gefertigte Arbeiten;

sb's early/later \work jds Früh-/Spätwerk nt;

to show one's \work in a gallery seine Arbeiten in einer Galerie ausstellen

6) ( factory)

\works + sing/ pl vb Betrieb m, Fabrik f;

steel \works Stahlwerk nt

7) ( working parts)

\works pl of a clock Uhrwerk nt; of a machine Getriebe nt

8) (fam: everything)

the \works pl das ganze Drum und Dran ( fam)

( esp Am) food

two large pizzas with the \works, please! zwei große Pizzen mit allem bitte!

9) no pl phys Arbeit f

PHRASES:

to have one's \work cut out sich akk mächtig reinknien müssen ( fam), jede Menge zu tun haben;

to give sb the \works (dated) (sl) jdn [ordentlich] in die Mangel nehmen ( fam) vi

1) ( do job) arbeiten;

where do you \work? wo arbeiten Sie?;

to \work as sth als etw arbeiten;

to \work for sb für jdn arbeiten;

to \work with sb ( work together) mit jdm zusammenarbeiten;

( do work helping sb) mit jdm arbeiten;

to \work from home [von] zu Hause arbeiten;

to \work at the hospital/ abroad im Krankenhaus/im Ausland arbeiten;

to \work to rule Dienst nach Vorschrift tun;

to \work like a slave [or (Am, Aus) dog] schuften wie ein Tier ( fam)

to \work hard hart arbeiten;

to \work together zusammenarbeiten

2) ( be busy) arbeiten, beschäftigt sein;

we're \working on it wir arbeiten daran;

we're \working to prevent it happening again wir bemühen uns, so etwas in Zukunft zu verhindern;

to \work [hard] at doing sth [hart] daran arbeiten, etw zu tun;

to \work on the assumption that... von der Annahme ausgehen, dass...;

to \work towards a degree in sth univ einen Hochschulabschluss in etw dat anstreben;

to \work at a problem an einem Problem arbeiten

3) ( function) funktionieren;

the boiler seems to be \working OK der Boiler scheint in Ordnung zu sein;

I can't get this washing machine to \work ich kriege die Waschmaschine irgendwie nicht an;

listen, the generator's \working hör mal, der Generator läuft;

to \work off batteries batteriebetrieben sein;

to \work off the mains ( Brit) mit Netzstrom arbeiten;

to \work off wind power mit Windenergie arbeiten

4) ( be successful) funktionieren, klappen ( fam) plan, tactics aufgehen;

to \work in practice [auch] in der Praxis funktionieren

5) med medicine, pill wirken

6) ( have an effect)

to \work against sb/ sth sich akk als negativ für jdn/etw herausstellen;

to \work for sb [or in sb's favour] sich akk zugunsten einer Person gen auswirken;

to \work for sth auf etw akk hinwirken;

to \work on sb jdn bearbeiten (a. hum) ( fam)

to \work both ways sich akk sowohl positiv als auch negativ auswirken

7) ( move)

to \work through/ under/ up etc sth;

the water damage slowly \worked up through the walls der Wasserschaden breitete sich langsam über die Wände nach oben aus

8) + adj ( become)

to \work free/ loose sich akk lösen/lockern

9) (liter: change expression) sb's face arbeiten;

( contort) sich akk verzerren

PHRASES:

to \work like a charm [or like magic] Wunder bewirken;

to \work like a Trojan ( Brit) wie ein Pferd arbeiten ( fam)

to \work till you drop bis zum Umfallen arbeiten;

to \work round to sth ( Brit) sich akk [bis] zu etw dat vorarbeiten;

to \work round to doing sth ( Brit) sich akk aufraffen, etw zu tun vt

1) ( make sb work)

to \work oneself to death sich akk zu Tode schinden;

to \work a twelve-hour day/ a forty-hour week zwölf Stunden am Tag/vierzig Stunden in der Woche arbeiten;

to \work sb/ oneself hard jdm/sich selbst viel abverlangen

2) mech ( operate)

to \work sth machine etw bedienen;

\worked by electricity elektrisch betrieben;

\worked by steam dampfgetrieben;

\worked by wind power durch Windenergie angetrieben

3) ( move back and forward)

to \work sth out of sth etw aus etw dat herausbekommen;

sth \works itself out of sth etw löst sich akk aus etw dat;

to \work one's way around/through... sth sich dat seinen Weg um etw akk /durch etw akk... bahnen;

to \work one's way up through a firm sich akk in einer Firma hocharbeiten;

I have \worked my way through quite a few books ich habe jede Menge Bücher durchgearbeitet;

to \work one's way down a list eine Liste durchgehen;

to \work sth [backwards and forwards] etw [hin- und her]bewegen;

to \work sth free/ loose etw losbekommen/lockern;

sth \works itself free/ loose etw löst/lockert sich akk

4) ( bring about)

to \work sth etw bewirken;

I don't know how she \worked it, but in the end she got £1000 off him ich weiß nicht, wie sie es geschafft hat, aber am Ende luchste sie ihm 1000 Pfund ab;

to \work a cure eine Heilung herbeiführen;

to \work oneself into a more positive frame of mind sich dat eine positivere Lebenseinstellung erarbeiten;

to \work oneself [up] into a frenzy sich akk in eine Raserei hineinsteigern;

to \work sb [up] into a frenzy/ rage jdn zur Raserei/in Rage bringen ( fam)

to \work a miracle ein Wunder vollbringen ( geh)

to \work miracles [or wonders] [wahre] Wunder vollbringen ( geh)

to \work oneself into a state sich akk aufregen;

to \work sb into a state of jealousy jdn eifersüchtig machen

5) ( shape)

to \work bronze/ iron Bronze/Eisen bearbeiten;

to \work clay Ton formen

6) ( mix)

to \work sth into sth etw in etw akk einarbeiten;

( incorporate) etw in etw akk einbauen [o einfügen];

\work the butter into the flour fügen Sie die Butter hinzu und vermengen Sie sie mit dem Mehl;

to \work sth into one's skin ( rub in) die Haut mit etw dat einreiben;

( massage) etw in die Haut einmassieren

7) fashion

to \work sth [on sth] etw [auf etw akk] sticken, etw [mit etw dat be]sticken

8) ( exploit)

to \work sth sich dat etw vornehmen;

to \work the land agr das Land bewirtschaften;

to \work a mine/ quarry min eine Mine/einen Steinbruch ausbeuten

9) ( pay for by working)

to \work one's passage sich dat seine Überfahrt durch Arbeit auf dem Schiff verdienen;

to \work one's way through university sich dat sein Studium finanzieren

PHRASES:

to \work one's fingers to the bone [for sb] sich dat [für jdn] den Rücken krumm arbeiten ( fam)

to \work a treat ( Brit) ( fam) prima funktionieren

English-German students dictionary > work

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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free+from+damage

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