computer-programming+language

1) язык

а) естественный язык, средство человеческого общения

б) система знаков, жестов или сигналов для передачи или хранения информации

в) стиль

г) речь

д) язык программирования

2) языкознание, лингвистика

•

- abstract machine language

- algebraic logic functional language

- algorithmic language

- amorhic language

- axiomatic architecture description language

- basic combined programming language

- block-structured language

- boundary scan description language

- business-oriented language

- categorical abstract machine language

- cellular language

- computer hardware description language

- computer-independent language

- configuration language

- context-free language

- data definition language

- data description language

- data manipulation language

- document style semantics and specification language

- domain-specific language

- dynamic hypertext markup language

- dynamic simulation language

- extensible hypertext markup language

- extensible markup language

- fabricated language

- fifth-generation language

- first-generation language

- formal language

- fourth-generation language

- frame language

- function graph language

- geometrical layout description language

- graphics language

- hardware description language

- Hewlett-Packard graphics language

- Hewlett-Packard printer control language

- high-level language

- hypertext markup language

- hypertext markup language plus

- interactive set language

- intermediate language

- Java interface definition language

- Java language

- job control language

- Jules' own version of the international algorithmic language

- knowledge query and manipulation language

- left-associative language

- man-machine language

- mathematical markup language

- matrix-based programming language

- my favorite toy language

- native language

- network control language

- network description language

- noninteractive language

- page description language

- parallel object-oriented language

- partial differential equation language

- pattern-matching language

- practical extraction and report language

- prescriptive language

- second-generation language

- sense language

- server-parsed hypertext markup language

- set language

- simulation language

- specification and assertion language

- stack-based language

- standard generalized markup language

- statically scoped language

- string-oriented symbolic language

- string-processing language

- structural design language

- structured query language

- subset language

- symbolic layout description language

- synchronized multimedia integration language

- target language

- third-generation language

- threaded language

- very-high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language

- Vienna definition language

- virtual reality modeling language

- visual language

- wireless markup language

1) язык

а) естественный язык, средство человеческого общения

б) система знаков, жестов или сигналов для передачи или хранения информации

в) стиль

г) речь

д) язык программирования

2) языкознание, лингвистика

•

- a hardware programming language

1) язык || языковой

2) машинный язык; набор символов ( машины)

•

- algorithmic language

вычислительная машина, ЭВМ, компьютер, вычислительное устройство, вычислитель

- computerize

computer n ordenador

tr[kəm'pjʊːtə^SMALLr/SMALL]

noun

1 ordenador nombre masculino, computadora

\

computer game juego de ordenador

computer programmer programador,-ra de ordenadores

computer science informática

computer [kəm'pju:t̬ər] n

: computadora f, computador m, ordenador m Spain

• computadora s.f.

• ordenador s.m.

noun computadora f (esp AmL), computador m (esp AmL), ordenador m (Esp)

N ordenador m (Sp), computador m (LAm), computadora f (LAm)

* * *

noun computadora f (esp AmL), computador m (esp AmL), ordenador m (Esp)

[ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ]

algorithmic language вчт. алгоритмический язык algorithmical language вчт. алгоритмическый язык applicative language вчт. функциональный язык artifical language вчт. искусственный язык artificial language вчт. искусственный язык assembler language вчт. язык ассемблера assembly language вчт. язык ассемблера authoring language вчт. язык для автоматизации творческой работы block-structured language вчт. язык с блочной структурой boolean-based language вчт. язык булевых операторов command language вчт. командный язык compiled language вчт. транслируемый язык compiler language вчт. язык транслятора computer language вчт. машинный язык computer-dependent language вчт. машинно-зависимый язык computer-oriented language вчт. машинно-ориентированный язык computer-sensitive language вчт. машинно-зависимый язык constraint language вчт. декларативный язык context-free language вчт. контекстно-свободный язык conversational language вчт. диалоговый язык conversational language вчт. язык диалога data definition language вчт. язык определения данных data description language вчт. язык описания данных data description language вчт. язык определения данных data language вчт. язык описания данных data manipulation language вчт. язык манипулирования данными data-base language вчт. язык базы данных data-query language вчт. язык запросов declarative language вчт. декларативный язык design language вчт. язык проектирования end-user language вчт. язык конечного пользователя extensible language вчт. расширяемый язык language язык; речь; finger language язык жестов, язык глухонемых foreign language иностранный язык formal language формальный язык frame language вчт. фреймовый язык high-level language вчт. язык высокого уровня host language вчт. включающий язык human language естественный язык language разг. брань (тж. bad language); I won't have any language here прошу не выражаться inflected language флективный язык information retrieval language информационно- поисковый язык information retrieval language информационно-поисковый язык input language вчт. входной язык interactive language вчт. диалоговый язык interpreted language вчт. интерпретируемый язык kernel language вчт. базовый язык knowledge representation language вчт. язык представления знаний language разг. брань (тж. bad language); I won't have any language here прошу не выражаться language стиль; язык писателя; the language of Shakespeare язык Шекспира language язык language язык; речь; finger language язык жестов, язык глухонемых language стиль; язык писателя; the language of Shakespeare язык Шекспира language of the case язык судебного делопроизводства legal language юридический язык legal language язык права low-level language вчт. язык низкого уровня machine language вчт. машинный язык machine-dependent language вчт. машинно-зависимый язык machine-independent language вчт. машинно-независимый язык machine-oriented language вчт. машинно-ориентрированный язык macro language вчт. макроязык macroinstruction language вчт. язык макрокоманд memory management language вчт. язык управления памятью meta language вчт. метаязык minority language язык национального меньшинства mnemonic language вчт. символический язык national language государственный язык native language вчт. собственный язык машины natural language вчт. естественный язык nonprocedural language вчт. непроцедурный язык object language вчт. объектный язык official language официальный язык original language исходный язык parallel language вчт. язык параллельного программирования predicate language вчт. язык предикатов problem statement language вчт. язык постановки задачи problem-oriented language вчт. проблемно-ориентированный язык procedural language вчт. процедурный язык procedural language процедурный язык procedure-oriented language вчт. процедурно ориентированный язык production language вчт. продукционный язык program language вчт. язык программирования programming language вчт. язык программирования query language вчт. язык запросов register transfer language вчт. язык межрегистровых пересылок regular language вчт. регулярный язык relational language вчт. реляционный язык representation language вчт. язык представлений restricted language вчт. упрощенная версия языка rule language вчт. язык правил rule-based language вчт. язык продукционных правил rule-oriented language вчт. язык логического программирования script language вчт. язык сценариев serial language вчт. язык последовательного программирования source language вчт. исходный язык source language cmp. исходный язык specification language вчт. язык спецификаций subset language вчт. подмножество языка symbolic language вчт. символический язык symbolic language comp. символический язык system language вчт. системный язык tabular language вчт. табличный язык target language вчт. выходной язык target language выходной язык target language объектный язык threaded language вчт. язык транслируемый в шитый код typed language вчт. широко используемый язык typeless language вчт. безтиповый язык unchecked language вчт. язык без контроля типов untyped language вчт. язык без контроля типов update language вчт. язык корректирующих запросов user language вчт. язык пользователя world language международный язык

   1) The Book of Nature Is Written in the Language of Mathematics

   Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)

   2) Arranging Speech so as to Reply Appropriately

   It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)

   3) No Other Animal Has the Language Capacity of the Human

   It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)

   4) Human Beings Do Not Live Only in the World of Objects

   Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)

   5) Language Powerfully Conditions All Our Thinking

   It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)

   6) A List of Language Games

   [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]

   Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it

   Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another

   LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)

   7) Language Constrains Certain Modes of Interpretation

   We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)

   8) We Dissect Nature in Accordance with Our Native Languages

   We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.

   The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)

   9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language

   The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)

    10) The Analysis of Certain Types of Utterances

   It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)

    11) The Dictionary of a Language Is a System of Concepts

   In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)

    12) Talk about the Evolution of the Language Capacity is Beside the Point

   In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)

    13) The Development of Language

   [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)

    14) Sentential and Conceptual Levels in Language

   he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.

   The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)

    15) Linguistic Realities Have Not Yet Been Captured by Theoretical Models

   The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.

   But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)

    16) The Final Steps to Human Language

   The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)

    17) The Inadequacy of Formal Linguistic Models for Ordinary Language Usage

    t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)

    18) When a Language Is an Abstract Machine

   A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)

    19) Metaphor and Metonymy Underpin the Formation of Linguistic Signs

   Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)

    20) Language and the Analysis of Nature

   It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)

    21) Correspondence Rules for Mapping Old Theory into Subsets of New Theory

   First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....

   Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)

    22) The Inclusion of Non- linguistic Factors in a Theory of Grammar

   If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)

    23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction

   Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)

    24) The Genetic Blueprints of Language

   By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)

    25) Languages Are Machines

   Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

1) программирование ( разработка программного обеспечения)

2) программирование (прошивка информации в ПЗУ, ПЛМ и пр.)

3) планирование

•

- absolute programming

- client/server programming

- compositional programming

- defensive programming

- direct programming

- object-oriented programming

- opportunistic N-version programming

досл. компьютерные науки, теория вычислительных машин и систем; вычислительная техника (как область знаний)

1) программирование

- absolutely adequate language

- abstract language

- algebraic language

- algebraical language

- amorphic language

- autocovariance assembly language

- automatic language

- auxiliary language

- basic language

- bidirectional categorial language

- bounded language

- categorial language

- code language

- combinatorial language

- common language

- communicative language

- compact language

- completely adequate language

- computer language

- context-free language

- context-sensitive language

- countable language

- data-retrieval language

- decidable language

- deterministic language

- elementary formalized language

- elementary language

- empty language

- enumerable language

- extended language

- first-order language

- forcing language

- formal language

- formalized language

- fuzzy language

- generated language

- grammar-definable language

- grammar-generated language

- graph-oriented language

- hardware description language

- homogeneous language

- infinite language

- inflected language

- information language

- information retrieval language

- informational language

- inherently ambiguous language

- intermediary language

- inversely adequate language

- language of formulas

- language of open formulas

- linear language

- linear-programming language

- locally homogeneous language

- mathematical language

- metalinear language

- metapragmatic language

- metasemantic language

- metasyntactic language

- modal language

- nonadequate language

- noncompletely adequate language

- nonhomogeneous language

- nonperfect language

- nonsimple language

- nonwell adequate language

- number language

- parenthesis-free language

- partially free language

- phrase-structure language

- plex language

- purely paradigmatic language

- quasideterministic language

- quasifinite language

- resricted categorial language

- second-order language

- semantic-formal language

- semiformal language

- sequential language

- specialized language

- stochastic language

- strict language

- subject language

- syntax language

- terminal language

- total language

- underlying language

- unformalized language

- unidirectional categorial language

- universal language

- weakly regular language

язык

1) см. programming language

2) см. machine language

3) компьютерный язык

см. тж. computerese

< edp> (e.g. training, studies, organization, manufacturing) ■ computerorientiert

< edp> (programming, language) ■ maschinenorientiert

- addressless computer