venerable

priscus, a, um, adj. [for prius-cus, like pris-tinus for prius-tinus, and magis for magius, a comparative form], of or belonging to former times, of many years ago, old, olden, ancient, primitive, antique. Like the Greek archaios, it denotes that which existed before our time, while pristinus is applied also to those things which have existed in our day (class.; cf.: vetus, antiquus).

Lit.:

credendum est veteribus et priscis viris,

Cic. Univ. 11:

prisca illa et antiqua rei publicae forma,

Vell. 2, 89, 3:

illud erat insitum priscis illis, quos cascos appellat Ennius,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 27:

nam Joves pluris in priscis Graecorum litteris invenimus,

id. N. D. 3, 16, 42:

severitas,

id. Har. Resp. 13, 27:

et illud quod loquitur priscum visum iri putat,

id. de Or. 3, 11, 42:

priscae sanctimoniae virgo,

Tac. A. 3, 69: prisci Latini proprie appellati sunt ii, qui prius quam conderetur Roma, fuerunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 226 Müll.: priscae Latinae coloniae appellatae sunt, ut distinguerent a novis, quae postea a populo dabantur, Fest. p. 241 Müll.:

tempus,

Ov. F. 1, 197.— Priscus has the accessory idea of venerable, and from the Augustan period is frequently applied to whatever dates from the earliest times, the golden age of Rome:

prisca gens mortalium,

Hor. Epod. 2, 2:

priscus Inachus,

id. C. 2, 3, 21:

Pudor,

id. C. S. 57:

prisco more,

Ov. F. 2, 282:

prisco ritu,

Plin. 12, 1, 2, § 3:

priscum illud acumen, Brute, tuum,

Juv. 4, 102:

fides,

Verg. A. 9, 79; Mart. 1, 40, 2.— Subst.: prisci, ōrum, m., the ancients:

cum colerent prisci studiosius agros,

Ov. F. 3, 779.—

Transf.

Former, previous ( poet.):

quid si prisca redit Venus?

Hor. C. 3, 9, 17:

nomen,

Ov. M. 14, 850; Spart. Hadr. 5.—

Old-fashioned, i. e. strict, severe ( poet.):

prisci praecepta parentis,

Cat. 64, 159: Cato, Hor. C. 3, 21, 11:

prisca supercilia,

Verg. Cop. 34.—Hence, adv.: priscē, in the old-fashioned manner, strictly, severely (class. but rare):

utrum me secum severe, et graviter, et prisce agere malit, an remisse, ac leniter, et urbane,

Cic. Cael. 14, 33.

Priscus, i, m., a Roman surname, the elder.

Of the first Tarquin: Priscus Tarquinius est dictus, quia prius fuit quam Superbus Tarquinius, Paul. ex Fest. p. 226 Müll.; Liv. 1, 34.—

Tarquinius Numicius Priscus, Liv. 2, 63.—

Helvidius Priscus, Suet. Vesp. 15.—

Two Latin poets:

Priscus uterque,

Ov. P. 4, 16, 10 Burm. ad loc.

rĕ-vĕrĕor, ĭtus. 2, v. dep. a. ( act. collat. form rĕvĕrĕo, acc. to Prisc. p. 799 P.), to stand in awe or fear of; to regard, respect, honor; to fear, be afraid of; to reverence, revere (ante-class. and post-Aug.; syn. veneror): Ap. Quid est quod pudendum siet, genere natam bono pauperem Ducere uxorem? Pe. Revereor filium, Plaut. Ep. 2, 1, 5 (cf. infra, the passage, Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 3): observantia, per quam aetate aut sapientiā aut honore... antecedentis reveremur et colimus, Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 66:

hos (sc. oratores) ituri in provincias magistratus reverebantur, hos reversi colebant,

Tac. Or. 36:

Nigidium Cicero summe reveritus est,

Gell. 11, 11, 1.—More freq. with inanim. or abstr. objects:

quasi ejus opulentitatem reverearis,

stood in awe of, Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 35:

simultatem meam,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 3 (also quoted in Cic. Att. 2, 19, 1):

adventum tuom,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 10:

fulgorem ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 51:

dicam non reverens assentandi suspicionem,

Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 122:

multa adversa reverens,

id. Tusc. 1, 30, 73:

virtutes,

Auct. Her. 4, 17, 24:

coetum virorum (Tullia),

Liv. 1, 48:

fortunam captivae,

Curt. 6, 2, 8:

auctoritatem illustrium scriptorum,

Col. 2, 1, 2:

reverearis occursum, non reformides,

Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 7:

ne revereatur, minus jam quo redeat domum,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 8:

ne quaestus quidem suos reveritus illos opimos, etc.,

i. e. did not spare, Plin. 10, 51, 72, § 142.—( *b) Impers. in analogy with pudet: non te tui saltem pudet, si nihil mei revereatur, Varr. ap. Non. 497, 1; cf. vereor. — Hence,

rĕvĕrens, entis, P. a., respectful, regardful, reverent:

sermo erga patrem imperatoremque reverens, de se moderatus,

Tac. H. 1, 17; cf.: responsum parum reverens, Massur. Sabin. ap. Gell. 4, 20, 11:

ora,

bashful, modest, Prop. 2, 30 (3, 28), 33:

puella parentum suorum reverens,

App. M. 8, p. 204, 21. — Comp.:

nihilo reverentior leniorve erga senatum,

Suet. Calig. 26:

quis reverentior senatus candidatus?

Plin. Pan. 69, 3; cf. id. Ep. 6, 17, 5:

sanctius ac reverentius visum de actis deorum credere quam scire,

Tac. G. 34:

illnd modestius ac fortasse reverentius,

Plin. Ep. 8, 21, 5; cf.:

nomen Augusti,

Flor. 4, 12, 66.— Sup.:

Gabium reverentissimum mei expertus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 86 (18), 1. — Adv.: rĕvĕrenter, respectfully:

aliquem adire,

Plin. Ep. 3, 21, 5:

amicos colere,

id. ib. 7, 31, 5. — Comp., Tac. H. 2, 27.— Sup., Suet. Aug. 93; id. Ner. 23; Plin. Ep. 10, 21 (32) init. —

rĕvĕ-rendus, a, um, P. a., inspiring awe, venerable, reverend (mostly poet.; cf.:

colen. dus, venerandus): nox,

Ov. Ib. 75:

facies,

Juv. 6, 513:

sacraria,

Claud. VI. Cons. Hon. 599:

vetustas (libri),

Gell. 9, 14, 26; 18, 5, 11:

vultu,

Spart. Sev. 19:

epulae,

Amm. 30, 1, 22.— Sup.: Reverendissimus, most reverend, right reverend, a title of bishops, etc., Cod. Th 1, 55, 8; 1, 2, 6.

rĕ-vĕrĕor, ĭtus. 2, v. dep. a. ( act. collat. form rĕvĕrĕo, acc. to Prisc. p. 799 P.), to stand in awe or fear of; to regard, respect, honor; to fear, be afraid of; to reverence, revere (ante-class. and post-Aug.; syn. veneror): Ap. Quid est quod pudendum siet, genere natam bono pauperem Ducere uxorem? Pe. Revereor filium, Plaut. Ep. 2, 1, 5 (cf. infra, the passage, Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 3): observantia, per quam aetate aut sapientiā aut honore... antecedentis reveremur et colimus, Cic. Inv. 2, 22, 66:

hos (sc. oratores) ituri in provincias magistratus reverebantur, hos reversi colebant,

Tac. Or. 36:

Nigidium Cicero summe reveritus est,

Gell. 11, 11, 1.—More freq. with inanim. or abstr. objects:

quasi ejus opulentitatem reverearis,

stood in awe of, Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 35:

simultatem meam,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 3 (also quoted in Cic. Att. 2, 19, 1):

adventum tuom,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 10:

fulgorem ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 51:

dicam non reverens assentandi suspicionem,

Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 122:

multa adversa reverens,

id. Tusc. 1, 30, 73:

virtutes,

Auct. Her. 4, 17, 24:

coetum virorum (Tullia),

Liv. 1, 48:

fortunam captivae,

Curt. 6, 2, 8:

auctoritatem illustrium scriptorum,

Col. 2, 1, 2:

reverearis occursum, non reformides,

Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 7:

ne revereatur, minus jam quo redeat domum,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 8:

ne quaestus quidem suos reveritus illos opimos, etc.,

i. e. did not spare, Plin. 10, 51, 72, § 142.—( *b) Impers. in analogy with pudet: non te tui saltem pudet, si nihil mei revereatur, Varr. ap. Non. 497, 1; cf. vereor. — Hence,

rĕvĕrens, entis, P. a., respectful, regardful, reverent:

sermo erga patrem imperatoremque reverens, de se moderatus,

Tac. H. 1, 17; cf.: responsum parum reverens, Massur. Sabin. ap. Gell. 4, 20, 11:

ora,

bashful, modest, Prop. 2, 30 (3, 28), 33:

puella parentum suorum reverens,

App. M. 8, p. 204, 21. — Comp.:

nihilo reverentior leniorve erga senatum,

Suet. Calig. 26:

quis reverentior senatus candidatus?

Plin. Pan. 69, 3; cf. id. Ep. 6, 17, 5:

sanctius ac reverentius visum de actis deorum credere quam scire,

Tac. G. 34:

illnd modestius ac fortasse reverentius,

Plin. Ep. 8, 21, 5; cf.:

nomen Augusti,

Flor. 4, 12, 66.— Sup.:

Gabium reverentissimum mei expertus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 86 (18), 1. — Adv.: rĕvĕrenter, respectfully:

aliquem adire,

Plin. Ep. 3, 21, 5:

amicos colere,

id. ib. 7, 31, 5. — Comp., Tac. H. 2, 27.— Sup., Suet. Aug. 93; id. Ner. 23; Plin. Ep. 10, 21 (32) init. —

rĕvĕ-rendus, a, um, P. a., inspiring awe, venerable, reverend (mostly poet.; cf.:

colen. dus, venerandus): nox,

Ov. Ib. 75:

facies,

Juv. 6, 513:

sacraria,

Claud. VI. Cons. Hon. 599:

vetustas (libri),

Gell. 9, 14, 26; 18, 5, 11:

vultu,

Spart. Sev. 19:

epulae,

Amm. 30, 1, 22.— Sup.: Reverendissimus, most reverend, right reverend, a title of bishops, etc., Cod. Th 1, 55, 8; 1, 2, 6.

săcer, sā̆cra, sā̆crum (ante-class. collat. form sacer, sacris, sacre; plur.:

sacres porci,

Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 16; id. Rud. 4, 6, 4; Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 20; 4, 16; sing. acc.: sacrem porcum, Fest. s. h. v. p. 318 Müll.), adj. [root sa-; Gr. saos, sôos, safe; whence Lat. sānus], dedicated or consecrated to a divinity, holy, sacred, = hieros (cf.: sanctus, augustus): Gallus Aelius ait, sacrum esse quocumque modo atque instituto civitatis consecratum sit, sive aedis, sive ara, sive signum, sive locus, sive pecunia, sive quid aliud quod dis dedicatum atque consecratum sit, Fest. s. v. sacer mons, p. 318 Müll.; cf.:

quicquid destinatum est diis, sacrum vocatur,

Macr. S. 3, 7:

sacrae (res) sunt quae diis superis consecratae sunt: religiosae quae diis manibus relictae sunt,

Gai. Inst. 2, 3.

In gen.

Absol.:

quicquam (opp. profanum),

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 27; id. Trin. 2, 2, 8; cf.:

aedificiis omnibus, publicis privatis sacris profanis, sic pepercit, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54, § 129; so,

locus sacer et profanus,

id. Inv. 1, 26, 38; Auct. Her. 2, 4, 7; Quint. 5, 10, 38:

miscebis sacra profanis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 54; id. A. P. 397; Nep. Them. 6, 5; Sall. C. 11, 6:

villae signis et tabulis refertae partim publicis partim etiam sacris et religiosis,

Cic. Leg. 3, 13, 31; so (with religiosus) id. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 127; Suet. Tib. 61:

mores autem rapere properant quā sacrum quā puplicum,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 37:

(legum) genera sunt tria, sacri, publici, privati juris,

Quint. 2, 4, 33; cf. in the sup.:

deprecor hoc unum per jura sacerrima lecti,

Ov. H. 9, 159:

aedes,

Plaut. Am. 4, 1, 5; Cic. Fam. 13, 11, 1; Quint. 4, 2, 8; Ov. M. 14, 315:

lucus late sacer,

Verg. A. 5, 761:

arvum Martis,

Ov. M. 7, 101:

ara,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 20:

aurum,

Liv. 5, 50; cf.

pecunia (opp. privata),

Quint. 4, 2, 8:

arma,

Liv. 24, 21:

tus,

Ov. M. 14, 130:

sanguis (of the sacrificial victim),

Cat. 68, 75:

ales (so called from its use in augury),

Verg. A. 11, 721:

luces (with profestae),

Hor. C. 4, 15, 25; cf.

dies (with religiosus),

Suet. Tib. 61:

tempus,

Hor. C. S. 4:

commissum,

a crime against religion, Cic. Leg. 2, 9 et saep.— Poet.: vitis (as sacred to Bacchus), Enn. ap. Charis. p. 214 P. (Trag. v. 149 Vahl.); Hor. C. 1, 18, 1; so,

laurus,

id. ib. 3, 4, 18; Verg. A. 7, 60:

robur,

Ov. M. 8, 752:

aqua,

Hor. C. 1, 1, 22:

fontes,

Ov. M. 2, 464; Verg. E. 1, 53:

focus,

Hor. Epod. 2, 43:

Tarentum,

id. C. 1, 28, 29:

fines,

Sil. 3, 501; cf.

montes (the Alps, because not to be ascended by men),

id. 4, 70;

vates (because dedicated to Apollo),

Hor. C. 4, 9, 28; Tib. 2, 5, 113; cf.:

sacer interpresque deorum Orpheus,

Hor. A. P. 391;

and (for sanctus) of the divinity itself: Vesta,

Prop. 3, 4 (4, 3), 11; so,

Cybebe,

id. 3 (4), 22, 3 (but in Liv. 3, 19: ut sacrosancti habeantur, quibus ipsi dii neque sacri neque sancti sunt, so used only on account of the lusus verbb. with sacrosancti;

v. the context).—Sacer Mons,

a hill about three miles from Rome, beyond the Anio, and on the right of the Via Nomentana, to which the Roman people retired during their controversy with the Senate, Liv. 2, 32; 3, 52; Cic. Rep. 2, 37, 63; id. Brut. 14, 54:

os sacrum, quod imum ventrem sustinet,

Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4: Sacra Via, or ( poet.) Sacer Clivus, a street in Rome leading from the Forum to the Capitol, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; id. Att. 4, 3, 3; Hor. S. 1, 9, 1; id. C. 4, 2, 35; Mart. 1, 70, 5;

v. also via, I. A. 2.: sacer morbus,

the epilepsy, Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4:

sacer lapis,

a stone landmark, a mere-stone, Liv. 41, 13: os sacrum, anatom. t. t., = Gr. hieron osteon, the lowest bone of the spine, Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4, 24:

litterae sacrae (eccl. Lat.),

the Scriptures, Vulg. 2 Tim. 3, 15.—For its combinations with ignis, via, etc., v. those words.—

With gen. (class.):

ego te sacram coronam surripuisse scio Jovis,

Plaut. Men. 5, 5, 38; so,

urna Veneris,

id. Rud. 2, 5, 16 (for which:

urna Veneria,

id. ib. 2, 5, 18):

Dianae celebris dies,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 20:

sepulcrum Batti veteris,

Cat. 7, 6; cf. Plin. 8, 21, 31, § 76.—As a predicate: terra, ut focus domiciliorum, sacra deorum omnium est (a transl. of the Platon. Gê hiera pantôn theôn), Cic. Leg. 2, 18, 45:

illa insula (sc. Delos) eorum deorum sacra putatur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 48.—

With dat. (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf.

infra, II. A.): sacra Jovi quercus,

Ov. M. 7, 623:

esculus Jovi sacra,

Plin. 16, 4, 5, § 11:

Nymphis cervus,

Ov. M. 10, 109:

Cereri Polyphoetes (as a priest),

Verg. A. 6, 484:

pugionem templo Salutis detraxerat gestabatque velut magno operi sacrum,

Tac. A. 15, 53:

cupressus Diti sacra,

Plin. 16, 33, 60, § 139:

aesculus Jovi,

id. 16, 4, 5, § 11.—As a predicate:

Jani mensis, Qui sacer est imis Manibus,

Ov. F. 2, 52, quercus antiqua, quae erat Marti sacra, Suet. Vesp. 5 (al. sacrata).—

Transf., in gen., holy, sacred, awful, venerable (not till after the Aug. per., and very rare):

silentium,

Hor. C. 2, 13, 29:

laedere amantes,

Prop. 3, 16 (4, 15), 11:

lingua (Ciceronis),

Mart. 5, 69, 7:

Maro,

id. 8. 56, 3:

quaedam patris memoria,

Quint. 11, 1, 59:

O sacer et magnus vatum labor,

Luc. 9, 983:

heu sacri vatum errores,

Sil. 8, 100.—So used of the emperors;

disapproved of by Tiberius: (Tiberius) alium dicentem sacras ejus occupationes verba mutare et pro sacris laboriosas dicere coëgit,

Suet. Tib. 27.—But soon after Tiberius in general use:

auris Caesaris,

Mart. 7, 99, 4:

sacri lateris custos,

id. 6, 76, 1:

apud aures sacras mentitus est,

Amm. 28, 6, 26 (cf.:

se Imperatori mentitum,

id. 28, 6, 26, § 21); and hence, for ecclesiastical: domus, comitatus, scrinia, largitiones, etc., in the law books et saep.

In partic., with a bad accessory signif., devoted to a divinity for destruction, forfeited; and absol., accursed, criminal, impious, wicked.

With dat.: si quisquam aliuta faxit, ipsos Jovi sacer esto, Lex Numae ap. Fest. p. 6 Müll.; cf.: ut caput ejus Jovi sacrum esset, an ancient plebiscitum ap. Liv. 3, 55, 7:

non alienum videtur, de condicione eorum hominum referre, quos leges sacros esse certis diis jubent, quod, cum cetera sacra violari nefas sit, hominem sacrum jus fuerit occidi, etc.,

Macr. S. 3, 7.—

Absol.: homo sacer is est, quem populus judicavit ob maleficium; neque fas est eum immolari; sed qui occidit, parricidii non damnatur. Nam lege tribuniciā primā cavetur: si quis eum, qui eo plebei scito sacer sit, occiderit, parricida ne sit. Ex quo quivis homo malus atque improbus sacer appellari solet, Fest. s. v. sacer mons, p. 318 Müll.: PATRONVS SI CLIENTI FRAVDEM FECERIT SACER ESTO, LEX XII. Tab. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 6, 609;

in imitation: uter aedilis fuerit, etc.... is intestabilis et sacer esto,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 181:

eum, qui cuiquam nocuerit, sacrum sanciri,

Liv. 3, 55.—

Transf., in gen., accursed, execrable, detestable, horrible, infamous, etc. (only poet. and in post-Aug. prose).

Of persons:

ego sum malus, Ego sum sacer, scelestus,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 6, 14; Afran. ap. Non. 397, 22 (with malus); Lucil. ib. 397, 27.— Sup., Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 67:

homo sacerrimus,

id. Poen. prol. 90; id. Rud. 1, 2, 69; Turp. ap. Non. 397, 29 (with pessimus). —

Of things: sacerrimum domicilium, Turp. ap. Non. 397, 30:

di magni, horribilem et sacrum libellum,

Cat. 14, 12:

hircus alarum,

id. 71, 1:

auri fames,

Verg. A. 3, 57 (for which:

aurum fame,

Plin. 33, 1, 3, § 6:

venenum (Medeae),

Val. Fl. 7, 165:

nox,

id. 8, 25:

arma metu,

id. 4, 185; cf.

pavor,

id. 1, 798:

insania,

Stat. Th. 10, 804:

morbus,

i. e. epilepsy, Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4.—With dat.:

ut immerentis fluxit in terram Remi Sacer nepotibus cruor,

Hor. Epod. 7, 20.— Comp. and adv. do not appear (as for the comp. v. Varr. L. L. 8, § 77 Müll.).—Hence, subst.: sā̆crum, i, n., something consecrated; a holy or sacred thing, a sacred vessel or utensil; a sanctuary, a temple; a religious act, a sacrifice, etc.; in plur. in gen., sacred rites, religious worship, religion (both of the State and of single races and families; and even of individuals; v. infra, b; class.; most freq. in plur.).

Lit.

Sing.:

sacrum sacrove commendatum qui cleperit rapsitque parricida esto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

ubi sacro manus sis admolitus,

Plaut. As. 3, 2, 24:

omne sacrum rapiente dextrā,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 52:

metuens velut contingere sacrum,

id. S. 2, 3, 110:

apud Cluacinae sacrum,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 10; Quint. 1, 4, 6:

Minervae,

Dict. Cret. 5, 12 fin.:

theatrum veluti quoddam illius sacri templum vocabimus,

Quint. 3, 8, 29: [p. 1611] quae (sacerdos Cereris) Graecum illud sacrum monstraret et faceret, Cic. Balb. 24, 55:

sacrum Herculi facere,

Liv. 1, 7:

facere Junoni,

Prop. 4 (5), 9, 43:

facto per Magos sacro,

Suet. Ner. 34:

sollemne sacrum conficere,

Flor. 1, 13, 16:

ita se habet sacrum (Suovetaurilia),

Quint. 1, 5, 67:

arma lecta conici in acervum jussit consul sacrumque id Vulcano cremavit,

Liv. 41, 12:

sacrum piaculare fieri,

id. 29, 19:

sollemne Apollinis sacrum,

Suet. Aug. 94; Ov. M. 12, 33:

pyrā sacri sub imagine factā,

id. ib. 14, 80:

nec de lucernā fas est accendi sacrum,

Phaedr. 4, 11, 13:

neve initianto, nisi ut assolet, Cereri, Graeco sacro,

according to the Grecian rites, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 21; cf.:

vetabo, qui Cereris sacrum Vulgarit arcanae,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 26:

morientibus operire (oculos) rursusque in rogo patefacere, Quiritium ritu sacrum est,

Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150:

in sacro est,

id. 18, 12, 30, § 118.—

Plur.: sacra deosque penates.. ex aedibus suis eripuisse dixit, sacred vessels or utensils, holy things, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 5, § 13; cf. Liv. 5, 40:

sacra omnia proferre, Auct. B. Alex. 32, 3: portabant canistris,

Ov. M. 2, 713:

Troïa,

Tib. 2, 5, 40:

velut qui Junonis sacra ferret,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 11; cf.

of the same,

Verg. A. 2, 293; 2, 717 Heyne; Ov. F. 1, 527; id. H. 7, 80; 7, 158:

cumque suis penetralia sacris,

i. e. the images of the gods, Penates, id. M. 1, 287:

jactata aequoribus sacra,

Hor. C.4,4,54:

pueri Sacra canunt,

sacred songs, Verg. A. 2, 239; cf. Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 19:

sacra ordine in mensā Penatium deorum Ponuntur,

sacred gifts, offerings, Naev. B. Pun. 1, 11:

neve ulla vitiorum sacra sollemnia obeunto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

sicut in sollemnibus sacris fieri consuevit,

Sall. C. 22, 2:

qui (Mercurius) sacris anniversariis coleretur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 39, § 84 (for which:

sacrificiis anniversariis colebatur,

id. ib. 2, 4, 57, §

128: sacris e principum numero pontifices quinque praefecit,

id. Rep. 2, 14, 26:

(Romulus) sacra diis aliis Albano ritu, Graeco Herculi facit,

Liv. 1, 7; cf.:

sacra Jovi facturus erat,

Ov. M. 3, 26:

sacra Jovi Stygio Perficere,

Verg. A. 4, 638:

ipse (Numa) plurima sacra obibat,

Liv. 1, 20:

densi circumstant sacra ministri,

Ov. M. 2, 717:

arcana sacra,

Hor. Epod. 5, 52; Ov. M. 10, 436:

fera,

id. ib. 13, 454:

nefanda,

id. ib. 10, 228:

mystica,

id. H. 2, 42:

horrida,

Sil. 3, 140:

veneranda,

id. 7, 382:

casta,

Stat. Achill. 1, 370.

Divine worship or religion in gen.: publica sacra, quae publico sumptu pro populo fiunt, quaeque pro montibus, pagis, curiis, sacellis: at privata, quae pro singulis hominibus, familiis, gentibus fiunt, Fest. pp. 244 and 245 Müll.; Liv. 5, 52:

quo foedere (Romulus) et Sabinos in civitatem ascivit, sacris communicatis,

Cic. Rep. 2, 7, 13:

quod per populum errari fas non erat propter religionem sacrorum,

id. Agr. 2, 7, 18; so,

religio sacrorum,

id. Fl. 28, 69:

sacra Cereris conficere,

id. Balb. 24, 55; so,

Cereris,

Hor. S. 2, 8, 14 (cf. supra, a fin.):

Eleusina,

Suet. Claud. 23:

Junonis,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 11:

Orphica,

rites, solemnity, festival, Cic. N. D. 3, 23, 58:

Bacchia,

Ov. M. 3, 518:

trieterica Bacchi,

id. ib. 6, 587:

Dianae,

id. ib. 7, 94;

15, 489: Isidis,

Suet. Oth. 12 et saep.—

The private religious rites of a gens, a family, etc. (observed by the Romans with the greatest care):

sacra privata perpetua manento,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22; cf. id. ib. 2, 19, 47:

an gentilicia sacra ne in bello quidem intermitti, publica sacra et Romanos deos etiam in pace deseri placet?

Liv. 5, 52:

ut ne morte patris familias sacrorum memoria occideret,

Cic. Leg. 2, 19, 48:

docebant (antiqui) tribus modis sacris adstringi,

id. ib. 2, 20, 49:

magnum est eadem habere monumenta majorum, eisdem uti sacris, sepulcra habere communia,

id. Off. 1, 17, 55; cf.:

ut qui natus sit, ignoret, cujus sanguinis, quorum sacrorum sit,

Liv. 4,2:

sacra interire illi (majores) noluerunt,

Cic. Mur. 12, 27:

sacrorum alienatio,

id. Or. 42, 144 (v. alienatio); cf. sing.:

sacrum familiare,

Macr. S. 1, 16:

nuptialia,

marriage solemnities, Quint. 1, 7, 28;

called also jugalia,

Ov. M. 7, 700; cf. respecting the sacra privata of the Romans, Savigny, in his Zeitschr. 2, p. 397 sq.—

Poet., poems (as sacred to the Muses):

mihi jam puero caelestia sacra placebant, Inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 19:

vatum,

Pers. prol. 7:

Maronis,

Mart. 7, 63, 5. —

Prov.

Inter sacrum saxumque stare, to stand between the victim and the knife, i. e. to be between the door and the wall, to be in great straits, Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 84; cf.:

inter sacrum et saxum positus,

App. M. 11, p. 271 fin. —

Hereditas sine sacris, i. e. a great profit without trouble, = a rose without thorns, meat without bone, etc. (because the keeping up of the sacra privata was attended with great expense), Plaut. Capt. 4, 1, 8, and id. Trin. 2, 4, 83; cf. Fest. p. 290 Müll.—

Transf., in gen. (the figure being borrowed from secret religious rites), in plur.: sacra, secrets, mysteries (not till after the Aug. period, and very rare):

sacra tori coitusque novos referebam,

Ov. M. 7, 709:

peregisse mihi videor sacra tradentium artes,

Quint. 5, 14, 27 (cf.:

omnes fere, qui legem dicendi, quasi quaedam mysteria, tradiderunt,

id. 5, 13, 60):

litterarum colere,

id. 10, 1, 92:

studiorum profanare,

Tac. Or. 11.

sā̆crōsanctus (sometimes separately, sā̆crō sanctus, and per tmesin, sacroque sanctum, Plin. 7, 44, 45, § 143; but in Tert. Cor. Mil. 13, the correct read. is sacer sanctusque, not sacer sanctus), a, um, adj. [sacer-sancio], orig., inaugurated or consecrated with religious ceremonies (v. the foll. passage from Liv. 3, 55); hence,

Meton., fixed or decreed as inviolable, sacred, inviolable, sacrosanct: ipsis quoque tribunis (plur.), ut sacrosancti viderentur (cujus rei prope jam memoria aboleverat), relatis quibusdam ex magno intervallo caerimoniis, renovarunt; et cum religione inviolatos eos, tum lege etiam fecerunt, sanciendo: ut qui tribunis plebis aedilibus, judicibus, decemviris nocuisset, ejus caput Jovi sacrum esset, etc. Hac lege juris interpretes negant quemquam sacrosanctum esse, sed cum quid eorum cuiquam nocuerit, id sacrum sanciri: itaque aedilem prehendi ducique a majoribus magistratibus: quod etsi non jure fiat (noceri enim ei, cui hac lege non liceat), tamen argumentum esse, non haberi pro sacro sanctoque aedilem;

tribunos vetere jure jurando plebis, cum primum eam potestatem creavit, sacrosanctos esse,

Liv. 3, 55, 6 sq.; cf.:

sacrosanctum dicitur, quod jurejurando interposito est institutum, si quis id violasset, ut morte poenas penderet. Cujus generis sunt tribuni plebis aedilesque ejusdem ordinis,

Fest. p. 318 Müll.:

sacrosanctum esse nihil potest, nisi quod populus plebesve sanxisset: deinde sanctiones sacrandae sunt genere ipso aut obtestatione legis aut poenā, cum caput ejus, qui contra fecerit, consecratur,

Cic. Balb. 14, 33:

agi deinde de concordiā coeptum concessumque in condiciones, ut plebi sui magistratus essent sacrosancti,

Liv. 2, 33;

so of the tribunes of the people,

id. 3, 19; 9, 9 (opp. profani); Plin. 7, 44, 45, § 143; cf.: sacrosancta potestas (tribunorum, plur.), Liv. 4, 3; 29, 20 fin.:

accusator, velut sacrosanctus erat,

Tac. A. 4, 36 fin.: SI QVID SACROSANCTVM EST, an old formula ap. Cic. Balb. 14, 33:

in vastatione omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas?

id. Cat. 2, 8, 18:

colonos etiam maritimos, qui sacrosanctam vacationem dicebantur habere, dare milites cogebant,

Liv. 37, 38 Drak.:

Oedipodis ossa, honore arae decorata, quasi sacrosancta,

Val. Max. 5, 3 fin. —

Transf., in gen., most holy, most sacred, venerable (post-Aug.;

freq. in the Christian writers): cujus (Rufi) mihi memoria sacrosancta est,

Plin. Ep. 7, 11, 3; so,

imago tua,

App. M. 5, p. 164, 37:

ista civitas (Roma),

id. ib. 11, p. 270:

contemplatio conspectus tui (sc. episcopi),

Sid. Ep. 9, 10:

de sacrosanctis ecclesiis,

Cod. Just. 1, 2.

sā̆crōsanctus (sometimes separately, sā̆crō sanctus, and per tmesin, sacroque sanctum, Plin. 7, 44, 45, § 143; but in Tert. Cor. Mil. 13, the correct read. is sacer sanctusque, not sacer sanctus), a, um, adj. [sacer-sancio], orig., inaugurated or consecrated with religious ceremonies (v. the foll. passage from Liv. 3, 55); hence,

Meton., fixed or decreed as inviolable, sacred, inviolable, sacrosanct: ipsis quoque tribunis (plur.), ut sacrosancti viderentur (cujus rei prope jam memoria aboleverat), relatis quibusdam ex magno intervallo caerimoniis, renovarunt; et cum religione inviolatos eos, tum lege etiam fecerunt, sanciendo: ut qui tribunis plebis aedilibus, judicibus, decemviris nocuisset, ejus caput Jovi sacrum esset, etc. Hac lege juris interpretes negant quemquam sacrosanctum esse, sed cum quid eorum cuiquam nocuerit, id sacrum sanciri: itaque aedilem prehendi ducique a majoribus magistratibus: quod etsi non jure fiat (noceri enim ei, cui hac lege non liceat), tamen argumentum esse, non haberi pro sacro sanctoque aedilem;

tribunos vetere jure jurando plebis, cum primum eam potestatem creavit, sacrosanctos esse,

Liv. 3, 55, 6 sq.; cf.:

sacrosanctum dicitur, quod jurejurando interposito est institutum, si quis id violasset, ut morte poenas penderet. Cujus generis sunt tribuni plebis aedilesque ejusdem ordinis,

Fest. p. 318 Müll.:

sacrosanctum esse nihil potest, nisi quod populus plebesve sanxisset: deinde sanctiones sacrandae sunt genere ipso aut obtestatione legis aut poenā, cum caput ejus, qui contra fecerit, consecratur,

Cic. Balb. 14, 33:

agi deinde de concordiā coeptum concessumque in condiciones, ut plebi sui magistratus essent sacrosancti,

Liv. 2, 33;

so of the tribunes of the people,

id. 3, 19; 9, 9 (opp. profani); Plin. 7, 44, 45, § 143; cf.: sacrosancta potestas (tribunorum, plur.), Liv. 4, 3; 29, 20 fin.:

accusator, velut sacrosanctus erat,

Tac. A. 4, 36 fin.: SI QVID SACROSANCTVM EST, an old formula ap. Cic. Balb. 14, 33:

in vastatione omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas?

id. Cat. 2, 8, 18:

colonos etiam maritimos, qui sacrosanctam vacationem dicebantur habere, dare milites cogebant,

Liv. 37, 38 Drak.:

Oedipodis ossa, honore arae decorata, quasi sacrosancta,

Val. Max. 5, 3 fin. —

Transf., in gen., most holy, most sacred, venerable (post-Aug.;

freq. in the Christian writers): cujus (Rufi) mihi memoria sacrosancta est,

Plin. Ep. 7, 11, 3; so,

imago tua,

App. M. 5, p. 164, 37:

ista civitas (Roma),

id. ib. 11, p. 270:

contemplatio conspectus tui (sc. episcopi),

Sid. Ep. 9, 10:

de sacrosanctis ecclesiis,

Cod. Just. 1, 2.

sancĭo, xi, ctum, 4 ( pluperf. sancierat, Pompon. ap. Diom. p. 368 P.; id. ap. Prisc. p. 904 ib.:

sancivi,

Prisc. 904; Diom. 368; part. perf. sancitum, Lucr. 1, 587; Cass. Sev. ap. Diom. l. l.), v. a. [Sanscr. root sac, sak, to accompany, honor (cf. sequor); whence also sacer; cf. Gr. HaG, hagios, hagnos], to render sacred or inviolable by a religious act; to appoint as sacred or inviolable.

Lit., mostly of legal ordinances or other public proceedings, to fix unalterably; to establish, appoint, decree, ordain; also, to make irrevocable or unalterable; to enact, confirm, ratify, sanction (freq. and class.; cf.: caveo, scisco).

Sancire legem (jus, foedus, etc.):

legibus istis, quas senatus de ambitu sancire voluerit, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 18, 44:

Cretum leges, quas sive Juppiter sive Minos sanxit,

id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; cf.:

quasdam leges ex integro sanxit,

Suet. Aug. 34; and:

sancire legem, Ne quis, etc.,

Liv. 3, 55:

tabulas Quas bis quinque viri sanxerunt,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 24:

quam temere in nosmet legem sancimus iniquam,

id. S. 1, 3, 67:

legem sanciendo,

Liv. 3, 55 et saep.— Pass.:

haec igitur lex sanciatur, ut, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 12, 40, and 13, 44; cf.:

M. Valerius consul de provocatione legem tulit diligentius sanctam,

Liv. 10, 9:

sacrosanctum esse nihil potest, nisi quod populus plebesve sanxisset,

Cic. Balb. 14, 33:

sanxisset jura nobis,

id. Rep. 3, 11, 18: jus utile civitati, Pompon. ap. Prisc. p. 904:

in quibus (legibus) illa eadem sancta sunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 50, § 123:

cum aut morte tuā sancienda sint consulum imperia, aut impunitate in perpetuum abroganda,

Liv. 8, 7:

SENTENTIAM,

Inscr. Orell. 4405:

foedus,

to ratify the treaty, Liv. 1, 24; so Cic. Sest. 10, 24:

foedera sanguine,

id. post Red. ad Quir. 5, 13; Liv. 23, 8 fin.; 25, 16; Tac. A. 12, 46; cf. poet.:

foedera fulmine,

Verg. A. 12, 200.—

Sancire lege (edicto, etc.) aliquid, de aliquā re, ut, ne, etc.:

alia moribus confirmarunt, sanxerunt autem alia legibus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 2; cf.:

genus id agrorum certo capite legis confirmari atque sanciri,

id. Agr. 3, 1, 3:

quod aedilis plebis fuisset, contra quam sanctum legibus erat,

Liv. 30, 19:

ne res efferatur jurejurando ac fide sanciatur petunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 2; cf. Liv. 39, 37:

neque enim rogationibus plebisve scitis sancta sunt ista praecepta,

Quint. 2, 13, 6:

coetibus ac sacrificiis conspirationem civitatum,

Tac. Agr. 27:

eadem fuit (causa) nihil de hac re lege sanciendi,

Liv. 34, 4:

nihil lege ullā in alios sanxit,

Just. 3, 2, 8:

de jure praediorum sanctum apud nos est jure civili, ut, etc.,

Cic. Off. 3, 16, 65:

inhumanissimā lege sanxerunt, ut, etc.,

id. Rep. 2, 37, 63; cf.:

habeat legibus sanctum, Si quis...uti, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 6, 20:

lege naturae, communi jure gentium sanctum est, ut, etc.,

Cic. Har. Resp. 14, 32:

primo duodecim tabulis sanctum, ne quis, etc.,

Tac. A. 6, 16:

Flaccus sanxit edicto, ne, etc.,

Cic. Fl. 28, 67:

in omne tempus gravi documento sancirent, ne, etc.,

Liv. 28, 19:

nec, quominus id postea liceret, ulla lex sanxit,

Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 5, 3.—

Without abl.:

de quibus confirmandis et sanciendis legem comitiis centuriatis laturus est,

Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 17; cf.:

acta Caesaris,

id. Att. 14, 21, 2:

quae dubia sunt, per vos sancire vult,

id. Agr. 3 4, 13:

augurem Jovis optimi maximi,

id. Phil. 13, 5, 12:

cum de eo nihil sanxerit, quod antea commissum non erat,

id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70:

quid est, quod tam accurate tamque diligenter caveat et sanciat, ut heredes sui, etc.,

id. Fin. 2, 31, 101.—

With acc. and inf.:

rursus fide sanxerunt liberos Tarentinos leges suaque omnia habituros,

Liv. 25, 8:

omnes liberos esse sanxit,

Suet. Claud. 25.—

Lex sancit, decrees, ordains (with acc. or obj.-clause):

at hoc Valeria lex non dicit, Corneliae leges non sanciunt,

Cic. Agr. 3, 2, 8:

consularis lex sanxit, ne qui magistratus sine provocatione crearetur,

id. Rep. 2, 31, 54; cf.:

res et ab naturā profectas et ab consuetudine probatas, legum metus et religio sanxit,

id. Inv. 2, 53, 160.—

Poet., with relative-clause:

quid quaeque queant, per foedera naturaï, Quid porro nequeant, sancitum quandoquidem exstat,

Lucr. 1, 587. —

To render sacred to any one, to devote, consecrate, dedicate:

sancire alicui carmina,

Stat. S. 3, 3, 215; cf. id. Th. 11, 344: templum, Coripp. 4, 264.—

Transf., to forbid under pain of punishment, to enact a penalty against (very rare):

incestum pontifices supplicio sanciunto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22; cf.:

noxiae poena par esto, ut in suo vitio quisque plectatur: vis capite, avaritia multa, honoris cupiditas ignominiā sanciatur,

id. ib. 3, 20, 46; id. Planc. 19, 47:

hoc (sc. insidiae) quamquam video neque more turpe haberi, neque aut lege sanciri aut jure civili: tamen naturae lege sanctum est,

id. Off. 3, 17, 69:

erranti viam non monstrare, quod Athenis exsecrationibus publicis sanctum est,

id. ib. 3, 13, 55:

Solon capite sanxit, si qui in seditione non alterius utrius partis fuisset,

made it a capital offence, id. Att. 10, 1, 2.—With abl. of fine:

injurias factas quinque et viginti assibus sanxerunt,

Gell. 20, 1, 31.—Hence, sanc-tus, a, um, P. a.

Orig., rendered sacred, established as inviolable, i. e. sacred, inviolable (whereas sacer signifies consecrated to a deity. Thus, e. g., a temple, grove, or the like, is sacer locus;

but sanctus locus is any public place which it is forbidden to injure or disturb. A sacer locus is also sanctus, but the converse is not always true): proprie dicimus sancta, quae neque sacra neque profana sunt, sed sanctione quādam confirmata, ut leges sanctae sunt, quia sanctione quādam sunt subnixae. Quod enim sanctione quādam subnixum est, id sanctum est, etsi deo non sit consecratum,

Dig. 1, 8, 9:

sanctum est, quod ab injuriā hominum defensum atque munitum est...In municipiis quoque muros esse sanctos,

ib. 1, 8, 8; cf.:

sanctae res, veluti muri et portae,

ib. 1, 8, 1:

campus,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

tribuni ejus (plebis) essent sanctique sunto,

id. Leg. 3, 3, 9 (cf. sacrosanctus):

societas,

id. Off. 1, 8, 26; id. Rep. 1, 32, 49:

fides induciarum,

Liv. 8, 37:

nullum esse officium, nullum jus tam sanctum atque integrum, quod non ejus scelus atque perfidia violarit et imminuerit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 109; so,

officium,

id. Quint. 6, 26:

poëtae...poëtae nomen,

id. Arch. 8, 18 sq. —Hence, aerarium sanctius, a special treasure of the State, which was only to be used in cases of extreme necessity (v. aerarium).—Of persons:

hospites ab injuriā prohibent sanctosque habent,

Caes. B. G. 6, 23:

ut vestris etiam legionibus sanctus essem,

Cic. Phil. 2, 24, 60:

uxor,

Phaedr. 3, 10, 30.—Because to the idea of inviolability is readily attached that of exalted worth, of sacredness, or divinity (as, on the contrary, our word sacred afterward received the meaning of inviolable, e. g. sacred rights, a sacred promise, sacred honor, etc.), sanctus denotes,

Venerable, august, divine, sacred, pure, holy (very freq. and class.); of a divinity, and of things in any way belonging to one: Saturno sancte create, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 607 Vahl.): Juno Saturnia sancta dearum, id. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 4, 576 (Ann. v. 65 ib.): teque pater Tiberine (veneror) tuo cum flumine sancto, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 55 ib.):

numen,

Lucr. 5, 309; 6, 70:

sedes deum,

id. 5, 147; Cic. Rep. 5, 5, 7:

fana,

Lucr. 5, 74:

delubra,

id. 6, 417; 6, 1272:

sanctus augustusque fons,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 12, 36:

sanctior dies (with sollemnis),

Hor. C. 4, 11, 17:

ignes (of a sacrifice),

Verg. A. 3, 406 et saep.—

After Augustus,

a title given to the emperors, Ov. F. 2, 127; Val. Fl. 1, 11:

sanctius et reverentius est visum nomen Augusti,

Flor. 4, 12, 66:

intra limina sanctioris aulae,

Mart. 5, 6, 8 (al. aevi):

amicitiae sanctum et venerabile nomen,

Ov. Tr. 1, 8, 15:

libertas,

Liv. 3, 52:

pudicitia,

id. 3, 52.—

Of character, morally pure, good, innocent, pious, holy, just, etc. (freq. and class.): cum esset ille vir exemplum innocentiae, cumque illo nemo neque integrior esset in civitate neque sanctior, Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 229; cf.:

sanctissimi viri,

id. Lael. 11, 39:

homines frugalissimi, sanctissimi,

id. Fl. 29, 71:

sancti et religiosi,

id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44; cf.:

qui sunt sancti, qui religionum colentes,

id. Planc. 33, 80:

vir in publicis religionibus foederum sanctus et diligens,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 19, § 49: veteres et sancti viri, Sall. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 2, 9:

sanctius consilium,

Liv. 30, 16; cf.:

jura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum,

Verg. A. 1, 426:

da (mihi) justo sanctoque videri,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 61:

Dareus ut erat sanctus et mitis,

Curt. 3, 8, 5:

amores,

pure, chaste, Cic. Fin. 3, 20, 68; cf.:

virgines,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 27:

sanctissima conjux,

Verg. A. 11, 158:

pudor,

Tib. 1, 3, 83:

mores (with pudicitia),

Juv. 10, 298 et saep.:

me quidem id multo magis movet, quod mihi est et sanctius antiquius,

Cic. Att. 12, 19, 4:

quod apud omnes leve et infirmum est, id apud judicem grave et sanctum esse ducatur?

id. Rosc. Com. 2, 6; cf.:

est et sancta et gravis oratio (Calvi),

Quint. 10, 1, 115; so comp.:

oratio,

id. 8, 3, 24:

genus orationis,

id. 4, 2, 125:

eloquentia,

Tac. Or. 4:

manus sanctas habere,

Val. Max. 2, 2, 8:

sanctissima disciplina (Stoicorum),

Gell. 1, 2, 7; cf. Lucr. 3, 371. —

In eccl. Lat., substt.

sanctus, i, m., a saint, holy man:

sancti tui,

Vulg. 2 Par. 6, 41:

omnes sancti ejus,

id. Psa. 30, 24. —

sanctum, i, n., a holy place; esp.:

sanctum sanctorum,

Vulg. Exod. 26, 34 et saep.:

in sancto habitas,

id. Psa. 21, 4.—Also in plur.:

sancta sanctorum,

Vulg. Exod. 40, 11 et saep.: violare sancta, id. Judith, 9, 11. — Adv.: sanctē (acc. to B.), solemnly, conscientiously, scrupulously, religiously, with holy awe, etc.:

jurare,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112; Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 4:

adjurare,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 27; Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 26:

nimis sancte pius,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 8; cf.:

pie sancteque colimus naturam excellentem,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56:

auguste sancteque consecrare,

id. ib. 2, 24, 62:

disce verecundo sanctius ore loqui,

Mart. 8, 1, 2:

multa sunt severius scripta quam in antiquis legibus et sanctius,

Cic. Rab. Post. 4, 8:

se sanctissime gerere,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 4, § 13:

te sancte precor,

Liv. 2, 10:

illae (tabulae) servantur sancte,

scrupulously, religiously, Cic. Rosc. Com. 2, 7; cf.:

me ea, quae tibi promitto ac recipio, sanctissime esse observaturum,

id. Fam. 5, 8, 5:

virgines tam sancte habuit,

Curt. 3, 12, 21:

exempla conservatae sanctissime utrobique opinionis,

Quint. 1, 2, 4:

apud Sallustium dicta sancte et antique,

purely, chastely, id. 8, 3, 44.

sancĭo, xi, ctum, 4 ( pluperf. sancierat, Pompon. ap. Diom. p. 368 P.; id. ap. Prisc. p. 904 ib.:

sancivi,

Prisc. 904; Diom. 368; part. perf. sancitum, Lucr. 1, 587; Cass. Sev. ap. Diom. l. l.), v. a. [Sanscr. root sac, sak, to accompany, honor (cf. sequor); whence also sacer; cf. Gr. HaG, hagios, hagnos], to render sacred or inviolable by a religious act; to appoint as sacred or inviolable.

Lit., mostly of legal ordinances or other public proceedings, to fix unalterably; to establish, appoint, decree, ordain; also, to make irrevocable or unalterable; to enact, confirm, ratify, sanction (freq. and class.; cf.: caveo, scisco).

Sancire legem (jus, foedus, etc.):

legibus istis, quas senatus de ambitu sancire voluerit, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 18, 44:

Cretum leges, quas sive Juppiter sive Minos sanxit,

id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; cf.:

quasdam leges ex integro sanxit,

Suet. Aug. 34; and:

sancire legem, Ne quis, etc.,

Liv. 3, 55:

tabulas Quas bis quinque viri sanxerunt,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 24:

quam temere in nosmet legem sancimus iniquam,

id. S. 1, 3, 67:

legem sanciendo,

Liv. 3, 55 et saep.— Pass.:

haec igitur lex sanciatur, ut, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 12, 40, and 13, 44; cf.:

M. Valerius consul de provocatione legem tulit diligentius sanctam,

Liv. 10, 9:

sacrosanctum esse nihil potest, nisi quod populus plebesve sanxisset,

Cic. Balb. 14, 33:

sanxisset jura nobis,

id. Rep. 3, 11, 18: jus utile civitati, Pompon. ap. Prisc. p. 904:

in quibus (legibus) illa eadem sancta sunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 50, § 123:

cum aut morte tuā sancienda sint consulum imperia, aut impunitate in perpetuum abroganda,

Liv. 8, 7:

SENTENTIAM,

Inscr. Orell. 4405:

foedus,

to ratify the treaty, Liv. 1, 24; so Cic. Sest. 10, 24:

foedera sanguine,

id. post Red. ad Quir. 5, 13; Liv. 23, 8 fin.; 25, 16; Tac. A. 12, 46; cf. poet.:

foedera fulmine,

Verg. A. 12, 200.—

Sancire lege (edicto, etc.) aliquid, de aliquā re, ut, ne, etc.:

alia moribus confirmarunt, sanxerunt autem alia legibus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 2; cf.:

genus id agrorum certo capite legis confirmari atque sanciri,

id. Agr. 3, 1, 3:

quod aedilis plebis fuisset, contra quam sanctum legibus erat,

Liv. 30, 19:

ne res efferatur jurejurando ac fide sanciatur petunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 2; cf. Liv. 39, 37:

neque enim rogationibus plebisve scitis sancta sunt ista praecepta,

Quint. 2, 13, 6:

coetibus ac sacrificiis conspirationem civitatum,

Tac. Agr. 27:

eadem fuit (causa) nihil de hac re lege sanciendi,

Liv. 34, 4:

nihil lege ullā in alios sanxit,

Just. 3, 2, 8:

de jure praediorum sanctum apud nos est jure civili, ut, etc.,

Cic. Off. 3, 16, 65:

inhumanissimā lege sanxerunt, ut, etc.,

id. Rep. 2, 37, 63; cf.:

habeat legibus sanctum, Si quis...uti, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 6, 20:

lege naturae, communi jure gentium sanctum est, ut, etc.,

Cic. Har. Resp. 14, 32:

primo duodecim tabulis sanctum, ne quis, etc.,

Tac. A. 6, 16:

Flaccus sanxit edicto, ne, etc.,

Cic. Fl. 28, 67:

in omne tempus gravi documento sancirent, ne, etc.,

Liv. 28, 19:

nec, quominus id postea liceret, ulla lex sanxit,

Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 5, 3.—

Without abl.:

de quibus confirmandis et sanciendis legem comitiis centuriatis laturus est,

Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 17; cf.:

acta Caesaris,

id. Att. 14, 21, 2:

quae dubia sunt, per vos sancire vult,

id. Agr. 3 4, 13:

augurem Jovis optimi maximi,

id. Phil. 13, 5, 12:

cum de eo nihil sanxerit, quod antea commissum non erat,

id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70:

quid est, quod tam accurate tamque diligenter caveat et sanciat, ut heredes sui, etc.,

id. Fin. 2, 31, 101.—

With acc. and inf.:

rursus fide sanxerunt liberos Tarentinos leges suaque omnia habituros,

Liv. 25, 8:

omnes liberos esse sanxit,

Suet. Claud. 25.—

Lex sancit, decrees, ordains (with acc. or obj.-clause):

at hoc Valeria lex non dicit, Corneliae leges non sanciunt,

Cic. Agr. 3, 2, 8:

consularis lex sanxit, ne qui magistratus sine provocatione crearetur,

id. Rep. 2, 31, 54; cf.:

res et ab naturā profectas et ab consuetudine probatas, legum metus et religio sanxit,

id. Inv. 2, 53, 160.—

Poet., with relative-clause:

quid quaeque queant, per foedera naturaï, Quid porro nequeant, sancitum quandoquidem exstat,

Lucr. 1, 587. —

To render sacred to any one, to devote, consecrate, dedicate:

sancire alicui carmina,

Stat. S. 3, 3, 215; cf. id. Th. 11, 344: templum, Coripp. 4, 264.—

Transf., to forbid under pain of punishment, to enact a penalty against (very rare):

incestum pontifices supplicio sanciunto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22; cf.:

noxiae poena par esto, ut in suo vitio quisque plectatur: vis capite, avaritia multa, honoris cupiditas ignominiā sanciatur,

id. ib. 3, 20, 46; id. Planc. 19, 47:

hoc (sc. insidiae) quamquam video neque more turpe haberi, neque aut lege sanciri aut jure civili: tamen naturae lege sanctum est,

id. Off. 3, 17, 69:

erranti viam non monstrare, quod Athenis exsecrationibus publicis sanctum est,

id. ib. 3, 13, 55:

Solon capite sanxit, si qui in seditione non alterius utrius partis fuisset,

made it a capital offence, id. Att. 10, 1, 2.—With abl. of fine:

injurias factas quinque et viginti assibus sanxerunt,

Gell. 20, 1, 31.—Hence, sanc-tus, a, um, P. a.

Orig., rendered sacred, established as inviolable, i. e. sacred, inviolable (whereas sacer signifies consecrated to a deity. Thus, e. g., a temple, grove, or the like, is sacer locus;

but sanctus locus is any public place which it is forbidden to injure or disturb. A sacer locus is also sanctus, but the converse is not always true): proprie dicimus sancta, quae neque sacra neque profana sunt, sed sanctione quādam confirmata, ut leges sanctae sunt, quia sanctione quādam sunt subnixae. Quod enim sanctione quādam subnixum est, id sanctum est, etsi deo non sit consecratum,

Dig. 1, 8, 9:

sanctum est, quod ab injuriā hominum defensum atque munitum est...In municipiis quoque muros esse sanctos,

ib. 1, 8, 8; cf.:

sanctae res, veluti muri et portae,

ib. 1, 8, 1:

campus,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

tribuni ejus (plebis) essent sanctique sunto,

id. Leg. 3, 3, 9 (cf. sacrosanctus):

societas,

id. Off. 1, 8, 26; id. Rep. 1, 32, 49:

fides induciarum,

Liv. 8, 37:

nullum esse officium, nullum jus tam sanctum atque integrum, quod non ejus scelus atque perfidia violarit et imminuerit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 109; so,

officium,

id. Quint. 6, 26:

poëtae...poëtae nomen,

id. Arch. 8, 18 sq. —Hence, aerarium sanctius, a special treasure of the State, which was only to be used in cases of extreme necessity (v. aerarium).—Of persons:

hospites ab injuriā prohibent sanctosque habent,

Caes. B. G. 6, 23:

ut vestris etiam legionibus sanctus essem,

Cic. Phil. 2, 24, 60:

uxor,

Phaedr. 3, 10, 30.—Because to the idea of inviolability is readily attached that of exalted worth, of sacredness, or divinity (as, on the contrary, our word sacred afterward received the meaning of inviolable, e. g. sacred rights, a sacred promise, sacred honor, etc.), sanctus denotes,

Venerable, august, divine, sacred, pure, holy (very freq. and class.); of a divinity, and of things in any way belonging to one: Saturno sancte create, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 607 Vahl.): Juno Saturnia sancta dearum, id. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 4, 576 (Ann. v. 65 ib.): teque pater Tiberine (veneror) tuo cum flumine sancto, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 55 ib.):

numen,

Lucr. 5, 309; 6, 70:

sedes deum,

id. 5, 147; Cic. Rep. 5, 5, 7:

fana,

Lucr. 5, 74:

delubra,

id. 6, 417; 6, 1272:

sanctus augustusque fons,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 12, 36:

sanctior dies (with sollemnis),

Hor. C. 4, 11, 17:

ignes (of a sacrifice),

Verg. A. 3, 406 et saep.—

After Augustus,

a title given to the emperors, Ov. F. 2, 127; Val. Fl. 1, 11:

sanctius et reverentius est visum nomen Augusti,

Flor. 4, 12, 66:

intra limina sanctioris aulae,

Mart. 5, 6, 8 (al. aevi):

amicitiae sanctum et venerabile nomen,

Ov. Tr. 1, 8, 15:

libertas,

Liv. 3, 52:

pudicitia,

id. 3, 52.—

Of character, morally pure, good, innocent, pious, holy, just, etc. (freq. and class.): cum esset ille vir exemplum innocentiae, cumque illo nemo neque integrior esset in civitate neque sanctior, Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 229; cf.:

sanctissimi viri,

id. Lael. 11, 39:

homines frugalissimi, sanctissimi,

id. Fl. 29, 71:

sancti et religiosi,

id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44; cf.:

qui sunt sancti, qui religionum colentes,

id. Planc. 33, 80:

vir in publicis religionibus foederum sanctus et diligens,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 19, § 49: veteres et sancti viri, Sall. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 2, 9:

sanctius consilium,

Liv. 30, 16; cf.:

jura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum,

Verg. A. 1, 426:

da (mihi) justo sanctoque videri,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 61:

Dareus ut erat sanctus et mitis,

Curt. 3, 8, 5:

amores,

pure, chaste, Cic. Fin. 3, 20, 68; cf.:

virgines,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 27:

sanctissima conjux,

Verg. A. 11, 158:

pudor,

Tib. 1, 3, 83:

mores (with pudicitia),

Juv. 10, 298 et saep.:

me quidem id multo magis movet, quod mihi est et sanctius antiquius,

Cic. Att. 12, 19, 4:

quod apud omnes leve et infirmum est, id apud judicem grave et sanctum esse ducatur?

id. Rosc. Com. 2, 6; cf.:

est et sancta et gravis oratio (Calvi),

Quint. 10, 1, 115; so comp.:

oratio,

id. 8, 3, 24:

genus orationis,

id. 4, 2, 125:

eloquentia,

Tac. Or. 4:

manus sanctas habere,

Val. Max. 2, 2, 8:

sanctissima disciplina (Stoicorum),

Gell. 1, 2, 7; cf. Lucr. 3, 371. —

In eccl. Lat., substt.

sanctus, i, m., a saint, holy man:

sancti tui,

Vulg. 2 Par. 6, 41:

omnes sancti ejus,

id. Psa. 30, 24. —

sanctum, i, n., a holy place; esp.:

sanctum sanctorum,

Vulg. Exod. 26, 34 et saep.:

in sancto habitas,

id. Psa. 21, 4.—Also in plur.:

sancta sanctorum,

Vulg. Exod. 40, 11 et saep.: violare sancta, id. Judith, 9, 11. — Adv.: sanctē (acc. to B.), solemnly, conscientiously, scrupulously, religiously, with holy awe, etc.:

jurare,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112; Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 4:

adjurare,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 27; Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 26:

nimis sancte pius,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 8; cf.:

pie sancteque colimus naturam excellentem,

Cic. N. D. 1, 20, 56:

auguste sancteque consecrare,

id. ib. 2, 24, 62:

disce verecundo sanctius ore loqui,

Mart. 8, 1, 2:

multa sunt severius scripta quam in antiquis legibus et sanctius,

Cic. Rab. Post. 4, 8:

se sanctissime gerere,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 4, § 13:

te sancte precor,

Liv. 2, 10:

illae (tabulae) servantur sancte,

scrupulously, religiously, Cic. Rosc. Com. 2, 7; cf.:

me ea, quae tibi promitto ac recipio, sanctissime esse observaturum,

id. Fam. 5, 8, 5:

virgines tam sancte habuit,

Curt. 3, 12, 21:

exempla conservatae sanctissime utrobique opinionis,

Quint. 1, 2, 4:

apud Sallustium dicta sancte et antique,

purely, chastely, id. 8, 3, 44.

terrĭbĭlis, e, adj. [terreo], frightful, dreadful, terrible (class.; syn.: dirus, horribilis, torvus).

Lit.:

quam terribilis aspectu!

Cic. Sest. 8, 19; cf.:

jam ipsi urbi terribilis erat,

Liv. 44, 10, 6:

furiis accensus et irā terribilis,

Verg. A. 12, 947:

terribilis cunctis et invisus,

Suet. Dom. 12:

noverca,

Ov. M. 1, 147:

fera,

id. H. 9, 34:

tyrannus affatu,

Stat. S. 3, 3, 73:

visu formae,

Verg. A. 6, 277:

vultus,

Ov. M. 1, 265:

squalor Charontis,

Verg. A. 6, 299; cf.:

incultu, tenebris, odore foeda atque terribilis ejus (carceris) facies est,

Sall. C. 55, 4: at tuba terribili sonitu taratantara dixit, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 842 P. (Ann. v. 452 Vahl.):

sonitus,

Lucr. 6, 155: tumultus, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 153 Müll. (Ann. v. 311 Vahl.):

caligo,

Lucr. 6, 852:

mors,

Cic. Par. 2, 18:

horror,

Quint. 11, 3, 160:

exspectatio adventūs Jubae,

Suet. Caes. 66. — Comp.:

cujus (viri) virtute terribilior erat populus Romanus exteris gentibus,

Cic. Phil. 2, 26, 65:

cum alia aliis terribiliora afferentur,

Liv. 4, 26, 7:

majora ac terribiliora afferre,

id. 25, 29, 3.—

Transf., demanding reverence, venerable (late Lat.):

scripturae,

Cod. Just. 3, 1, 13.— Sup. seems not to occur.— Adv.: terrĭbĭlĭter, fearfully, dreadfully, terribly (late Lat.):

sonus caeli terribiliter concrepantis,

Arn. 2, 57:

admonere,

Aug. Conf. 12, 25: Vulg. Psa. 138, 14.— Comp. and sup. seem not to occur.

vĕnĕrābĭlis, e, adj. [veneror].

Pass., worthy of respect or reverence, reverend, venerable (not ante-Aug.):

venerabilis vir miraculo litterarum... venerabilior divinitate credita Carmentae matris,

Liv. 1, 7, 8:

magnos quidem illos ac venerabiles,

Quint. 12, 1, 18:

dives,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 14:

donum,

Verg. A. 6, 408:

partes eloquentiae (with sacrae),

Tac. Or. 10.—

Act., showing veneration, venerating, revering, reverential (post-class.):

senatus in deum,

Val. Max. 1, 1, 15:

verba erga deos,

id. 2, 4, 4.

vĕnĕrātĭo, ōnis, f. [veneror], the highest respect, reverence, veneration.

Lit. (rare but class.):

habet enim venerationem justam quicquid excellit,

Cic. N. D. 1, 17, 45:

tui,

Plin. 1, praef. §

4: capita aperire non venerationis causā,

id. 28, 6, 17, § 60:

praeter ingenitam illi genti erga reges suos venerationem,

Curt. 3, 6, 17; 6, 6, 29; 5, 10, 2; 7, 8, 4; 10, 5, 11; Val. Max. 3, 7, 3; 4, 1, 12; 4, 6, 1; 5, 1, 7; Quint. 1, 10, 9; 12, 11, 7; Plin. Pan. 54, 2; id. Ep. 1, 10, 6; 2, 1, 4; Tac. H. 1, 10; 4, 65; id. A. 15, 74.—

Transf., object., the quality that commands veneration, venerable character, venerableness (only post-Aug.): amici Alexandri ejus virtutis ac venerationis erant, ut singulos reges putares. Just. 13, 1, 10.

vĕnĕror, ātus, 1, v. dep. a. [Sanscr. vankh, wish, pray; cf. O. H. Germ. wunsc; Engl. wish; and Lat. Venus, venustas], to reverence with religious awe, to worship, adore, revere, venerate.

Lit.

Of religious worship offered to the gods, etc. (class.;

syn.: adoro, colo, revereor): di quos nos colere precari venerarique soleamus,

Cic. N. D. 1, 42, 119:

venerari et colere deos,

id. ib. 2, 28, 71:

auguste sancteque deos omnes,

id. ib. 3, 21, 53:

simulacrum in precibus,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 94:

eum (Epicurum) ut deum,

id. Tusc. 1, 21, 48:

eos in deorum numero (with colere),

id. Agr. 2, 35, 95:

lapidem e sepulcro pro deo,

id. Planc. 40, 95:

Larem Farre pio,

Verg. A. 5, 745:

majestatem naturae deorum,

Quint. 3, 7, 7:

templa dei,

Verg. A. 3, 84.—

With men or things as objects, to revere, do homage to, reverence, honor (not ante-Aug.):

quin omne humanum genus secundum deos nomen Romanum veneretur,

Liv. 36, 17, 15:

veneratur illos populus idem colitque,

Sen. Ira, 3, 41, 3:

Satrium utque Pomponium venerebamur,

Tac. A. 6, 8:

sic patris sic mariti memoriam venerari,

id. Agr. 46:

omnes qui aliquid in studiis faciunt venerari studeo,

Plin. Ep. 6, 17, 5; 7, 31, 5:

spectacula edentes,

Suet. Claud. 12:

ut humilitas amplitudinem venerari debet,

Val. Max. 3, 8, 7:

canos ejus et annos,

id. 4, 5, ext. 2:

principes,

id. 8, 5, 6:

antiquorum curam diligentiamque,

Plin. 27, 2, 2, § 4:

(Augustum),

Hor. C. 4, 14, 52:

amicos,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 51:

se (scribentes),

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 107; 2, 1, 263.—

Transf., to ask reverently for any thing, to beseech, implore, beg, entreat, supplicate; with ut:

nunc quisquis est deus, veneror, Ut nos ex hac aerumnā miseras eximat,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 37; 5, 2, 62; id. Poen. 5, 1, 17; id. Aul. prol. 8; cf. an old formula of prayer in Liv. 8, 9, 7: qui multa deos venerati sint contra ejus salutem, Caecin. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 2:

nihil horum,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 8:

nec tu supplicibus me sis venerata tabellis,

Prop. 2, 20 (3, 13), 33.

Act. collat, form vĕnĕro, āre:

saluto te, vicine Apollo, veneroque te, Ne, etc.,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 1, 4:

ut venerem Lucinam meam,

id. Truc. 2, 5, 23.—

Veneror, as passive, App. M. 11, p. 257, 25; Ambros. Ep. 17, 1.— vĕnĕrātus, a, um, in a pass. signif.:

Ceres, Hor, S. 2, 2, 124: Sibylla,

Verg. A. 3, 460; cf. Prisc. p. 794.

vĕ-nĕrandus, a, um, P. a., worthy of veneration, venerable:

VENERANDISSIMI CAESARES,

Inscr. Grut. 209, 2; Paul. Nol. Ep. 38, 3.—

vĕnĕranter, adv., with veneration, reverently (eccl. Lat.):

adorant omnes,

Tert. Carm. Judic. Dom. 184; Sedul. 5, 432.

vĕnĕror, ātus, 1, v. dep. a. [Sanscr. vankh, wish, pray; cf. O. H. Germ. wunsc; Engl. wish; and Lat. Venus, venustas], to reverence with religious awe, to worship, adore, revere, venerate.

Lit.

Of religious worship offered to the gods, etc. (class.;

syn.: adoro, colo, revereor): di quos nos colere precari venerarique soleamus,

Cic. N. D. 1, 42, 119:

venerari et colere deos,

id. ib. 2, 28, 71:

auguste sancteque deos omnes,

id. ib. 3, 21, 53:

simulacrum in precibus,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 94:

eum (Epicurum) ut deum,

id. Tusc. 1, 21, 48:

eos in deorum numero (with colere),

id. Agr. 2, 35, 95:

lapidem e sepulcro pro deo,

id. Planc. 40, 95:

Larem Farre pio,

Verg. A. 5, 745:

majestatem naturae deorum,

Quint. 3, 7, 7:

templa dei,

Verg. A. 3, 84.—

With men or things as objects, to revere, do homage to, reverence, honor (not ante-Aug.):

quin omne humanum genus secundum deos nomen Romanum veneretur,

Liv. 36, 17, 15:

veneratur illos populus idem colitque,

Sen. Ira, 3, 41, 3:

Satrium utque Pomponium venerebamur,

Tac. A. 6, 8:

sic patris sic mariti memoriam venerari,

id. Agr. 46:

omnes qui aliquid in studiis faciunt venerari studeo,

Plin. Ep. 6, 17, 5; 7, 31, 5:

spectacula edentes,

Suet. Claud. 12:

ut humilitas amplitudinem venerari debet,

Val. Max. 3, 8, 7:

canos ejus et annos,

id. 4, 5, ext. 2:

principes,

id. 8, 5, 6:

antiquorum curam diligentiamque,

Plin. 27, 2, 2, § 4:

(Augustum),

Hor. C. 4, 14, 52:

amicos,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 51:

se (scribentes),

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 107; 2, 1, 263.—

Transf., to ask reverently for any thing, to beseech, implore, beg, entreat, supplicate; with ut:

nunc quisquis est deus, veneror, Ut nos ex hac aerumnā miseras eximat,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 37; 5, 2, 62; id. Poen. 5, 1, 17; id. Aul. prol. 8; cf. an old formula of prayer in Liv. 8, 9, 7: qui multa deos venerati sint contra ejus salutem, Caecin. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 2:

nihil horum,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 8:

nec tu supplicibus me sis venerata tabellis,

Prop. 2, 20 (3, 13), 33.

Act. collat, form vĕnĕro, āre:

saluto te, vicine Apollo, veneroque te, Ne, etc.,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 1, 4:

ut venerem Lucinam meam,

id. Truc. 2, 5, 23.—

Veneror, as passive, App. M. 11, p. 257, 25; Ambros. Ep. 17, 1.— vĕnĕrātus, a, um, in a pass. signif.:

Ceres, Hor, S. 2, 2, 124: Sibylla,

Verg. A. 3, 460; cf. Prisc. p. 794.

vĕ-nĕrandus, a, um, P. a., worthy of veneration, venerable:

VENERANDISSIMI CAESARES,

Inscr. Grut. 209, 2; Paul. Nol. Ep. 38, 3.—

vĕnĕranter, adv., with veneration, reverently (eccl. Lat.):

adorant omnes,

Tert. Carm. Judic. Dom. 184; Sedul. 5, 432.

vĕrēcundus, a, um, adj. [vereor], feeling shame (at any thing good or bad), shamefaced, bashful, shy, coy, modest, diffident, etc.

Lit.:

nimis verecunda es (uxor),

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 22:

decet verecundum esse adulescentem,

id. As. 5, 1, 6:

homo non nimis verecundus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 88, 361:

misi ad te quattuor admonitores non nimis verecundos,

id. Fam. 9, 8, 1:

innocentes et verecundi,

id. Leg. 1, 19, 50:

populus,

Hor. A. P. 207:

saepe verecundum laudasti,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 37: Bacchus, moderate, id. C. 1, 27, 3 (cf.:

modicus Liber,

id. ib. 1, 18, 7):

orator in transferendis verecundus et parcus,

Cic. Or. 24, 81:

vultus,

Ov. M. 14, 840:

ore loqui,

Mart. 8, 1, 2:

color,

a blush, Hor. Epod. 17, 21:

rubor,

Ov. M. 1, 484:

pudor,

id. Tr. 4, 4, 50:

verecunda debet esse translatio,

Cic. de Or. 3, 41, 165:

oratio,

Quint. 11, 3, 96:

verba,

id. 10, 1, 9:

causa,

id. 4, 5, 19:

vita,

Ov. Tr. 2, 354.—With subj.clause:

transire in diversa subsellia, parum verecundum est,

Quint. 11, 3, 133:

hoc dicere verecundum est,

i. e. I am ashamed, id. 7, 1, 56.— Comp.:

verecundior in postulando,

Cic. Phil. 14, 5, 11:

verecundior in loquendo,

id. Fam. 7, 33, 2:

partes,

i. e. the private parts, Arn. 4, 133:

translatio,

Quint. 9, 2, 41:

confessio,

id. 4, 2, 8.— Sup.:

Pompejus in appetendis honoribus immodicus, in gerendis verecundissimus,

Vell. 2, 33, 3.—

Transf., objectively, worthy of reverence, venerable (late Lat.):

nomen populi Romani,

Amm. 14, 6, 6; cf. id. 21, 16, 11; 30, 8, 4:

praetor,

Capitol. Ver. 8.— Adv. (acc. to I.), shamefacedly, bashfully, shyly, modestly.

Form vĕrēcundē, Cic. Fin. 5, 2, 6; id. Brut. 22, 87; Liv. 26, 49, 16.—

Form vĕrēcundĭter, Pompon. ap. Non. 516, 23.—

Comp.:

verecundius,

Cic. de Or. 1, 37, 171; Quint. 4, 1, 13; 11, 1, 84.

vĕrĕor, ĭtus ( part. pres. verens; rare in histt.; not in Cæs., Liv., Sall., or Curt., veritus being used instead; but freq. in Cic., Nep., and Just.; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 1192), 2, v. dep. a. and n. [Greek root or-, Wor; ouros, epiouros, guardian; horaô, to see; O. H. Germ. warten, to see; Engl. ward], to feel awe of, to reverence, revere, respect; to fear, be afraid of any thing (good or bad); to fear or be afraid to do a thing, etc. (not so strong as metuo, v. Cic. Quint. 1, 1 infra; cf. also timeo); constr. with acc., with an inf., the gen., a foll. ne, ut, a rel.-clause, or absol.

With acc.:

vereri aliquem,

Plaut. Am. prol. 23; so,

vereri et metuere Junonem,

id. ib. 2, 2, 202: contra nos ambae faciunt, summa gratia et eloquentia;

quarum alteram vereor, alteram metuo,

Cic. Quint. 1, 1:

metuebant eum servi, verebantur liberi,

id. Sen. 11, 37; cf.:

quid? veteranos non veremur? nam timeri se ne ipsi quidem volunt,

id. Phil. 12, 12, 29:

veremur vos, Romani, et, si ita vultis, etiam timemus,

Liv. 39, 37, 17:

ut majorem fratrem vereri,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 3:

quem discipuli et amant et verentur,

Quint. 2, 2, 8 Spald. N. cr.:

non se hostem vereri, sed angustias itineris et magnitudinem silvarum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39:

patris conspectum,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 1:

reprehensionem doctorum atque prudentium,

Cic. Or. 1, 1:

Gallica bella,

id. Att. 14, 4, 1:

periculum,

Caes. B. G. 5, 48; id. B. C. 3, 21; Hirt. B. G. 8, 39:

desidiam in hoc,

Quint. 1, 3, 7:

opinionem jactantiae,

id. 9, 2, 74:

pauperiem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 39:

majus,

id. S. 2, 8, 57:

supplicium ab aliquo,

Auct. Her. 2, 19, 28:

hoc verens in hanc tarditatem incidi,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 5:

quae verens Epicurus... commentus est, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 23, 59:

invidiam verens,

Nep. Eum. 7, 1.—

With inf.:

vereri introire in alienam domum,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 32:

vereor dicere,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 23:

vereor committere, ut, etc.,

Cic. Leg. 1, 13, 37:

quos interficere,

Caes. B. G. 5, 6:

insanos qui inter vereare insanus haberi,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 40:

verear magis, Me amoris causā hoc ornatu incedere,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 7, 2:

judex verebar non omnes causam vincere posse suam,

Ov. H. 16, 75 sq. — Impers.:

Cyrenaici, quos non est veritum in voluptate summum bonum ponere,

Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 39.—

With gen. (mostly ante-class.): uxor, quae non vereatur viri, Afran. ap. Non. 496, 29:

tui progenitoris,

Att. ib. 497, 2:

feminae primariae,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 78:

tui testimonii,

Cic. Att. 8, 4, 1.— Impers.: nihilne te populi veretur, Pac. ap. Non. 497, 2.—

With dat. (very rare):

eo minus veritus navibus, quod, etc.,

for the ships, Caes. B. G. 5, 9.—

With ne, lest or that:

sed vereor, ne videatur oratio mea, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 46, 70; 3, 5, 70; id. de Or. 1, 55, 234; id. Sull. 23, 66; Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 1, 42; 2, 1; Sall. J. 14, 20; Hor. S. 1, 2, 127; id. Ep. 1, 16, 19:

veritus, ne licentia invidiam adcenderet,

Sall. J. 15, 3:

agebamus verentes ne quid accideret,

Cic. Fam. 13, 19, 2:

tum me inquit collegi, verens ne... noceret,

id. Att. 15, 21, 1; id. Fam. 9, 16, 1; id. de Or 2, 3, 14; 3, 9, 33; Nep. Dion, 4, 1; 8, 5; id. Them. 5, 1.—To introduce an expression of opinion, like dubito an:

si, ut Graeci dicunt, omnes aut Graios esse aut barbaros, vereor ne barbarorum rex fuerit (Romulus),

then I am afraid that, I suspect that, Cic. Rep. 1, 37, 58:

non vereor, ne assentatiunculā quādam aucupari tuam gratiam videar,

id. Fam. 5, 12, 6; Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 58; id. Mil. 3, 3, 68; Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8.—

With ne... non:

accepi tuas litteras, quibus intellexi te vereri ne superiores mihi redditae non essent,

Cic. Fam. 14, 5, 1.—So usu. after non vereor, ne non is used instead of ut (cf. ê, infra):

non vereor ne hoc officium meum P. Servilio non probem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 38, § 82; 2, 2, 47, § 118:

non vereor, ne non scribendo te expleam,

id. Fam. 2, 1, 1; 2, 5, 2; 2, 6, 2; 11, 28, 8; Cels. 5, 28, 12.—

So after questions implying a negative: quid est cur verear ne ad eam non possim accommodare Torquatos nostros?

Cic. Fin. 1, 10, 34;

and in ironical concessions or assumptions: si meis horis in accusando uti voluissem, vererer ne mihi crimina non suppeterent,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 11, § 31; id. ap. Quint. 9, 3, 19.—

With ut, that not:

veritus ut hostium impetum sustinere posset,

Caes. B. G. 5, 47:

illa duo, Crasse, vereor, ut tibi possim concedere,

Cic. de Or. 1, 9, 35; id. Fam. 14, 14, 1; id. Agr. 2, 22, 58; Auct. Her. 3, 6, 11:

ut ferulā caedas meritum majora subire Verbera non vereor,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 121.—

With a rel.-clause, to await with fear, to fear, dread:

heri semper lenitas verebar quorsum evaderet,

Ter. And. 1, 2, 5:

Pomptinum quod scribis in urbem introisse, vereor, quid sit,

Cic. Att. 7, 7, 3: hoc quomodo acciperent homines, vereor etiam nunc, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 10, 1:

vereor, num hic aliud sit dicendum,

Dig. 20, 4, 11.—

With de and abl. (very rare):

de quā (Carthagine) vereri non ante desinam quam illam excisam esse cognovero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18.—

Absol.:

hic vereri perdidit,

i. e. he has lost all sense of shame, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 50:

ne vereamini, Quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

id. Capt. prol. 58: ne vereare;

meo periculo hujus ego experiar fidem,

id. ib. 2, 2, 99.—Hence,

vĕrenter, adv., with reverence, reverently, Sedul. 1, 8.—

vĕrendus, a, um, P. a., that is to be feared or reverenced, awful, venerable; fearful, terrible ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose).

Adj.:

majestas,

Ov. M. 4, 540:

patres,

id. P. 3, 1, 143; cf. id. Tr. 5, 6, 31:

ossa (viri),

id. H. 3, 104:

Alexander Partho verendus,

Luc. 10, 46:

fluctus classibus,

id. 5, 502.—

Subst.: vĕrenda, ōrum, m., the private parts, Plin. 28, 15, 60, § 213; 32, 9, 34, § 107; 36, 21, 42, § 156; Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 14;

called also partes verendae,

Veg. Vet. 1, 7.

signif.: ubi malunt metui quam vereri se ab suis, Afran. ap. Gell. 15, 13, 3; cf. also the impersonal use above, b and g.

vĕrĕor, ĭtus ( part. pres. verens; rare in histt.; not in Cæs., Liv., Sall., or Curt., veritus being used instead; but freq. in Cic., Nep., and Just.; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 1192), 2, v. dep. a. and n. [Greek root or-, Wor; ouros, epiouros, guardian; horaô, to see; O. H. Germ. warten, to see; Engl. ward], to feel awe of, to reverence, revere, respect; to fear, be afraid of any thing (good or bad); to fear or be afraid to do a thing, etc. (not so strong as metuo, v. Cic. Quint. 1, 1 infra; cf. also timeo); constr. with acc., with an inf., the gen., a foll. ne, ut, a rel.-clause, or absol.

With acc.:

vereri aliquem,

Plaut. Am. prol. 23; so,

vereri et metuere Junonem,

id. ib. 2, 2, 202: contra nos ambae faciunt, summa gratia et eloquentia;

quarum alteram vereor, alteram metuo,

Cic. Quint. 1, 1:

metuebant eum servi, verebantur liberi,

id. Sen. 11, 37; cf.:

quid? veteranos non veremur? nam timeri se ne ipsi quidem volunt,

id. Phil. 12, 12, 29:

veremur vos, Romani, et, si ita vultis, etiam timemus,

Liv. 39, 37, 17:

ut majorem fratrem vereri,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 3:

quem discipuli et amant et verentur,

Quint. 2, 2, 8 Spald. N. cr.:

non se hostem vereri, sed angustias itineris et magnitudinem silvarum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39:

patris conspectum,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 1:

reprehensionem doctorum atque prudentium,

Cic. Or. 1, 1:

Gallica bella,

id. Att. 14, 4, 1:

periculum,

Caes. B. G. 5, 48; id. B. C. 3, 21; Hirt. B. G. 8, 39:

desidiam in hoc,

Quint. 1, 3, 7:

opinionem jactantiae,

id. 9, 2, 74:

pauperiem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 39:

majus,

id. S. 2, 8, 57:

supplicium ab aliquo,

Auct. Her. 2, 19, 28:

hoc verens in hanc tarditatem incidi,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 5:

quae verens Epicurus... commentus est, etc.,

id. N. D. 2, 23, 59:

invidiam verens,

Nep. Eum. 7, 1.—

With inf.:

vereri introire in alienam domum,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 4, 32:

vereor dicere,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 23:

vereor committere, ut, etc.,

Cic. Leg. 1, 13, 37:

quos interficere,

Caes. B. G. 5, 6:

insanos qui inter vereare insanus haberi,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 40:

verear magis, Me amoris causā hoc ornatu incedere,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 7, 2:

judex verebar non omnes causam vincere posse suam,

Ov. H. 16, 75 sq. — Impers.:

Cyrenaici, quos non est veritum in voluptate summum bonum ponere,

Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 39.—

With gen. (mostly ante-class.): uxor, quae non vereatur viri, Afran. ap. Non. 496, 29:

tui progenitoris,

Att. ib. 497, 2:

feminae primariae,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 78:

tui testimonii,

Cic. Att. 8, 4, 1.— Impers.: nihilne te populi veretur, Pac. ap. Non. 497, 2.—

With dat. (very rare):

eo minus veritus navibus, quod, etc.,

for the ships, Caes. B. G. 5, 9.—

With ne, lest or that:

sed vereor, ne videatur oratio mea, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 46, 70; 3, 5, 70; id. de Or. 1, 55, 234; id. Sull. 23, 66; Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 1, 42; 2, 1; Sall. J. 14, 20; Hor. S. 1, 2, 127; id. Ep. 1, 16, 19:

veritus, ne licentia invidiam adcenderet,

Sall. J. 15, 3:

agebamus verentes ne quid accideret,

Cic. Fam. 13, 19, 2:

tum me inquit collegi, verens ne... noceret,

id. Att. 15, 21, 1; id. Fam. 9, 16, 1; id. de Or 2, 3, 14; 3, 9, 33; Nep. Dion, 4, 1; 8, 5; id. Them. 5, 1.—To introduce an expression of opinion, like dubito an:

si, ut Graeci dicunt, omnes aut Graios esse aut barbaros, vereor ne barbarorum rex fuerit (Romulus),

then I am afraid that, I suspect that, Cic. Rep. 1, 37, 58:

non vereor, ne assentatiunculā quādam aucupari tuam gratiam videar,

id. Fam. 5, 12, 6; Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 58; id. Mil. 3, 3, 68; Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8.—

With ne... non:

accepi tuas litteras, quibus intellexi te vereri ne superiores mihi redditae non essent,

Cic. Fam. 14, 5, 1.—So usu. after non vereor, ne non is used instead of ut (cf. ê, infra):

non vereor ne hoc officium meum P. Servilio non probem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 38, § 82; 2, 2, 47, § 118:

non vereor, ne non scribendo te expleam,

id. Fam. 2, 1, 1; 2, 5, 2; 2, 6, 2; 11, 28, 8; Cels. 5, 28, 12.—

So after questions implying a negative: quid est cur verear ne ad eam non possim accommodare Torquatos nostros?

Cic. Fin. 1, 10, 34;

and in ironical concessions or assumptions: si meis horis in accusando uti voluissem, vererer ne mihi crimina non suppeterent,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 11, § 31; id. ap. Quint. 9, 3, 19.—

With ut, that not:

veritus ut hostium impetum sustinere posset,

Caes. B. G. 5, 47:

illa duo, Crasse, vereor, ut tibi possim concedere,

Cic. de Or. 1, 9, 35; id. Fam. 14, 14, 1; id. Agr. 2, 22, 58; Auct. Her. 3, 6, 11:

ut ferulā caedas meritum majora subire Verbera non vereor,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 121.—

With a rel.-clause, to await with fear, to fear, dread:

heri semper lenitas verebar quorsum evaderet,

Ter. And. 1, 2, 5:

Pomptinum quod scribis in urbem introisse, vereor, quid sit,

Cic. Att. 7, 7, 3: hoc quomodo acciperent homines, vereor etiam nunc, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 10, 1:

vereor, num hic aliud sit dicendum,

Dig. 20, 4, 11.—

With de and abl. (very rare):

de quā (Carthagine) vereri non ante desinam quam illam excisam esse cognovero,

Cic. Sen. 6, 18.—

Absol.:

hic vereri perdidit,

i. e. he has lost all sense of shame, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 50:

ne vereamini, Quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,

id. Capt. prol. 58: ne vereare;

meo periculo hujus ego experiar fidem,

id. ib. 2, 2, 99.—Hence,

vĕrenter, adv., with reverence, reverently, Sedul. 1, 8.—

vĕrendus, a, um, P. a., that is to be feared or reverenced, awful, venerable; fearful, terrible ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose).

Adj.:

majestas,

Ov. M. 4, 540:

patres,

id. P. 3, 1, 143; cf. id. Tr. 5, 6, 31:

ossa (viri),

id. H. 3, 104:

Alexander Partho verendus,

Luc. 10, 46:

fluctus classibus,

id. 5, 502.—

Subst.: vĕrenda, ōrum, m., the private parts, Plin. 28, 15, 60, § 213; 32, 9, 34, § 107; 36, 21, 42, § 156; Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 14;

called also partes verendae,

Veg. Vet. 1, 7.

signif.: ubi malunt metui quam vereri se ab suis, Afran. ap. Gell. 15, 13, 3; cf. also the impersonal use above, b and g.

vīvax, ācis, adj. [vivo].

Tenacious of life, long-lived, vivacious ( poet.).

Lit.:

phoenix,

Ov. Am. 2, 6, 54:

anus,

id. M. 13, 519:

patrem,

id. F. 2, 625:

mater,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 53:

cervus,

Verg. E. 7, 30 Forbig. ad loc.; Ov. M. 3, 194; 7, 273:

Sibylla,

ancient, venerable, id. ib. 14, 104 (cf.:

lux aeterna,

id. ib. 14, 132).— Comp.:

heres,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 132.—

Transf., of things, concr. and abstr., lasting long, enduring, durable:

apium (opp. breve lilium),

Hor. C. 1, 36, 16:

oliva,

Verg. G. 2, 181:

vivaci cespite,

Ov. F. 4, 397:

gratia,

Hor. A. P. 69:

virtus expersque sepulcri,

Ov. P. 4, 8, 47.—

Lively, vigorous, vivacious:

sulfura,

burning briskly, inflammable, Ov. M. 3, 374:

solum,

id. ib. 1, 420:

vivacissimus cursus,

Gell. 5, 2, 4: discipuli paulo vivaciores, more lively, brisker, quick, eager, = alacriores, Quint. 2, 6, 3 Spald.— Adv.: vīvācĭter, with liveliness or spirit, vigorously:

pertractare res mysticas,

Fulg. Myth. 1 praef. med.; comp.:

vivacius quaerere abdita,

Prud. adv. Symm. 2, 332.