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21 σκάπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to dig, to dig out, to work the earth', κατα- σκάπτω `to inter, to bury', usu. `to demolish, to raze to the ground, to destroy' (h. Merc., Pi.).Other forms: Aor. σκάψαι (IA.), fut. σκάψω, perf. ἔσκαφα, midd. ἔσκαμμαι (Att.), aor. pass. σκαφ-ῆναι (E., hell.), fut. - ήσομαι (J. a. o.),Compounds: Often w. prefix, esp. κατα-.Derivatives: Several derivv. (on the forms with φ cf. bel.): 1. σκάφη f. `winnow, bowl, trough, dish', also `ship' (IA.); σκάφος n. `hull of a ship', poet. also `ship' (IA.), rarely (as nom. act.) `the digging' (Hes. Op. 572, Gp.). 2. Diminut.: σκαφ-ίς, - ίδος f. `cup' (ι 223, Hp., Ar. a. o.), also `barge' and `spade' (hell. a. late); - ίον n. `bowl, cup' (com., hell. a. late), also as des. of a hair-dress (Ar., on the development of the meaning Solmsen Wortforsch. 203 ff. [disputable]), `barge' (Str., Hld.); - ίδιον n. `winnow, ship' (hell. a. late). 3. σκαφ-ίτης m. approx. `boatman' (Anon. ap. Demetr., Str.; Redard 44f.). 4. σκαφή f. `the digging' (hell. pap. a.o., Hdn. Gr. 1, 345), also `grave' (Bithynia; or σκάφη ?); often prefixcompp., esp. κατασκαφ-ή, often pl. - αί `tomb, demolition, destruction' (trag., also Att. prose); adj. κατασκαφ-ής `butied' (S.). 5. σκαφ-ιά f. `ditch, grave' (Halaesa Ia). 6. σκαφ-εύς m. `digger' (E., Archipp., hell. a. late; rather directly from σκάπτω than with Bosshardt 40 from σκαφή), also (from σκάφη) `dish, σκαφηφόρος' ( Com. Adesp.); from σκάφη also σκαφ-εύω `to empty in a trough' (Ctes., Plu.) with - ευσις (Eun.); besides - ευσις, - εία f. `the digging' (Suid.), - εῖον n. `shovel', also `bowl, cup' (= - ίον; youngatt. hell.) with - είδιον (Hdn. Epim.), - ευτής = fossor (Gloss.). 7. σκαφ-ητός m. `the digging' (Thphr., hell. a. late inscr. a. o.; after ἀλοητός a. o.), - ητροι pl. `id.' (pap. Ip); WestGr. (Delphi, Trozen a. o.) σκάπετος m. (Megara - πεδος; after δάπεδον, πέδον Solmsen Wortforsch. 196; not with Schwyzer 498 n. 13 "phonetical byform (play-)") `grave, tomb'; besides κάπετος `id.' (Il., Hp.), also `spade' (Gortyn)?, uncertain σκαπέτωσις `the digging' (Trozen). 8. σκαφαλος ἀντλητήρ H. (like πάσσαλος a.o.); λ-suffix also in σκαφλεύς = σκαφεύς (Athens IVa)?; Kumanudis Rev. de phil. 87, 99f. 9. σκαπ-άνη f. `shovel, spade' (Theoc., AP a. o.), also `excavation' (Thphr.), with - ανήτης m. `digger' (Zonar)., - ανεύς m. `id.' (Lyc., Phld., Str. a. o.; Bosshardt 68), - ανεύω `to dig up' (inscr. Magnesia [Epist. Darei], Phld. Rh.). 10. σκάμμα n. `the digging, ditch, place dug up' (Pl. Lg., hell. a. late). 11. περίσκαψις f. `the digging up' (pap. VIp, Gp.). 12. σκαπτήρ, - ῆρος m. `digger' (Margites, X. ap. Poll.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 107; 2, 55, Benveniste Noms d'agent 39), f. - τειρα (AP). 13. PN Σκαπτη ὕλη (Thrace; Hdt. a. o.) with Σκαπτησυλικός (Att. inscr.), - ίτης m. (St. Byz.); on the formaytion Schwyzer 452.Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Eur. substr.XEtymology: As common basis of the above forms, which show an analogically levelled system, can serve both σκαπ- (with analog. σκαφ- after θάπτω: τάφος, ταφῆναι a. o.) and σκαφ- (with partly phonetical partly anal. σκαπ-). In the first case Italic gives the nearest connection in the relik Lat. scapulae, Umbr. scapla (acc. sg.) `shoulder(blade)', if prop. `shovel' as primary nom. agentis (cf. σκάφαλος above). In the latter case σκάπτω agrees formally to a widespread word for `plane, scratch etc.' in Lat. scăbō, Germ., e.g. OHG scaban, Lith. skabiù ( = σκάπτω; beside this skobiù, skõbti) `scoop out with the chisel, scraper v.t.', to which also Slav., e.g. Russ. skóbelь `plane-iron' etc. (s. W.-Hofmann, Fraenkel and Vasmer s. vv. w. lit.). Also σκάφη, σκάφος a. o. fit better with `plane, scoop out' than with `dig' (Solmsen Wortforsch. 196 ff. w. extensive treatment), without possibility to draw a clear limit. -- If one removes the s- as "movable" and assumes a vocalic variation ē̆: ō̆: ā̆, the etymological field becomes very large. If one goes even a step further and beside ( s)ke \/ o \/ a + p \/ bh- also accepyts a variant skē̆ip \/ b-, and considers that not only the above final consonants, but classifies also the varying vowels as formants or enlargements, we arrive at the `ideal' root sek- `cut etc.' (from which then also come sk-er- and sk-el-). Nobody believes, that such a "systematic" cutting up gives a right pisture of the linguistic processes. Old connections with κόπτω, perh. also with σκέπαρνος (s. vv. w. lit.; to this further still NPers. kāfađ `dig, split') a. cogn. with all kinds of crosses and deviations (!) may be possible, but cannot be demonstrated in detail. -- S. still σκήπτω and σκίπων. -- Frisk's discussion of σκάπτω is hopelessly dated; it refers clearly to Pok. 930 ff.; e.g. we now know that PIE did not have an ablaut e\/a; so the words with -e- must be omitted. I would strike the comparison with Lat. scapula (both for form and meaning). Also Lith. skobiù, skõbti, as Greek has no form with long ā. I think that the forms ( σ)κάπετος (s.v.) may be Pre-Greek, and so the other forms with σκαπ-; as also σκάφαλος and the strange σκαφλεύς. The other forms seem based on * skabh-, as in Lat. scabō and Germ., e.g. OHG scaban. I suggest that this form is a loan of a Eur. substratum.Page in Frisk: 2,718-720Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκάπτω
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22 ἄφενος
Grammatical information: n.Other forms: m. (after πλοῦτος, Fehrle Phil Woch. 46, 700f).Compounds: εὐηφενής (Il.; the better attested v. l. εὐηγενής is hardly correct; Bechtel, Lex.); also in the PN Δι-, Κλε-, Τιμ-αφένης.Derivatives: (with loss of vowel and remarkable final stress) ἀφνειός (Il.), later ἀφνεός `rich' (Il.). From here retrograde ἄφνος n. (Pi. Fr. 219).Etymology: Uncertain. The connection with Skt. ápnas- n. `possessions, riches' (Bréal MSL 13, 382f.; cf. ὄμπνη; also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73, 515) is now generally rejected (also as * apsnos). - The word was one of the corner stones of the Pelasgian theory, which can now be abandoned (also Heubeck's variant, the Minoan-Minyan language: Praegraeca 70). The agreement with Hitt. happina(nt)- `rich', is remarkable. The postulated verb hap-(zi) is improbable (Puhvel HED 3, 124f). The Hittite word could be IE (Szemerényi Glotta 33, 1954, 275 - 282). Puhvel's h₁op- is impossible ( h₁- disappears in Hittite); but Lat. opulentus \< * op-en-ent- is improbable: - ulentus is a frequent suffix in Latin, and - ant is very productive in Hittite so that it cannot be projected back into PIE; with it disappears the explanation of - ulentus (I also doubt the dissmilation n - nt, with t after the second n; there are other difficulties in the theory, as the author indicated); the - en- has no clear function and is not found elsewhere after op-; thus the connection of opulentus with the Hittite word disappears. - Irene Balles (HS 110, 1997) starts from *n̥-gʷʰn-o-, parallel to - io- in Skt. ághnyā- `(the valuable animal which is) not to be killed'. (She explains the adj., and the accent, from *n̥gʷʰn-es-o- \> ἀφνεό-, with metrical lengthening in Homer). But she has to explain the full grade from analogy after σθένος, which is improbable; the whole construction is not convincing. - The Greek word is rather IE (cf. archaic εὐηφενής). For Greek a root * h₂bʰen- is the obvious reconstruction. The accent and the form ἀφνεός may be explained following Balles: *h₂bʰnes-ó-, with ablaut as in ἄλγος - ἀλεγεινός (metr. lengthening in Homer is probable as *ἀφνεοιο is impossible in the hexameter and *ἀφνεος, -ν etc. are difficult). Thus the word seem perfectly IE. It cannot be connected with the Hittite word (reading *ḫpina- is doubtful). A loan from Anatolian would have κ-, the φ would be unclear, the s-stem, and the adjective.Page in Frisk: 1,195Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄφενος
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23 κρύσταλλος
Grammatical information: m.Derivatives: κρυστάλλιον `id.' ( PHolm.), also plant-name = ψύλλιον (Dsc.; because of the cooling effect, Strömberg Pflanzennamen 83); κρυστάλλ-ινος `icy-cold' (Hp.), `of rock-crystall' (D. C.), - ώδης `icy, crystalclear' (Ptol., PHolm.); κρυσταλλ-όομαι `freeze' (Ph.), - ίζω `glow like crystal' (Apoc.); further κρυσταίνομαι `freeze' (Nic. Al. 314), prob. free analogical formation to κρύσταλλος after other cases of the interchange ν: λ (diff. Schwyzer 706; ?).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) - As Kuiper FS Kretschmer 1, 215 n. 16 remarked the word is Pre-Greek because of the suffix - αλλο- (all Greek words in - αλλο- are of Pre-Greek origin; there are no Greek words of IE origin with this suffix; it is not - αλ- with expressively geminated λ (as Chantraine often says) and not from κρύ-ος as then the formation cannot be explained. This is confirmed by the variant κρόστ-. The word means `ice' and was also used for rock-crystal, probably because this looks like (a piece of) ice, as it is transparant (in antiquity this was very remarkable). Pliny (37, 23) still thinks it is ice. We now know that rock-crystal is a mineral; it is quartz, a silicate (SiO₂). The semi-precious amethyst and agate are varieties. S. Beekes, FS Kortlandt.See also: s. κρύοςGreek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύσταλλος
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24 δαιδάλλω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `work artfully, embellish' (Il.)Other forms: only present stemDialectal forms: Myc. dadarejode \/ daidalejon-de\/Derivatives: δαίδαλμα `work of art' (Theoc.). - δαίδαλον n. `id., ornament' (Il.); Δαίδαλος name of a mythical artist (Il.), δαίδαλος `artfull' (A.); δαιδάλεος (Il., cf. μαρμαίρω: μαρμάρεος etc.; acc. to Leumann metrical variant to πολυ-δαίδαλος `rich in ornament'); also δαιδαλόεις (Q. S., like παιπαλόεις). - Denomin. δαιδαλόω (Pi.), δαιδαλεύομαι (Ph.) with δαιδαλεύτρια `good artist' (Lyk.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The relation between δαιδάλλω, δαίδαλος, δαίδαλον is discussed. Leumann Hom. Wörter 131ff. starts from a Mediterranean word δαίδαλον `ornament', from where δαιδάλλω and the compound πολυ-δαίδαλος `rich in ornament'. - Others start from δαιδάλλω as an intensive reduplicated formation (with δαίδαλον etc. postverbal); cf. Schwyzer 647 and 725. From Greek one compares δέλτος and δηλέομαι, s. vv; further δάλλει κακουργεῖ H. and δόλων; see also δόλος. - From other languages several words for `build, split', which are hardly relevant for Greek, e. g. Lat. dolāre `hew', Skt. dár-dar(ī)ti `split', OIr. delb `form' (\< *del-u̯ā) etc. Local, i.e. Pre-Greek origin seems more probable, for which Δαίδαλος is a confirmation. (Did δαιδάλλω arise from *daly-daly-?)Page in Frisk: 1,339-340Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δαιδάλλω
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25 πτελέα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `elm tree' (Il.).Other forms: Ion.- έη, Epid. πελέαDialectal forms: Myc. \/ pterewa\/.Derivatives: πτελέ-ινος `of elm' (Att. a. Del. inscr., Thphr.), - ών, - ῶνος m. `elm-grove' (Gloss.). Πτελεός m. town in Thessaly etc. (Β 697 a.o.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation as μηλέα, ἰτέα a. other tree-names; the formally inviting connection with πτέλας `boar' can perh. be semant. argued, s. Strömberg Pfl.namen 140 (cf. NHG Eberesche; the boar lives also in elm-woods). Lat. pōpulus `poplar' deviates stongly formally and in meeaning; phonetically quite closer is tilia `lime-tree'; on this as well as on other tree-names, which have been adduced in the rather inconclusive discussion, s. Bq s.v., WP. 2, 84f., W.-Hofmann s. 2. pōpulus and tilia; further Merlingen Μνήμης χάριν 2, 56. On the anlautvariation πτ-: π- s. the lit. on πόλεμος, πόλις. -- From πτελέα prob. Arm. t`eɫi `elm' (for old consanguinity lastly Solta Sprache 3,227 w. n. 11); from Lat. tilia τιλίαι αἴγειροι H. -- Furnée 226 assumes that it is a variant of μελὶη `ash' and concludes that the word is Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,611Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πτελέα
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26 μέσακλον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `weaver's beam' (LXX 1 Ki. 17, 7)Other forms: vv. ll. - κνον, - άντιον), - κμον (Η.), - κνον (Suid.); μέσακμον κανὼν τοῦ ἱστοῦ, οἱ δε ἁντίον, οἱ δε τὸ μεσάκτων η μεσάκρων H.; μεσάτμῳ τῳ̃ κανόνι, τῳ̃ μέσῳ καλάμῳ τοῦ ἱστοῦ (Suid.) [- αντίον may be a misreading for - ακνον.] - τμ- may be an auditive variant of - τμ-, - κν- a variant of - κμ-; further - κρ- a variant of - κτ-?Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unexplained; cf. Blümner Technologie 1, 149 n. 6. Almost certainly a technical loanword from Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,213Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέσακλον
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27 θάλασσα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `sea' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Att. θάλαττα, Lat Cretan θάλαθθα (Buck, Gr. Diall. $ 81b), Lac. in σαλασσο-μέδοισα Alc. 84.Compounds: Several compp., e. g. θαλασσο-κράτωρ (Hdt., Th.), ἀμφι-θάλασσος `surrounded by the sea' (Pi.; Bahuvrihi); often in hypostases, mostly with - ιος (- ίδιος), e. g. ἐπι-, παρα-θαλάσσιος, - ίδιος (IA).Derivatives: θαλάσσιος `belonging to the sea, maritime' (Hom.), - ία f. - ιον n. as plant name (Dsc.; Strömberg Pflanzennamen 114), θαλασσ-ίδιος (Hdt.), - αῖος (Simon., Pi.) `id.', θαλασσώδης `sea-like' (Hanno Peripl.), θαλασσερός m. `kind of eye-salve' (Gal.); θαλασσίτης ( οἶνος Plin.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 96). Denominatives: θαλασσ-εύω `be in the sea' (Th.), - όομαι, - όω `be filled by water from the sea, change into sea' (Arist., hell.) with θαλάσσωσις `inundation' (Thphr., Ph.), - ίζω `be like water from the sea, wash in water of the sea' (Ath., pap.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: For the notion sea, the Greeks used for the old word, limited to Italo-Celtic, Germanic, Balto-Slavic mare - Meer etc. partly old words with a new meaning, ἅλς, prop. `salt', πόντος, prop. `path', partly made others with IE elements like Greek πέλαγος. To θάλασσα belongs Maced. (?) δαλάγχαν θάλασσαν H. the attempts to explain it are doubtful: v. Windekens Beitr. z. Namenforschung 1, 200f., id. Le Pélasgique 89, Autran REIE 2, 17ff., Buck Class. Studies pres. to E. Capps (s. Idg. Jb. 22, 220), Battisti Studi etr. 16, 369ff., Pisani Rend. Acc. Lincei 7, 67ff., Vey BSL 51, 80ff., Steinhauser Μνήμης χάριν 2, 152ff. Acc. to Lesky Hermes 78, 258ff. θάλασσα was originally a foreign word for `salt water' and in this was replaced by synonymous IE ἅλς. Fur. 195 notes that it is not certain that δαλάγχαν is Macedonian (Kalléris does not give it). The word, with a prenasalized variant, is typically Pre-Greek. Furnée further connects σάλος, ζάλος, which seems possible but remains uncertain.Page in Frisk: 1,648-649Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θάλασσα
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28 Ὄλυμπος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: name of several mountain ranges in Greece and the Near East, esp. at the borders of Thessaly and Macedonia, seat of Zeus and of the gods (Il.).Derivatives: Όλύμπιος `Olympic' (Il.), Όλυμπία f. region in Elis Pisatis with a famous temple of Zeus (Pi., IA.; cf. v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 224).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Prob. orig. appellative `mountain', without doubt Pre-Greek. Report of the discussion in v. Windekens Le Pélasgique 66ff. (s. also Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 6, 117). Cf. noch Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1. 353 f. - As Pre-Greek had no phoneme o, the word must have had a different initial. Perh. Myc. urupija(jo) point to an orig. u-, which is one of the phonemes that could become o- (though the interpretation of the Myc. word is debated); so was the orig. word (*) Ulump(-)?Page in Frisk: 2,383Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Ὄλυμπος
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29 γυνή
γυνή, γυναικόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `wife, woman' (Il.),Other forms: Boeot. βανά (Corinn.), pl. βανῆκας γυναῖκας H.; Cypr. *βονα does not exist (Masson, Inscr, chypr. 1961, 298). Voc. γύναι from *γυναικ, see Schwyzer 582f. The stem γυν-αικ- prob. from adj. * gʷneh₂-iko- (Szemerényi, AION 2 (1960) 13-30; against Lejeune, Rev. ét. anc. 63 (1961) 435).Compounds: On the forms of γυνή as second member ἄ- ἀνδρό- κατά- μισό- φιλόγυνος, ἀ- ἡμι- καλλι- ὀρσι- φιλογύναιξ, ἀγύναικος, ἀ- ἡμι- κακο- κατα- μισο- πολυ- φιλογύναιος, ἀ- ἀνδρο- μισο- νεο- πολυ- φιλογύνης Sommer Nominalkomp. 62f. Exceptional γύν-ανδρος `hermaphrodite', and γυναι-μανής (Il.). Survey DELG.Derivatives: Diminut. γυναικάριον (Diokl. Com.), γυναίκιον (Longos), γυναικίσκιον παιδίσκιον H. - γυναικίας m. `womanish man' (Eup.; as νεανίας); γυναικωνῖτις `womens room' (Lys.; s. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 110), rare γυναικών (X., as ἀνδρών). - Adj. γυναικήϊος, - εῖος (Od.; as ἀνδρήϊος, - εῖος), γυναικικός (Arist.; as ἀνδρικός), γυναικώδης (Plb.: ἀνδρώδης), γυναικηρός (Diokl. Com.; after πονηρός etc.). - Denom. γυναικίζω, - ομαι `behave like a woman' (Ion.-Att.) with γυναίκισις (Ar.) and γυναικισμός (Plb.); γυναικόομαι, - όω `be, make womanish' (Hp.). - Not from γυναικ- γύννις, - ιδος `womanish man' and γύναιος (cf. δείλαιος), γύναιον `woman'.Etymology: Old word for `woman, wife'. Exact agreement in Skt. (Ved.) gnā́ `woman, goddess' (often disyll.), Av. gǝnā `woman'. With γυναι- agrees Arm. kanay- in plural kanay-k` (nom.) etc.; a - κ- also in Messap. gunakhai `γυναικί' (?), and NPhr. knaikan, knaiko. - Labiovelar also in Goth. qino (n-stem), OIr. ben (ā-stem) `woman', both \< *guen-. The full grade, in Greek replaced by the zero grade, seen in Arm. kin, OPr. genna, OCS žena, Skt. jáni-, Toch. A śäṃ B śana, OIr. ben. Zero grade in OIr. ban- (in comp.), gen. sg. mnā (\< * bnā-s). Lengthened grade in Goth. qens (i-stem) `woman'. Original paradigm proterodynmic h₂-stem gʷen-h₂ (seen in Skt. jáni-), gen. * gʷn-eh₂-s. - On μνάομαι `woo for one's bride' s.s.v.. - Full grade in βενέω, variant of βινέω acc. to De Lamberterie, RPh 65 (1991) 149-160?Page in Frisk: 1,334-335Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γυνή
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30 γυναικός
γυνή, γυναικόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `wife, woman' (Il.),Other forms: Boeot. βανά (Corinn.), pl. βανῆκας γυναῖκας H.; Cypr. *βονα does not exist (Masson, Inscr, chypr. 1961, 298). Voc. γύναι from *γυναικ, see Schwyzer 582f. The stem γυν-αικ- prob. from adj. * gʷneh₂-iko- (Szemerényi, AION 2 (1960) 13-30; against Lejeune, Rev. ét. anc. 63 (1961) 435).Compounds: On the forms of γυνή as second member ἄ- ἀνδρό- κατά- μισό- φιλόγυνος, ἀ- ἡμι- καλλι- ὀρσι- φιλογύναιξ, ἀγύναικος, ἀ- ἡμι- κακο- κατα- μισο- πολυ- φιλογύναιος, ἀ- ἀνδρο- μισο- νεο- πολυ- φιλογύνης Sommer Nominalkomp. 62f. Exceptional γύν-ανδρος `hermaphrodite', and γυναι-μανής (Il.). Survey DELG.Derivatives: Diminut. γυναικάριον (Diokl. Com.), γυναίκιον (Longos), γυναικίσκιον παιδίσκιον H. - γυναικίας m. `womanish man' (Eup.; as νεανίας); γυναικωνῖτις `womens room' (Lys.; s. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 110), rare γυναικών (X., as ἀνδρών). - Adj. γυναικήϊος, - εῖος (Od.; as ἀνδρήϊος, - εῖος), γυναικικός (Arist.; as ἀνδρικός), γυναικώδης (Plb.: ἀνδρώδης), γυναικηρός (Diokl. Com.; after πονηρός etc.). - Denom. γυναικίζω, - ομαι `behave like a woman' (Ion.-Att.) with γυναίκισις (Ar.) and γυναικισμός (Plb.); γυναικόομαι, - όω `be, make womanish' (Hp.). - Not from γυναικ- γύννις, - ιδος `womanish man' and γύναιος (cf. δείλαιος), γύναιον `woman'.Etymology: Old word for `woman, wife'. Exact agreement in Skt. (Ved.) gnā́ `woman, goddess' (often disyll.), Av. gǝnā `woman'. With γυναι- agrees Arm. kanay- in plural kanay-k` (nom.) etc.; a - κ- also in Messap. gunakhai `γυναικί' (?), and NPhr. knaikan, knaiko. - Labiovelar also in Goth. qino (n-stem), OIr. ben (ā-stem) `woman', both \< *guen-. The full grade, in Greek replaced by the zero grade, seen in Arm. kin, OPr. genna, OCS žena, Skt. jáni-, Toch. A śäṃ B śana, OIr. ben. Zero grade in OIr. ban- (in comp.), gen. sg. mnā (\< * bnā-s). Lengthened grade in Goth. qens (i-stem) `woman'. Original paradigm proterodynmic h₂-stem gʷen-h₂ (seen in Skt. jáni-), gen. * gʷn-eh₂-s. - On μνάομαι `woo for one's bride' s.s.v.. - Full grade in βενέω, variant of βινέω acc. to De Lamberterie, RPh 65 (1991) 149-160?Page in Frisk: 1,334-335Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γυναικός
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31 -κναίω
- κναίωGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `scrape, scratch', only with prefix, δια-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, κατα-κναίω (Hp., Trag. in lyr., Att.);Other forms: also as simplex, Att. inf. κνῆ-ν, κνῆ-σθαι, 1. a. 3. sg. pres. κνῶ, κνῃ̃, ipf. ἐπὶ... κνῆ (Λ 639), also κνᾶ-ν (Hdt.), κνᾶ-σθαι, κνᾳ̃ (hell.); further κνήθω, also with κατα-, ἐν-, ἐπι- a. o. (Arist., hell.). Non-pres. forms: 1. - κναῖσαι, - κναισθῆναι, - κναίσω, - κεκναισμένος (Ar., E. in lyr., Pl.,Theoc.); more usual (as simpl. a. comp.) 2. κνῆσαι, Dor. opt. midd. (Theoc.) κνάσαιο, κνησθῆναι, κνήσω, κέκνησμαι (IA.).Derivatives: Action nouns: 1. κνῆσις `scratching, tickling' (Pl.) with κνησιάω `desire to tickle' (Ar., Pl.), also κνηστιάω `id.' (Gal., Jul.; after the verbs in - τιάω) and κνηθιάω `id.' (Hdn., EM; after κνήθω, cf. Schwyzer 732). 2. κνῆσμα (rarely κνῆμα) `id.' (Hp., X.); 3. κνησμονή `id.' (medic.; πῆμα: πημονή etc.); 4. κνησμός `id.' (Hp., Arist.) with κνησμώδης `affected with itching' (Hp., Arist., Str.). 5. κνηθμός `itching' (Nic.). - Agent nouns and instruments: 6. κνῆστις f. (from *κνήστης m.) `knife for scratching, cheese-grater' (Λ 640, Nic., Opp.), also `spine' (κ 161; cf. ἄκνηστις s.v.); diff. on κνῆστις z. B. Fraenkel Glotta 4, 41ff., Benveniste Noms d'agent 77; 7. κνηστήρ `scratching knife' (Nic.). 8. κνηστίς -ίδος f. `hollow hair-pin' (Plu.). 9. κνῆστρον `stinging plant, Daphne oleoides, θυμελαία' (Hp., Dsc.); κνηστρίον `scraper', ( Edict. Diocl.). - Adj. 10. κνηστικός `scratching, itching' (Sch.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Of the presents κναίειν, κνῆν, κνήθειν the last can be an innovation to κνῆ-σαι etc. after πλῆ-σαι: πλή-θ-ω, λῆ-σαι: λήθ-ω a. o. The pair κνῆν: κναίειν agrees with the semantically close ψῆν: ψαίειν. - One compares several words with initial IE. * k(e)n- but with different forms, which is not surprising in view of the emotional value of expressions for `scratch, grate'. With κνῆ-ν (prob. orig. athematic; Schwyzer 675f., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 297 a. 307) from IE. * knē- agree best in Baltic and Germanic Lith. kn(i)ó-tis `peek (oneself) off, get loose', OHG nuoen `make smooth by scratching, fit exactly' (with OHG hnuo `joint, groove' etc.) from IE. * knō-? (cf. κνώ-δ-αλον?), perh. * knā- as in Alb. krromë `scab, mange' form IE. *knā-mn̥ (Gr. κνῆμα is independent). Lat. cnāsonas however, acc. pl. `scratching nails' (Paul. Fest. 52) from hell. *κνά̄σων `scratcher' ( κνᾶσαι ὀλέσαι, λυπῆσαι H.); cf. Leumann Sprache 1, 207. - The - αι- in κναίω however has no direct counterpart (Lith. knaisýti is secondary to knìsti `scratch', s. κνίζω). Connecting κνῆ-ν and κναί-ειν to an old paradigma (* knē[i]-mi: knǝi-mé (Schwyzer 676; cf. Specht Ursprung 325; the last form is impossible since the laryngeal theory) is quite hypothetical. - Cf. κνίζω, κνύω, κνάπτω; κνώδαλον, κνήφη, κνέωρος and κόνις; s. Pok. 559ff., Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. knablỹs. - Strangely enough it has not been proposed that the words could well be Pre-Greek; the meaning makes this quite possible; the connections in Pok. 599 are far from convincing. Cf. also κναδάλλεται κνήθεται H., with which compare γνάφαλλον, γνόφαλον, which are clearly Pre-Greek (s.s.v. κνάπτω); is κναδ- a variant of κνηθ-? For κναδ- no PIE prefrom can be reconstructed (cf. on γνάθος). Note that Kuiper assumed that words with kn- in Germanic were prob. substrate, NOWELE 25 (1995) 68 a.70. The formation of κνήσων (and the Latin loan cnāsōn- cited above) seems non-IE; cf. DELG s.v. Also the formation of a verb in - αίω is unknown.Page in Frisk: 1,880-881Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > -κναίω
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32 ó-
usually reduced to o- when unstressed a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. WJ:367, PE17:191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix o-, ó- is simply defined as "together". In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni *"with me", ómë *"with us" also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive, ólyë or ólë *"with you" olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl., ósë *"with him/her", ótë *"with them" of animates where "them" refers to non-persons, óta or shortened ót is used, though the conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is questionable, ósa or shortened ós "with it". Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, presumably mean with them of inanimate things; see VT49:56 for a possible second attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate they. However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used. The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o variant of ó did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o with or without endings for "with", writers may rather use as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you". -
33 ἀήσυλος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: Ε 876 ἀήσυλα ἔργα (hapax).Other forms: αἰήσυλον ἄνομον, κακοποιόν H.Origin: XX [etym. unknown] PGX [probably a word of Pre-Greek origin] [probably a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: One proposes alteration of αἴσυλος `unseemly, evil' ( αἴσυλα ῥέζειν Ε 403 etc.) (after ἄημι?, ἀήσυρος?). Otherwise Bechtel Lex., Brugmann Sächs. Ber. 1901, 94. Fraenkel Gl. 34, 1955, 307ff proposes *α(Ϝ)ισσυλα, from ἶσος; very doubtful. Fur. 253 points to the gloss with αι-, which implies a substr. word (he connects ἄητος, which may have a variant αἴητος).Page in Frisk: 1,27Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀήσυλος
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34 αἰγυπιός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `vulture' (Il.).Other forms: αἰγίποψ ἀετός ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων EM 28, 19.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Compared with Skt. r̥ji-pyá-, epithet of the bird śyená- (`eagle, falcon'), Av. ǝrǝzi-fya- (cf. ἄρξιφος ἀετὸς παρὰ Πέρσαις H.). The form would have been influenced by αἴξ and γύψ. But expected *αρC- does not provide a basis for introducing αἰγ-. - Fur. 364 compares the gloss αἰγίποψ, which is evidently a form of the same word; that it is Macedonian confirms its reality. A variation i\/u is well known in substr. words ( μόλιβος\/ μόλυβδος, μάρσιππος\/ μάρσυππος); - οπ- is a suffix in Pre-Greek. γύψ is itself no doubt a substr. word (but see s.v.); is it a variant of *αγυπ-, with proth. vowel (or did it have a palatalized g')? Cf. Thompson Birds s. v.Page in Frisk: 1,33Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αἰγυπιός
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35 ἀσφάραγος 2
ἀσφάραγος 2.Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `asparagus, young shoots' (Cratin.).Other forms: also ἀσπάραγος (Com., Thphr., Plb. etc. [not given separately by LSJ]).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The word has been compared with σφαραγέομαι `be full' etc., but it is rather a substr. word (cf. the variant).Page in Frisk: 1,175Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀσφάραγος 2
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36 κάρταλλος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `basket with pointed bottom' (LXX, hell., Ph., H.)Other forms: (rarely - αλος)Derivatives: Dimin. καρτάλλιον (hell.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: - Technical or popular word in - αλλος (cf. Chantraine Formation 245ff.), which one wants to connect with a root * k(e)rt- `turn (Pok. 584) "aber im einzelnen dunkel" (Frisk), also supposed in κύρτος. The variant with single -l- rather points to a Pre-Greek word; this fits well the meaning. DELG and Fur 352 suggest καρταλάμιον and κερτύλλιον.Page in Frisk: 1,794Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κάρταλλος
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37 λυκάβας
λυκάβας, - αντοςGrammatical information: m. (τ 306 = ξ 161, A. R. 1. 198, Bion Fr. 15, 15, gravepigrams of empire from Arcadia and Ionia)Meaning: time-indication of uncertain meaning, usu. explained as `year' and by the laters, who seem all based on τ 306, used in this sense; acc. to Leumann Hom. Wörter 212 n. 4 rather `new moon' (against this Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 147). The supposed Arcadian origin (AB) prob. refers to the late Arcadian inscriptions, s. Leumann 273.Derivatives: λυκαβαντίδες ὧραι (AP).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Etymologically quite unclear (on the formation Chantraine Form. 269, Schwyzer 526). The explanations are not very convincing: prop. "light-circle", from *λύκ- `light' (s. on λύχνος) and ἄβα τροχός H. (Fick GGA 1894, 240, Bechtel Lex. s. v., v. Blumenthal ZONF 13, 157); prop. "Lycianking (-priest, -god)", i.e. Apollon, elliptically for `feast of Apollon', lydian word like βασιλεύς (Fraser Streitberg-Festgabe 93ff.); prop. "wolfs-run" (E. Maaß IF 43, 259ff.); prop. "religion" (Theander Symb. Danielsson 349ff.). Cf. the remarks by Kretschmer Glotta 15, 198f.; 17, 214; 22, 262. - (Not here Λυκαβηττός.) The variant with μ and the suffix - αντ- show a Pre-Greek word.Page in Frisk: 2,142-143Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λυκάβας
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38 μακεδνός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `tall, taper', of trees etc. (η 106, Nic., Lyc.); also as name of a people cognate with the Dorians (Hdt.).Derivatives: Also PN Μακεδόνες pl. m. `Macedonians', sg. - ών (IA.) wiht Μακεδον-ία, - ίη, - ικός `Macedonia, -nian' (IA.), also ἡ Μακεδον-ίς (Hdt.), - ῖτις (Ael.), i.e. γῆ, - ισσα `Macedonian woman' (Stratt.); μακεδονίζω `be pro-Macedonian' (Plb., Plu.). With long medial vowel Μακηδών (Hes. Fr. 5, 2, Kall.), - δονία, - ίη (hell. poet.). Beside Μακε-δόν-ες the form μακε-δν-ός seems to show ablaut, zero grade in the suffix, which is also seen (without variant - δόν-) also in γοε-δν-ός a. o. (Solmsen Wortforsch. 46). A suffixal, mostly primary - δόν- is at home in animal-names, some appellatives as well as in nom. actionis a. o. (Chantraine Form. 360ff., Schwyzer 529 f.). Not cognate with μακ-ρός, μῆκ-ος; cf. Specht Ursprung 199 u. 345. A by-form is Μακέτης (Gell.), f. - τις (Str., AP) and - τία, τη (AP), - τᾰ (pap.; Mayser 1: 3, 24); cf. οἰκέτης etc.; s. Schwyzer 498 n. 13, Krahe ZONF 11, 90. -Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: After Fick BB 26, 242 the Μακεδόνες were prop. "Highlanders" (beside Μακέτα *'Highland'). New, very daring and hypothetical interpretation by Pisani Arch. glottol. it. 33, 72: from *Μακι-κεδόνες "of who the Earth is high", from μακ-ι- (: μακ-ρός) and a Maced. word agreeing with χθών (s.v.); the second member is more than doubtful; the whole must be rejected. Doubts on the Greek origin of Μακεδόνες by Krahe Glotta 17, 159. -- Cf. μηκεδανός to μῆκος. Fur. does not discuss the forms. The name seems rather non-IE, so Pre-Greek; cf. Λακεδαίμων (cf. Fick, Vorgr. Ortsnamen 90). An analysis μακε-δνος is impossible in an IE word; also the form with τ points to Pre-Greek. The meaning of the adj. strongly suggests that it is cognate with μακρός, but this can hardly be accounted for in IE morphology.Page in Frisk: 2,163Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μακεδνός
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39 μαλθακός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `weak, tender, soft, mild' (P588, also Hp., Pl.).Other forms: Aeol. μόλθακος (Alc.)Derivatives: μαλθακία `weakness' (Pl. R. 590 b); μαλθακώδης `weakening' (Hp., Gal.), μαλθάκινος = μαλθακός (AP). Denomin. verbs: 1. μαλθάσσω = μαλάσσω (Hp., trag.) with μαλθακ-τήριον -τικός, - ξις (medic.). 2. μαλθακίζομαι `be, become weak' (A., E., Pl., Gal.). 3. μαλθακύνω = μαλακύνω (sch.). 4. Also μαλθάζω (Aret.), - αίνω (Stob.) = μαλθάσσω, both prob. through suffixchange and not to μάλθη, μάλθων (s. v.) with Debrunner IF 21, 20f. and Solmsen Wortforsch. 56 n.1. -- Not here μάλθη (s.v.) (Cratin. 204), `mix of wax and pitch'; from this μάλθη (?), μαλθώδης = μαλακτικὸς η κηρώδης (Hp. ap. Gal.); μάλθων m. `weakling' (Sokr. ap. Stob.); Μάλθιον womans name (Paros); μαλθώσω μαλακώσω H. Here also ἐπίμαλθα ἀγαθά, προσηνῆ. η μαλακά, η ἀσθενῆ λίαν H. must be a kind of derailment.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation like μαλακός; the two synonymous adj. may have influenced each other. If μαλακός belongs with βλά̄ξ, μαλθακός must be an innovation(?). In μάλθη (s.v.) Solmsen Wortforsch. 55 wants to see the fem. of an original adj. *μαλθός `weak', which would also have left traces in μάλθων (with μαλθακός from -n̥-ko-) etc.; this last seems an improbable construction. - Outside of Greek a possible cognate may be the Germ. word for `mild', e.g. OHG milti, Goth. unmildjai ' ἄστοργοι'; also Skt. márdhati `neglect', IE * meldh-; WP. 2, 289, Pok. 719. -- Cf. ἀμαλθύνω. - The word must be Pre-Greek, as μαλθ- cannot be explained from IE * meldʰ-; this is confirmed by the variant μόλθακος.Page in Frisk: 2,167Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μαλθακός
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40 μορμύρος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: name of a sea-fish of the family of the breams (Sparidae), `Pagellus mormyrus' (Arist., Archestr.); details in Thompson Fishes s.v.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Acc. to Strömberg Fischnamen 76 "prob. after the sound, which arises from its quick movement in the water". In the same meaning also μύρμη (Epich. 62). The connection with μύρομαι, μύρω `flow, trickle' (Strömberg l.c.) is not convincing. -- After Bq and Huber Comm. Aenip. 9 p. 9 a Mediterr. word. -- Lat. LW [loanword] murmillō `gladiator with Gaulish helm, on top of which was a fish'; s. W.-Hofmann s.v. - The variant μύρμη makes a Pre-Greek word probable.Page in Frisk: 2,254Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μορμύρος
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