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  • 1 near cash

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    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
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    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
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    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
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    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
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    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
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    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
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    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
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    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
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    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
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    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
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    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
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    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
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    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
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    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
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    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
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    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
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    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
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    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
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    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
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    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
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    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 2 sink

    sɪŋk
    1. сущ.
    1) сооружение для стока воды а) раковина б) сточная труба Syn: sewer II
    1. в) выгребная яма, сточный колодец Syn: cesspool
    2) клоака Syn: cesspool, sewer
    3) низина Syn: hollow, lowland
    2. гл.
    1) а) опускаться, падать, убывать( об уровне воды) б) перен. опускать(ся), снижать(ся) ;
    падать (о цене, показаниях приборов и т. д.) my spirits/heart sank ≈ я упал духом The sun sank below a cloud. ≈ Солнце зашло за тучу. ∙ Syn: decrease
    2) а) тонуть( о корабле, морском судне) ;
    погружаться( в воду) He sank into a chair. ≈ Он опустился в кресло. At last I sank into a deep sleep. ≈ Наконец я погрузился в глубокий сон. б) топить (судно) ;
    затоплять (местность)
    3) перен. погружаться (во что-л.), с головой уходить( в какое-л. дело) ;
    уничижит. погрязнуть( в чем-л.)
    4) деформироваться а) оседать( о фундаменте) б) впадать;
    западать( о щеках и т. п.) Her eyes sunk. ≈ У нее ввалилисьзапали глаза.
    5) впитываться( о жидкостях, краске) Syn: penetrate
    6) гибнуть, ослабевать
    7) деградировать, опускаться, низко падать
    8) а) замалчивать, скрывать( что-л., напр., факт) б) забывать, предавать забвению to sink one's own interests ≈ не думать о своих интересах
    9) невыгодно поместить (капитал)
    10) погашать (долг)
    11) тех. проходить( шахту) ;
    рыть (колодец) ;
    прокладывать( трубу) ∙ sink back sink in sink into раковина (водопровода) - kitchen * кухонная раковина слив;
    сточный колодец;
    выгребная яма( редкое) сточная труба( специальное) сток клоака - a * of iniquity притон, вертеп впадина, углубление, выемка (геология) провал, карстовая пещера (театроведение) люк( редкое) шахтный ствол грузило тонуть, утопать - the ship sank корабль затонул - the overloaded raft began to * перегруженный плот начал тонуть - the swimmer sank like a stone пловец камнем пошел ко дну - the foot *s in the moss нога тонет во мху - to * into the snow проваливаться в снег - he sank up to his knees in the snow он провалился в снег по колено - to * in the mud завязнуть в грязи топить;
    погружать - they sank the ships in the harbour они затопили корабли в гавани - a ship sank some inches below the water-line корабль погрузился на несколько дюймов ниже ватерлинии - sunk in thought погруженный в думы губить - it would * him это свело бы его в могилу - he had trouble enough to * a younger man такие неприятности могли бы сломить даже более молодого человека - if they see us we are sunk если они увидят нас, мы погибли опускаться, падать - the balloon sank to earth воздушный шар упал на землю - she sank down on the steps она опустилась на ступеньки - to * into a chair опуститься в кресло - night is *ing on the sea ночь опускается на море - to * back against the pillows откинуться на подушки - his head sank on his breast его голова упала на грудь - his hands sank upon his knees он уронил руки на колени - they sank into each other's arms они упали друг другу в объятия - she was *ing with fatigue она падала от усталости - she sank under the misfortune несчастье сломило ее - to * in smb.'s estimation упасть в чьем-либо мнении - her eyes sank она потупила взор - his legs were *ing under him у него подкашивались ноги - his heart sank у него упало сердце - he sank in our opinion он упал в наших глазах опускать, ронять - to * one's head on one's arms уронить голову на руки - to * one's eyes потупить взор - I hope it will not * me in your esteem я надеюсь, что это не уронит меня в ваших глазах понижаться - the river is *ing уровень воды в реке понижается - the foundations have sunk фундамент осел - prices are *ing цены резко снижаются понижать - to * a river понизить уровень воды в реке ослабевать, угасать, меркнуть - the storm is beginning to * буря начинает ослабевать - their voices were *ing in the distance их голоса замирали вдали - I watched the flames * я смотрел, как угасало пламя - his health began to * его здоровье начало сдавать - the sick man is *ing (fast) больной (быстро) теряет силы - his spirits sank мужество покинуло его - the old aristocracy sank in wealth and prestige старая аристократия потеряла богатство и престиж исчезать из виду - the land sank slowly земля таяла вдали забывать, не упоминать, предавать забвению;
    скрывать - to * one's own interests забыть о собственных интересах - let's * our differences забудем о своих прежних разногласиях - to * shop не упоминать о делах;
    скрывать свою профессию - to * the title опустить титул - to * a fact держать какой-либо факт в секрете - he has a habit of *ing unpleasant truths он имеет обыкновение замалчивать неприятные факты подавлять - he was ready to * his personality он был готов отказаться от собственного "я" - to * one's pride побороть свою гордость проходить насквозь;
    просачиваться, проникать - the rain will * through the tent дождь пройдет через палатку - dye *s into a fabric краска впитывается в ткань - ink quickly *s in blotting-paper промокашка быстро впитывает чернила впитывать (тж. * in) западать, вваливаться( о щеках;
    тж. * in) - her eyes sunk (in) у нее запали глаза доходить( до сознания) ;
    западать (в душу, в память) - to * into the mind запечатлеться в памяти, врезаться в память - these words sank into her heart эти слова запали ей в сердце - let this warning * well into your mind запомни это (предупреждение) хорошенько - this picture really *s into your imagination эту картину невозможно забыть, эта картина навсегда останется в памяти вонзать( зубы) - the lion sank his teeth in his enemy's neck лев вонзил зубы в шею своего врага - he sank the dagger up to its hilt он вонзил кинжал по самую рукоятку - she had a wish to * her mind into everything she saw у нее было желание вникнуть во все, что она видит вонзаться( о зубах) врывать (столб, сваю) - they sank the poles in the ground они врыли столбы в землю вкладывать( капитал) - he sank all his capital into house building он вложил все свое состояние в строительство домов невыгодно помещать( капитал) - he sank his whole legacy into this venture на этой авантюре он потерял все наследство - their money had been sunk in railway shares that everybody warned them not to buy несмотря на все предупреждения, они поместили свой капитал в акции железнодорожных компаний (финансовое) погашать, уплачивать( долг) затоплять (местность) проходить (шахту) ;
    рыть, углублять( колодец) - they sank a trial pit они пробурили разведочный шурф прокладывать (трубы) вырезать( на камне) вырезать (штамп) бросать (мяч - баскетбол) - he *s foul shots consistently он постоянно бросает мяч мимо корзины загнать в лузу (бильярдный шар) загнать в лунку (шар - гольф) впадать, погружаться в какое-либо состояние - to * into a sleep погружаться в сон - to * into a faint упасть в обморок - to * into oblivion кануть в вечность, быть преданным забвению - to * into poverty впадать в нищету - to * into degradation прийти в упадок - to * into vice погрязнуть в пороке - nobody could rouse him from the depression into which he had sunk никто не мог вывести его из депрессии, в которую он впал опускаться, доходить до какого-либо состояния, положения, уровня - to * to insignificance превратиться в ничтожество - to * to the lowest depths of humiliation дойти до глубочайшего унижения - she'd die rather than * to such a deed она скорее умрет, чем унизит себя таким поступком - the population sank from twenty million to nine население сократилось с двадцати миллионов до девяти - the shares have sunk to nothing акции обесценились - his voice sank to a whisper его голос понизился до шепота низводить что-либо до какого-либо состояния, положения, уровня - to * the temperature to -91 degree понизить температуру до -91 градуса - he sank his voice to a whisper он понизил голос до шепота > to * into the grave сойти в могилу > the ground sank under my feet почва ускользала у меня из-под ног > I should like to * through the floor я готов (сквозь землю) провалиться > to * or swim (либо) пан, либо пропал ~ ослабевать, гибнуть;
    he is sinking он умирает ~ тонуть (о корабле и т. п.) ;
    погружаться (тж. перен.) ;
    he sank into a chair он опустился в кресло ~ спадать( о воде) ;
    убывать, уменьшаться;
    the lake sinks вода в озере убывает ~ (sank;
    sunk) опускать(ся), снижать(ся) ;
    падать (о цене, стоимости, барометре и т. п.) ;
    my spirits (или heart) sank я упал духом sink впадать;
    западать ~ впитываться (о жидкостях, краске) ~ вырезать (штамп) ;
    sink or swim = либо пан, либо пропал ~ замалчивать (факт) ;
    скрывать (свое имя и т. п.) ;
    забывать, предавать забвению;
    to sink one's own interests не думать о своих интересах ~ клоака;
    sink of iniquity притон, вертеп ~ невыгодно поместить (капитал) ;
    to sink money (in smth.) ухлопать деньги( на что-л.) ~ низина ~ (sank;
    sunk) опускать(ся), снижать(ся) ;
    падать (о цене, стоимости, барометре и т. п.) ;
    my spirits (или heart) sank я упал духом ~ опускаться, низко падать;
    to sink into poverty впасть в нищету ~ опускаться ~ оседать (о фундаменте) ~ ослабевать, гибнуть;
    he is sinking он умирает ~ падать ~ погашать (долг) ~ погрязнуть ~ понижаться ~ проникать;
    запечатлеться;
    to sink into the mind врезаться в память ~ проходить (шахту) ;
    рыть (колодец) ;
    прокладывать (трубу) ~ раковина (для стока воды) ~ спадать( о воде) ;
    убывать, уменьшаться;
    the lake sinks вода в озере убывает ~ сточная труба ~ тонуть (о корабле и т. п.) ;
    погружаться (тж. перен.) ;
    he sank into a chair он опустился в кресло ~ топить (судно) ;
    затоплять (местность) swim: to ~ against the stream идти против большинства;
    sink or swim см. sink to ~ in (smb.'s) estimation упасть в (чьем-л.) мнении;
    the sun sank below a cloud солнце зашло за тучу to ~ into a reverie задуматься;
    to sink into a faint упасть в обморок to ~ into a reverie задуматься;
    to sink into a faint упасть в обморок ~ опускаться, низко падать;
    to sink into poverty впасть в нищету ~ проникать;
    запечатлеться;
    to sink into the mind врезаться в память ~ невыгодно поместить (капитал) ;
    to sink money (in smth.) ухлопать деньги (на что-л.) ~ клоака;
    sink of iniquity притон, вертеп ~ замалчивать (факт) ;
    скрывать (свое имя и т. п.) ;
    забывать, предавать забвению;
    to sink one's own interests не думать о своих интересах ~ вырезать (штамп) ;
    sink or swim = либо пан, либо пропал swim: to ~ against the stream идти против большинства;
    sink or swim см. sink to ~ the shop скрывать свои занятия, свою профессию to ~ in (smb.'s) estimation упасть в (чьем-л.) мнении;
    the sun sank below a cloud солнце зашло за тучу

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > sink

  • 3 sink

    1. [sıŋk] n
    1. раковина ( водопровода)

    kitchen sink - кухонная раковина /мойка/

    2. 1) слив; сточный колодец; выгребная яма
    2) редк. сточная труба
    3) спец. сток
    4) клоака

    a sink of iniquity - притон, вертеп

    3. впадина, углубление, выемка
    4. геол. провал, карстовая пещера
    5. театр. люк
    6. редк. шахтный ствол
    7. грузило
    2. [sıŋk] v (sank, редк. sunk; sunk)
    I
    1. 1) тонуть, утопать

    to sink into the snow [into the sand] - проваливаться в снег [в песок]

    2) топить; погружать

    a ship sank some inches below the water-line - корабль погрузился на несколько дюймов ниже ватерлинии

    3) часто pass губить

    he had trouble enough to sink a younger man - такие неприятности могли бы сломить даже более молодого человека

    if they see us we are sunk - если они увидят /заметят/ нас, мы погибли

    2. 1) опускаться, падать

    the balloon sank to earth - воздушный шар упал /опустился/ на землю

    to sink into a chair - опуститься /упасть/ в кресло

    she was sinking with fatigue - она падала /еле держалась на ногах/ от усталости

    to sink in smb.'s estimation - упасть в чьём-л. мнении

    her eyes sank - она потупила взор [ср. тж. II А 1]

    2) опускать, ронять

    I hope it will not sink me in your esteem - я надеюсь, что это не уронит меня в ваших глазах /вы не станете меня меньше уважать/

    3. 1) понижаться

    the river [the lake] is sinking - уровень воды в реке [в озере] понижается

    2) понижать

    to sink a river [a lake] - понизить уровень воды в реке [в озере]

    4. ослабевать, угасать, меркнуть

    the storm [the wind] is beginning to sink - буря [ветер] начинает ослабевать /стихать/

    I watched the flames sink - я смотрел, как угасало пламя

    the sick man is sinking (fast) - больной (быстро) теряет силы /слабеет/

    his spirits /his courage/ sank - мужество покинуло его

    the old aristocracy sank in wealth and prestige - старая аристократия потеряла богатство и престиж

    5. исчезать из виду
    6. 1) забывать, не упоминать, предавать забвению; скрывать

    to sink shop - а) не упоминать /не говорить/ о делах; б) скрывать свою профессию /свои занятия/

    to sink a fact - держать какой-л. факт в секрете

    he has a habit of sinking unpleasant truths - он имеет обыкновение замалчивать неприятные факты

    2) подавлять

    he was ready to sink his personality - он был готов отказаться от собственного «я»

    7. 1) проходить насквозь; просачиваться, проникать

    the rain will sink through the tent [through the sand] - дождь пройдёт через палатку [через песок]

    dye [water] sinks into a fabric - краска [вода] впитывается в ткань

    2) впитывать (тж. sink in)
    II А
    1. западать, вваливаться (о щеках и т. п.; тж. sink in)

    her eyes sunk (in) - у неё запали /ввалились/ глаза [ср. тж. I 2, 1)]

    2. доходить ( до сознания); западать (в душу, в память)

    to sink into the mind - запечатлеться в памяти, врезаться в память

    these words sank into her heart [into her mind] - эти слова запали ей в сердце [в голову]

    let this warning sink well into your mind - запомни это (предупреждение) хорошенько

    this picture really sinks into your imagination - эту картину невозможно забыть, эта картина навсегда останется в памяти

    3. 1) вонзать (зубы и т. п.)

    the lion sank his teeth in his enemy's neck - лев вонзил зубы в шею своего врага

    she had a wish to sink her mind into everything she saw - у неё было желание вникнуть /вгрызться/ во всё, что она видит

    2) вонзаться (о зубах и т. п.)
    4. врывать (столб, сваю и т. п.)
    5. 1) вкладывать ( капитал)

    he sank all his capital [all his money] into house building - он вложил всё своё состояние [все деньги] в строительство домов

    2) невыгодно помещать ( капитал)

    he sank his whole legacy into this venture - на этой авантюре он потерял всё наследство

    their money had been sunk in railway shares that everybody warned them not to buy - несмотря на все предупреждения, они поместили свой капитал в акции железнодорожных компаний

    6. фин. погашать, уплачивать ( долг)
    7. затоплять ( местность)
    8. 1) проходить ( шахту); рыть, углублять ( колодец)
    2) прокладывать ( трубы)
    9. 1) вырезать (на камне и т. п.)
    2) вырезать (штамп и т. п.)
    10. 1) бросать ( мяч - баскетбол)
    2) загнать в лузу ( бильярдный шар)
    3) загнать в лунку ( шар - гольф)
    II Б
    1. to sink into á state /into á condition/ впадать, погружаться в какое-л. состояние

    to sink into a sleep [into a doze, into a reverie, into silence] - погружаться в сон [в дремоту, в задумчивость, в молчание]

    to sink into oblivion - кануть в вечность, быть преданным забвению

    to sink into degradation [into a state of utter corruption] - прийти в упадок [в состояние полного разложения]

    nobody could rouse him from the depression into which he had sunk - никто не мог вывести его из депрессии, в которую он впал

    2. to sink to á state /to á condition, to á level/ опускаться, доходить до какого-л. состояния, положения, уровня

    to sink to the lowest depths of humiliation - дойти до глубочайшего унижения

    she'd die rather than sink to such a deed - она скорее умрёт, чем унизит себя таким поступком

    the population sank from twenty million to nine - население сократилось с двадцати миллионов до девяти (миллионов)

    3. to sink smth. to á state /to á condition, to á level/ низводить что-л. до какого-л. состояния, положения, уровня

    ♢

    I should like to sink through the floor - я готов (сквозь землю) провалиться

    to sink or swim - ≅ (либо) пан, либо пропал

    НБАРС > sink

  • 4 house

    [haus]
    n
    1) дом, жилище, здание, квартира, постройка, строение

    Who occupied this house before? — Кто раньше жил в этом доме?;

    We're going to set up house in Paris. — Мы собираемся поселиться в Париже.

    The whole house is a mess. — В доме всё вверх дном.

    - little house
    - town house
    - big house
    - clapboard house
    - frame house
    - stone house
    - large house
    - unpretent house
    - private house
    - gay-roofed house
    - tower house
    - scattered houses
    - box-like houses
    - menshion house
    - ill-furnished house
    - overheated house
    - conspicuous house
    - underheated house
    - stately house
    - log house
    - corner house
    - three family house
    - next to this house
    - historic house
    - doll's house
    - enchanting house
    - ruined house
    - small rented house
    - dwelling house
    - continental house
    - furnished house
    - rooming house
    - spooky house
    - house slippers
    - house dress
    - house sewerage
    - house plant
    - house painter
    - house party
    - house agent
    - house garden
    - house to let
    - house in a ruinous state
    - house of mud and straw
    - house of brick
    - house with small rooms
    - house for rent
    - house situated on the top of the hill
    - house of cards
    - purchase price of the house
    - far from his house
    - on the door steps of the house
    - at smb's house
    - ask smb into a house
    - be under house arrest
    - build multistoried houses
    - call at smb's house
    - change houses
    - complete multistoried house
    - design a house
    - do up clean a house
    - drive smb out of the house
    - enter a house by force
    - face the house to the south
    - find the house empty
    - go from house to house
    - have a house of one's own
    - have one's house decorated
    - alarm the house
    - have a house in town
    - have one's house redecorated
    - have neither house nor home
    - heat a house
    - keep to the house
    - keep house
    - lease a comfortable house
    - leave the house early
    - let a house
    - rent a house
    - live in the next house but one
    - look for a house to rent
    - mistake a house
    - move house
    - move into this house
    - paint a house white
    - pass smb's house
    - pull down shabby houses
    - put up one's house for sale
    - raise the house upon the fire
    - renovate a house
    - set up house
    - show smb over the house
    - shut smb up in the house
    - take a house to pieces to set up elsewhere
    - house is pretty small
    - house looks south-west
    - houses are springing up all over
    - house is let
    2) нора, вольер, берлога
    - hen house
    - poultry house
    - monkey house
    - deer house
    - cow house
    - bird house
    3) семья, род, династия

    Ours is a noisy/cheerful house. — У нас шумное семейство/шумный дом.

    Theirs is a social house. — У них очень общительная семья.

    He was afraid to wake up the whole house. — Он боялся разбудить весь дом. /Он боялся поднять всех на ноги.

    The whole house was down with the flu. — Весь дом свалился/слег с гриппом. /Все домашние заболели гриппом.

    - reigning house
    - royal house
    - ancestral house
    - parental house
    - Stuart House
    - respectable house
    - religious house
    - great houses of France
    - son of a noble house
    - break the house
    4) общественные здания, учреждения (и все, что связано с ними)

    A policeman took him to the station house. — Полицейский отвел его в участок.

    - fashion house
    - factories and commercial houses
    - British houses
    - rival house
    - mad house
    - public house
    - beer house
    - car house
    - carriage house
    - death house
    - supply house
    - wholesale house
    - licensed house
    - refreshment house
    - coffee house
    - tea house
    - treasure house
    - finance house
    - branch house
    - one's business house
    - export house
    - jewelry house
    - picture house
    - movie house
    - music house
    - mail-order house
    - customs house
    - slaughter house
    - deck house
    - summer house
    - treasure house
    - Opera House
    - tool house
    - publishing house
    - printing house
    - packing house
    - boarding house
    - clearing house
    - eating house
    - counting house
    - sporting house
    - banking house
    - bathing house
    - gambling house
    - selling house
    - house magazine
    - house proof
    - house correction
    - house of refuge
    - house of God
    - House of worship
    - house of detention
    - house of correction
    - rules of the house
    5) правительственное здание (и всё, что связано с ними)
    - White House
    - Lower House
    - Upper House
    - council house
    - House bill
    - House resolution
    - Houses of Parlament
    - House of Lords
    - House of Commors
    - House of Representatives
    - House of Deligates
    - House of Assembly
    - members of the House
    - divide the House
    - enter the House
    - keep a House
    - members drawn equally from both Houses
    6) зрительный зал театра; публика, находящаяся в зале (и всё, что связано с ними)

    The whole house laughed. — Все зрители смеялись.

    He stood at the back of the packed house to listen to the orchestra. — Он остановился в конце переполненного зала, чтобы послушать оркестр.

    The play is attracting/draws full/immense houses. — Пьеса делает полные сборы.

    The first house was sold out. — Все билеты на первый спектакль были проданы.

    The whole house enjoyed the play. — Пьеса понравилась публике.

    - appreciative house
    - full house
    - poor house
    - first-run house
    - crowded house
    - house lights
    - house dramatist
    - house seats
    - house manager
    - house telephone
    - bring the house down
    - carry the house
    - dress the house
    - play to an empty house
    - house is getting packed
    - house hushed
    7) домашнее хозяйство, дом

    Who keeps house for you? — Кто у вас ведет хозяйство? /Кто вам ведет хозяйство?

    She keeps house and I go out to work. — Она ведет хозяйство, а я хожу на работу.

    A man's house is his castle. — ◊ Мой дом - моя крепость.

    We are safe as houses here. — ◊ Мы здесь, как за каменной стеной.

    - house allowance
    - house servant
    - house furnishings
    - house work
    - keep a good house
    - keep house for smb
    - mind the house
    •
    USAGE:
    (1.) Русское словосочетание "я живу в большом доме" соответствует английским сочетаниям I live in an apartment house (in a block of flats или in a big building). (2.) House 7. - неисчисляемое существительное и употребляется без артикля: to keep house (for smb) вести (у кого-либо) хозяйство/дом. (3.) See classroom, n

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > house

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