the+result

Ἰουδαῖος, αία, αῖον (Clearchus, the pupil of Aristotle, Fgm. 6 [in Jos., C. Ap. 1, 179]; Theophr., Fgm. 151 W. [WJaeger, Diokles v. Karystos ’38, 134–53: Theophrastus and the earliest Gk. report concerning the Judeans or Jews]; Hecataeus of Abdera [300 B.C.]: 264 Fgm. 25, 28, 2a Jac. [in Diod S 1, 28, 2] al.; Polyb.; Diod S; Strabo; Plut.; Epict. 1, 11, 12f, al.; Appian, Syr. 50 §252f, Mithrid. 106 §498, Bell. Civ. 2, 90 §380; Artem. 4, 24 p. 217, 13; Diog. L. 1, 9; OGI 73, 4; 74, 3; 726, 8; CIG 3418; CB I/2, 538 no. 399b τ. νόμον τῶν Εἰουδέων [on Ἰ. in ins s. RKraemer, HTR 82, ’89, 35–53]; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 55; 56 [both III B.C.]; 57 [II B.C.]; BGU 1079, 25 [41 A.D.]; PFay 123, 16 [100 A.D.]; POxy 1189, 9; LXX; TestSol; AscIs 2:7; EpArist; SibOr; Philo, Joseph., Ar., Just., Tat. For a variety of synonyms s. Schürer III 87–91.). Gener. as description of ‘one who identifies with beliefs, rites, and customs of adherents of Israel’s Mosaic and prophetic tradition’ (the standard term in the Mishnah is ‘Israelite’). (Since the term ‘Judaism’ suggests a monolithic entity that fails to take account of the many varieties of thought and social expression associated with such adherents, the calque or loanword ‘Judean’ is used in this and other entries where Ἰ. is treated. Complicating the semantic problem is the existence side by side of persons who had genealogy on their side and those who became proselytes [on the latter cp. Cass. Dio 37, 17, 1; 67, 14, 2; 68, 1, 2]; also of adherents of Moses who recognized Jesus as Messiah [s. Gal 2:13 in 2d below; s. also 2eα] and those who did not do so. Incalculable harm has been caused by simply glossing Ἰ. with ‘Jew’, for many readers or auditors of Bible translations do not practice the historical judgment necessary to distinguish between circumstances and events of an ancient time and contemporary ethnic-religious-social realities, with the result that anti-Judaism in the modern sense of the term is needlessly fostered through biblical texts.)

① pert. to being Judean (Jewish), with focus on adherence to Mosaic tradition, Judean, as a real adj. (Philo, In Flacc. 29; Jos., Ant. 10, 265) ἀνὴρ Ἰ. (1 Macc 2:23; 14:33) Judean Ac 10:28; 22:3. ἄνθρωπος 21:39. ἀρχιερεύς 19:14. ψευδοπροφήτης 13:6. ἐξορκισταί 19:13. γυνή (Jos., Ant. 11, 185) 16:1. χώρα Mk 1:5.—But γῆ J 3:22 is to be taken of Judea in the narrower sense (s. Ἰουδαία 1), and means the Judean countryside in contrast to the capital city. Of Drusilla, described as οὔσα Ἰουδαία being Judean or Jewish, but for the view that Ἰ. is here a noun s. 2b.

② one who is Judean (Jewish), with focus on adherence to Mosaic tradition, a Judean, Ἰουδαῖος as noun (so predom.). Since Jerusalem sets the standard for fidelity to Israel’s tradition, and since Jerusalem is located in Judea, Ἰ. frequently suggests conformity to Israel’s ancestral belief and practice. In turn, the geographical name provided outsiders with a term that applied to all, including followers of Jesus, who practiced customs variously associated with Judea (note the Roman perception Ac 18:15 [‘Judeans’ at Corinth]; 23:28).

ⓐ (ὁ) Ἰ. Judean (w. respect to birth, nationality, or cult) J 3:25; (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 57, 5 [II B.C.] παρʼ Ἰουδαίου=from a Judean) 4:9; 18:35; Ac 18:2, 24; 19:34; Ro 1:16; 2:9f, 17, 28f (on the ‘genuine’ Judean cp. Epict. 2, 9, 20f τῷ ὄντι Ἰουδαῖος … λόγῳ μὲν Ἰουδαῖοι, ἔργῳ δʼ ἄλλο τι); 10:12; Gal 2:14; 3:28; Col 3:11.—Collective sing. (Thu. 6, 78, 1 ὁ Ἀθηναῖος, ὁ Συρακόσιος; EpArist 13 ὁ Πέρσης; B-D-F §139; Rob. 408) Ro 3:1.

ⓑ of Drusilla οὔσα Ἰουδαία being a Judean Ac 24:24, but for the simple adjectival sense s. 1 end.

ⓒ (οἱ) Ἰουδαῖοι (on the use of the art. B-D-F §262, 1; 3) the Judeans οἱ Φαρισαῖοι κ. πάντες οἱ Ἰ. Mk 7:3; τὸ πάσχα τῶν Ἰ. J 2:13; cp. 5:1; 6:4; 7:2; ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰ. (Appian, Mithrid. 117 §573 Ἰουδαίων βασιλεὺς Ἀριστόβουλος) Mt 2:2; 27:11, 29 (in these three last pass., Ἰ. is used by non-Israelites; Mt’s preferred term is Ἰσραήλ); Mk 15:2 and oft. πόλις τῶν Ἰ. Lk 23:51; ἔθνος τῶν Ἰ. Ac 10:22; λαὸς τῶν Ἰ. 12:11. χώρα τῶν Ἰ. 10:39 (Just., A I, 34, 2; cp. A I, 32, 4 ἡ γῆ Ἰουδαίων). ἄρχων τῶν Ἰ. J 3:1; συναγωγὴ τῶν Ἰ. Ac 14:1a. Cp. J 2:6; 4:22; 18:20. Ἰ. καὶ Ἕλληνες (on the combination of the two words s. B-D-F §444, 2: w. τε … καί) Judeans and Hellenes Ac 14:1b; 18:4; 19:10; 20:21; 1 Cor 1:24; 10:32; 12:13; PtK 2 p. 15, 7; ἔθνη τε καὶ Ἰ.= non-Judeans and Judeans Ac 14:5; cp. ISm 1:2. Ἰ. τε καὶ προσήλυτοι Judeans and proselytes Ac 2:11; cp. 13:43; οἱ κατὰ τὰ ἔθνη Ἰ. the Judeans who live among the nations (in the Diaspora) 21:21. Judeans and non-Judeans as persecutors of Christians MPol 12:2; cp. also 13:1; 17:2; 18:1; 1 Th 2:14 (Polytheists, Jews, and Christians Ar. 2, 1).—Dg 1.—Without the art. (cp. 19:3 φαρισαῖοι) Mt 28:15, suggesting that not all ‘Judeans’ are meant, and without ref. to Israel, or Jews, as an entity.

ⓓ a Mosaic adherent who identifies with Jesus Christ Judean Gal 2:13; cp. Ac 21:20 and eα below. On Rv 2:9; 3:9 s. Mussies 195.

ⓔ in J Ἰουδαῖοι or ‘Judeans’ for the most part (for exceptions s. a and c) constitute two groups

α. those who in various degrees identify with Jesus and his teaching J 8:52; 10:19–21; 11:45; 12:11 al.

β. those who are in opposition to Jesus, with special focus on hostility emanating from leaders in Jerusalem, center of Israelite belief and cult; there is no indication that John uses the term in the general ethnic sense suggested in modern use of the word ‘Jew’, which covers diversities of belief and practice that were not envisaged by biblical writers, who concern themselves with intra-Judean (intra-Israelite) differences and conflicts: 1:19; 2:18, 20; 5:10, 15f; 6:41, 52 (a debate); 7:1, 11, 13; 9:18, 22; 10:24, 31, 33 (in contrast to the πολλοί from ‘beyond the Jordan’, 10:40–42, who are certainly Israelites) 11:8; 13:33; 18:14. S. Hdb. exc. on J 1:19 and, fr. another viewpoint, JBelser, TQ 84, 1902, 265ff; WLütgert, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 147ff, Schlatter Festschr. 1922, 137–48; GBoccaccini, Multiple Judaisms: BRev XI/1 ’95, 38–41, 46.—J 18:20 affirms that Jesus did not engage in sectarian activity. Further on anti-Judean feeling in J, s. EGraesser, NTS 11, ’64, 74–90; DHare, RSR, July, ’76, 15–22 (lit.); Hdb. exc. on J 1:19; BHHW II 906–11, 901f, 905.—LFeldman, Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World ’93.—MLowe, Who Were the Ἰουδαῖοι?: NovT 18, ’76, 101–30; idem Ἰουδαῖοι of the Apocrypha [NT]: NovT 23, ’81, 56–90; UvonWahlde, The Johannine ‘Jews’—A Critical Survey: NTS 28, ’82, 33–60; JAshton, ibid. 27, ’85, 40–75 (J).—For impact of Ἰουδαῖοι on gentiles s. ESmallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule fr. Pompey to Diocletian ’81; SCohen, Crossing the Boundary and Becoming a Jew: HTR 82, ’89, 13–33; PvanderHorst, NedTTs 43, ’89, 106–21 (c. 200 A.D.); PSchäfer, Judeophobia, Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World ’97.—On the whole word s. Ἱσραήλ end. For Ἰουδαῖοι in ins s. SEG XXXIX, 1839. M-M. EDNT. TW.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `break, break off'

Other forms: ( ἐνι-κλᾶν, κατ-έκλων) Il., aor. κλάσ(σ)αι, pass. κλασθῆναι (Il.), athem. ptc. ἀπο-κλά̄ς (Anacr. 17; cf. below), fut. κλάσω, perf. pass. κέκλασμαι (IA.),

Compounds: often with prefix, e. g. ἀνα-, κατα-, περι-, συν-,

Derivatives: κλάσις `breaking' (IA.), κλάσμα `broken piece' (Att.) with κλασμάτιον (Delos III^a), ἀνα-κλασμός `bending back' (Heliod.), κλάστης ἀμπελουργός H., also ὀστο-κλάστης (Kyran.) a. o., κλαστήριον `knife for clipping the vine' (Delos II^a u. a.); sec. κλαστάζω `clip the vine', metaph. `chastize' (Ar. Eq. 166); on the formation Schwyzer 706. - On κλών, κλωνός m. `sprout' (Att.) with the diminutives κλωνίον, - ίδιον, - άριον, - ίσκος (Thphr., hell. inschr., Gp.), further κλωνίτης `with sprouts' (Hdn.), κλῶναξ = `κλάδος' (H.), κλωνίζω `clip' (Suid.) see on κλάδος; not from *κλα-ών (Schwyzer 521; s. also 487 n. 3). On κλῶμαξ, ἀπόκλωμα below. - With diff. ablaut κλῆμα `twig (of the vine), tendril of the vine', κλῆρος ( κλᾶρος) `lot', κλῶμαξ `heap of stones' (s. vv.), ἀπόκλωμα. ἀπολογία ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον H. - Quite doubtful Κλαζομεναί PlN (Anatolia), acc. to Fraenkel KZ 42, 256; 43, 216 "where the waves break" (free imagination).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: The uniform verbale system, is based on κλᾰ(σ)-; it may be the result of simplification. Whether this started from a presens or an aorist cannot be decided because there are no non-Greek cognates; cf. the presentation in Schwyzer 676 a. 752 and in Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 354 (who considers the present κλάω as secondary against κλάσαι). In the isolated ἀπο-κλά̄ς an old athematic form (present or aorist? Schwyzer 676 a. 742) could have been preserved; but an analogical innovation (as after φθᾰ́σαι: φθάς?) cannot be excluded however. For the old passive κλασθῆναι one might think of κλαδ- (Schwyzer 761), but extension of an aorist-stems κλασ- combined with analogy is also possible (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 404f.). An old s-present *κλά[σ]-ω from IE. *kl̥-s-ō (Brugmann Grundr.² 2: 3, 342, Schwyzer 706) has no support. - The primary verbs of the other languages are completely deviant: Lith. kalù, kálti `forge, hammer' = OCS koljǫ, klati, Russ. kolótь `sting, split, hew' (full grade IE. * kolH-; on the meaning WP. 1, 438 and Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. v.); Lith. kuliù, kùlti (zero grade, IE. kl̥H-); Lat. per-cellō `smash' (basis uncertain). Further forms Pok. 545ff., W.-Hofmann s. clādēs. S. also κλαδαρός, κλάδος, κόλος etc. So no IE etym. It cannot comes from IE *klas- as this form cannot be made from IE. So prob. the word is of Pre-Greek origin.

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κρίμα, ατος, τό (s. κρίνω; Aeschyl.+—On the accent s. B-D-F §13; 109, 3; W-S. §6, 3; Mlt-H. 57; κρίσμα GJs 14:1).

① legal action taken against someone, dispute, lawsuit (Ex 18:22) κρίματα ἔχετε μεθʼ ἑαυτῶν you have lawsuits with one another 1 Cor 6:7.

② content of a deliberative process, decision, decree (IGal 25, 2 [II A.D.] κατὰ τὸ κ. τῆς βουλῆς; Ps 18:10; 118:75; Jos., Ant. 14, 318; 321; ParJer 7:32 [28]; Did., Gen. 116, 24), also of the fixed purposes of divine grace Ro 11:33.

③ action or function of a judge, judging, judgment, the κρίμα ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς authority to judge was given them Rv 20:4.—Of God’s judgment: τὸ κρίμα τὸ μέλλον Ac 24:25. κ. αἰώνιον judgment whose decision is valid eternally Hb 6:2. God’s judgment begins with God’s people 1 Pt 4:17. Pl.: God is δίκαιος ἐν τοῖς κρίμασιν righteous in judgments 1 Cl 27:1; 60:1.—Unauthorized use of judicial authority is subject to critique in Mt 7:2; Ro 2:1 v.l.

④ legal decision rendered by a judge, judicial verdict

ⓐ gener. (Polyb. 23, 1, 12) τὸ κ. ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς κατάκριμα the verdict came as the result of one violation, and led to punishment Ro 5:16.

ⓑ mostly in an unfavorable sense, of the condemnatory verdict and sometimes the subsequent punishment itself 2 Pt 2:3; Jd 4. τὸ κ. τοῦ θεοῦ the condemnation of God (i.e. pronounced by God) Ro 2:2f. ὧν τὸ κ. ἔνδικόν ἐστιν their condemnation is just 3:8 (but WFitch, ET 59, ’47/48, 26 ‘verdict’). πρόδηλον ἐγενήθη their condemnation has been made plain 1 Cl 51:3. τὸ κ. τῆς πόρνης the condemnation and punishment of the prostitute Rv 17:1. εἰς κ. συνέρχεσθαι 1 Cor 11:34. κ. ἑαυτῷ ἐσθίειν eat condemnation upon oneself vs. 29; λαμβάνεσθαι κ. be condemned Mt 23:13 v.l.; Mk 12:40; Lk 20:47; Ro 13:2; Js 3:1. ἔχουσαι κ., ὅτι they are subject to condemnation because 1 Ti 5:12; βαστάζειν τὸ κ. Gal 5:10. εἰς κ. γίνεσθαι incur condemnation 1 Cl 11:2. εἰς κ. γίνεσθαί τινι turn out to be condemnation for someone 21:1; IEph 11:1 (cp. TestJob 43:6 ἀποβήσετα εἰς κ.). ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ κ. εἶναι be under the same condemnation Lk 23:40. εἰς κ. ἐμπίπτειν τοῦ διαβόλου 1 Ti 3:6. κ. θανάτου (cp. Dt 21:22; Sir 41:3) death sentence Lk 24:20; GJs 14:1 (τοῦ θανάτου pap [?], s. deStrycker p. 236).—Pl. (cp. BGU 471, 9 [II A.D.]) τὰ μέλλοντα κρίματα the impending punishments 1 Cl 28:1. On 1 Cl 20:5 s. ἀνεκδιήγητος.—GWetter, Der Vergeltungsgedanke bei Pls 1912, 1ff.—The OT is the source of the expr. κρίνειν τὸ κ. (cp. Zech 7:9; 8:16; Ezk 44:24) ἔκρινεν ὁ θεὸς τὸ κρίμα ὑμῶν ἐξ αὐτῆς God has pronounced judgment for you against her or God has pronounced on her the judgment she wished to impose on you (HHoltzmann, Hdb. 1893 ad loc.) Rv 18:20.

⑤ proper recognition of someone’s rights, justice. The OT is the source of the close relation betw. κ. and δικαιοσύνη, and the expr. ποιεῖν κ. καὶ δικαιοσύνην (Jer 23:5; Ezk 33:14) do justice and righteousness 1 Cl 13:1.

⑥ In J κ. shows the same two-sidedness as the other members of the κρίνω family (‘judgment’ and ‘separation’; s. Hdb. on J 3:17), and means the judicial decision which consists in the separation of those who are willing to believe fr. those who are unwilling to do so J 9:39.—B. 1422. DELG s.v. κρίνω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

κρύπτω (s. κρυπτός; Hom.+, w. broad range of mng. ‘hide, conceal, cover’; also κρύβω [PGM 12, 322; ApcMos; Mel., P. 23, 155; Jos., Ant. 8, 410, C. Ap. 1, 292], whence the impf. act. ἔκρυβεν GJs 12:3 and the mid. ἐκρυβόμην GPt 7:26, is a new formation in H. Gk. fr. the aor. ἐκρύβην [B-D-F §73; Mlt-H. 214; 245; Reinhold 72. On the LXX s. Helbing 83f]) fut. κρύψω (LXX; GJs 14:1); 1 aor. ἔκρυψα. Pass.: 2 fut. κρυβήσομαι (PsSol 9:3; JosAs 6:3; ApcEsdr; Plut., Mor. 576d); 2 aor. ἐκρύβην (Hellenistic: Lob., Phryn. p. 317; LXX; JosAs 24:21; ApcMos 22 al.; Jos., Ant. 8, 384); pf. 3 sg. κέκρυπται, ptc. κεκρυμμένος.

① to keep from being seen, hide

ⓐ of things and persons, money Mt 25:18 (cp. vs. 25 in 2 below); a treasure that has been found 13:44b (cp. vs. 44a in 2 below). κ. τινὰ ἀπὸ προσώπου τινός Rv 6:16. Fig. of the key of knowledge Lk 11:52 v.l. Pass. (Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 128 τὰ ἀποκείμενα ἐν σκότῳ κέκρυπται; Iren. 1, 18, 1 [Harv. I 171, 12]) of a city on an eminence οὐ δύναται κρυβῆναι Mt 5:14; Ox 1 recto, 19f ([Logion 7]=ASyn. 53, ln. 22; s. GTh 32). Of Moses, who escaped detection Hb 11:23. τὸ μάννα τὸ κεκρυμμένον the hidden manna, kept fr. human eyes because it is laid up in heaven Rv 2:17. This is also the place for the pass. κρυβῆναι used in an act. sense hide (Gen 3:8, 10; Judg 9:5; 1 Km 13:6; 14:11; Job 24:4; 29:8; JosAs 6:3 al.; ApcEsdr; ApcMos) Ἰησοῦς ἐκρύβη J 8:59. ἐκρύβη ἀπʼ αὐτῶν 12:36.—ποῦ κρυβήσομαι ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου σου; 1 Cl 28:3.

ⓑ of states or conditions withdraw from sight or knowledge, hide, keep secret (Delphic commandments: SIG 1268 II, 16 [III B.C.] ἀπόρρητα κρύπτε; Just., D. 90, 2 τύποις τὴν … ἀλήθειαν; Orig., C. Cels. 4, 39, 49) ἐὰν αὐτῆς κρύψω τὸ ἁμάρτημα if I were to conceal (Mary’s) sin GJs 14:1. τὶ ἀπό τινος someth. fr. someone (Synes., Ep. 57 p. 195d; Gen 18:17; TestSol 5:10; TestBenj 2:6) Mt 11:25. Pass. Lk 18:34. Fig. ἐκρύβη ἀπὸ ὀφθαλμῶν σου it is hidden from your eyes = from you 19:42 (cp. [τὰ] βαθύτερα τῶν κεκρυμμένων νοημάτων ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς Orig., C. Cels. 7, 60, 34). Of the moral conduct of a person κρυβῆναι οὐ δύνανται 1 Ti 5:25 (Diod S 14, 1, 3 ἀδυνατεῖ κρύπτειν τὴν ἄγνοιαν; cp. Ath., R. 19 p. 71, 30).—κεκρυμμένα hidden, unknown things (Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 61; Tat. 13, 3 τὸ κεκρυμμένον) Mt 13:35. μαθητὴς κεκρυμμένος a secret disciple J 19:38 (τὸ κεκρυμμένον μυστήριον Hippol., Ref. 5, 8, 7).—W. the result of hiding someth. fr. view (Hipponax [VI B.C.] 25 D. ἀσκέρηισι τοὺς πόδας δασείηισιν ἔκρυψας=you have put my feet in furlined shoes) put (in), mix (in) τὶ εἴς τι someth. in someth. (ζύμην) γυνὴ ἔκρυψεν εἰς ἀλεύρου σάτα τρία Lk 13:21 v.l. (s. ἐγκρύπτω).

ⓒ cause to disappear, pass. ἵνα ἀνομία πολλῶν ἐν δικαίῳ ἑνὶ κρυβῇ that the lawlessness of so many should be made to disappear in one who is righteous Dg 9:5.

ⓓ hide in a safe place ἀπὸ μάστιγος γλώσσης σε κρύψει he will hide you from the scourge of a tongue 1 Cl 56:10 (Job 5:21). Pass. (ParJer 9:6 ᾧ πᾶσα κτίσις κέκρυπται ἐν αὐτῷ) ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν κέκρυπται σὺν τῷ Χριστῷ ἐν τῷ θεῷ Col 3:3.—If mention is made of the place to which persons or things are brought to hide them fr. view, the word usually means

② to keep something from being divulged or discovered, conceal, hide of someth. put in a specific place κ. τι ἐν τῇ γῇ hide someth. in the earth (Apollon. Rhod. 4, 480 κρ. τι ἐν γαίῃ) Mt 25:25 (cp. vs. 18 in 1a above); likew. in pass. θησαυρὸς κεκρυμμένος ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ a treasure hidden in a field 13:44a (cp. vs. 44b in 1a above). Cp. Ac 7:24 D (cp. ἡ γῆ οὖν κεκρυμμένη ὑπὸ τῶν ὑδάτων=‘totally inundated’ Did., Gen. 31, 2). Of living persons (Paus. 9, 19, 1) Ῥαὰβ αὐτοὺς ἔκρυψεν εἰς τὸ ὑπερῷον ὑπὸ τὴν λινοκαλάμην Rahab concealed them in the upper room under the flax 1 Cl 12:3 (Diod S 4, 33, 9 κ. εἰς; Ps.-Apollod. 1, 4, 1, 4 [=p. 12 ln. 1] and schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 532, 33 ὑπὸ γῆν ἔκρυψε).—κρύπτειν ἑαυτόν hide oneself (En 10:2 κρύψον σεαυτόν; Nicander in Anton. Lib. 28, 3) ἀπό τινος fr. someone (Mary) ἔκρυβεν αὑτὴν ἀπὸ τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ (M.) went into hinding from the people of Israel i.e. she did not go out in public GJs 12:3 (cp. Lk 1:24). εἴς τι in someth. ἔκρυψαν ἑαυτοὺς εἰς τὰ σπήλαια they hid themselves in the caves (Diod, S. 4, 12, 2 ἔκρυψεν ἑαυτὸν εἰς πίθον) Rv 6:15.—ἐκρυβόμεθα we remained in hiding GPt 7:26 (Δαυίδ … ἐκρύβετο ἐν τῷ ἀγρῷ Iren. 1, 18, 4 [Harv. I 175, 1]; Did., Gen. 92, 20).—B. 850. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

νήπιος, ία, ιον (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En; TestSol 18:25 L; Test12Patr; JosAs 12:7 cod. A; ApcEsdr 5:3 p. 29, 27 Tdf.; SibOr; Philo, Joseph.; Ar. 10, 7; Tat. 30, 1; Ath., R. 17 p. 68, 31) in Gk. lit. ν. gener. refers to beings ranging from fetal status to puberty. In our lit.

① a very young child, infant, child

ⓐ lit. (ViDa 1 [p. 76, 13 Sch.]; Jos., Ant. 6, 262; Ar. [Milne 76, 40] ἐὰν δὲ νήπιον ἐξέλθῃ; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 48, 26 ἀμαθὴς καὶ ἀνόητος καὶ ἀπαίδευτος καὶ ν.; Theoph. Ant. 2, 25 [p. 160, 6] Ἀδὰμ ἔτη ν. ἦν) ὡς ν. βρέφη like veritable babes Hs 9, 29, 1. Usu. subst. child sing. 1 Cor 13:11abcd (for ν. opp. ἀνήρ Orig., C. Cels. 3, 59, 23); τὰ τοῦ ν. childish ways vs. 11e. Pl. τὰ ν. (sc. βρέφη) Hm 2:1; Hs 9, 29, 1. The gen. pl. of the neut. is prob. to be understood Mt 21:16 (Ps 8:3; s. JGeorgacas, ClPl 76, ’58, 155).

ⓑ fig.; the transition to the fig. sense is found Hb 5:13 where the νήπιος, who is fed w. the milk of elementary teaching, is contrasted w. the τέλειος=‘mature person’, who can take the solid food of the main teachings (s. also 1 Cor 3:1f). In this connection the ν. is one who views spiritual things fr. the standpoint of a child. W. this can be contrasted

α. the state of the more advanced Christian, to which the ν. may aspire (Ps 118:130; Philo, Migr. Abr. 46; Iren. 4, 38, 1 [Harv. II 293, 2]) ITr 5:1. ἵνα μηκέτι ὦμεν νήπιοι Eph 4:14. A Judean as διδάσκαλος νηπίων Ro 2:20. νήπιος ἐν Χριστῷ immature Christian 1 Cor 3:1 (cp. ὡς νηπίοις, ὁ ἄρτος ὁ τέλειος τοῦ πατρὸς, γάλα ἡμῖν ἑαυτὸν παρέσχεν [on the accent s. Schwyzer I 391] ‘seeing that we were but infants, the perfect bread [=the Son of God] of the Father gave himself as milk to us’ Iren. 4, 38, 1 [Harv. II 293, 8]; JWeiss, Paulin. Probleme: Die Formel ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, StKr 69, 1896, 1–33). Harnack, Die Terminologie d. Wiedergeburt: TU XLII 3, 1918, 97ff.

β. The contrast can also be w. the ideas expressed by σοφός, συνετός, and then the νήπιοι are the child-like, innocent ones, unspoiled by learning, with whom God is pleased Mt 11:25; Lk 10:21 (GKilpatrick, JTS 48, ’47, 63f; WGrundmann, NTS 5, ’58/’59, 188–205; SLégasse, Jésus et l’enfant [synopt.], ’69). Cp. also 1 Cl 57:7 (Pr 1:32).

② one who is not yet of legal age, minor, not yet of age, legal t.t. (UPZ 20, 22 [II B.C.] ἔτι νηπίας οὔσας ὁ πατὴρ ἀπέδωκεν εἰς σύστασιν Πτολεμαίῳ) ἐφʼ ὅσον χρόνον ὁ κληρονόμος ν. ἐστιν as long as the heir is a minor Gal 4:1. Fig. vs. 3.—In 1 Th 2:7 νήπιοι is accepted by Lachmann and W-H., as well as by interpreters fr. Origen to Wohlenberg, Frame, et al.; Goodsp., Probs. 177f. S. also SFowl, NTS 36, ’90, 469–73: the metaphors of infant and nurse are complementary. Others, incl. Tdf., Herm-vSoden, BWeiss, Bornemann, vDobschütz, Dibelius, Steinmann, prefer ἤπιοι (v.l.), and regard the ν of νήπιοι as the result of dittography fr. the preceding word ἐγενήθημεν (s. the entry ἤπιος). MLacroix, Ηπιος/Νηπιος: Mélanges Desrousseaux ’37, 260–72.; B. 92.—New Docs 1, 116; 4, 40. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

τύπος, ου, ὁ (Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins in var. senses: New Docs 4, 41f; loanw. in rabb.).

① a mark made as the result of a blow or pressure, mark, trace (Posidon.: 169 Fgm. 1 Jac.; Anth. Pal. 6, 57, 5 ὀδόντων; Athen. 13, 49, 585c τῶν πληγῶν; Diog. L. 7, 45; 50 of a seal-ring; ViJer 13 [p. 73, 10 Sch.]; Philo, Mos. 1, 119; Jos., Bell. 3, 420; PGM 4, 1429; 5, 307.—ὁ ἐκ τῆς αἰσθήσεως τ. ἐν διανοίᾳ γινόμενος Did., Gen. 217, 19) τῶν ἥλων J 20:25ab (v.l. τὸν τόπον).—This may be the place for οἱ τύποι τῶν λίθων Hs 9, 10, 1f (taking a stone out of the ground leaves a hole that bears the contours of the stone, but in effect the stone has made the impression; s. KLake, Apost. Fathers II, 1917; MDibelius, Hdb. But s. 4 below).

② embodiment of characteristics or function of a model, copy, image (cp. Artem. 2, 85 the children are τύπ. of their parents.—Cp. ὁ γὰρ ἥλιος ἐν τύπῳ θεοῦ ἐστιν Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 8]) the master is a τύπος θεοῦ image of God to the slave B 19:7; D 4:11. The supervisor/bishop is τύπος τοῦ πατρός ITr 3:1; cp. IMg 6:1ab (in both instances here, τύπον is Zahn’s conjecture, favored by Lghtf., for τόπον, which is unanimously read by Gk. and Lat. mss., and which can be retained, with Funk, Hilgenfeld, Krüger, Bihlmeyer).

③ an object formed to resemble some entity, image, statue of any kind of material (Hdt. 3, 88,3 τύπ. λίθινος. Of images of the gods Herodian 5, 5, 6; Jos., Ant. 1, 311 τ. τύπους τῶν θεῶν; 15, 329; SibOr 3, 14) Ac 7:43 (Am 5:26).

④ a kind, class, or thing that suggests a model or pattern, form, figure, pattern (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Rep. 387c; 397c) ἐποίησεν ἡμᾶς ἄλλον τύπον he has made us people of a different stamp B 6:11. τύπος διδαχῆς pattern of teaching Ro 6:17 (cp. διδαχή 2; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 23, 105 τὸν τύπον τῆς διδασκαλίας.—The use of τύπος for the imperial ‘rescripts’ [e.g. OGI 521, 5; s. note 4, esp. the reff. for θεῖος τύπος] appears too late to merit serious consideration.—JKürzinger, Biblica 39, ’58, 156–76; ELee, NTS 8, ’61/62, 166–73 [‘mold’]). Of the form (of expression) (Dionys. Hal., Ad Pomp. 4, 2 Rad.; PLips 121, 28 [II A.D.]; POxy 1460, 12) γράψας ἐπιστολὴν ἔχουσαν τὸν τύπον τοῦτον (cp. EpArist 34 ἐπιστολὴ τὸν τύπον ἔχουσα τοῦτον) somewhat as follows, after this manner, to this effect (so numerous versions) Ac 23:25, but s. next.—On τοὺς τύπους τῶν λίθων ἀναπληροῦν Hs 9, 10, 1 s. ἀναπληρόω 3 and 1 above.

⑤ the content of a document, text, content (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 35, 259 τύπος τ. γεγραμμένων; 3 Macc 3:30; PFlor 278 II, 20 [III A.D.] τῷ αὐτῷ τύπῳ κ. χρόνῳ=of the same content and date) Ac 23:25 (EpArist 34 ἐπιστολὴ τὸν τύπον ἔχουσα τοῦτον). Cp. POxy 3366, 28 (of a copy of a letter), 32 (the original). S. New Docs 1, 77f (with caution against confusing rhetorical practice in composition of speeches and the inclusion of letters whose value lay in their verbatim expression). For a difft. view s. 4 above; more ambivalently Hemer, Acts 347f.

⑥ an archetype serving as a model, type, pattern, model (Pla., Rep. 379a περὶ θεολογίας)

ⓐ technically design, pattern (Diod S 14, 41, 4) Ac 7:44; Hb 8:5 (cp. on both Ex 25:40).

ⓑ in the moral life example, pattern (OGI 383, 212 [I B.C.] τ. εὐσεβείας; SibOr 1, 380; Did., Gen. 125, 27; in a pejorative sense 4 Macc 6:19 ἀσεβείας τύπ.) τύπος γίνου τῶν πιστῶν 1 Ti 4:12.—Phil 3:17; 1 Th 1:7; 2 Th 3:9; Tit 2:7; 1 Pt 5:3; IMg 6:2.—S. ESelwyn, 1 Pt ’46, 298f.

ⓒ of the types given by God as an indication of the future, in the form of persons or things (cp. Philo, Op. M. 157; Iren. 1, 6, 4 [Harv. I 74, 3]); of Adam: τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος (Ἀδάμ) a type of the Adam to come (i.e. of Christ) Ro 5:14. Cp. 1 Cor 10:6, 11 v.l.; B 7:3, 7, 10f; 8:1; 12:2, 5f, 10; 13:5. χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς … ἑαυτὸν τύπον ἔδειξε Jesus Christ showed himself as the prime exemplar of the resurrection AcPlCor 2:6 (cp. Just., D. 40, 1 τύπος ἦν τοῦ χριστοῦ). Also of the pictorial symbols that Hermas sees, and their deeper meaning Hv 3, 11, 4. The vision serves εἰς τύπον τῆς θλίψεως τῆς ἐπερχομένης as a symbol or foreshadowing of the tribulation to come 4, 1, 1; cp. 4, 2, 5; 4, 3, 6. The two trees are to be εἰς τύπον τοῖς δούλοις τοῦ θεοῦ Hs 2:2a; cp. b.—ἐν τύπῳ χωρίου Ῥωμαίων IRo ins is a conjecture by Zahn for ἐν τόπῳ χ. Ῥ., which is read by all mss. and makes good sense.—AvBlumenthal, Τύπος u. παράδειγμα: Her 63, 1928, 391–414; LGoppelt, Typos. D. typolog. Deutung des AT im Neuen ’39; RBultmann, TLZ 75, ’50, cols. 205–12; AFridrichsen et al., The Root of the Vine (typology) ’53; GLampe and KWoollcombe, Essays in Typology, ’57; KOstmeyer, NTS 46, ’00, 112–31.—New Docs 1, 77f; 4, 41. DELG s.v. τύπτω B. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

φύσις [pron. full] [ῠ], ἡ, gen. φύσεως, poet. φύσεος prob. (metri gr.) in E.Tr. 886, cf. Ar.V. 1282 (lyr.), 1458 (lyr.), [dialect] Ion. φύσιος: dual φύσει (

A v.l. φύση) Pl.R. 410e, ([etym.] φύω):

I origin,

φ. οὐδενός ἐστιν ἁπάντων θνητῶν οὐδὲ.. τελευτή Emp.8.1

(cf. Plu.2.1112a);

φ. βούλονται λέγειν γένεσιν τὴν περὶ τὰ πρῶτα Pl.Lg. 892c

;

ἡ φ. ἡ λεγομένη ὡς γένεσις ὁδός ἐστιν εἰς φύσιν Arist.Ph. 193b12

;

φ. λέγεται ἡ τῶν φυομένων γένεσις Id.Metaph. 1014b16

; freq. of persons, birth,

φύσει νεώτερος S.OC 1295

, cf. Aj. 1301, etc.;

φύσι γεγονότες εὖ Hdt.7.134

; φύσει, opp. θέσει (by adoption), D.L.9.25;

φύσει Ἀμβρακιώτης, δημοποίητος δὲ Σικυώνιος Ath.4.183d

; so ὁ κατὰ φύσιν πατήρ, υἱός, ἀδελφός, Plb. 3.9.6, 3.12.3, 11.2.2; also in acc.,

ἐκ πατρὸς ταὐτοῦ φύσιν S.El. 325

; ἢ φίλων τις ἢ πρὸς αἵματος φύσιν ib. 1125, cf. Isoc.3.42.

2 growth, τριχῶν, παιδίου, Hp.Nat.Puer.20,29, cf. 27: pl.,

γενειάσεις καὶ φύσεις κεράτων Plot.4.3.13

.

II the natural form or constitution of a person or thing as the result of growth (

οἷον ἕκαστόν ἐστι τῆς γενέσεως τελεσθείσης, ταύτην φαμὲν τὴν φ. εἶναι ἑκάστου Arist.Pol. 1252b33

): hence,

1 nature, constitution, once in Hom., καί μοι φύσιν αὐτοῦ (sc. τοῦ φαρμάκου)

ἔδειξε Od.10.303

;

φ. τῆς χώρης Hdt.2.5

;

τῆς Ἀττικῆς X.Vect.1.2

, cf. Oec.16.2, D.18.146, etc.;

τῆς τριχός X.Eq.5.5

; αἵματος, ἀέρος, etc., Arist.PA 648a21, Mete. 340a36, etc.: pl.,

φύσεις ἐγγιγνομένας καρπῶν καὶ δένδρων Isoc.7.74

;

αἱ φ. καὶ δυνάμεις τῶν πολιτειῶν Id.12.134

;

ἡ τῶν ἀριθμῶν φ. Pl.R. 525c

;

ἡ τῶν πάντων φ. X.Mem.1.1.11

, etc.;

ἡ ἰδία τοῦ πράγματος φ. IG22.1099.28

(Epist.Plotinae).

2 outward form, appearance,

μέζονας ἢ κατ' ἀνθρώπων φύσιν Hdt.8.38

; ἢ νόον ἤτοι φύσιν either in mind or outward form, Pi.N.6.5;

οὐ γὰρ φ. Ὠαριωνείαν ἔλαχεν Id.I.4(3).49

(67);

μορφῆς δ' οὐχ ὁμόστολος φ. A.Supp. 496

;

τὸν δὲ Λάϊον φύσιν τίν' εἶχε φράζε S.OT 740

(read εἷρπε, taking φ. with ἔχων), cf. Tr. 379; δρακαίνης φ. ἔχουσαν ἀγρίαν prob. in E.Ba. 1358;

τὴν ἐμὴν ἰδὼν φ. Ar.V. 1071

(troch.), cf. Nu. 503;

τὴν τοῦ σώματος φ. Isoc.9.75

.

3 Medic., constitution, temperament, Hp.Aph.3.2 (pl.), al.;

ἡ φ. καὶ ἡ ἕξις Id.Acut.43

;

φ. φύσιος καὶ ἡλικία ἡλικίης διαφέρει Id.Fract.7

;

φύσιες νούσων ἰητροί Id.Epid.6.5.1

.

b natural place or position of a bone or joint, ἀποπηδᾶν ἀπὸ τῆς φ., ἐς τὴν φ. ἄγεσθαι, Id.Art.61, 62, al.;

ὀστέον μένον ἐν τῇ ἑωυτοῦ φ. Id.VC5

, al.;

φύσιες τῶν ἄρθρων Id.Nat.Puer.17

.

4 of the mind, one's nature, character,

ἦθος ἕκαστον, ὅπῃ φ. ἐστὶν ἑκάστῳ Emp.110.5

;

εὐγενὴς γὰρ ἡ φ. κἀξ εὐγενῶν.. ἡ σή S.Ph. 874

; τὴν αὑτοῦ φ. λιπεῖν, δεῖξαι, ib. 902, 1310;

φ. φρενός E.Med. 103

(anap.);

ἡ ἀνθρωπεία φ. Th.1.76

;

φ. τῆς μορφῆς καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς X.Cyr.1.2.2

;

ὀνόματι μεμπτὸν τὸ νόθον, ἡ φ. δ' ἴση E.Fr. 168

; φ. φιλόσοφος, τυραννική, etc., Pl.R. 410e, 576a, etc.;

δεξιοὶ φύσιν A.Pr. 489

;

ἀκμαῖοι φύσιν Id.Pers. 441

;

τὸ γὰρ ἀποστῆναι χαλεπὸν φύσεος, ἣν ἔχοι τις Ar.V. 1458

(lyr.), cf. 1282 (lyr.);

Σόλων.. ἦν φιλόδημος τὴν φ. Id.Nu. 1187

;

ἔνιοι ὄντες ὡς ἀληθῶς τοῦ δήμου τὴν φ. οὐ δημοτικοί εἰσι X.Ath.2.19

; φύσεως ἰσχύς force of natural powers, Th.1.138; φύσεως κακία badness of natural disposition, D.20.140;

ἀγαθοὶ.. γίγνονται διὰ τριῶν, τὰ τρία δὲ ταῦτά ἐστι φ. ἔθος λόγος Arist. Pol. 1332a40

; χρῶ τῇ φύσει, i.e. give rein to your natural propensities, Ar.Nu. 1078, cf. Isoc.7.38;

τῇ φ. χρώμενος Plu.Cor.18

;

θείας κοινωνοὶ φ. 2 Ep.Pet.1.4

: pl., Isoc.4.113, v.l. in E.Andr. 956;

οἱ ἄριστοι τὰς φ. Pl.R. 526c

, cf. 375b, al.: prov.,

ἔθος, φασί, δευτέρη φ. Jul.Mis. 353a

.

b instinct in animals, etc., Democr.278;

οὐκ ἐπιστήμῃ οὐδὲ τέχνῃ ἀλλὰ φύσει Herm.

ap. Stob.1.41.6;

ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις ἡ αἴσθησις τῇ φ. ἥνωται, ἐν δὲ ἀνθρώποις τῇ νοήσει Corp.Herm. 9.1

, cf. 12.1.

5 freq. in periphrases, καὶ γὰρ ἂν πέτρου φύσιν σύ γ' ὀργάνειας, i.e. would'st provoke a stone, S.OT 335;

χθονὸς φ. A.Ag. 633

; esp. in Pl.,

ἡ τοῦ πτεροῦ φ. Phdr. 251b

;

ἡ φ. τῶν σωμάτων Smp. 186b

; ἡ φ. τῆς ἀσθενείας its natural weakness, Phd. 87e;

ἡ τοῦ μυελοῦ φ. Ti. 84c

;

ἡ τοῦ δικαίου φ. Lg. 862d

, al.; ἡ φ., with gen. understood, Smp. 191a, Phd. 109e.

III the regular order of nature,

τύχη.. ἀβέβαιος, φ. δὲ αὐτάρκης Democr.176

;

κατὰ φύσιν Pl.R. 444d

, etc.; τρίχες κατὰ φύσιν πεφυκυῖαι growing naturally, Hdt.2.38, cf. Alex.156.7 (troch.);

κατὰ φύσιν νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεύς Pi.Fr. 169

(cf. Pl.Grg. 488b);

κατὰ φ. ποιεῖν Heraclit.112

; opp. παρὰ φύσιν, E.Ph. 395, Th.6.17, etc.;

παρὰ τὴν φ. Anaxipp.1.18

; προδότης ἐκ φύσεως a traitor by nature, Aeschin.2.165; πρὸ τῆς φ. ἥκειν εἰς θάνατον before the natural term, Plu.Comp.Dem.Cic.5: freq. in dat. φύσει (

ἐν φ. Hp.

Aër.14) by nature, naturally, opp. τύχῃ, τέχνῃ, Pl.Lg. 889b, cf. R. 381b;

φύσει τοιοῦτος Ar.Pl. 275

, cf. 279, al.;

ὁ ἄνθρωπος φ. πολιτικὸν ζῷόν ἐστι Arist.Pol. 1253a3

; ὁ μὴ αὑτοῦ φ. ἀλλ' ἄλλου ἄνθρωπος ὤν, οὗτος φ. δοῦλός ἐστιν ib. 1254a15;

φ. γὰρ οὐδεὶς δοῦλος ἐγενήθη ποτέ Philem.95.2

; opp. νόμῳ (by convention), Philol.9, Archelaus ap.D.L.2.16, Pl.Grg. 482e, cf. Prt. 337d, etc.;

τὰ μὲν τῶν νόμων ὁμολογηθέντα, οὐ φύντ' ἐστίν, τὰ δὲ τῆς φύσεως φύντα, οὐχ ὁμολογηθέντα Antipho Soph.44

Ai 32 (Vorsokr.5);

ἅπας ὁ τῶν ἀνθρώπων βίος φύσει καὶ νόμοις διοικεῖται D.25.15

;

τοὺς τῆς φ. οὐκ ἔστι λανθάνειν νόμους Men.Mon. 492

;

οὐ σοφίᾳ, ἀλλὰ φύσει τινί Pl. Ap. 22c

;

φ. μὴ πεφυκότα τοιαῦτα φωνεῖν S.Ph.79

, cf. Pl.Phlb. 14c, etc.;

φύσει πάντα πάντες ὁμοίως πεφύκαμεν καὶ βάρβαροι καὶ Ἕλληνες εἶναι Antipho Soph.44

Bii 10 (Vorsokr.5); φύσιν ἔχει c. inf., it is natural, κῶς φύσιν ἔχει πολλὰς μυριάδας φονεῦσαι (sc. τὸν Ἡρακλέα); Hdt.2.45, cf. Pl.R. 473a; οὐκ ἔχει φύσιν it is contrary to nature, ib. 489b;

οὔτ' εὔλογον οὔτ' ἔχον ἐστὶ φύσιν D.2.26

;

τὸ τόλμημα φύσιν οὐκ ἔχει Polem.Call.36

.

IV in Philosophy:

1 nature as an originating power,

φ. λέγεται.. ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις ἡ πρώτη ἐν ἑκάστῳ τῶν φύσει ὄντων Arist.Metaph. 1014b16

;

ὁ δὲ θεὸς καὶ ἡ φ. οὐδὲν μάτην ποιοῦσιν Id.Cael. 271a33

; ἡ δὲ φ. οὐδὲν ἀλόγως οὐδὲ μάτην ποιεῖ ib. 291b13;

ἡ μὲν τέχνη ἀρχὴ ἐν ἄλλῳ, ἡ δὲ φ. ἀρχὴ ἐν αὐτῷ Id.Metaph. 1070a8

, cf. Mete. 381b5, etc.;

φ. κρύπτεσθαι φιλεῖ Heraclit.123

;

ἡ γοητεία τῆς φ. Plot.4.4.44

; φ. κοινή, the principle of growth in the universe, Cleanth.Stoic.1.126; as Stoic t.t., the inner fire which causes preservation and growth in plants and animals, defined as πῦρ τεχνικὸν ὁδῷ βαδίζον εἰς γένεσιν, Stoic.1.44, cf. 35, al., S.E.M.9.81; Nature, personified,

χάρις τῇ μακαρίᾳ Φ. Epicur.Fr. 469

;

Φ. καὶ Εἱμαρμένη καὶ Ἀνάγκη Phld. Piet.12

;

ἡ κατωφερὴς Φ. Corp.Herm.1.14

.

2 elementary substance,

κινδυνεύει ὁ λέγων ταῦτα πῦρ καὶ ὕδωρ καὶ γῆν καὶ ἀέρα πρῶτα ἡγεῖσθαι τῶν πάντων εἶναι καὶ τὴν φ. ὀνομάζειν αὐτὰ ταῦτα Pl.Lg. 891c

, cf. Arist.Fr.52 (defined as

τὴν πρώτην οὐσίαν.. ὑποβεβλημένην ἅπασι τοῖς γεννητοῖς καὶ φθαρτοῖς σώμασι Gal.15.3

);

τῶν φύσει ὄντων τὰ στοιχεῖά φασιν εἶναι φύσιν Arist.Metaph. 1014b33

: pl., Epicur.Ep. 1p.6U., al.;

ἄτομοι φ.

atoms,

Democr.

ap. Diog.Oen.5, Epicur.Ep. 1p.7U.;

ἄφθαρτοι φ. Phld.Piet.83

.

3 concrete, the creation, 'Nature',

ἀθανάτου.. φύσεως κόσμον ἀγήρων E.Fr. 910

(anap.);

περὶ φύσεώς τε καὶ τῶν μετεώρων ἀστρονομικὰ ἄττα διερωτᾶν Pl.Prt. 315c

; περὶ φύσεως, title of works by Xenophanes, Heraclitus, Gorgias, Epicurus, etc.;

[σοφία] ἣν δὴ καλοῦσι περὶ φύσεως ἱστορίαν Pl.Phd. 96a

;

περὶ φ. ἀφοριζόμενοι διεχώριζον ζῴων τε βίον δένδρων τε φύσιν λαχάνων τε γένη Epicr.11.13

(anap.); so later,

ἡ φ. τὸ ὑπὸ ψυχῆς τῆς πάσης ταχθέν Plot.2.2.1

;

τὰ στοιχεῖα τῆς φ. Corp.Herm.1.8

; αἱ δύο φ., i.e. heaven and earth, light and darkness, etc., PMag.Leid.W.6.42.

4 Pythag. name for two, Theol.Ar.12.

V as a concrete term, creature, freq. in collect. sense, θνητὴ φ. mankind, S.Fr. 590 (anap.), cf. OT 869 (lyr.); πόντου εἰναλία φ. the creatures of the sea, Id.Ant. 345 (lyr.);

ὃ πᾶσα φ. διώκειν πέφυκε Pl.R. 359c

, cf. Plt. 272c; ἡ τῶν θηλειῶν φ. woman- kind (opp. τὸ ἄρρεν φῦλον) X.Lac.3.4: also in pl., S.OT 674, Pl.R. 588c, Plt. 306e, X.Oec.13.9; in contemptuous sense, αἱ τοιαῦται φ. such creatures as these, Isoc.4.113, cf. 20.11, Aeschin.1.191.

b of plants or material substances,

φ. εὐώδεις καρποφοροῦσαι D.S.2.49

;

ὑγράν τινα φ. καπνὸν ἀποδιδοῦσαν Corp.Herm. 1.4

.

VI kind, sort, species,

ταύτην.. ἔχειν βιοτῆς.. φύσιν S.Ph. 165

(anap.);

ἐκλέγονται ἐκ τούτων χρημάτων μίαν φ. τὴν τῶν λευκῶν Pl.R. 429d

; φ. [ἀλωπεκίδων] species, X.Cyn.3.1; natural group or class of plants, Thphr.HP6.1.1 (pl.).

VII sex, θῆλυς φῦσα (prob. for οὖσα)

κοὐκ ἀνδρὸς φύσιν S.Tr. 1062

, cf. OC 445, Th.2.45, Pl.Lg. 770d, 944d: hence,

2 the characteristic of sex, = αἰδοῖον, Tab.Defix. 89a6 (iv B.C.), Nic.Fr.107, D.S.32.10, S.E.M.1.150, etc.: esp. of the female organ, Hp.Mul.2.143, Ant.Lib.41, Artem.5.63, PMag.Osl.1.83,324, Horap. 1.11: pl., τῶν δύοφ., of the testes, Sch.Ar.Lys.92, cf. PMag.Par.1.318.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `loosen, liberate, make loose, destroy, pay'.

Other forms: aor. λῦσαι, fut. λύσω, perf. midd. λέλῠμαι, aor. pass. λῠθῆναι (Il.), aor. midd. also λύμην, λύ(ν)το (Hom.), perf. act. λέλῡκα.

Compounds: very often with prefix, e.g. ἀνα, ἀπο-, δια-, ἐκ-, κατα-, παρα-. As 1. member λῦσ(ι)- in governing compp., e.g. λυσί-πονος, λυσι-τελής (s. v.), PN like Λυσί-μαχος, shortname Λυσίας a. o.; as 2. member in βου-λῡ-τός (s. v.).

Derivatives: 1. λύσις `loosenig, liberation' (Ω 655 a. ι 421; cf. Krarup Class. et Med. 10, 4f.. Benveniste Noms d'agent 77, Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 71ff., Porzig Satzinhalte 196), from the prefixcompp. ἀπό-, ἀνά-, διά-, κατά-, ἔκ-λυσις etc. (Thgn., Sol., IA; cf. Holt [s. Index]); davon ( κατα-, ἀπο-)λύσιμος `good for loosening etc.' (trag., Pl., Arist.; Arbenz 66 u. 68); also λύσιος `bringing loosening', surn. of the gods, esp. Dionysos (Pl., Plu.). 2. λύματα pl. = ἐνέχυρα (Suid.); but κατάλῠ-μα n. `inn' (hell.) with - μάτιον (hell. pap.) from κατα-λύω `dismiss, unloose'. 3. Aeol. Dor. λύα f. (Alc., Pi.), λύη (Hdn. Gr.) `loosening, saparation, στάσις'; from it, but deviant in meaning, Λυαῖος, - αία surn. of Dionysos resp. the Great Goddess ( Anakreont., IG 5: 2, 287 [I--II^p]; Tim. Pers. 132), cf. Danielsson Eranos 5, 52 and Sandsjoe Adj. auf - αιος 11 w. n. 1, Lat. LW [loanword] Lyaeus. - 4. ( ἀνα-, κατα-) λυτήρ, - ῆρος m. `liberator, looser, arbiter' (A., E., hell. inscr.) with ( ἐκ-)λυτήριος `loosing, liberating' (Hp., trag.); λυτήριον = λύτρον (Pi., A. R.), but καταλυτήριον = κατάλυμα (Poll., s. above). Fem. λύτειρα (Orph.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 128), also λυτηριάς (Orph.). 5. δια-, κατα-, ἀνα-, συν-λύτης `looser, resp. loging guest, looser, conciliator' (Th., resp. Plb.); here and after λύσις, λύω ( ἀνα-, κατα-, ἐκ-, παρα- etc.) λυτικός `good for loosing.' (Pl., Arist.). - 6. λύτρον `ransom' (usu. pl.), `substitute, retribution' (Pi., IA.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 203 f., Chantraine Formation 332) with ( ἀπο-, παρα-, ἐκ-)λυτρόω, - όομαι `give free for ransom etc.' (Att.), from where (-) λύτρωσις, λυτρώσι-μος, λυτρωτής, ἀπολυτρωτικός (hell.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [681] * leu(s)- `make loose'

Etymology: The regular Greek formal system is the result of nivellation. Old was the athematic aorist λύ-μην, λύ-το (Schwyzer 740, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 382), new prob. the themat. present λύω with original short (Hom.), then also long (Att.; sts. also Hom.) υ, prob. after λῦσαι etc. (cf. Schwyzer 686, Chantraine 1, 372; also Schulze Q. 387 f., Bonfante Emerita 1, 117). Further agrees with λῠ́ω Lat. luō `mend, pay', to which solvō (from *sĕ-luō) `solve'; the long vowel in so-lū-tus and in Skt. lū-na- `cut off' has an agreement in βου-λῡ-τός (against λύ-το, λύ-σις etc.). The Skt. verb deviates both formally and semantically ('cut off, divide, destroy usw.') with the nasal presents lu-nā́-ti, lu-no-ti; the other finite forms are much later; on full grade verbal nouns (e.g. laví-, lavítra-) s. on λαῖον (not in λοι-δορέω). - From other languages there are isolated verbal nouns or verb forma, which are unimportant for Greek, like Goth. lun acc. sg. ' λύτρον, ransom'; with n-suffix Alb. laj `pay a debt' (from IE *lǝu̯n-i̯ō?). Besides with s-enlargement Germ. e.g. Goth. fra-liusan `lose' (IE * leus-) wiht fralusts `loss' (IE. * lus-ti-), fra-lus-nan `be lost'. - More forms WP. 2, 407 f., Pok. 681 f., W.-Hofmann s. 2. luō.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to blow, to breathe, to respire, to smell'.

Other forms: ep. πνείω (metr. length.), aor. πνεῦσαι (Il.), ipv. ἄμπνυε, midd. -ῡτο, -ύ̄( ν)θη (Hom.), fut. πνεύ-σομαι (IA.). - σοῦμαι (Ar., Arist.), - σω (hell.), perf. πέπνευκα (Att.), pass. πνευσ-θῆναι (Thphr.), - θήσομαι (Aret.).

Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ἀπο-, εἰσ-, ἐκ-, ἐν-, ἐπι-, προσ-.

Derivatives: 1. πνοή, Dor. πνο(ι)ά, ep. πνοιή (- οι- metr. condit. after πνείω, Risch 119; on other explanations, which are not to be preferred, Scheller Oxytonierung 83 n. 2 w. lit.) f. `wind, breeze, breath' (Il.); ἀνα-, δια-, ἐκ-πνέω etc. etc.; very often as 2. member, e.g. ἡδύ- ( ἁδύ-)πνοος, - πνους `with a pleasant wind, breath' (Pi., S., E.), ἐπί-πνοος, - πνους `inspired' with ἐπίπνο-ια f. `inspiration' (A., Pl.); - πνοια also beside - πνοή in ἀνά-, ἀπό-, διά- πνέω a.o.; here ἀναπνο-ϊκος `concerning breathing' (Ptol.). 2. πνεῦμα ( ἄμ-, πρόσ- πνέω) n. `wind, breeze, breath, ghost' (Pi., IA.) with πνευμά-τιον (hell.), - τικός `concerning the wind etc.' (Arist.; on the further life (Nachleben) in the westeur. languages. Chantraine Studii clasice 2, 70f.), - τιος `bringing wind' (Arat.), - τώδης `wind-, breathlike of nature, windy' (Hp., Arist.), - τίας m. `asthmatic' (Hp.) with - τιάω `to gasp' (sch.); - τόω, - τόομαι `to blow up, to (cause to) vaporize' (Anaxipp., Arist.) with - τωσις, - τωτικός; - τίζω ( ἀπο-) `to fan by blowing' (Antig., H.) with - τισμός. 3. πνεῦσις f. `blowing', more usu. the compp., e.g. ἀνάπνευ-σις `to breathe again, to inhale, respite' (Il.). 4. With second. σ and τ-suffix as in ἄ-πνευσ-τος, - τί, - τία: πνευσ-τικός `belonging to breathing' (Gal.), more usu. ἀνα-πνέω (Arist.) a.o.; - τιάω `to gasp' (Hp., Arist.). 5. εἴσπν-ηλος, - ήλας `loving, lover' (Call., Theoc., EM), from εἰσ-πνέω `to inspire (love)' with analog. - ηλος; cf. Chantraine Form. 242.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [838] * pneu- `breathe, cough, clow, smell'

Etymology: The regular structure of the above forms is clearly the result of a generalising development, which will also have had zero grade formations as πνεῦσις, ἄπνευστος. Outside the general pattern there are only the isolated ep. forms ἄμ-πνυ-ε etc. `take breath' = `recover from', which may provide a bridge to the semantically slightly deviating but certainly belonging here πέ-πνυ-μαι, - μένος, `mentally active, animated, be sedate'; cf. Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 134 f. Not here prob. πινυ-τή, πινυτός a. cognates, which have only been connected on difficult assumptions; s.v. In any case ἄμπνυε, πέπνυ-μαι are not with Schulze Q. 322 ff. to be separated from πνέω. -- From other languages only some Germ. formations can be compared: OWNo. fnýsa `sniff', OE fnēosan `sneeze', which like πνευ- may contain an IE eu-diphthong; beside them there are however several variants, e.g. OWNo. fnasa, OHG fnehan, which show the unstable character of these orig. onomatop. words. Uncertain is the connection of Skt. abhi-knū́yate `be moist, sound, stink' (Dhātup., Lex.) with dissim. from * abhi-pn- (Mayrhofer s. knū́yate). -- The further analysis of πνέ(Ϝ)-ω in * p-ne-u-mi with nasal infix to the root pu- (assumption by Schwyzer 696 α after Pedersen IF 2, 314) is in the case of a word of this meaning hardly convincing. Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 85, Pok. 838f. Here also ποιπνύω; cf. also πνί̄γω.

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δικαίωμα, ατος, τό (Thu.+; ins, pap, LXX; En 104:9; ParJer 6:23; Just., D. 46, 2)

① a regulation relating to just or right action, regulation, requirement, commandment (so mostly LXX; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 68; Jos., Bell. 7, 110, Ant. 17, 108; Cass. Dio 36, 23 of the laws; POxy 1119, 15 τῶν ἐξαιρέτων τῆς ἡμετέρας πατρίδος δικαιωμάτων) w. ἐντολαί and κρίματα (as Num 36:13; Dt 4:40; cp. 6:1; 7:11 al. cp. Theoph. Ant. 3, 11 [p. 226, 29]) Lk 1:6; (w. προστάγματα, as Gen 26:5) 1 Cl 2:8; 35:7 (Ps 49:16); τὰ δεδομένα δ. the commandments which were given 58:2 (δικ. διδόναι: Jos., C. Ap. 2, 37); δ. τοῦ νόμου the requirements of the law Ro 2:26; 8:4. Esp. of God’s requirements: δ. τοῦ θεοῦ Ro 1:32; B 4:11; 10:2 (cp. Dt 4:1). κυρίου Hm 12, 6, 4. ἐκζητεῖν τὰ δ. κυρίου seek out the Lord’s requirements B 2:1. μανθάνειν 21:1; γνῶσις τῶν δ. 21:5. λαλεῖν δ. κυρίου speak of the law of the Lord 10:11; σοφία τῶν δ. the wisdom revealed in his ordinances 16:9; δ. λατρείας regulations for worship Hb 9:1; δ. σαρκός regulations for the body vs. 10.

② an action that meets expectations as to what is right or just, righteous deed (Aristot. EN 1135a, 12f, Rhet. 1359a, 25; 1373b, 1; 3 Km 3:28; Bar 2:19) διʼ ἑνὸς δικαιώματος (opp. παράπτωμα) Ro 5:18.—B 1:2 (cp. Wengst, Barnabasbrief 196, n. 4); Rv 15:4 (here perh.=‘sentence of condemnation’ [cp. Pla., Leg. 9, 864e; ins fr. Asia Minor: LBW 41, 2 [κατὰ] τὸ δι[καί]ωμα τὸ κυρω[θέν]=‘acc. to the sentence which has become valid’]; difft. Wengst, s. above); 19:8.

③ to clear someone of a violation Ro 5:16 (opp. κατάκριμα) it is prob. chosen because of the other words in-μα, and is equiv. in mng. to δικαίωσις (on the linguistic possibility s. Kühner-Bl. II 272 and Schwyzer I 491: forms in-μα, which express the result of an action.—En 104:9 δικαίωμα may stand for δικαιοσύνη [cp. Ezk 18:21 and v.l.], but the text appears to be corrupt).—DELG s.v. δίκη. M-M. TW. Spicq.

δοκιμάζω (s. four next entries) fut. δοκιμάσω, δοκιμῶ LXX; 1 aor. ἐδοκίμασα; pf. 2 sg. δεδοκίμακας Jer 12:3, pass. δεδοκίμασμαι (Hdt., Thu.+)

① to make a critical examination of someth. to determine genuineness, put to the test, examine (so mostly LXX.—EpArist 276; Jos., Ant. 1, 233; 3, 15; TestAsh 5:4; Tat., Ath.; Iren. 1, prol. 2 [Harv. I 3, 9]) w. acc., test oxen for their usefulness Lk 14:19 (Hdt. 2, 38 of the Apis bulls). ἑαυτόν examine oneself 1 Cor 11:28; 2 Cor 13:5; one’s own work Gal 6:4; the works of God Hb 3:9 v.l. (Ps 94:9); of God’s self (w. πειράζω); ApcPt (Ox 849, 25); τὰ διαφέροντα Ro 2:18; Ph 1:10; φθοριμαίοις (cod. φθοριμειοις) λόγοις, οὓς σὺ (cod. σοι) δοκίμασον destructive statements, which you must evaluate AcPlCor 1:3; everything 1 Th 5:21; spirits (of bogus prophets) 1J 4:1; cp. D 12:1; Hm 11, 7, 16; 1 Cl 42:4; believers in general Hs 8, 2, 5; fig. οἰκοδομήν 9, 5, 2; heaven and earth Lk 12:56a; τὸν καιρόν 56b; be convinced of someone’s faithfulness 1 Cl 1:2; try to learn τί ἐστιν εὐάρεστον τῷ κυρίῳ what is pleasing to the Lord Eph 5:10.—Of the examination of prospects for special service in the Christian community (acc. to Attic usage: Lysias 16, 3; Pla., Leg. 6, 765c; Attic ins) 1 Ti 3:10. Of God 1 Th 2:4b (Jer 11:20; 17:10; 20:12; Ps 7:10; 26:2; Jos., Ant. 1, 233).—Of opponents Βαρσαββὰς … δοκιμαζόμενος ὑπὸ τῶν ἀπίστων Barsabbas … was put to the test by the unbelievers Papias (11:2).—For Ro 2:18, and 12:2 s. 2b below.

② to draw a conclusion about worth on the basis of testing, prove, approve, here the focus is on the result of a procedure or examination.

ⓐ prove by testing, of gold (Isocr., Panathen. 14, 39; SIG 334, 45 [on monetary assoc. s. other reff. in SEG XLII, 1851]; Pr 8:10; Sir 2:5; Wsd 3:6) 1 Pt 1:7 (on testing of character cp. Pind., P. 10, 67f); Hv 4, 3, 4; cp. 1 Cor 3:13 (JGnilka, Ist 1 Cor 3:10–15 ein Schriftzeugnis für d. Fegefeuer? ’55). τὰς ψυχάς ApcPt 3.

ⓑ accept as proved, approve (PEleph 1, 10; POxy 928, 7 ἵνα ἐὰν δοκιμάσῃς ποιήσῃς; PTebt 326, 10) w. acc. τὶ ISm 8:2. οὓς ἐὰν δοκιμάσητε whom you consider qualified 1 Cor 16:3. ἐδοκιμάσαμεν σπουδαῖον ὄντα we have tested and found him zealous 2 Cor 8:22. ἐδοκίμασε γὰρ ὑμᾶς ὁ κύριος καὶ ἐνέγραψεν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὸν ἀριθμὸν τὸν ἡμέτερον Hs 9, 24, 4; cp. λίθους v 3, 5, 3. δ. τὸ ἀγάπης γνήσιον prove the genuineness of love 2 Cor 8:8. ἐν ᾧ δοκιμάζει for what he approves Ro 14:22. δ. τὰ διαφέροντα approve (or discover s. under 1) what is essential Ro 2:18; Phil 1:10. W. inf. (Appian, Iber. 90 §392, Bell. Civ. 2, 114 §475; Jos., Ant. 2, 176, Vi. 161 simply = intend, wish) οὐκ ἐδοκίμασαν τὸν θεὸν ἔχειν ἐν ἐπιγνώσει they did not see fit to have a true knowledge of God Ro 1:28 (anticipating the opposite in 12:2.—WReiss, ‘Gott nicht kennen’ im AT, ZAW 58, ’40/41, 70–98). W. indir. quest. foll. δ., τί τὸ θέλημα τ. θεοῦ approve (or discover s. under 1) what God’s will is 12:2. Pass. (Prov. Aesopi 171 P. φίλος καὶ ἵππος ἐν ἀνάγκῃ δοκιμάζονται=stand the test; Jos., Ant. 3, 71) δεδοκιμάσμεθα we have been found worthy w. inf. foll. 1 Th 2:4a. δεδοκιμασμένος tested, approved of genuine prophets D 11:11 (Diod S 4, 7, 1 δεδοκιμασμένος of the story writer who has a good reputation; cp. SIG 807, 9; PFay 106, 23; 2 Macc 4:3); cp. Hm 11, 7, 16 (s. 1 above); πνεῦμα δεδοκιμασμένον v 2, 4; of Jesus Ac 2:22 D.—B. 652. DELG s.v. δοκάω etc. EDNT. M-M. TW. Spicq.

μέτρον, ου, τό (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, TestSol 15:5; TestAbr A; Test12Patr; GrBar 6:7; ApcMos 13; Sib Or 3, 237; EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 13, 294, C. Ap. 2, 216; Just., 112, 4; Tat. 27, 3; Ath.) gener. ‘that by which anything is measured’.

① an instrument for measuring, measure

ⓐ of measures of capacity ἐν μέτρῳ μετρεῖν Mt 7:2; Mk 4:24; 1 Cl 13:2b. μέτρῳ μετρεῖν (Maximus Tyr. 32, 9c; 35, 2i) Lk 6:38b; 1 Cl 13:2a; Pol 2:3. W. heaping up of attributes μ. καλὸν πεπιεσμένον σεσαλευμένον ὑπερεκχυννόμενον good measure, pressed down, shaken together, running over Lk 6:38a. In imagery: πληροῦν τὸ μ. τινός fill up a measure that someone else has partly filled Mt 23:32.

ⓑ of linear measure Rv 21:15. μέτρον ἀνθρώπου, ὅ ἐστιν ἀγγέλου a human measure, used also by angels vs. 17.

② the result of measuring, quantity, number

ⓐ lit. τὰ μ. τῶν τῆς ἡμέρας δρόμων φυλάσσειν keep the measure of its daily courses Dg 7:2.

ⓑ fig. (Maximus Tyr. 40, 3c ὑγείας μ.; Alex. Aphr., Quaest. 3, 12 II/2 p. 102, 2 μ. τῆς ἀληθείας; Ath. 32, 2 δικαιοσύνης μ.; 33, 1 μ. ἐπιθυμίας ἡ παιδοποιία) ὡς ὁ θεὸς ἐμέρισεν μέτρον πίστεως as God has apportioned the measure of faith Ro 12:3 (CCranfield, NTS 8, ’62, 345–51: Christ is the measure of faith). ἑνὶ ἑκάστῳ ἐδόθη ἡ χάρις κατὰ τὸ μ. τῆς δωρεᾶς τοῦ Χριστοῦ grace was given to each one according to the measure (of it) that Christ gave Eph 4:7. κατὰ τὸ μ. τοῦ κανόνος οὗ ἐμέρισεν ἡμῖν ὁ θεὸς μέτρου according to the measure of the limit (= within the limits) which God has apportioned us (as a measure) (s. B-D-F §294, 5; Rob. 719) 2 Cor 10:13. κατʼ ἐνέργειαν ἐν μέτρῳ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου μέρους according to the functioning capacity of each individual part Eph 4:16 (ἐν μ. as Synes., Ep. 12 p. 171c). καταντᾶν εἰς μ. ἡλικίας τοῦ πληρώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ attain to the measure of mature age (or stature of the fullness) of Christ vs. 13 (s. ἡλικία 2a and cp. μ. ἡλικίας Plut., Mor. 113d; μ. ἥβης Il. 11, 225; Od. 11, 317).—οὐκ ἐκ μέτρου J 3:34, an expr. not found elsewh. in the Gk. language, must mean in its context not from a measure, without (using a) measure (the opp. is ἐν μέτρῳ Ezk 4:11, 16; Jdth 7:21).—DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

παρρησία, ας, ἡ (πᾶς, ῥῆσις; Eur., Pla.+; Stob., Flor. III 13 p. 453 H. [a collection of sayings περὶ παρρησίας]; ins, pap, LXX; TestReub 4:2; JosAs 23:10 cod. A [Bat. p. 75, 2] and Pal. 364; EpArist, Philo, Joseph.; Ath. 11, 2; loanw. in rabb.—On the spelling s. B-D-F §11, 1; Mlt-H. 101; s. also Schwyzer I 469).

① a use of speech that conceals nothing and passes over nothing, outspokenness, frankness, plainness (Demosth. 6, 31 τἀληθῆ μετὰ παρρησίας ἐρῶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς καὶ οὐκ ἀποκρύψομαι; Diod S 4, 74, 2; 12, 63, 2; Pr 1:20; a slave does not have such a privilege: Eur., Phoen. 390–92) παρρησίᾳ plainly, openly (EpArist 125) Mk 8:32; J 7:13; 10:24; 11:14; 16:25 (opp. ἐν παροιμίαις.—On the subject matter cp. Artem. 4, 71 οἱ θεοὶ πάντως μὲν ἀληθῆ λέγουσιν, ἀλλὰ ποτὲ μὲν ἁπλῶς λέγουσι, ποτὲ δὲ αἰνίσσονται=the gods always speak the truth, but sometimes directly, sometimes indirectly), 29 v.l. (opp. παροιμία); Dg 11:2. Also ἐν παρρησίᾳ J 16:29. μετὰ παρρησίας (s. Demosth. above; Ael. Aristid. 30 p. 571 D.; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, §15 λέγω μετὰ π.; 3 Macc 4:1; 7:12; JosAs 23:10 [s. above]; Philo; Jos., Ant 6, 256) plainly, confidently Ac 2:29; μετὰ παρρησίας ἄκουε MPol 10:1. This is also the place for πολλῇ παρρησίᾳ χρώμεθα (opp. Moses’ veiling of his face) 2 Cor 3:12 (παρρησίᾳ χράομαι as Appian, Maced. 11 §3; Cass. Dio 62, 13; Philo, De Jos. 107; Jos., Ant. 2, 116).—RPope, ET 21, 1910, 236–38; HWindisch, exc. on 2 Cor 3:12.

② ‘Openness’ somet. develops into openness to the public, before whom speaking and actions take place (Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 321 τοῖς τὰ κοινωφελῆ δρῶσιν ἔστω παρρησία) παρρησίᾳ in public, publicly J 7:26; 11:54; 18:20. δειγματίζειν ἐν παρρησίᾳ make a public example of Col 2:15. ἐν παρρησίᾳ εἶναι to be known publicly J 7:4 (opp. ἐν κρυπτῷ). This is prob. also the place for παρρησίᾳ Ac 14:19 v.l. and μετὰ πάσης παρρησίας ἀκωλύτως quite openly and unhindered 28:31. Also ἐν πάσῃ παρρησίᾳ Phil 1:20. This is prob. the place also for 2 Cor 7:4 (but sense 3 is preferred by some): I am speaking to you with great frankness (REB; i.e. without weighing every word).

③ a state of boldness and confidence, courage, confidence, boldness, fearlessness, esp. in the presence of persons of high rank.

ⓐ in association with humans (Socrat., Ep. 1, 12; Cass. Dio 62, 13; EpArist 125 παρρησίᾳ; Philo, De Jos. 107; 222, Rer. Div. Her. 5f; Jos., Ant. 9, 226; 15, 37; TestReub 4:2f. Cp. also OGI 323, 10; POxy 1100, 15; PGM 12, 187; OEger, Rechtsgeschichtliches zum NT: Rektoratsprogr. Basel 1919, 41f) Ac 4:13. Some would put πολλή μοι παρρησία πρὸς ὑμᾶς (sc. ἐστίν and cp. Diod S 14, 65, 4 πρὸς τύραννον π.) 2 Cor 7:4 here, but the context appears to favor 2 above. πολλὴν παρρησίαν ἔχων ἐπιτάσσειν σοι Phlm 8 (π. ἔχω as Dio Chrys. 26 [43], 7). ἐν παρρησίᾳ fearlessly Eph 6:19 (DSmolders, L’audace de l’apôtre: Collectanea Mechlinensia 43, ’58, 16–30; 117–33; RWild, CBQ 46, ’84, 284–98; the verb w. ἅλυσις vs. 20, cp. Paul’s situation Ac 28:30f). μετὰ παρρησίας (Aristoxenus, Fgm. 32; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 42 §178; Jos., Ant. 6, 256; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 1, 11; 5, 18; μετὰ π. καὶ οὐ κρύβδην Orig., C. Cels. 3, 57, 20) Ac 2:29 (cp. Chion 16, 7 H. ἀνέξῃ γὰρ μετὰ παρρησίας μοῦ λέγοντος); 4:31; 1 Cl 34:1. μετὰ παρρησίας πάσης (Jos., Ant. 16, 379) Ac 4:29; 6:10 D; 16:4 D.

ⓑ in relation to God (Job 27:10; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 5–7; Jos., Ant. 5, 38) w. προσαγωγή Eph 3:12. Here joyousness, confidence is the result or the accompaniment of faith, as 1 Ti 3:13; Hb 10:35. W. καύχημα 3:6; 1 Cl 34:5. παρρησίαν ἔχειν πρὸς τὸν θεόν (Jos., Ant. 2, 52) 1J 3:21; cp. 5:14. μετὰ παρρησίας with joyful heart Hb 4:16; 2 Cl 15:3. ἀλήθεια ἐν παρρησίᾳ 1 Cl 35:2. ἔχοντες παρρησίαν εἰς τὴν εἴσοδον τῶν ἁγίων since we have confidence to enter the sanctuary Hb 10:19.—W. expressly forensic and eschatological coloring (as Wsd 5:1) παρρησίαν ἔχειν 1J 2:28 (opp. αἰσχύνεσθαι); 4:17.—EPeterson, Z. Bedeutungsgesch. v. π.: RSeeberg Festschr. I 1929, 283–97; WvUnnik, The Christian’s Freedom of Speech: BJRL ’62, 466–88; HCombrink, Parresia in Handelinge: GereformTT ’75, 56–63; WBeilner, ΠΑΡΡΗΣΙΑ ’79 (lit.); SMarrow, CBQ 44, ’82, 431–46; PMiguel, Parrhēsia: Dictionnaire de spiritualité 12, ’83, 260–67; also articles by DFredrickson, SWinter, AMitchell, WKlassen, in Friendship, Flattery, and Frankness of Speech ’96, 163–254; RAC VII 839–77.—DELG s.v. 2 εἴρω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ἁμαρτάνω fut. ἁμαρτήσω Mt 18:21, cp. Hm 4, 1, 1f (W-S. §13, 8; Mlt-H. 227); 2 aor. (Theognis, Pind. et al.) ἥμαρτον, subj. ἁμάρτω Lk 17:3; 1 aor. (H. Gk.) ἡμάρτησα, subj. ἁμαρτήσω Mt 18:15; Lk 17:4; Ro 6:15, ptc. ἁμαρτήσας Ro 5:14 (cp. ἐπί, 6ac) 16; Hb 3:17; 2 Pt 2:4; pf. ἡμάρτηκα LXX, 1 pl. ἡμαρτήκαμεν 1J 1:10; pf. pass. ptc. neut. ἡμαρτημένα (Just.; Ath., R. 76, 10; s. B-D-F §75; 77; Mlt-H. 214; on the LXX forms s. Thackeray 259) to commit a wrong, to sin (in the sense ‘transgress’ against divinity, custom, or law since Hom., esp. LXX, also pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., Herm. Wr., Just., Ath.; in gen. sense ‘miss the mark, err, do wrong’ Hom. et al.; also Diogenes 37, 7 p. 158, 11 Malherbe; cp. Papias [2:15] of Mark’s compilation).

ⓐ abs. (Menand., Fgm. 499 K. ἄνθρωπος ὢν ἥμαρτον; Herodas 5, 27; Diogenes 15 p. 108, 17 Malherbe; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 7, 7; Hippol., Ref. 9, 15, 6) Mt 18:15; Lk 17:3; J 5:14; 8:11; 9:2f (cp. Hdt. 1, 138 for related line of thought); Ro 3:23; 5:12 (s. the lit. on ἁμαρτία 3b); 1 Cor 7:28, 36; 15:34; Eph 4:26 (Ps 4:5); 1 Ti 5:20; Tit 3:11; 1 Pt 2:20; 1J 1:10; 2:1; 3:6, 9; 5:18; 1 Cl 4:4 (Gen 4:7); 56:13 (Job 5:24); 2 Cl 1:2; B 10:10; Hv 3, 5, 5; m 4, 1, 4f; 8; 4, 2, 2 al. Of sinning angels (En 106:14; cp. 7:5; 20:6) 2 Pt 2:4. Of the devil 1J 3:8.

ⓑ w. fuller indication of that in which the mistake or moral failure consists, by means of a supplementary ptc. (B-D-F §414, 5; cp. Hipponax [VI B.C.] 70 Diehl οὐχ ἁμαρτάνω κόπτων=I don’t miss when I strike; Jos., Ant. 3, 174; cp. Papias [2:15] cited above) ἥμαρτον παραδοὺς αἷμα ἀθῷον I have committed a sin by handing over innocent blood Mt 27:4.

ⓒ w. indication of the manner of sinning (μέχρι ἐννοίας καὶ λόγου ἁ. Iren. 1, 6, 4 [Harv. I 56, 15]) ἀνόμως ἁ. Ro 2:12; opp. ἐν νόμῳ ἁ. ibid.; ἑκουσίως ἁ. (cp. Job 31:33) Hb 10:26. Opp. εἴ τι ἄκοντες ἡμάρτετε 1 Cl 2:3 (s. ἄκων). Also w. acc. (epigr. in Demosth. 18, 289 μηδὲν ἁμαρτεῖν ἐστι θεῶν) ἁ. ἁμαρτίαν (=חָטָא חֲטָאָה; Ex 32:30f al.; cp. Soph., Phil. 1249; Pla., Phd. 113e) commit a sin 1J 5:16a; ἁμαρτίας ἁ. Hv 2, 2, 4; also τοσαῦτα Hm 9:1 (Cornutus 10 τοιαῦτα ἁ.).—ὑπὸ χεῖρα ἁ. sin repeatedly Hm 4, 3, 6 (B-D-F §232, 1).

ⓓ w. indication of the one against whom the sin is committed

α. in the dat. (M. Ant. 4, 26; 9, 4 ἑαυτῷ ἁμαρτάνει; Ps 77:17; Bar 1:13; 2:5; ApcSed 15:8) σοὶ μόνῳ ἥμαρτον against you only 1 Cl 18:4 (Ps 50:6).

β. other constructions: ἁ. εἴς τινα (Hdt. 1, 138 εἰς τὸν ἥλιον; Soph., Fgm. 21 εἰς θεούς; likew. X., Hell. 1, 7, 19; Pla., Phdr. 242c εἰς τὸ θεῖον; Jdth 5:20; 11:10; Sir 7:7; EpJer 12; ApcMos 32; Jos., Ant. 7, 320 εἰς τ. θεόν) Mt 18:21; Lk 17:4. εἰς Χριστόν 1 Cor 8:12. εἰς τοὺς ἀδελφούς ibid. (cp. Heraclitus 3 p. 188, 28 Malherbe). εἰς τὸ ἴδιον σῶμα 1 Cor 6:18 (cp. Aeschin. 1, 22).—εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν against God Lk 15:18, 21. ἁ. εἴς τινά τι (M. Ant. 7, 26; BGU 1141, 14ff [13 B.C.] ἡμάρτηκά τι εἰς σέ) Ac 25:8.

γ. ἁ. ἐνώπιόν τινος (1 Km 7:6; 20:1; Tob 3:3; TestJob 15:6; JosAs 7:5; B-D-F §214, 6): ἐνώπιόν σου Lk 15:18, 21.

ⓔ w. indication of the result ἁ. μὴ πρὸς θάνατον commit a sin that does not lead to death (like חֵטְא לָמוּת Num 18:22 λαβεῖν ἁμαρτίαν θανατηφόρον; Dt 22:26 ἁμάρτημα θανάτου) 1J 5:16b (RSeeberg, LIhmels Festschr. 1928, 19–31; OBauernfeind, VSchultze Festschr. ’31, 43–54).—EBurton, ICC Gal., 436–43; OHey, Ἁμαρτία: Philol. 83, 1928, 1–17; 137–63; FSteinleitner, D. Beicht 1913; KLatte, Schuld u. Sünde in d. griech. Rel.: ARW 20, 1921, 254–98.—DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἐπίστασις, εως, ἡ (s. ἐφίστημι and next entry; Soph. et al. in var. mngs.; PAmh 134, 9 al. in pap; 2 Macc; EpArist; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 49; Jos., Ant. 16, 395; Just.) in our lit., both times w. the v.l. ἐπισύστασις (q.v.).

① responsibility for a matter, pressure, care. For ἡ ἐ. μοι ἡ καθʼ ἡμέραν 2 Cor 11:28 pressure, in the sense of anxiety caused by a heavy sense of responsibility is prob.: the daily pressure on me. Alternatives include: attention or care daily required of me (ἐ.=attention, care: Aristot., Phys. 196a, 38; Polyb. 2, 2, 2; 11, 2, 4; Diod S 29, 32 end; EpArist 256; Just., D. 28, 1); superintendence, oversight (X., Mem. 1, 5, 2 codd.; s. also L-S-J-M s.v. II 3) the burden of oversight, which lies upon me day in and day out; finally, ἐ. can also mean stopping, hindrance, delay (BGU 1832, 16; 1855, 19; Polyb. 8, 28, 13); then: the hindrances that beset me day by day. Cp. the role of the ἐπιστάτης next entry.

② the act of bringing someth. to a stop, stopping (X., An. 2, 4, 26; Polyb. 8, 28, 13) ἐ. ποιεῖν ὄχλου to cause a crowd to gather Ac 24:12. The phrase indicates that people stop with the result that a crowd develops; any first-century reader or auditor of Ac would prob. be aware that if Paul were responsible for collecting a mob around himself he would be at grave risk under the eyes of Roman authorities who were responsible for maintaining the peace. Hence the rendering ‘stirring up a crowd’ NRSV correctly assesses the mng of the text (cp. 2 Macc 6:3 ‘onslaught’ NRSV).—DELG s.v. ἵστημι. M-M.

ἔργον (ἔργον, -ου, -ῳ, -ον; -α, -ων, -οις（ι),

πενθέω fut. πενθήσω; 1 aor. ἐπένθησα (fr. πάσχω, s. two next entries; Hom. et al.; LXX; pseudepigr., Philo; Jos., Ant. 17, 206; Mel., P. 17, 117).

① intr., to experience sadness as the result of some condition or circumstance, be sad, grieve, mourn (Hom. et al.; SIG 1219, 5; 8; UPZ 18, 21 [163 B.C.]; POxy 528, 9; LXX in most occurrences) in contrast to joy, inward and outward Mt 9:15. Before a festive day οὐκ ἔξεστί σοι πενθεῖν GJs 2:2. παρακαλέσαι πάντας τοὺς πενθοῦντας B 14:9 (Is 61:2). Of sorrow for sins one has committed 1 Cor 5:2 (in the OT of sorrow for the sins of others: 1 Esdr 8:69; 9:2; 2 Esdr 10:6. TestReub 1:10 has πενθῶν ἐπὶ τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ μου, but this has no counterpart in the LXX). Also, the πενθοῦντες Mt 5:4 mourn not for their own sins, but because of the power of the wicked, who oppress the righteous. W. κλαίειν (POxy 528, 9; 2 Km 19:2; 2 Esdr 18:9): Mk 16:10; Lk 6:25; Js 4:9; Rv 18:15, 19; GPt 7:27. οὐ μικρῶ ἐπένθουν νηστεύουσαι AcPl Ha 5, 19. π. ἐπί τινι mourn over someth. ἐπὶ τοῖς παραπτώμασιν τῶν πλησίον ἐπενθεῖτε 1 Cl 2:6 (cp. Aeschin. 3, 211; Epict. 3, 3, 15; 1 Esdr 8:69 ἐμοῦ πενθοῦντος ἐπὶ τῇ ἀνομίᾳ; 2 Esdr 10:6). ἐπί τινα over someone (2 Ch 35:24) Rv 18:11.

② trans. (B-D-F §148, 2; Rob. 475) to engage in mourning for one who is dead, ordinarily w. traditional rites, mourn over w. acc. of pers. (Hom. et al.; Lysias 2, 66; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 14, 1; Gen 37:34; 50:3; 1 Esdr 1:30; Bel 40; 1 Macc 12:52; 13:26; TestJos 20, 5; JosAs 29:9; Jos., Bell. 2, l) 2 Cor 12:21; GJs 24:3. EdeMartino, Morte e pianto rituale nel mondo antico ’58.—DELG s.v. πάσχω. M-M. TW.

τυγχάνω (Hom.+) impf. ἐτύγχανον; fut. τεύξομαι; 2 aor. ἔτυχον; 1 aor. mid. inf. τεύξασθαι LXX. Perf. (for Att. τετύχηκα, s. Phryn. p. 395 Lob.) τέτευχα (Ion. [Hdt. and Hippocr.; s. Kühner-Bl. II 556], then Aristot. et al.; OGI 194, 31 [42 B.C.]; pap [Mayser I/2² ’38, 151f]; LXX [Thackeray §24 p. 287]; EpArist 121; Nachmanson 160, 1; Crönert 279; Schmid I 86; IV 40 and 600) Hb 8:6 v.l. or, as in the text, τέτυχα (Diod S 12, 17, 99; Aesop, Fab. 363 H. [removed by correction]; Jos., Bell. 7, 130 [removed by correction]; EpArist 180 συντέτυχε); s. B-D-F §101; W-S. §13, 2; Mlt-H. 262.

① to experience some happening, meet, attain, gain, find, experience w. gen. of pers. or thing that one meets, etc. (Hom. et al.; LXX; TestAbr A 19 p. 102, 9 [Stone p. 52]; GrBar 17:4; AssMos, apolog.) Lk 20:35; Ac 24:2; 26:22; 27:3; 2 Ti 2:10 (Diod S 4, 48, 7 τετεύχασι τῆς σωτηρίας. With the v.l. σωτηρίαν in mss. FG cp. Solon 24, 2 D.² τυγχ. τι); Hb 8:6; 11:35; 1 Cl 61:2; 2 Cl 15:5; Dg 2:1; 9:6; IEph 10:1; IMg 1:3; ISm 9:2; 11:3; IPol 4:3; Hm 10, 1, 5; Hs 9, 26, 4.

② to prove to be in the result, happen, turn out, intr.

ⓐ happen to be, find oneself (X., Hell. 4, 3, 3; Tob 5:13 AB; TestJob 36:5; ApcMos 9; Just., D. 3, 2; Ath., R. p. 78, 14) ἐν σαρκὶ τυγχάνειν Dg 5:8; ἐπὶ γῆς 10:7. ἀφέντες ἡμιθανῆ τυγχάνοντα they left him for half-dead, as indeed he was Lk 10:30 v.l.

ⓑ εἰ τύχοι as a formula if it should turn out that way, perhaps (Cleanthes, Fgm. 529 vArnim=Sext. Emp., Math. 9, 89; Dionys. Hal. 4, 19; Hero Alex. III p. 220, 13; Dio Chrys. 16 [33], 53; Philo [KReik, Der Opt. bei Polyb. u. Philo von Alex. 1907, 154]; Just., D. 27, 3; B-D-F §385, 2) 1 Cor 15:37 (cp. Plut., Fgm. 104, ed. Sanbach, ’67 πυροῦ τυχὸν ἢ κριθῆς=perhaps of wheat or barley); Dg 2:3. In τοσαῦτα εἰ τύχοι γένη φωνῶν εἰσιν 1 Cor 14:10, εἰ τύχ. is prob. meant to limit τοσαῦτα (Heinrici: JWeiss) there are probably ever so many different languages (Goodsp.—Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130, 110 Jac. καθʼ ἣν τύχοι πρόφασιν=‘under who knows what sort of pretext’).

ⓒ τυχόν, actually the acc. absolute of the neut. of the aor. ptc. (B-D-F §424; Rob. 490) if it turns out that way, perhaps, if possible (X., An. 6, 1, 20; Ps.-Pla., Alcib. 2, 140a; 150c; Epict. 1, 11, 11; 2, 1, 1; 3, 21, 18 al.; letter [IV B.C.] in Dssm., LO 121 [LAE 151]; Just., D. 4, 7 τὸ τυχόν; SIG 1259, 8; SibOr 5, 236) 1 Cor 16:6; Lk 20:13 D; Ac 12:15 D.

ⓓ ὁ τυχών the first one whom one happens to meet in the way (X., Pla. et al.; Philo, Op. M. 137), hence οὐχ ὁ τυχών not the common or ordinary one (Fgm. Com. Att. III 442 Fgm. 178 Kock; Theophr., HP 8, 7, 2; Περὶ ὕψους 9 [of Moses]. Numerous other exx. fr. lit. in Wettstein on Ac 19:11. Ins fr. Ptolemaic times: BCH 22, 1898 p. 89 θόρυβον οὐ τὸν τυχόντα παρέχοντες; SIG 528, 10 [221/219 B.C.] ἀρωστίαις οὐ ταῖς τυχούσαις; BGU 36, 9; POxy 899, 14; 3 Macc 3:7; Jos., Ant. 2, 120; 6, 292) δυνάμεις οὐ τὰς τυχούσας extraordinary miracles Ac 19:11. Cp. 28:2; 1 Cl 14:2.—B. 658. DELG. M-M. TW.

ἀκοή, ῆς, ἡ (in form ἀκουή as early as Hom.; freq., incl. ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 8:5; ApcSed; ApcMos 8; EpArist, Test12Patr, Philo, Joseph., Just.; Ath. [1, 2]).

① the faculty of hearing, hearing (Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 12 of images οἷς ὦτα μέν ἐστιν, ἀκοαὶ δʼ οὐκ ἔνεισιν; given by God Did., Gen. 162, 21) 1 Cor 12:17; but mng. 3 is also prob.

② the act of hearing, listening (Pla., Theaet. 142d λόγος ἄξιος ἀκοῆς; Antig. Car. 129 ἀκοῆς ἄξια; BGU 1080, 6; EpArist 142 w. ὅρασις; Jos., Ant. 8, 171; w. ὄψις 172) w. βλέμμα 2 Pt 2:8 (cp. New Docs 3, 61). ἀκοῇ ἀκούειν (Polyaenus, Exc. 55, 2; LXX) Mt 13:14; Ac 28:26 (both Is 6:9); B 9:2 (cp. Ex 15:26). εἰς ἀ. ὠτίου ὑπακούειν obey upon hearing with the ear, i.e. as soon as one hears B 9:1 (Ps 17:45; cp. 2 Km 22:45). ἀ. πίστεως hearing of faith (=that ‘hearing’ which Christians call faith) Gal 3:2, 5 (SWilliams, NTS 35, ’89, 82–93, but most prefer mng. 4b).

③ the organ w. which one hears, ear (Sappho et al.; POxy 129, 4; PGM 4, 306; 323; 2 Macc 15:39; EpArist 166) esp. pl. (Dio Chrys. 15 [32], 11; Aelian, VH 3, 1 p. 39, 21; oft. Philo; Jos., Ant. 8, 172; SibOr 4, 172; Just., D. 131, 4; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 48, 33) αἱ ἀκοαί Mk 7:35. εἰσφέρειν εἰς τὰς ἀ. bring to someone’s ears Ac 17:20 (cp. Soph., Ajax 147). εἰς τὰς ἀ. τινος in someone’s ears Lk 7:1. νωθρὸς (q.v.) ταῖς ἀ. Hb 5:11. κνήθεσθαι τὴν ἀ. have itching ears (i.e. they like to have them tickled) 2 Ti 4:3, cp. vs. 4. Fig. περιτέμνειν τὰς ἀ. circumcise the ears=make someone attentive B 9:4; 10:12.

④ that which is heard

ⓐ fame, report, rumor (Hom. et al.; Sb 7205, 8; 1 Km 2:24; 2 Km 13:30; 3 Km 2:28; 10:7) Mt 4:24; 14:1; 24:6; Mk 1:28; 13:7; 1 Cl 47:7.

ⓑ account, report, message (Thu. 1, 20, 1 ἀκοὴν δέχεσθαι of things recounted by others in the past; Just., D. 8, 4 ματαίαν ἀ. παραδεξάμενοι) πιστεύειν τῇ ἀ. (cp. Jos., C. Ap. 2, 14; Just., D. 8, 4 [Is 53:1]; Did., Gen. 218, 2) J 12:38; Ro 10:16f; 1 Cl 16:3 (all three Is 53:1). ἐξ ἀ. πίστεως as the result of a message (proclamation) which elicited (only) faith Gal 3:2, 5 (difft. Williams, 2 above). λόγος τῆς ἀκοῆς the word of proclamation (preaching) Hb 4:2. λόγος ἀκοῆς παρʼ ἡμῶν τοῦ θεοῦ the word of divine proclamation that goes out from us 1 Th 2:13 (RSchippers, NovT 8, ’66, 223–34 tradition).—AOepke, Die Missionspredigt d. Ap. Pls. 1920, 40ff.—DELG s.v. ἀκούω. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἐσθής, ῆτος, ἡ (ἕννυμι ‘put clothing on’; Hom.+) clothing Lk 23:11; 24:4; Ac 10:30 (cp. SIG 1157, 39; OGI 332, 38 ἐν ἐσθῆσιν λαμπραῖς); 12:21 (=Jos., Ant. 19, 344 στολὴν ἐνδὺς ἐξ ἀργύρου πεποιημένην πᾶσαν); Js 2:2f; Dg 5:4. The dat. pl. form ἐσθήσεσι, which is not unanimously attested either in Ac 1:10 or Lk 24:4 (but found 2 Macc 3:33; 3 Macc 1:16; Philo, Vi. Mos. 2, 152; BGU 16, 12 [159/60 A.D.]; PLond I, 77, 20, 32 p. 233 [VIII A.D.]. S. also Crönert 173, 1. The form ἐσθῆσιν Jos., Bell. 2, 176 becomes ἐσθήσεσιν in Eus., HE 2, 6, 7.), does not come from a word ἔσθησις, for which there is no reliable evidence in the sing., nor in the pl. except for the dative (s. L-S-J-M), but belongs to ἐσθής; it is the result of an attempt to make the dat. ending more conspicuous by doubling it (WSchulze, ZVS 42, 1909, 235, 2; Schwyzer I, 604). ἔσθεσι Dg 5:1 was in the original, glossed w. ἱματίοις; s. the ed. of Marrou ad loc. B-D-F §47, 4; Mlt-H. 133.—B. 395. DELG s.v. ἕννυμι. M-M. TW.