sufficit

• (qs)

• As much as suffices

suf-fĭcĭo ( subf-), fēci, fectum, 3, v. a. and n. [facio].

To put under or among.

Of a building, to lay the foundation for: opus. Curt. 5, 1, 29 Zumpt. —

Esp., to put into, dip in, dye, impregnate, imbue, tinge, lanam medicamentis, to impregnate, imbue, tinge, Cic. ap. Non. 386, 10, and 521, 19:

(angues) ardentes oculos suffecti sanguine et igni,

suffused, colored, Verg. A. 2, 210:

maculis suffecta genas,

Val. Fl. 2, 105:

suffecta leto lumina,

id. 1, 822; cf.:

nubes sole suffecta,

i. e. shone through, irradiated, Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 11.—

To give, affard, furnish, supply = suppeditare, hupechein (mostly poet.):

(nebulae) sufficiunt nubes,

Lucr. 6, 480:

ut cibus aliam naturam sufficit ex se,

id. 3, 704:

haec aëra rarum Sufficiunt nobis,

id. 2, 108:

tellus Sufficit umorem,

Verg. G. 2, 424:

aut illae (salices) pecori frondem aut pastoribus umbras Sufficiunt saepemque satis et pabula melli,

id. ib. 2, 435:

ut (Hispania) Italiae cunctarum rerum abundantiam sufficiat,

Just. 44, 1, 4:

dux agmina sufficit unus turbanti terras,

Sil. 1, 36; cf.:

Horatius eos excursionibus sufficiendo adsuefacerat sibi fidere,

by permitting to take part in, Liv. 3, 61, 12 Weissenb. ad loc.; Petr. 27.— Trop.:

ipse pater Danais animos viresque secundas Sufficit,

gives courage and strength, Verg. A. 2, 618; 9, 803.—

To occupy with, employ in: Horatius eos (milites) excursionibus (dat.) sufficiendo proeliisque levibus experiundo assuefecerat sibi fidere, by employing them in sallies, etc., Liv. 3, 61.—

To put in the place of, to substitute for another; and esp., to choose or elect in the place of any one (class.; esp. freq. of magistrates, e. g. of consuls;

syn. subrogo): suffectus in Lucretii locum M. Horatius Pulvillus,

Liv. 2, 8, 4: in Appii locum suffectus, Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 10, 2:

consul in sufficiendo collegā occupatus,

Cic. Mur. 39, 85; cf.:

ne consul sufficiatur,

id. ib. 38, 82:

censorem in demortui locum,

Liv. 5, 31, 7:

suffectis in loca eorum novis regibus,

Just. 11, 10, 7:

ipsae (apes) regem parvosque Quirites Sufficiunt,

Verg. G. 4, 202:

seu tribunos modo seu tribunis suffectos consules quoque habuit,

Liv. 4, 8, 1:

quia collegam suffici censori religio erat,

id. 6, 27, 4; 6, 38, 10:

quibus vitio creatis suffecti,

id. 9, 7, 14; 10, 47, 1:

filius patri suffectus,

Tac. A. 4, 16:

Conon Alcibiadi suffectus,

Just. 5, 6, 1:

sperante heredem suffici se proximum,

Phaedr. 3, 10, 12.—Esp. in the phrase suffectus consul, a consul elected after the regular time, a vice-consul:

quando duo ordinarii consules ejus anni alter morbo, alter ferro periisset, suffectum consulem negabant recte comitia habere posse,

Liv. 41, 18, 16 Weissenb. ad loc.; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 43, 2; Tac. A. 3, 37 fin.; cf.:

consulatus suffectus,

Aus. Grat. Act. 14, 2, § 32.—

Transf., to cause to take the place of, to supply instead of, to furnish as a substitute ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

atque aliam ex aliā generando suffice prolem,

Verg. G. 3, 65:

septimo eosdem (dentes) decidere anno, aliosque suffici,

Plin. 7, 16, 15, § 68:

quattuor caeli partes in ternas dividunt et singulis ventos binos suffectos dant,

Sen. Q. N. 5, 16, 2.—

Neutr., to be sufficient, to suffice, avail for, meet the need of, satisfy (freq. and class.; syn. suppeto); constr. absol., with dat., ad, adversus, in, with inf., ut or ne; rarely with si.

Absol.:

quamquam nec scribae sufficere nec tabulae nomina illorum capere potuerunt,

Cic. Phil. 2, 7, 16:

nec jam sufficiunt,

Verg. A. 9, 515:

idque (ferrum) diu Suffecit,

id. ib. 12, 739:

Romani quoad sufficere remiges potuerunt, satis pertinaciter secuti sunt,

Liv. 36, 45, 2:

non sufficiebant oppidani,

id. 21, 8, 4:

haec exempli gratiā sufficient,

Quint. 9, 2, 56:

non videntur tempora suffectura,

id. 2, 5, 3:

pro magistratibus, qui non sufficerent,

Suet. Aug. 43:

quīs non sufficientibus,

Curt. 9, 4, 33.—With subject-clause:

sufficit dicere, E portu navigavi,

Quint. 4, 2, 41:

non, quia sufficiat, non esse sacrilegium, sed quia, etc.,

id. 7, 3, 9:

suffecerit haec retulisse,

Suet. Ner. 31; Mart. 9, 1, 8.—

With dat.: nec jam vires sufficere cuiquam, * Caes. B. G. 7, 20; cf.:

vires concipit suffecturas oneri,

Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 173:

nec iis sufficiat imaginem virtutis effingere,

Quint. 10, 2, 15:

ac mihi quidem sufficeret hoc genus,

id. 5, 10, 90:

paucorum cupiditati cum obsistere non poterant, tamen sufficere aliquo modo poterant,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 48, § 127:

mons, hominum lacte et carne vescentium abunde sufficiebat alimentis,

Liv. 29, 31, 9:

hae manus suffecere desiderio meo,

Curt. 4, 1, 25; 3, 6, 19:

vires quae sufficiant labori certaminum,

Quint. 10, 3, 3; cf.:

summis operibus suffecturi vires,

id. 2, 4, 33:

pronuntiatio vel scenis suffectura,

id. 10, 1, 119:

quod opus cuicumque discendo sufficiet,

id. 1, 9, 3:

dominis sufficit tantum soli, ut relevare caput possint,

Plin. Ep. 1, 24, 4.— Poet.:

nec sufficit umbo Ictibus,

Verg. A. 9, 810.—

With ad: terra ingenito umore egens vix ad [p. 1792] perennes suffecit amnes, Liv. 4, 30:

inopi aerario nec plebe ad tributum sufficiente,

id. 29, 16:

annus vix ad solacium unius anni,

id. 10, 47:

oppidani ad omnia tuenda non sufficiebant,

id. 21, 8, 4:

quomodo nos ad patiendum sufficiamus,

id. 29, 17, 17; 21, 8, 4; 33, 10:

ad quod si vires non suffecerint,

Quint. 12, 1, 32.—

With adversus:

non suffecturum ducem unum et exercitum unum adversus quattuor populos,

Liv. 10, 25.—

With in:

nec locus in tumulos nec sufficit arbor in ignes,

Ov. M. 7, 613:

ergo ego sufficiam reus in nova crimina semper?

id. Am. 2, 7, 1.—

With inf.:

nec nos obniti contra nec tendere tantum Sufficimus,

Verg. A. 5, 22.—

With ut or ne:

interim sufficit, ut exorari te sinas,

Plin. Ep. 9, 21, 3:

sufficit, ne ea, quae sunt vera, minuantur,

id. ib. 9, 33, 11.—

With si:

sufficere tibi debet, si, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 5, 1, 9:

sufficere his credis, si probi existimentur,

id. Pan. 88, 2.—Hence, P. a.: suffĭcĭens, entis, sufficient, adequate:

aetas vix tantis matura rebus, sed abunde sufficiens,

Curt. 3, 6, 19:

testes,

Dig. 29, 7, 8.— Sup.:

unica et sufficientissima definitio,

Tert. adv. Marc. 5, 2.

suf-fĭcĭo ( subf-), fēci, fectum, 3, v. a. and n. [facio].

To put under or among.

Of a building, to lay the foundation for: opus. Curt. 5, 1, 29 Zumpt. —

Esp., to put into, dip in, dye, impregnate, imbue, tinge, lanam medicamentis, to impregnate, imbue, tinge, Cic. ap. Non. 386, 10, and 521, 19:

(angues) ardentes oculos suffecti sanguine et igni,

suffused, colored, Verg. A. 2, 210:

maculis suffecta genas,

Val. Fl. 2, 105:

suffecta leto lumina,

id. 1, 822; cf.:

nubes sole suffecta,

i. e. shone through, irradiated, Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 11.—

To give, affard, furnish, supply = suppeditare, hupechein (mostly poet.):

(nebulae) sufficiunt nubes,

Lucr. 6, 480:

ut cibus aliam naturam sufficit ex se,

id. 3, 704:

haec aëra rarum Sufficiunt nobis,

id. 2, 108:

tellus Sufficit umorem,

Verg. G. 2, 424:

aut illae (salices) pecori frondem aut pastoribus umbras Sufficiunt saepemque satis et pabula melli,

id. ib. 2, 435:

ut (Hispania) Italiae cunctarum rerum abundantiam sufficiat,

Just. 44, 1, 4:

dux agmina sufficit unus turbanti terras,

Sil. 1, 36; cf.:

Horatius eos excursionibus sufficiendo adsuefacerat sibi fidere,

by permitting to take part in, Liv. 3, 61, 12 Weissenb. ad loc.; Petr. 27.— Trop.:

ipse pater Danais animos viresque secundas Sufficit,

gives courage and strength, Verg. A. 2, 618; 9, 803.—

To occupy with, employ in: Horatius eos (milites) excursionibus (dat.) sufficiendo proeliisque levibus experiundo assuefecerat sibi fidere, by employing them in sallies, etc., Liv. 3, 61.—

To put in the place of, to substitute for another; and esp., to choose or elect in the place of any one (class.; esp. freq. of magistrates, e. g. of consuls;

syn. subrogo): suffectus in Lucretii locum M. Horatius Pulvillus,

Liv. 2, 8, 4: in Appii locum suffectus, Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 10, 2:

consul in sufficiendo collegā occupatus,

Cic. Mur. 39, 85; cf.:

ne consul sufficiatur,

id. ib. 38, 82:

censorem in demortui locum,

Liv. 5, 31, 7:

suffectis in loca eorum novis regibus,

Just. 11, 10, 7:

ipsae (apes) regem parvosque Quirites Sufficiunt,

Verg. G. 4, 202:

seu tribunos modo seu tribunis suffectos consules quoque habuit,

Liv. 4, 8, 1:

quia collegam suffici censori religio erat,

id. 6, 27, 4; 6, 38, 10:

quibus vitio creatis suffecti,

id. 9, 7, 14; 10, 47, 1:

filius patri suffectus,

Tac. A. 4, 16:

Conon Alcibiadi suffectus,

Just. 5, 6, 1:

sperante heredem suffici se proximum,

Phaedr. 3, 10, 12.—Esp. in the phrase suffectus consul, a consul elected after the regular time, a vice-consul:

quando duo ordinarii consules ejus anni alter morbo, alter ferro periisset, suffectum consulem negabant recte comitia habere posse,

Liv. 41, 18, 16 Weissenb. ad loc.; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 43, 2; Tac. A. 3, 37 fin.; cf.:

consulatus suffectus,

Aus. Grat. Act. 14, 2, § 32.—

Transf., to cause to take the place of, to supply instead of, to furnish as a substitute ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

atque aliam ex aliā generando suffice prolem,

Verg. G. 3, 65:

septimo eosdem (dentes) decidere anno, aliosque suffici,

Plin. 7, 16, 15, § 68:

quattuor caeli partes in ternas dividunt et singulis ventos binos suffectos dant,

Sen. Q. N. 5, 16, 2.—

Neutr., to be sufficient, to suffice, avail for, meet the need of, satisfy (freq. and class.; syn. suppeto); constr. absol., with dat., ad, adversus, in, with inf., ut or ne; rarely with si.

Absol.:

quamquam nec scribae sufficere nec tabulae nomina illorum capere potuerunt,

Cic. Phil. 2, 7, 16:

nec jam sufficiunt,

Verg. A. 9, 515:

idque (ferrum) diu Suffecit,

id. ib. 12, 739:

Romani quoad sufficere remiges potuerunt, satis pertinaciter secuti sunt,

Liv. 36, 45, 2:

non sufficiebant oppidani,

id. 21, 8, 4:

haec exempli gratiā sufficient,

Quint. 9, 2, 56:

non videntur tempora suffectura,

id. 2, 5, 3:

pro magistratibus, qui non sufficerent,

Suet. Aug. 43:

quīs non sufficientibus,

Curt. 9, 4, 33.—With subject-clause:

sufficit dicere, E portu navigavi,

Quint. 4, 2, 41:

non, quia sufficiat, non esse sacrilegium, sed quia, etc.,

id. 7, 3, 9:

suffecerit haec retulisse,

Suet. Ner. 31; Mart. 9, 1, 8.—

With dat.: nec jam vires sufficere cuiquam, * Caes. B. G. 7, 20; cf.:

vires concipit suffecturas oneri,

Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 173:

nec iis sufficiat imaginem virtutis effingere,

Quint. 10, 2, 15:

ac mihi quidem sufficeret hoc genus,

id. 5, 10, 90:

paucorum cupiditati cum obsistere non poterant, tamen sufficere aliquo modo poterant,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 48, § 127:

mons, hominum lacte et carne vescentium abunde sufficiebat alimentis,

Liv. 29, 31, 9:

hae manus suffecere desiderio meo,

Curt. 4, 1, 25; 3, 6, 19:

vires quae sufficiant labori certaminum,

Quint. 10, 3, 3; cf.:

summis operibus suffecturi vires,

id. 2, 4, 33:

pronuntiatio vel scenis suffectura,

id. 10, 1, 119:

quod opus cuicumque discendo sufficiet,

id. 1, 9, 3:

dominis sufficit tantum soli, ut relevare caput possint,

Plin. Ep. 1, 24, 4.— Poet.:

nec sufficit umbo Ictibus,

Verg. A. 9, 810.—

With ad: terra ingenito umore egens vix ad [p. 1792] perennes suffecit amnes, Liv. 4, 30:

inopi aerario nec plebe ad tributum sufficiente,

id. 29, 16:

annus vix ad solacium unius anni,

id. 10, 47:

oppidani ad omnia tuenda non sufficiebant,

id. 21, 8, 4:

quomodo nos ad patiendum sufficiamus,

id. 29, 17, 17; 21, 8, 4; 33, 10:

ad quod si vires non suffecerint,

Quint. 12, 1, 32.—

With adversus:

non suffecturum ducem unum et exercitum unum adversus quattuor populos,

Liv. 10, 25.—

With in:

nec locus in tumulos nec sufficit arbor in ignes,

Ov. M. 7, 613:

ergo ego sufficiam reus in nova crimina semper?

id. Am. 2, 7, 1.—

With inf.:

nec nos obniti contra nec tendere tantum Sufficimus,

Verg. A. 5, 22.—

With ut or ne:

interim sufficit, ut exorari te sinas,

Plin. Ep. 9, 21, 3:

sufficit, ne ea, quae sunt vera, minuantur,

id. ib. 9, 33, 11.—

With si:

sufficere tibi debet, si, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 5, 1, 9:

sufficere his credis, si probi existimentur,

id. Pan. 88, 2.—Hence, P. a.: suffĭcĭens, entis, sufficient, adequate:

aetas vix tantis matura rebus, sed abunde sufficiens,

Curt. 3, 6, 19:

testes,

Dig. 29, 7, 8.— Sup.:

unica et sufficientissima definitio,

Tert. adv. Marc. 5, 2.

* * *

īra, ae ( gen. iraï

for irae,

Lucr. 3, 303), f. [kindred to Sanscr. īr, tremere, commoveri; cf.: ir-ya, vigorous; iras-yati, to be angry; Gr. eris, erethô].

Prop., anger, wrath, rage, ire:

ira est libido poeniendi ejus, qui videatur laesisse injuriā,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 9, 21:

ira, quae quamdiu perturbationem habet, dubitationem non habet,

id. ib. 4, 36, 77:

ira furor brevis est,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 62:

ira est cupiditas ulciscendae injuriae, Sen. de Ira, 1, 2, 4: facit ira nocentem Hunc sexum,

Juv. 6, 647:

facere aliquid per iram,

in anger, Cic. Tusc. 4, 37, 79:

plus irae suae quam utilitati communi paruisse,

to his anger, Nep. Alc. 4, 6:

irā et dolore incensus,

id. Pelop. 5, 4:

irā commotus,

Sall. C. 31, 6:

acuere iram,

id. ib. 12, 590:

attollere,

id. ib. 2, 381:

concipere,

Just. 5, 10:

concitare,

Ov. P. 4, 14, 41:

evomere in aliquem,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 14:

vertere in aliquem,

Hor. Epod. 5, 54:

non sufficit irae occidisse aliquem,

Juv. 15, 169:

indulgere irae,

Liv. 23, 3:

iram exstinguere,

Petr. 94:

contundere,

Col. 6, 2:

frangere,

Quint. 6, 3, 9:

lenire,

id. 3, 8, 12:

ponere,

Hor. A. P. 160:

moderari irae,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 59:

pone irae frena modumque,

Juv. 8, 88:

quantulacumque est occasio, sufficit irae,

id. 13, 183:

dum defervescat ira,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 36, 78: deflagrat, Liv. [p. 1000] 40, 8:

decedit,

Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 55:

irae sunt inter aliquos,

id. And. 3, 3, 20:

ira inter eas intercessit,

id. Hec. 3, 1, 25:

in Romanos, propter obsides nuper interfectos,

Liv. 25, 15, 7:

adversus Romanos,

id. 36, 6, 1:

ira deorum,

Ov. M. 1, 378; Juv. 13, 100:

numinis,

Ov. Tr. 3, 6, 23:

deūm,

Verg. A. 3, 215:

Junonis,

id. ib. 1, 4:

in quorum mente pares sunt Et similes ira atque fames,

Juv. 15, 131.— Plur.:

veteres in Populum Romanum irae,

Liv. 21, 25, 2:

excitare iras,

Verg. A. 2, 594:

horribiles exercere iras,

id. G. 3, 152:

mollire iras,

Liv. 1, 9:

induere,

Stat. Th. 1, 38:

quicquid ex foedere rupto irarum in nos caelestium fuit,

Liv. 9, 1:

iras plumbeas gerere,

heavy, Plaut. Poen. 3, 6, 18:

inde irae et lacrimae,

Juv. 1, 168.— With obj.-gen., on account of:

ob iram fugae,

Liv. 27, 7:

amissae praedae,

id. 1, 5:

diremptae pacis,

id. 9, 8; 21, 2; 37, 51:

ereptae virginis,

Verg. A. 2, 413.—So, plur.:

irae imperatorum,

against the commanders, Liv. 8, 30:

cladum,

because of, indignation at, Sil. 12, 271.—

Transf.

A cause of anger, provocation:

aut age, dic aliquam, quae te mutaverit, iram,

Ov. P. 4, 3, 21. —

An object of anger or hatred:

justae quibus est Mezentius irae,

Verg. A. 10, 714 Jan. ad loc.:

Hannibal est irae tibi,

Sil. 11, 604.—

A passion inspired by anger ( poet.):

subit ira cadentem Ulcisci patriam,

Verg. A. 2, 575.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things, violence, impetuosity, fury (mostly poet.):

belli,

Sall. Hist. Fragm. 4, 61, 3 Dietsch:

ira belli desenuit,

id. ib. 1, 93:

flagelli,

Val. Fl. 7, 149:

maris,

id. 1, 37:

dant mucronibus iras,

Sil. 7, 344:

nimborum,

id. 17, 253:

grandinis,

id. 12, 610. —

Personified:

comunt Furor Iraque cristas,

Stat. Th. 3, 424.— Plur.:

Iraeque Insidiaeque, dei (Mavortis) comitatus,

Verg. A. 12, 336:

atraeque genis pallentibus Irae,

Val. Fl. 2, 205; Sil. 4. 437.

* * *

* * *

* * *

* * *

* * *

• see Quantum sufficit

antĕ (old form anti, whence antidea, antideo, antidhac; v. antea, anteeo, and antehac) [Gr. anti, over against, facing, anta, antên; Sanscr. anti = over against; Germ. ant- in Ant-wort = Goth. anda-vaurdi, an answer, anda-nahti, the night before], prep. and adv. (acc. to Max. Victor. p. 1953, as prep. with the grave accent; as adv. with the acute on the last syl.).

Prep. with acc., before (syn.: prae, pro).

In space, or trop. in regard to estimation, judgment, or rank (usu. only of objects at rest. while prae is used of those in motion; cf. Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 1, 21; v. exceptions infra).

In space:

quem ante aedīs video,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 136:

ante ostium Me audivit stare,

Ter. And. 3, 1, 16; so Vulg. Lev. 1, 5:

Ornatas paulo ante fores,

Juv. 6, 227; so Vulg. Num. 3, 26:

ante meum limen,

Juv. 11, 190:

ante suum fundum,

Cic. Mil. 10:

ut ante suos hortulos postridie piscarentur,

id. Off. 3, 14, 58:

ante sepulcrales infelix adstitit aras,

Ov. M. 8, 480; so Verg. A. 1, 344; 3, 545; Juv. 10, 268:

ante altaria,

id. 8, 155; so Vulg. Deut. 26, 4; ib. Matt. 5, 24. —Of persons:

ante hosce deos erant arulae,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3:

quīs ante ora patrum contigit oppetere,

Verg. A. 1, 95; id. G. 4, 477:

ipsius unam (navem) ante oculos pontus in puppim ferit,

id. A. 1, 114; 2, 531; 2, 773:

ante se statuit funditores,

Liv. 42, 58:

Flos Asiae ante ipsum,

Juv. 5, 56; Vulg. Matt. 17, 2:

si luditur alea pernox Ante Numantinos,

Juv. 8, 11.— Trop.:

ante oculos collocata,

Cic. de Or. 1, 43, 192:

ante oculos errat domus,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 57: [p. 128] causam ante eum diceret, before him as judge, Cic. Verr. 1, 3, 9:

donec stet ante judicium,

Vulg. Josh. 20, 6; ib. Marc. 13, 9.—And in eccl. Lat., after the Heb. and Hel. Gr., before, in the sight of, in the judgment of:

ante Dominum vilior fiam,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 6, 21 sq.:

non te justifices ante Deum,

ib. Eccli. 7, 5:

justi ambo ante Deum,

ib. Luc. 1, 6;

and fully: fecit Asa rectum ante conspectum Domini,

ib. 3 Reg. 15, 11; ib. Apoc. 12, 10.—Hence, homines ante pedes (in later Lat.), servants; cf. the annotators upon Juv. 7, 143.—With verbs of motion:

ante me ito,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 70:

equitatum omnem ante se mittit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

ante ceteras cohortes extra aciem procurrere,

id. B. C. 1, 55:

praecurrit ante omnes,

id. ib. 2, 34; so Nep. Dat. 3, 2; Liv. 7, 41; 45, 40 al.; Vulg. Lev. 27, 11; ib. 1 Reg. 12, 2.—

Trop. of preference in judgment, or regulations in respect to rank, before (this is properly the signification of prae, q. v.; hence more rare than that, and never used by Cic.): quem ante me diligo, before myself, more than myself, Balbus ap. Cic. Att. 8, 15.—So ante aliquem esse, to surpass, excel any one:

facundiā Graecos, gloriā belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse,

Sall. C. 53, 3, ubi v. Corte and Kritz:

tum me vero et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios imperatores esse,

superior to, Liv. 35, 14:

necessitas ante rationem est,

necessity knows no law, Curt. 7, 7, 10.—Hence very freq. (but mostly poet. and post-class.),

Ante alios, ante omnes, ante ceteros, etc., before others, before all, etc., to designate a comparative relation;

also sometimes, for the sake of emphasis, with comparatives and superlatives: tibi, Neptune, ante alios deos gratias ago,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 5; so Ov. M. 10, 120:

scito illum ante omnīs minumi mortalem preti,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 8:

tua ante omnes experientia,

Tac. A. 2, 76; 1, 27; Liv. 1, 9:

Junoni ante omnīs candentis vaccae media inter cornua (pateram) fundit,

Verg. A. 4, 59:

Ipse est ante omnes,

Vulg. Col. 1, 17:

O felix una ante alias Priameïa virgo,

Verg. A. 3, 321:

ante omnes furor est insignis equarum,

id. G. 3, 266:

scelere ante alios immanior omnīs,

id. A. 1, 347; Liv. 5, 42:

ante alios pulcherrimus omnīs Turnus,

Verg. A. 7, 55; so Nep. Att. 3, 3; Liv. 1, 15; cf. Rudd. II. p. 82; II. p. 101; II. p. 305.—

Ante omnia.

Before all things, first of all:

alvus ante omnia ducitur,

Cels. 7, 30:

oportet autem ante omnia os nudare,

id. 8, 2:

Ante omnia instituit, ut etc.,

Suet. Ner. 32; id. Calig. 21:

Ante omnia autem, fratres, etc.,

Vulg. Jac. 5, 12; ib. 1 Petr. 4, 8.—

Comparatively, above all, especially, chiefty:

publica maestitia eo ante omnia insignis, quia matronae annum, ut parentem, eum luxerunt,

Liv. 2, 7; 7, 4:

quae natura multis et ante omnia ursis,

Plin. 8, 35, 53, § 125:

dulces ante omnia Musae,

the Muses pleasing above all things, Verg. G. 2, 475; id. E. 2, 72:

deformem et taetrum ante omnia vultum,

Juv. 10, 191.—

In entering upon the discussion of several particulars, or in adducing arguments, first of all, in the first place (similar to ac primum quidem, kai prôton men oun; cf. Spald. ad Quint. 4, 2, 4):

ante omnia quid sit rhetorice,

Quint. 2, 15, 1:

ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit,

id. 10, 2, 4; so id. 1, 2, 9; 4, 2, 40; 4, 2, 52; 5, 13, 6; 9, 1, 23.—

Of time.

Before: ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. ad Her. 2, 13; cf.

Dirks. Transl. 177 sq.: ante lucem a portu me praemisisti domum,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 55; so Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 259; id. Inv. 2, 4, 15; Suet. Galb. 22; Vulg. Luc. 24, 22:

ante diem caupo sciet,

Juv. 9, 108:

ante brumam,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 28:

ante noctem,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 51:

pereundum erit ante lucernas,

Juv. 10, 339:

ante haec omnia,

Vulg. Luc. 21, 12.— The designation of time is often expressed paraphrastically.

By a person who lived at the time:

jam ante Socratem,

before the time of, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44:

qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini,

before me, before my time, id. Cat. 4, 3:

ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni,

Verg. G. 1, 125:

vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Multi,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 25:

ante Helenam,

id. S. 1, 3, 107:

ante se,

Tac. H. 1, 50:

quod ante eum nemo,

Suet. Caes. 26 al. —

By other objects pertaining to a particular time: ante hoc factum, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 64:

ante has meas litteras,

i. e. before the receipt of this letter, Cic. Fam. 13, 17:

per hunc castissimum ante regiam injuriam sanguinem juro,

Liv. 1, 59:

ante mare et terras, et quod tegit omnia, caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5:

ante sidus fervidum,

Hor. Epod. 1, 27:

ante cibum,

id. S. 1, 10, 61, and Juv. 6, 428:

Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta,

before their A B C, id. 14, 209:

cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus?

Verg. A. 11, 424:

Tecum prius ergo voluta Haec ante tubas,

Juv. 1, 169.—Also by the designation of the office of a person:

ante aedilitatem meam,

Cic. Att. 12, 17:

ante sceptrum Dictaei regis,

Verg. G. 2, 536:

ante imperium ducis,

Flor. 4, 2, 66:

relictis multis filiis et in regno et ante regnum susceptis,

Just. 2, 10.—And by the designation of office in app. to the person:

mortuus est ante istum praetorem,

Cic. Verr. 1, 45, 115:

docuerant fabulas ante hos consules,

id. Brut. 18, 73:

cum ante illum imperatorem clipeis uterentur,

Nep. Iphicr. 1, 3:

quos ante se imperatorem nemo ausus sit aspicere,

id. Epam. 8, 3.—A part. perf. or fut. pass. is freq. added to such substantives for the sake of explanation:

ante hanc urbem conditam,

before the founding of this city, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (opp. post urbem conditam):

non multo ante urbem captam,

id. Div. 1, 45:

ante Epaminondam natum,

Nep. Epam. 10, 4:

ante te cognitum multis orantibus opem tuli,

Sall. J. 110, 2:

ante decemviros creatos,

Liv. 3, 53 al. —

Hence particular phrases.

Ante tempus,

Before the right time:

ante tempus excitatis suis,

Liv. 31, 36.—

Before the appointed, proper, or lawful time:

factus est consul bis, primum ante tempus,

Cic. Lael. 3:

honores et ante tempus et quosdam novi generis cepit,

Suet. Aug. 26:

venisti ante tempus torquere nos?

Vulg. Matt. 8, 29 (cf. annus, II. D.).—

Ante diem, poet.,

Before the time:

Caesaribus virtus contigit ante diem,

Ov. A. A. 1, 184:

ante diem vultu gressuque superbo Vicerat aequales,

Stat. S. 2, 1, 108.—

Before the time destined by fate:

filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos,

Ov. M. 1, 148:

hic dolor ante diem Pandiona misit ad umbras,

id. ib. 6, 675; id. A. A. 3, 739:

sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore, etc.,

Verg. A. 4, 697 (cf. Soph. Antig. 461: ei de tou chronou prosthen thanoumai). —

Ante hunc diem, with a negative:

istunc hominem numquam audivi ante hunc diem,

never before this day, never until now, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 60; 4, 2, 7:

neque umquam ante hunc diem,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 19; 5, 4, 23:

Novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum ad te Q. Tubero detulit,

Cic. Lig. 1, 1 (cf. Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 17: neque eum ante usquam conspexi prius). —

Ante diem (abbrev. a. d.) with an ordinal number gives the date, not of the foregoing, but of the present day; e. g. ante diem quintum (a. d. V.) Kalendas Apriles, the fifth day before the calends of April. Orig. the ante belonged to Kalendas, and they said either, ante die quinto Kalendas (i. e. die quinto ante Kalendas), or ante diem quintum Kalendas; the latter phraseology became the prevailing one, and ante diem, being considered as one word, the prepp. in and ex could be prefixed; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 12; Duker ad Liv. 27, 23; Rudd. II. p. 291; Madv. Gr. Suppl. I.; Drak. ad Liv. 45, 2, 12: me ante diem XIII. Kalendas Januarias principem revocandae libertatis fuisse, the thirteenth before the calends of January, i. e. the 20 th of Dec., Cic. Phil. 14, 7, 20: ante diem XII. Kalendas Novembres, the 21 st of Oct.: ante diem VI. Kalendas Novembres, the 27 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3: ante diem VIII. Kalendas Decembres, the 24 th of Nov., id. Phil. 3, 8: a. d. IV. Id. Mart. (ante diem quartum Idus Martias), i. e. the 12 th of March, Liv. 40, 59: ante diem III. Non. Jan. M. Cicero natus est, i. e. on the 3 d of Jan., Gell. 15, 28 al.:

in ante diem quartum Kal. Dec. distulit,

Cic. Phil. 3, 8: caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem V. Kal. Nov., to the 28 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3:

ex ante diem VII. Id. Febr.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 28, 1: nuntii venerant ex ante diem Non. Jun. usque ad prid. Kal. Sept., from the 3 d of June, Cic. Att. 3, 17:

supplicatio indicta est ante diem V. Id. Oct. cum eo die in quinque dies,

Liv. 45, 2, 12.—

Sometimes to designate the whole time until the passing moment:

ante id tempus et mari et terrā duces erant Lace daemonii,

Nep. Arist. 2, 3:

qui honos huic uni ante id tempus contigit,

id. Timoth. 2, 3:

invictus ante eam diem fuerat,

Curt. 5, 3, 22.—

Ante annos, before the destined time:

Ante suos annos occidit,

Ov. Am. 2, 2, 46:

Ante annos animumque gerens curamque virilem,

beyond his years, Verg. A. 9, 311 (cf.:

suos annos praeterire,

Sil. 4, 428; and:

annos transcendere factis,

id. 2, 348). —

Ante hoc, for antea, antehac, belongs to the later Latin:

ante hoc incognita,

Luc. 6, 116:

ante hoc domūs pars videntur,

Tac. G. 13.

Adv., of space and time (the latter most freq.).

Of space, before, in front, forwards: post me erat Aegina, ante Megara, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 9:

fluvius ab tergo, ante circaque velut ripa praeceps oram ejus omnem cingebat,

Liv. 27, 18; 22, 5:

coronatus stabit et ante calix,

Tib. 2, 5, 98:

plena oculis et ante et retro,

Vulg. Apoc. 4, 6.—Of motion (cf. supra, I. A. 1.):

si aut manibus ingrediatur quis aut non ante, sed retro,

Cic. Fin. 5, 12, 35:

pallida Tisiphone morbos agit ante metumque,

Verg. G. 3, 552.—

1.. Of time, before, previously (always in reference to another past time, while ante as prep. is used in reference to the present).

With verbs:

nonne oportuit Praescīsse me ante,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 4:

id te oro, ut ante eamus,

id. ib. 3, 3, 24;

very freq. in Cic.: quod utinam illi ante accidisset,

Cic. Phil. 11, 14:

quae ante acta sunt,

id. Verr. 1, 109:

sicut ante fecimus,

Vulg. Jos. 8, 5; ib. Jud. 16, 20:

fructus omnis ante actae vitae,

Cic. Marcell. 3; so Ov. M. 12, 115, and Tac. A. 6, 16:

apud vos ante feci mentionem,

Cic. Agr. 3, 4:

faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis ante factum,

id. Verr. 1, 55; Verg. E. 9, 63; Juv. 3, 243; 15, 320:

illud de quo ante dixi,

Cic. Sex. Rosc. 116:

quos ante dixi,

id. Off. 2, 14, 50:

ut ante dixi,

id. Imp. Pomp. 16; id. Mil. 45:

quem ad modum ante dixi,

id. Sex. Rosc. 91:

additis, quae ante deliquerant,

Tac. A. 6, 9:

filium ante sublatum brevi amisit,

id. Agr. 6; id. G. 10; id. A. 11, 7; id. H. 2, 43.—And often accomp. by jam:

acceperam jam ante Caesaris litteras, ut etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 49; id. Marcell. 12; id. Verr. 2, 23.—Rarely accomp. by saepe.:

ut saepe ante fecerant,

Cic. Balb. 40; id. Rab. Post. 13.—

Rarely with adjj.:

non filius ante pudicus,

Juv. 3, 111:

quos acciverat, incertum, experiens an et ante gnavos,

Tac. A. 14, 7.—

Often with substt. in the abl. or acc. for a more accurate designation of time (cf. also abhinc with the abl. and acc.; in these cases ante was considered by the ancient critics as a prep., which could also govern the abl.; cf. Charis. p. 209 P.; Serv. ad Verg. E. 1, 30. The position of ante is sometimes before and sometimes after the subst., and sometimes between the numeral and the subst.):

illos septem et multis ante saeculis Lycurgum accepimus fuisse sapientes,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7:

etsi perpaucis ante diebus (i. e. before the departure of Theophilus, of whom mention is afterwards made) dederam Q. Mucio litteras ad te,

id. Fam. 4, 9:

paucis diebus ante,

id. Phil. 2, 40:

viginti annis ante,

id. Lael. 12, 42:

voverat eam annis undecim ante,

Liv. 40, 52, 4 (cf. id. 40, 51:

quae bello Ligustico ante annis octo vovisset): optimum erit ante annum scrobes facere,

a year before, Col. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 7:

Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis condiderunt,

a year before the fall of Troy, Just. 18, 3, 5:

ante quadriennium amissus es,

four years previously, Tac. Agr. 45:

aliquot ante annos,

Suet. Caes. 12; v. id. ib. 81 al.—

With the advv. multo, paulo, aliquanto, tanto, quanto, and rarely permultum:

multo ante prospexi tempestatem futuram,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

haud multo ante adventum,

Tac. Agr. 18.—And in the order ante multo:

ante multo a te didicerimus,

Cic. Sen. 2, 6:

Venisti paulo ante in senatum,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 16; id. Marcell. 7; id. Mil. 7; Tac. G. 41; id. H. 3, 68; Suet. Caes. 21; Vulg. Sap. 15, 8; ib. 2 Macc. 3, 30;

6, 29 et saep.—And in the order ante paulo: quae ante paulo perbreviter attigi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4:

profectus est aliquanto ante furorem Catilinae,

id. Sull. 20, 56 bis; id. Verr. 1, 149.—And in the order ante aliquanto: ante aliquanto quam tu natus es, Cic. Fam. [p. 129] 10, 4; id. Vatin. 25; id. Verr. 2, 46:

tanto ante praedixeras,

id. Phil. 2, 33:

quod si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 34; 5, 78, 89; id. Cat. 3, 17; id. de Or. 1, 7, 26; so Quint. 2, 4, 28:

quanto ante providerit,

Cic. Sest. 8:

permultum ante certior factus eram litteris,

id. Fam. 3, 11; cf. Prisc. p. 1191 P.—

Followed by quam (written also as one word, antequam; the form prius quam was more freq. in archaic Latin), sooner than; before.

With ind. pres.:

ante quam doceo id factum non esse, libet mihi,

Cic. Quinct. 48:

ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam,

id. Cat. 4, 20; id. Mil. 7; id. Deiot. 7; id. Clu. 6.—

With ind. perf.:

memini Catonem anno ante quam est mortuus mecum disserere,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

anno ipso ante quam natus est Ennius,

id. Brut. 18, 72:

ante aliquanto quam tu natus es,

id. Fam. 10, 3:

neque ante dimisit eum quam fidem dedit,

Liv. 39, 10:

ante quam ille est factus inimicus,

Cic. Phil. 12, 9.—

Rarely with fut. perf.:

ante provinciam sibi decretam audiet quam potuerit tempus ei rei datum suspicari,

Cic. Phil. 11, 24:

neque defatigabor ante quam... percepero,

id. de Or. 3, 36, 145.—

With subj. pres.:

ante quam veniat in Pontum, litteras ad Cn. Pompeium mittet,

Cic. Agr. 2, 53:

hac lege ante omnia veniunt, quam gleba una ematur,

id. ib. 2, 71; id. Sest. 15; id. Phil. 1, 1; Verg. E. 1, 60 sqq.; Vulg. Gen. 11, 4; ib. 4 Reg. 2, 9; ib. Matt. 6, 8.—

With subj. imperf.:

Romae et ad urbem, ante quam proficisceretur, quaerere coepit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 167:

qui (sol) ante quam se abderet, fugientem vidit Antonium,

id. Phil. 14, 27; 8, 1; id. Verr. 4, 147; Vulg. Gen. 2, 5; 13, 10; ib. Matt. 1, 18; ib. Joan. 8, 58.—

With subj. perf.:

ante vero quam sit ea res adlata, laetitiā frui satis est,

Cic. Phil. 14, 1:

domesticum malum opprimit ante quam prospicere potueris,

id. Verr. 1, 39; id. Sull. 44; id. Planc. 40:

nec ante vincere desierint quam Rubro mari inclusis quod vincerent defuerit,

Liv. 42, 52:

nec ante (barbam capillumque) dempserit quam vindicāsset,

Suet. Caes. 67.—

With subj. pluperf.:

se ante quam eam uxorem duxisset domum, sperāsse etc.,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 71:

qui ante quam de meo adventu audire potuissent, in Macedoniam perrexi,

Cic. Planc. 98:

ut consul ante fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum capere licuisset,

id. Imp. Pomp. 62; id. Quinct. 9; id. Verr. 2, 55; 2, 171.—

With inf.:

dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante fieri oportere, quam ad hanc rationem devenire,

Cic. Quinct. 54.—

With part.:

armati nullum ante finem pugnae quam morientes fecerunt,

Liv. 21, 15, 4 (on the use of these different constructions, v. Roby, §§ 1671, 1462, 1672 etc.; Draeger, Hist. Synt. II. pp. 589 sqq.;

and esp. Fischer, Gr. § 621). —In the poets sometimes with quam before ante: Respice item quam nil ad nos anteacta vetustas Temporis aeterni fuerit, quam nascimur ante,

Lucr. 3, 972:

Non ego signatis quicquam mandare tabellis, Ne legat id nemo quam meus ante, velim,

Tib. 4, 7, 8; Mart. 9, 36, 6.—Also in the poets sometimes pleon. ante—prius—quam:

sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat Ante, pudor, quam te violo aut tua jura resolvo,

Verg. A. 4, 24; so,

prius—quam— ante: Aut prius infecto deposcit praemia cursu, Septima quam metam triverit ante rota?

Prop. 3, 20, 25.—

For the designation of order, foll. by tum, deinde, etc., first, in the first place (only in later Lat. for the class. primum):

ut ante caput, deinde reliqua pars auferatur,

Cels. 7, 29:

et ante dicam de his, quae, etc.: tum, etc.,

id. 5, 26:

ante tonderi... deinde... tum, etc.,

id. 6, 6, 8; so Plin. 34, 13, 34, § 131 dub.—

Very rarely used as adj. (in imitation of the Greek):

neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum,

earlier, previous ills, Verg. A. 1, 198 (cf. tôn paros kakôn, Soph. O. T. 1423):

ille elegit, qui recipit ante meliorem,

Quint. Decl. 1, 14; cf. Liv. 24, 82, 5 (on this use of the adv., v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 76, 5).

In composition.

Of space, before, in front of, forwards: antepono, antefigo, antefero, antemitto.—

Fig. of preference, before, above: antepono.—

Of degree, before, above, more: antepotens, antepollens—

In designations of time only with adjj. and advv.: antelucanus, antemeridianus, antehac, antelucio.With verbs, ante is more correctly written separately: ante actus, ante factus, ante gestus, ante paro, etc., although editions differ in this respect. V. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 361-390, and pp. 394-402.

antĕ (old form anti, whence antidea, antideo, antidhac; v. antea, anteeo, and antehac) [Gr. anti, over against, facing, anta, antên; Sanscr. anti = over against; Germ. ant- in Ant-wort = Goth. anda-vaurdi, an answer, anda-nahti, the night before], prep. and adv. (acc. to Max. Victor. p. 1953, as prep. with the grave accent; as adv. with the acute on the last syl.).

Prep. with acc., before (syn.: prae, pro).

In space, or trop. in regard to estimation, judgment, or rank (usu. only of objects at rest. while prae is used of those in motion; cf. Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 1, 21; v. exceptions infra).

In space:

quem ante aedīs video,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 136:

ante ostium Me audivit stare,

Ter. And. 3, 1, 16; so Vulg. Lev. 1, 5:

Ornatas paulo ante fores,

Juv. 6, 227; so Vulg. Num. 3, 26:

ante meum limen,

Juv. 11, 190:

ante suum fundum,

Cic. Mil. 10:

ut ante suos hortulos postridie piscarentur,

id. Off. 3, 14, 58:

ante sepulcrales infelix adstitit aras,

Ov. M. 8, 480; so Verg. A. 1, 344; 3, 545; Juv. 10, 268:

ante altaria,

id. 8, 155; so Vulg. Deut. 26, 4; ib. Matt. 5, 24. —Of persons:

ante hosce deos erant arulae,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 3:

quīs ante ora patrum contigit oppetere,

Verg. A. 1, 95; id. G. 4, 477:

ipsius unam (navem) ante oculos pontus in puppim ferit,

id. A. 1, 114; 2, 531; 2, 773:

ante se statuit funditores,

Liv. 42, 58:

Flos Asiae ante ipsum,

Juv. 5, 56; Vulg. Matt. 17, 2:

si luditur alea pernox Ante Numantinos,

Juv. 8, 11.— Trop.:

ante oculos collocata,

Cic. de Or. 1, 43, 192:

ante oculos errat domus,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 57: [p. 128] causam ante eum diceret, before him as judge, Cic. Verr. 1, 3, 9:

donec stet ante judicium,

Vulg. Josh. 20, 6; ib. Marc. 13, 9.—And in eccl. Lat., after the Heb. and Hel. Gr., before, in the sight of, in the judgment of:

ante Dominum vilior fiam,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 6, 21 sq.:

non te justifices ante Deum,

ib. Eccli. 7, 5:

justi ambo ante Deum,

ib. Luc. 1, 6;

and fully: fecit Asa rectum ante conspectum Domini,

ib. 3 Reg. 15, 11; ib. Apoc. 12, 10.—Hence, homines ante pedes (in later Lat.), servants; cf. the annotators upon Juv. 7, 143.—With verbs of motion:

ante me ito,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 70:

equitatum omnem ante se mittit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

ante ceteras cohortes extra aciem procurrere,

id. B. C. 1, 55:

praecurrit ante omnes,

id. ib. 2, 34; so Nep. Dat. 3, 2; Liv. 7, 41; 45, 40 al.; Vulg. Lev. 27, 11; ib. 1 Reg. 12, 2.—

Trop. of preference in judgment, or regulations in respect to rank, before (this is properly the signification of prae, q. v.; hence more rare than that, and never used by Cic.): quem ante me diligo, before myself, more than myself, Balbus ap. Cic. Att. 8, 15.—So ante aliquem esse, to surpass, excel any one:

facundiā Graecos, gloriā belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse,

Sall. C. 53, 3, ubi v. Corte and Kritz:

tum me vero et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios imperatores esse,

superior to, Liv. 35, 14:

necessitas ante rationem est,

necessity knows no law, Curt. 7, 7, 10.—Hence very freq. (but mostly poet. and post-class.),

Ante alios, ante omnes, ante ceteros, etc., before others, before all, etc., to designate a comparative relation;

also sometimes, for the sake of emphasis, with comparatives and superlatives: tibi, Neptune, ante alios deos gratias ago,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 5; so Ov. M. 10, 120:

scito illum ante omnīs minumi mortalem preti,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 8:

tua ante omnes experientia,

Tac. A. 2, 76; 1, 27; Liv. 1, 9:

Junoni ante omnīs candentis vaccae media inter cornua (pateram) fundit,

Verg. A. 4, 59:

Ipse est ante omnes,

Vulg. Col. 1, 17:

O felix una ante alias Priameïa virgo,

Verg. A. 3, 321:

ante omnes furor est insignis equarum,

id. G. 3, 266:

scelere ante alios immanior omnīs,

id. A. 1, 347; Liv. 5, 42:

ante alios pulcherrimus omnīs Turnus,

Verg. A. 7, 55; so Nep. Att. 3, 3; Liv. 1, 15; cf. Rudd. II. p. 82; II. p. 101; II. p. 305.—

Ante omnia.

Before all things, first of all:

alvus ante omnia ducitur,

Cels. 7, 30:

oportet autem ante omnia os nudare,

id. 8, 2:

Ante omnia instituit, ut etc.,

Suet. Ner. 32; id. Calig. 21:

Ante omnia autem, fratres, etc.,

Vulg. Jac. 5, 12; ib. 1 Petr. 4, 8.—

Comparatively, above all, especially, chiefty:

publica maestitia eo ante omnia insignis, quia matronae annum, ut parentem, eum luxerunt,

Liv. 2, 7; 7, 4:

quae natura multis et ante omnia ursis,

Plin. 8, 35, 53, § 125:

dulces ante omnia Musae,

the Muses pleasing above all things, Verg. G. 2, 475; id. E. 2, 72:

deformem et taetrum ante omnia vultum,

Juv. 10, 191.—

In entering upon the discussion of several particulars, or in adducing arguments, first of all, in the first place (similar to ac primum quidem, kai prôton men oun; cf. Spald. ad Quint. 4, 2, 4):

ante omnia quid sit rhetorice,

Quint. 2, 15, 1:

ante omnia igitur imitatio per se ipsa non sufficit,

id. 10, 2, 4; so id. 1, 2, 9; 4, 2, 40; 4, 2, 52; 5, 13, 6; 9, 1, 23.—

Of time.

Before: ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. ad Her. 2, 13; cf.

Dirks. Transl. 177 sq.: ante lucem a portu me praemisisti domum,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 55; so Cic. de Or. 2, 64, 259; id. Inv. 2, 4, 15; Suet. Galb. 22; Vulg. Luc. 24, 22:

ante diem caupo sciet,

Juv. 9, 108:

ante brumam,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 28:

ante noctem,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 51:

pereundum erit ante lucernas,

Juv. 10, 339:

ante haec omnia,

Vulg. Luc. 21, 12.— The designation of time is often expressed paraphrastically.

By a person who lived at the time:

jam ante Socratem,

before the time of, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 44:

qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini,

before me, before my time, id. Cat. 4, 3:

ante Jovem nulli subigebant arva coloni,

Verg. G. 1, 125:

vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Multi,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 25:

ante Helenam,

id. S. 1, 3, 107:

ante se,

Tac. H. 1, 50:

quod ante eum nemo,

Suet. Caes. 26 al. —

By other objects pertaining to a particular time: ante hoc factum, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 64:

ante has meas litteras,

i. e. before the receipt of this letter, Cic. Fam. 13, 17:

per hunc castissimum ante regiam injuriam sanguinem juro,

Liv. 1, 59:

ante mare et terras, et quod tegit omnia, caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5:

ante sidus fervidum,

Hor. Epod. 1, 27:

ante cibum,

id. S. 1, 10, 61, and Juv. 6, 428:

Hoc discunt omnes ante alpha et beta,

before their A B C, id. 14, 209:

cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus?

Verg. A. 11, 424:

Tecum prius ergo voluta Haec ante tubas,

Juv. 1, 169.—Also by the designation of the office of a person:

ante aedilitatem meam,

Cic. Att. 12, 17:

ante sceptrum Dictaei regis,

Verg. G. 2, 536:

ante imperium ducis,

Flor. 4, 2, 66:

relictis multis filiis et in regno et ante regnum susceptis,

Just. 2, 10.—And by the designation of office in app. to the person:

mortuus est ante istum praetorem,

Cic. Verr. 1, 45, 115:

docuerant fabulas ante hos consules,

id. Brut. 18, 73:

cum ante illum imperatorem clipeis uterentur,

Nep. Iphicr. 1, 3:

quos ante se imperatorem nemo ausus sit aspicere,

id. Epam. 8, 3.—A part. perf. or fut. pass. is freq. added to such substantives for the sake of explanation:

ante hanc urbem conditam,

before the founding of this city, Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (opp. post urbem conditam):

non multo ante urbem captam,

id. Div. 1, 45:

ante Epaminondam natum,

Nep. Epam. 10, 4:

ante te cognitum multis orantibus opem tuli,

Sall. J. 110, 2:

ante decemviros creatos,

Liv. 3, 53 al. —

Hence particular phrases.

Ante tempus,

Before the right time:

ante tempus excitatis suis,

Liv. 31, 36.—

Before the appointed, proper, or lawful time:

factus est consul bis, primum ante tempus,

Cic. Lael. 3:

honores et ante tempus et quosdam novi generis cepit,

Suet. Aug. 26:

venisti ante tempus torquere nos?

Vulg. Matt. 8, 29 (cf. annus, II. D.).—

Ante diem, poet.,

Before the time:

Caesaribus virtus contigit ante diem,

Ov. A. A. 1, 184:

ante diem vultu gressuque superbo Vicerat aequales,

Stat. S. 2, 1, 108.—

Before the time destined by fate:

filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos,

Ov. M. 1, 148:

hic dolor ante diem Pandiona misit ad umbras,

id. ib. 6, 675; id. A. A. 3, 739:

sed misera ante diem subitoque accensa furore, etc.,

Verg. A. 4, 697 (cf. Soph. Antig. 461: ei de tou chronou prosthen thanoumai). —

Ante hunc diem, with a negative:

istunc hominem numquam audivi ante hunc diem,

never before this day, never until now, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 60; 4, 2, 7:

neque umquam ante hunc diem,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 19; 5, 4, 23:

Novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum ad te Q. Tubero detulit,

Cic. Lig. 1, 1 (cf. Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 17: neque eum ante usquam conspexi prius). —

Ante diem (abbrev. a. d.) with an ordinal number gives the date, not of the foregoing, but of the present day; e. g. ante diem quintum (a. d. V.) Kalendas Apriles, the fifth day before the calends of April. Orig. the ante belonged to Kalendas, and they said either, ante die quinto Kalendas (i. e. die quinto ante Kalendas), or ante diem quintum Kalendas; the latter phraseology became the prevailing one, and ante diem, being considered as one word, the prepp. in and ex could be prefixed; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 12; Duker ad Liv. 27, 23; Rudd. II. p. 291; Madv. Gr. Suppl. I.; Drak. ad Liv. 45, 2, 12: me ante diem XIII. Kalendas Januarias principem revocandae libertatis fuisse, the thirteenth before the calends of January, i. e. the 20 th of Dec., Cic. Phil. 14, 7, 20: ante diem XII. Kalendas Novembres, the 21 st of Oct.: ante diem VI. Kalendas Novembres, the 27 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3: ante diem VIII. Kalendas Decembres, the 24 th of Nov., id. Phil. 3, 8: a. d. IV. Id. Mart. (ante diem quartum Idus Martias), i. e. the 12 th of March, Liv. 40, 59: ante diem III. Non. Jan. M. Cicero natus est, i. e. on the 3 d of Jan., Gell. 15, 28 al.:

in ante diem quartum Kal. Dec. distulit,

Cic. Phil. 3, 8: caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem V. Kal. Nov., to the 28 th of Oct., id. Cat. 1, 3:

ex ante diem VII. Id. Febr.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 28, 1: nuntii venerant ex ante diem Non. Jun. usque ad prid. Kal. Sept., from the 3 d of June, Cic. Att. 3, 17:

supplicatio indicta est ante diem V. Id. Oct. cum eo die in quinque dies,

Liv. 45, 2, 12.—

Sometimes to designate the whole time until the passing moment:

ante id tempus et mari et terrā duces erant Lace daemonii,

Nep. Arist. 2, 3:

qui honos huic uni ante id tempus contigit,

id. Timoth. 2, 3:

invictus ante eam diem fuerat,

Curt. 5, 3, 22.—

Ante annos, before the destined time:

Ante suos annos occidit,

Ov. Am. 2, 2, 46:

Ante annos animumque gerens curamque virilem,

beyond his years, Verg. A. 9, 311 (cf.:

suos annos praeterire,

Sil. 4, 428; and:

annos transcendere factis,

id. 2, 348). —

Ante hoc, for antea, antehac, belongs to the later Latin:

ante hoc incognita,

Luc. 6, 116:

ante hoc domūs pars videntur,

Tac. G. 13.

Adv., of space and time (the latter most freq.).

Of space, before, in front, forwards: post me erat Aegina, ante Megara, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 9:

fluvius ab tergo, ante circaque velut ripa praeceps oram ejus omnem cingebat,

Liv. 27, 18; 22, 5:

coronatus stabit et ante calix,

Tib. 2, 5, 98:

plena oculis et ante et retro,

Vulg. Apoc. 4, 6.—Of motion (cf. supra, I. A. 1.):

si aut manibus ingrediatur quis aut non ante, sed retro,

Cic. Fin. 5, 12, 35:

pallida Tisiphone morbos agit ante metumque,

Verg. G. 3, 552.—

1.. Of time, before, previously (always in reference to another past time, while ante as prep. is used in reference to the present).

With verbs:

nonne oportuit Praescīsse me ante,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 4:

id te oro, ut ante eamus,

id. ib. 3, 3, 24;

very freq. in Cic.: quod utinam illi ante accidisset,

Cic. Phil. 11, 14:

quae ante acta sunt,

id. Verr. 1, 109:

sicut ante fecimus,

Vulg. Jos. 8, 5; ib. Jud. 16, 20:

fructus omnis ante actae vitae,

Cic. Marcell. 3; so Ov. M. 12, 115, and Tac. A. 6, 16:

apud vos ante feci mentionem,

Cic. Agr. 3, 4:

faciam hoc non novum, sed ab eis ante factum,

id. Verr. 1, 55; Verg. E. 9, 63; Juv. 3, 243; 15, 320:

illud de quo ante dixi,

Cic. Sex. Rosc. 116:

quos ante dixi,

id. Off. 2, 14, 50:

ut ante dixi,

id. Imp. Pomp. 16; id. Mil. 45:

quem ad modum ante dixi,

id. Sex. Rosc. 91:

additis, quae ante deliquerant,

Tac. A. 6, 9:

filium ante sublatum brevi amisit,

id. Agr. 6; id. G. 10; id. A. 11, 7; id. H. 2, 43.—And often accomp. by jam:

acceperam jam ante Caesaris litteras, ut etc.,

Cic. Phil. 2, 49; id. Marcell. 12; id. Verr. 2, 23.—Rarely accomp. by saepe.:

ut saepe ante fecerant,

Cic. Balb. 40; id. Rab. Post. 13.—

Rarely with adjj.:

non filius ante pudicus,

Juv. 3, 111:

quos acciverat, incertum, experiens an et ante gnavos,

Tac. A. 14, 7.—

Often with substt. in the abl. or acc. for a more accurate designation of time (cf. also abhinc with the abl. and acc.; in these cases ante was considered by the ancient critics as a prep., which could also govern the abl.; cf. Charis. p. 209 P.; Serv. ad Verg. E. 1, 30. The position of ante is sometimes before and sometimes after the subst., and sometimes between the numeral and the subst.):

illos septem et multis ante saeculis Lycurgum accepimus fuisse sapientes,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7:

etsi perpaucis ante diebus (i. e. before the departure of Theophilus, of whom mention is afterwards made) dederam Q. Mucio litteras ad te,

id. Fam. 4, 9:

paucis diebus ante,

id. Phil. 2, 40:

viginti annis ante,

id. Lael. 12, 42:

voverat eam annis undecim ante,

Liv. 40, 52, 4 (cf. id. 40, 51:

quae bello Ligustico ante annis octo vovisset): optimum erit ante annum scrobes facere,

a year before, Col. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 7:

Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis condiderunt,

a year before the fall of Troy, Just. 18, 3, 5:

ante quadriennium amissus es,

four years previously, Tac. Agr. 45:

aliquot ante annos,

Suet. Caes. 12; v. id. ib. 81 al.—

With the advv. multo, paulo, aliquanto, tanto, quanto, and rarely permultum:

multo ante prospexi tempestatem futuram,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

haud multo ante adventum,

Tac. Agr. 18.—And in the order ante multo:

ante multo a te didicerimus,

Cic. Sen. 2, 6:

Venisti paulo ante in senatum,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 16; id. Marcell. 7; id. Mil. 7; Tac. G. 41; id. H. 3, 68; Suet. Caes. 21; Vulg. Sap. 15, 8; ib. 2 Macc. 3, 30;

6, 29 et saep.—And in the order ante paulo: quae ante paulo perbreviter attigi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4:

profectus est aliquanto ante furorem Catilinae,

id. Sull. 20, 56 bis; id. Verr. 1, 149.—And in the order ante aliquanto: ante aliquanto quam tu natus es, Cic. Fam. [p. 129] 10, 4; id. Vatin. 25; id. Verr. 2, 46:

tanto ante praedixeras,

id. Phil. 2, 33:

quod si Cleomenes non tanto ante fugisset,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 34; 5, 78, 89; id. Cat. 3, 17; id. de Or. 1, 7, 26; so Quint. 2, 4, 28:

quanto ante providerit,

Cic. Sest. 8:

permultum ante certior factus eram litteris,

id. Fam. 3, 11; cf. Prisc. p. 1191 P.—

Followed by quam (written also as one word, antequam; the form prius quam was more freq. in archaic Latin), sooner than; before.

With ind. pres.:

ante quam doceo id factum non esse, libet mihi,

Cic. Quinct. 48:

ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam,

id. Cat. 4, 20; id. Mil. 7; id. Deiot. 7; id. Clu. 6.—

With ind. perf.:

memini Catonem anno ante quam est mortuus mecum disserere,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

anno ipso ante quam natus est Ennius,

id. Brut. 18, 72:

ante aliquanto quam tu natus es,

id. Fam. 10, 3:

neque ante dimisit eum quam fidem dedit,

Liv. 39, 10:

ante quam ille est factus inimicus,

Cic. Phil. 12, 9.—

Rarely with fut. perf.:

ante provinciam sibi decretam audiet quam potuerit tempus ei rei datum suspicari,

Cic. Phil. 11, 24:

neque defatigabor ante quam... percepero,

id. de Or. 3, 36, 145.—

With subj. pres.:

ante quam veniat in Pontum, litteras ad Cn. Pompeium mittet,

Cic. Agr. 2, 53:

hac lege ante omnia veniunt, quam gleba una ematur,

id. ib. 2, 71; id. Sest. 15; id. Phil. 1, 1; Verg. E. 1, 60 sqq.; Vulg. Gen. 11, 4; ib. 4 Reg. 2, 9; ib. Matt. 6, 8.—

With subj. imperf.:

Romae et ad urbem, ante quam proficisceretur, quaerere coepit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 167:

qui (sol) ante quam se abderet, fugientem vidit Antonium,

id. Phil. 14, 27; 8, 1; id. Verr. 4, 147; Vulg. Gen. 2, 5; 13, 10; ib. Matt. 1, 18; ib. Joan. 8, 58.—

With subj. perf.:

ante vero quam sit ea res adlata, laetitiā frui satis est,

Cic. Phil. 14, 1:

domesticum malum opprimit ante quam prospicere potueris,

id. Verr. 1, 39; id. Sull. 44; id. Planc. 40:

nec ante vincere desierint quam Rubro mari inclusis quod vincerent defuerit,

Liv. 42, 52:

nec ante (barbam capillumque) dempserit quam vindicāsset,

Suet. Caes. 67.—

With subj. pluperf.:

se ante quam eam uxorem duxisset domum, sperāsse etc.,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 71:

qui ante quam de meo adventu audire potuissent, in Macedoniam perrexi,

Cic. Planc. 98:

ut consul ante fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum capere licuisset,

id. Imp. Pomp. 62; id. Quinct. 9; id. Verr. 2, 55; 2, 171.—

With inf.:

dici vix potest quam multa sint quae respondeatis ante fieri oportere, quam ad hanc rationem devenire,

Cic. Quinct. 54.—

With part.:

armati nullum ante finem pugnae quam morientes fecerunt,

Liv. 21, 15, 4 (on the use of these different constructions, v. Roby, §§ 1671, 1462, 1672 etc.; Draeger, Hist. Synt. II. pp. 589 sqq.;

and esp. Fischer, Gr. § 621). —In the poets sometimes with quam before ante: Respice item quam nil ad nos anteacta vetustas Temporis aeterni fuerit, quam nascimur ante,

Lucr. 3, 972:

Non ego signatis quicquam mandare tabellis, Ne legat id nemo quam meus ante, velim,

Tib. 4, 7, 8; Mart. 9, 36, 6.—Also in the poets sometimes pleon. ante—prius—quam:

sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat Ante, pudor, quam te violo aut tua jura resolvo,

Verg. A. 4, 24; so,

prius—quam— ante: Aut prius infecto deposcit praemia cursu, Septima quam metam triverit ante rota?

Prop. 3, 20, 25.—

For the designation of order, foll. by tum, deinde, etc., first, in the first place (only in later Lat. for the class. primum):

ut ante caput, deinde reliqua pars auferatur,

Cels. 7, 29:

et ante dicam de his, quae, etc.: tum, etc.,

id. 5, 26:

ante tonderi... deinde... tum, etc.,

id. 6, 6, 8; so Plin. 34, 13, 34, § 131 dub.—

Very rarely used as adj. (in imitation of the Greek):

neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum,

earlier, previous ills, Verg. A. 1, 198 (cf. tôn paros kakôn, Soph. O. T. 1423):

ille elegit, qui recipit ante meliorem,

Quint. Decl. 1, 14; cf. Liv. 24, 82, 5 (on this use of the adv., v. Kritz ad Sall. J. 76, 5).

In composition.

Of space, before, in front of, forwards: antepono, antefigo, antefero, antemitto.—

Fig. of preference, before, above: antepono.—

Of degree, before, above, more: antepotens, antepollens—

In designations of time only with adjj. and advv.: antelucanus, antemeridianus, antehac, antelucio.With verbs, ante is more correctly written separately: ante actus, ante factus, ante gestus, ante paro, etc., although editions differ in this respect. V. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 361-390, and pp. 394-402.

conscĭentĭa, ae, f. [conscio], a knowing of a thing together with another person, joint knowledge, consciousness (in good prose, and very freq.).

A joint knowledge of something, a being privy to, a knowing along with others, privity, cognizance, etc.

With gen. subj.:

omnium horum,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1; so,

hominum,

id. Fin. 2, 9, 28:

plurium,

Liv. 2, 54, 7:

liberti unius,

Tac. A. 6, 21; cf. Suet. Calig. 56 al.:

generis humani,

Tac. Agr. 2.—

With gen. obj. (thus for the most part in Tac.):

in conscientiam facinoris pauci asciti,

Tac. H. 1, 25:

facti,

id. A. 2, 22:

conjurationis,

id. H. 1, 42:

stupri,

Dig. 48, 5, 29.— Plur.:

consilia conscientiaeque ejus modi facinorum,

Cic. Clu. 20, 56. —

Absol.:

non modo eos persequi, ad quos maxime culpa corrupti judicii, sed etiam illos, ad quos conscientiae contagio pertinebit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183:

qui non modo a facti verum etiam a conscientiae suspitione afuit,

id. Cael. 10, 23:

nocte perfugit Tanagram, suam conscientiam metuens,

Liv. 33, 28, 10:

simulare,

Tac. A. 2, 40; 4, 3; cf. id. H. 1, 28; Curt. 7, 1, 31.—

Consciousness, knowledge, feeling, sense.

In gen. (rare).

With gen.:

unde haec illis tanta modestia, nisi a conscientiā virium et nostrarum et suarum?

Liv. 8, 4, 10 (cf. g); so,

contracti culpā periculi,

id. 3, 2, 11:

suae infirmitatis,

Quint. 1, 2, 10:

rebellionis,

Tac. A. 12, 31; cf.

defectionis,

id. Agr. 16:

victoriae,

id. ib. 27:

unionum in somno quoque,

Plin. 33, 3, 12, § 40:

amissae fortunae,

a recollection, Flor. 2, 12, 10:

ipsa pulcherrimi facti,

Cic. Phil. 2, 44, 114:

officii mei benevolentiaeque,

id. Fam. 3, 7, 6 fin.:

scelerum tuorum,

id. Pis. 17, 39; cf. Sall. C. 5, 7:

peccatorum,

Cic. Par. 5, 3, 40:

culpae,

Liv. 28, 19, 1 et saep.—In plur., Cic. Clu. 20, 56:

te conscientiae stimulant maleficiorum tuorum,

id. Par. 2, 2, 18; cf. under B. 2.—

With de: satisfactionem ex nullà conscientiā de culpā proponere decrevi, Cat. ap. Sall. C. 35, 2; cf. conscius, I. d—

With rel.-clause (very rare):

illi conscientia, quid abesset virium, detrectavere pugnam,

Liv. 3, 60, 6; 28, 19, 5.—

Absol.: ut nostram stabilem conscientiam contemnamus, aliorum errantem opinionem aucupemur, self-consciousness, Cic. Fin. 2, 22, 71:

illud se tacere suam conscientiam non pati,

Liv. 5, 25, 6:

in veris quoque sufficit conscientia,

consciousness, Quint. 11, 1, 17: sine hac quidem conscientiā ipsa illa ex tempore dicendi facultas inanem modo loquacitatem dabit, without this feeling, equiv. to without this persuasion, id. 10, 3, 2:

quamvis capite defectionis ablato manebat plerisque militum conscientia,

Tac. H. 1, 5.— So pregn., with ne, a conscientious fear, guilty fear, Tac. Agr. 42.—

In partic., a consciousness of right or wrong, the moral sense, conscience:

magna vis est conscientiae... in utramque partem, ut neque timeant qui nihil commiserint et poenam semper ante oculos versari putent qui peccarint,

Cic. Mil. 23, 61; cf.:

et virtutis et vitiorum grave ipsius conscientiae pondus,

id. N. D. 3, 35, 85:

bona conscientia turbam advocat, mala etiam in solitudine anxia atque sollicita est,

Sen. Ep. 43, 5:

ad purgandam publicam conscientiam,

Just. 31, 4, 3:

recta,

a good conscience, Cic. Att. 13, 20, 4; cf.

egregia,

Liv. 29, 33, 9: bona, Cels. ap. Quint. 2, 15, 32; Quint. 6, 1, 33; 9, 2, 93; Tac. Agr. 1:

optima,

Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 3:

salvā bonā conscientiā,

Sen. Q. N. 4, praef. §

15: integra,

Front. 1, 9, 3; Lact. 5, 19, 32:

mala,

a bad conscience, Sall. J. 62, 8; Quint. 12, 1, 3:

infelix,

id. 6, prooem. § 10.—

Prov.:

conscientia mille testes,

Quint. 5, 11, 41.—

Sometimes absol. for a good, or for a bad conscience.

A good conscience:

mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo,

Cic. Att. 12, 28, 2; cf.:

illud est hominis magni... maximi aestimare conscientiam mentis suae, etc.,

id. Clu. 58, 159:

in quibus ego nec dissentire a nostris salvā gratiā nec consentire salvā conscientiā possum,

Sen. Ep. 117, 1:

ad sacrificium integrā conscientiā venire,

Lact. 5, 19, 32; Front. Strat. 1, 9, 3.—

A bad conscience:

hunc tu quas conscientiae labes in animo censes habuisse?

Cic. Off. 3, 21, 85; id. Cat. 2, 6, 13; id. Leg. 1, 14, 40; Sall. C. 15, 4; id. J. 35, 4; Quint. 5, 13, 46.—In the same sense:

animi,

Cic. Fin. 2, 16, 53; 2, 17, 54; id. Att. 13, 49 fin.; Caes. B. C. 3, 60; Phaedr. 3, prol. 47; and in plur.:

suae (quemque) malae cogitationes conscientiaeque animi terrent,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 24, 67.

grăcĭlis, e (also ante-class. grăcĭlus, a, um, Lucil. ap. Non. 489, 21; plur.:

gracilae virgines,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 22), adj. [Sanscr. karc, to be lean; old Lat. cracentes, slender (Enn. Ann. 497 Vahl.); cf. Gr. kolokanos], thin, slight, slender, slim; meagre, lean ( poet. and in Aug. prose; not in Cic.; but cf. gracilitas; syn.: exilis, tenuis, macer).

Physically:

in gracili macies crimen habere potest,

Ov. R. Am. 328:

gracili sic tamque pusillo,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 69:

quis multa gracilis te puer in rosa, etc.,

id. C. 1, 5, 1:

puer,

Mart. 11, 43, 4:

Indi,

Juv. 6, 466:

capella,

Ov. M. 1, 299:

equi hominesque paululi et graciles,

Liv. 35, 11, 7:

arbores succinctioresque,

Plin. 16, 10, 17, § 39:

resina (opp. pinguis),

id. 24, 6, 22, § 33:

gracilis et ejuncida vitis,

id. 17, 22, 35, § 173:

folium,

id. 19, 8, 54, § 171:

comae et lanuginis instar,

Ov. Am. 1, 14, 23:

stamen,

id. M. 6, 54:

catena,

id. ib. 4, 176; cf.:

vinculum auri,

Petr. 126:

cacumen,

Ov. M. 10, 140:

coronae,

Juv. 12, 87:

viae petauri,

Mart. 2, 86, 7; cf.

rima,

App. M. 4, p. 149:

libellus,

Mart. 8, 24, 1:

umbra,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 86:

spuma,

Vulg. Sap. 5, 15.— Comp.:

glans brevior et gracilior,

Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 19.— Sup.:

fuit (Nero) ventre projecto, gracillimis cruribus,

Suet. Ner. 51.—

Transf., opp. to fat or rich, meagre, scanty, poor (post-Aug.):

ager,

Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 187:

clivi,

Col. 2, 4, 11:

vindemiae,

Plin. Ep. 9, 20, 2; 8, 15, 1:

gracili Lare vivere,

App. Mag. p. 287; cf.

pauperies,

id. M. 9, p. 219.—

Trop., of style, simple, plain, unadorned ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose): materiae gracili sufficit ingenium. Ov. P. 2, 5, 26; cf.:

lusimus, Octavi, gracili modulante Thalia,

Verg. Cul. 1: et in carmine et in soluta oratione genera dicendi probabilia sunt tria, quae Graeci charaktêras vocant nominaque eis fecerunt hadron, ischnon, meson. Nos quoque, quem primum posuimus, uberem vocamus, secundum gracilem, tertium mediocrem. Uberi dignitas atque amplitudo est:

gracili venustas et subtilitas: medius in confinio est utriusque modi particeps, etc.,

Gell. 7, 14, 1 sq.; cf.:

inter gracile validumque tertium aliquid constitutum est,

Quint. 12, 10, 66:

praefationes tersae, graciles, dulces,

Plin. Ep. 2, 3, 1.—Of the speaker:

non possumus esse tam graciles, simus fortiores,

Quint. 12, 10, 36.—Hence, adv.: grăcĭlĭter, slenderly.

Lit., App. M. 3, p. 130.—

Trop.:

alia ornatius, alia gracilius esse dicenda,

more simply, Quint. 9, 4, 130.

ĭnānis, e, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. 2. in-], empty, void (opp. plenus; freq. and class.).

Physically:

cum vas inane dicimus, non ita loquimur ut physici, quibus inane esse nihil placet, sed ita, ut verbi causa sine aqua, sine vino, sine oleo vas esse dicamus,

Cic. Fat. 11, 24:

aqualis inanis (opp. plena),

Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 41:

tune inane quicquam putes esse, cum ita completa et conferta sint omnia, ut, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 40, 125:

quae spatium pleno possint distinguere inane,

Lucr. 1, 527:

domum ejus exornatam et instructam, fere jam iste reddiderat nudam atque inanem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 34, § 84:

granum inane cassumque,

Plin. 18, 17, 45, § 161:

quae (naves) inanes ad eum remitterentur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 23, 4; so,

naves (opp. onustae),

id. B. C. 3, 8, 3; 3, 40, 4; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 50, § 131; cf.:

inde navigia inania et vacua hinc plena et onusta mittantur,

Plin. Pan. 31, 4:

lagenae,

Cic. Fam. 16, 26, 2:

mensa,

Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 26:

vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existimes,

without a burden, id. Am. 1, 1, 174; cf.:

ego bajulabo: tu, ut decet dominum, ante me ito inanis,

id. As. 3, 3, 70:

janitor ad dantes vigilet: si pulset inanis Surdus, etc.,

emptyhanded, without presents, Prop. 4 (5), 5, 47:

hic homo est inanis,

without money, without fortune, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 44; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 2; id. Trin. 3, 2, 75:

misera in civitate et inani,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 66, § 160:

egentes inanesque discedere,

id. ib. 2, 2, 9, § 25 fin.:

structores ad frumentum profecti inanes redierunt,

id. Att. 14, 3, 1; cf. id. Off. 3, 2, 6:

equus,

without a rider, id. Verr. 2, 2, 66, § 160; cf.:

quid, quod omnes consulares... simul atque assedisti partem istam subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt?

id. Cat. 1, 7, 16:

absint inani funere neniae,

without a corpse, Hor. C. 2, 20, 21:

parasitus,

unfed, hungry, Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 78:

venter,

hungry, Hor. S. 1, 6, 127; cf.:

siccus, inanis Sperne cibum vilem,

id. ib. 2, 2, 14:

quod inani sufficit alvo,

Juv. 5, 7:

laeva,

without rings, Hor. S. 2, 7, 9:

litterae,

empty, Cic. Fam. 6, 22, 1:

paleae,

empty, light, Verg. G. 3, 134:

nubila,

id. ib. 4, 196:

venti,

id. A. 6, 740: tum ebur ex inani corpore extractum (a transl. of the Platon. apoleloipotos psuchên sômatos), lifeless, dead, Cic. Leg. 2, 18, 45 Mos.:

corpus,

Ov. H. 15, 116; id. Am. 3, 9, 6; cf.

in the foll.: vulgus,

i. e. the shades, Stat. Th. 1, 93; cf.

umbra,

Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 25:

imago,

id. F. 5, 463:

regna Ditis,

Verg. A. 6, 269:

Tartara,

Ov. M. 11, 670: leo, a lion ' s hide, Stat. Th. 1, 483; so,

tigris,

id. ib. 6, 722:

vultus,

i. e. blind, Sen. Phoen. 43: Gaurus, i. e. hollow (an extinct volcano), Juv. 9, 57. —

With abl., gen., or ab (the last rare):

nulla epistula inanis aliqua re utili,

Cic. Att. 2, 8, 1:

Agyrinensis ager centum septuaginta aratoribus inanior est,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 52, § 121:

sanguinis atque animi pectus inane,

Ov. H. 3, 60:

corpus animae,

id. M. 13, 488; 2, 611; Prop. 3, 18 (4, 17), 32:

lymphae dolium,

Hor. C. 3, 11, 26:

pectus deorum,

Sil. 2, 309: inanis a marsupio, Prud. steph. 2, 104. —

Subst.: ĭnāne, is, n., an empty space, a void (most freq. in Lucr.):

scilicet hoc id erit vacuum quod inane vocamus,

Lucr. 1, 439:

namque est in rebus inane,

id. 1, 330 sq.; cf. id. 1, 569; 2, 236:

ita nullum inane, nihil esse individuum potest,

Cic. N. D. 1, 23, 65:

plus esse inanis,

Lucr. 1, 365:

inani,

ib. 524:

inane,

id. 1, 369; 426; 507;

514 et saep.: ad inane naturae,

Plin. 30, 1, 4, § 13:

per inane,

through the air, Lucr. 1, 1018; 2, 65 et saep.; Verg. E. 6, 31; id. A. 12, 906; Plin. 8, 43, 68, § 169 et saep.— Abl.:

inani,

Lucr. 1, 742; 1009:

ab inani,

id. 1, 431:

in inani,

id. 1, 1078; 2, 122:

sine inani,

id. 1, 510; 532; 538:

per inania,

id. 1, 223; Ov. M. 2, 506.

Trop.

In gen., empty, useless, worthless, vain, unprofitable:

aures ipsae, quid plenum, quid inane sit judicant,

Cic. Brut. 8, 34:

quod honestum nos et laudabile esse dicamus, id illi cassum quiddam et inani vocis sono decoratum esse dicant,

id. Tusc. 5, 41, 119; cf.:

honesti inane nomen esse,

id. Ac. 2, 22, 71:

sin vera visa divina sunt, falsa autem et inania humana,

id. Div. 2, 62, 127:

voces inanes fundere,

id. Tusc. 3, 18, 42; cf.

elocutio,

id. de Or. 1, 6, 20:

damnatus inani judicio,

Juv. 1, 47:

vox,

Quint. 11, 3, 32:

verba,

id. 8, 2, 17; 9, 3, 100; cf.

verborum torrenti,

id. 10, 7, 23:

crimen,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 177:

o inanes nostras contentiones!

id. de Or. 3, 2, 7:

o spes fallaces et cogitationes inanes meae!

id. Mil. 34, 94; cf.:

inani et tenui spe te consolaris,

id. Rosc. Com. 14, 42:

spes,

Verg. A. 10, 627:

religio,

Cic. Rep. 1, 15 fin.:

delectari multis inanibus rebus, ut gloriā, etc.,

id. Lael. 14, 49; 23, 86:

cupiditates,

id. Fin. 1, 13, 46:

causas nequidquam nectis inanes,

Verg. A. 9, 219:

minae,

Hor. Epod. 6, 3:

tempus inane peto, requiem spatiumque furori,

vacant, leisure, Verg. A. 4, 433; so,

ternpora (with morae),

Val. Fl. 3, 657: tempora, in prosody, i. q. the Gr. kenos chronos, the use of a short syllable for a long one, Quint. 9, 4, 51 Spald.—

With gen.:

omnia plena consiliorum, inania verborum,

poor in words, Cic. de Or. 1, 9, 37:

quae inanissima prudentiae reperta sunt,

id. Mur. 12, 26.—

Of persons, vain, worthless, petty:

Graii,

Lucr. 1, 639:

homo inanis et regiae superbiae,

Sall. J. 64, 5:

imagines, quibus inanissimi homines serviunt,

Lact. 2, 17, 8:

inanes Hoc juvat,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 76; Liv. 45, 23, 16; Lucr. 1, 639:

hi pressi et integri, contra inflati illi et inanes,

Quint. 12, 10, 16; cf.:

illud vero pusilli animi et inanis,

Cic. Fam. 2, 17, 7:

non negaverim totam Asiae regionem inaniora parere ingenia,

Liv. 45, 23, 16.—

As subst.: ĭnāne, is, n., that which is empty or vain; emptiness, vanity, inanity:

o curas hominum! o quantum est in rebus inane!

Pers. 1, 1:

inane abscindere soldo,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 113.— Plur.:

dum vitat humum, nubes et inania captet,

id. A. P. 230:

inaina famae,

idle reports, Tac. A. 2, 76:

inania belli,

id. ib. 2, 69.—Hence, adv.: ĭnānĭter, vainly, idly, uselessly:

exsultare,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 13:

moveri,

id. Ac. 2, 15, 47; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:

pectus angere,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 211:

medicas exercet inaniter artes,

Ov. M. 2, 618.

ĭnānis, e, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. 2. in-], empty, void (opp. plenus; freq. and class.).

Physically:

cum vas inane dicimus, non ita loquimur ut physici, quibus inane esse nihil placet, sed ita, ut verbi causa sine aqua, sine vino, sine oleo vas esse dicamus,

Cic. Fat. 11, 24:

aqualis inanis (opp. plena),

Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 41:

tune inane quicquam putes esse, cum ita completa et conferta sint omnia, ut, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 40, 125:

quae spatium pleno possint distinguere inane,

Lucr. 1, 527:

domum ejus exornatam et instructam, fere jam iste reddiderat nudam atque inanem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 34, § 84:

granum inane cassumque,

Plin. 18, 17, 45, § 161:

quae (naves) inanes ad eum remitterentur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 23, 4; so,

naves (opp. onustae),

id. B. C. 3, 8, 3; 3, 40, 4; Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 50, § 131; cf.:

inde navigia inania et vacua hinc plena et onusta mittantur,

Plin. Pan. 31, 4:

lagenae,

Cic. Fam. 16, 26, 2:

mensa,

Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 26:

vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existimes,

without a burden, id. Am. 1, 1, 174; cf.:

ego bajulabo: tu, ut decet dominum, ante me ito inanis,

id. As. 3, 3, 70:

janitor ad dantes vigilet: si pulset inanis Surdus, etc.,

emptyhanded, without presents, Prop. 4 (5), 5, 47:

hic homo est inanis,

without money, without fortune, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 44; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 2; id. Trin. 3, 2, 75:

misera in civitate et inani,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 66, § 160:

egentes inanesque discedere,

id. ib. 2, 2, 9, § 25 fin.:

structores ad frumentum profecti inanes redierunt,

id. Att. 14, 3, 1; cf. id. Off. 3, 2, 6:

equus,

without a rider, id. Verr. 2, 2, 66, § 160; cf.:

quid, quod omnes consulares... simul atque assedisti partem istam subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt?

id. Cat. 1, 7, 16:

absint inani funere neniae,

without a corpse, Hor. C. 2, 20, 21:

parasitus,

unfed, hungry, Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 78:

venter,

hungry, Hor. S. 1, 6, 127; cf.:

siccus, inanis Sperne cibum vilem,

id. ib. 2, 2, 14:

quod inani sufficit alvo,

Juv. 5, 7:

laeva,

without rings, Hor. S. 2, 7, 9:

litterae,

empty, Cic. Fam. 6, 22, 1:

paleae,

empty, light, Verg. G. 3, 134:

nubila,

id. ib. 4, 196:

venti,

id. A. 6, 740: tum ebur ex inani corpore extractum (a transl. of the Platon. apoleloipotos psuchên sômatos), lifeless, dead, Cic. Leg. 2, 18, 45 Mos.:

corpus,

Ov. H. 15, 116; id. Am. 3, 9, 6; cf.

in the foll.: vulgus,

i. e. the shades, Stat. Th. 1, 93; cf.

umbra,

Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 25:

imago,

id. F. 5, 463:

regna Ditis,

Verg. A. 6, 269:

Tartara,

Ov. M. 11, 670: leo, a lion ' s hide, Stat. Th. 1, 483; so,

tigris,

id. ib. 6, 722:

vultus,

i. e. blind, Sen. Phoen. 43: Gaurus, i. e. hollow (an extinct volcano), Juv. 9, 57. —

With abl., gen., or ab (the last rare):

nulla epistula inanis aliqua re utili,

Cic. Att. 2, 8, 1:

Agyrinensis ager centum septuaginta aratoribus inanior est,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 52, § 121:

sanguinis atque animi pectus inane,

Ov. H. 3, 60:

corpus animae,

id. M. 13, 488; 2, 611; Prop. 3, 18 (4, 17), 32:

lymphae dolium,

Hor. C. 3, 11, 26:

pectus deorum,

Sil. 2, 309: inanis a marsupio, Prud. steph. 2, 104. —

Subst.: ĭnāne, is, n., an empty space, a void (most freq. in Lucr.):

scilicet hoc id erit vacuum quod inane vocamus,

Lucr. 1, 439:

namque est in rebus inane,

id. 1, 330 sq.; cf. id. 1, 569; 2, 236:

ita nullum inane, nihil esse individuum potest,

Cic. N. D. 1, 23, 65:

plus esse inanis,

Lucr. 1, 365:

inani,

ib. 524:

inane,

id. 1, 369; 426; 507;

514 et saep.: ad inane naturae,

Plin. 30, 1, 4, § 13:

per inane,

through the air, Lucr. 1, 1018; 2, 65 et saep.; Verg. E. 6, 31; id. A. 12, 906; Plin. 8, 43, 68, § 169 et saep.— Abl.:

inani,

Lucr. 1, 742; 1009:

ab inani,

id. 1, 431:

in inani,

id. 1, 1078; 2, 122:

sine inani,

id. 1, 510; 532; 538:

per inania,

id. 1, 223; Ov. M. 2, 506.

Trop.

In gen., empty, useless, worthless, vain, unprofitable:

aures ipsae, quid plenum, quid inane sit judicant,

Cic. Brut. 8, 34:

quod honestum nos et laudabile esse dicamus, id illi cassum quiddam et inani vocis sono decoratum esse dicant,

id. Tusc. 5, 41, 119; cf.:

honesti inane nomen esse,

id. Ac. 2, 22, 71:

sin vera visa divina sunt, falsa autem et inania humana,

id. Div. 2, 62, 127:

voces inanes fundere,

id. Tusc. 3, 18, 42; cf.

elocutio,

id. de Or. 1, 6, 20:

damnatus inani judicio,

Juv. 1, 47:

vox,

Quint. 11, 3, 32:

verba,

id. 8, 2, 17; 9, 3, 100; cf.

verborum torrenti,

id. 10, 7, 23:

crimen,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 177:

o inanes nostras contentiones!

id. de Or. 3, 2, 7:

o spes fallaces et cogitationes inanes meae!

id. Mil. 34, 94; cf.:

inani et tenui spe te consolaris,

id. Rosc. Com. 14, 42:

spes,

Verg. A. 10, 627:

religio,

Cic. Rep. 1, 15 fin.:

delectari multis inanibus rebus, ut gloriā, etc.,

id. Lael. 14, 49; 23, 86:

cupiditates,

id. Fin. 1, 13, 46:

causas nequidquam nectis inanes,

Verg. A. 9, 219:

minae,

Hor. Epod. 6, 3:

tempus inane peto, requiem spatiumque furori,

vacant, leisure, Verg. A. 4, 433; so,

ternpora (with morae),

Val. Fl. 3, 657: tempora, in prosody, i. q. the Gr. kenos chronos, the use of a short syllable for a long one, Quint. 9, 4, 51 Spald.—

With gen.:

omnia plena consiliorum, inania verborum,

poor in words, Cic. de Or. 1, 9, 37:

quae inanissima prudentiae reperta sunt,

id. Mur. 12, 26.—

Of persons, vain, worthless, petty:

Graii,

Lucr. 1, 639:

homo inanis et regiae superbiae,

Sall. J. 64, 5:

imagines, quibus inanissimi homines serviunt,

Lact. 2, 17, 8:

inanes Hoc juvat,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 76; Liv. 45, 23, 16; Lucr. 1, 639:

hi pressi et integri, contra inflati illi et inanes,

Quint. 12, 10, 16; cf.:

illud vero pusilli animi et inanis,

Cic. Fam. 2, 17, 7:

non negaverim totam Asiae regionem inaniora parere ingenia,

Liv. 45, 23, 16.—

As subst.: ĭnāne, is, n., that which is empty or vain; emptiness, vanity, inanity:

o curas hominum! o quantum est in rebus inane!

Pers. 1, 1:

inane abscindere soldo,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 113.— Plur.:

dum vitat humum, nubes et inania captet,

id. A. P. 230:

inaina famae,

idle reports, Tac. A. 2, 76:

inania belli,

id. ib. 2, 69.—Hence, adv.: ĭnānĭter, vainly, idly, uselessly:

exsultare,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 6, 13:

moveri,

id. Ac. 2, 15, 47; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:

pectus angere,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 211:

medicas exercet inaniter artes,

Ov. M. 2, 618.

mŏdus, i, m. [root med-, measure, weigh; Gr. medomai, medontes, mêstôr, medimnos; cf.: modius, modestus, moderor], a measure with which, or according to which, any thing is measured, its size, length, circumference, quantity (freq. and class.).

Lit.

In gen.:

modi, quibus metirentur rura,

Varr. R. R. 1, 10, 1:

is modus acnua Latine appellatur,

id. ib. 1, 10, 2:

filio agri reliquit ei non magnum modum,

Plaut. Aul. prol. 13:

hoc erat in votis, modus agri non ita magnus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 1:

de modo agri scripsit,

Cic. Att. 13, 33, 2:

de modo agri (actio), cum a venditore emptor deceptus est,

Paul. Sent. 1, 19, 1:

modus hic agri nostro non sufficit horto,

Juv. 14, 172:

modus altitudinis et latitudinis (sulcorum),

Col. 11, 3, 4:

collis modum jugeri continens,

Col. Arbor. 1, 6:

ut omnium par modus sit,

Cels. 3, 27; cf. Col. 12, 23:

falsus,

false measure, Dig. 11, 6: magnus legionum, Vell. 2, 73, 2: hic mihi conteritur vitae modus, measure or term of life, Prop. 1, 7, 9.—

In partic.

Pregn., a proper measure, due measure:

in modo fundi non animadverso lapsi sunt multi,

Varr. R. R. 1, 11:

suus cuique (rei) modus est,

Cic. Or. 22, 73:

ordine et modo,

id. Off. 1, 5, 14:

modum alicujus rei habere,

to observe measure in a thing, not exceed the bounds of moderation, id. Verr. 2, 2, 59, § 144:

vox quasi extra modum absona,

beyond measure, immoderately, id. de Or. 3, 11, 41:

cum lacus praeter modum crevisset,

id. Div. 1, 44, 100:

ii sine dubio fidem et modum transeunt,

id. Off. 1, 29, 102:

supra modum in servos suos saevire,

Gai. Inst. 1, 53:

sine modo modestiāque,

without measure, without moderation, Sall. J. 41, 9:

sine modo ac modestia agi,

Liv. 26, 48, 11.—

The measure of tones, measure, rhythm, melody, harmony, time; in poetry, measure, metre, mode:

vocum,

Cic. Div. 2, 3, 9:

musici,

Quint. 1, 10, 14:

lyrici,

Ov. H. 15, 6:

fidibus Latinis Thebanos aptare modos,

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 12: Bacchico exsultas (i. e. exsultans) modo, Enn. ap. Charis. p. 214 P. (Trag. v. 152 Vahl.):

flebilibus modis concinere,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 106: saltare ad tibicinis modos, to the music or sound of the flute, Liv. 7, 2:

nectere canoris Eloquium vocale modis,

Juv. 7, 19.—Fig.:

verae numerosque modosque ediscere vitae,

moral harmonies, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 144.—

Transf.

A measure which is not to be exceeded, a bound, limit, end, restriction, etc.:

modus muliebris nullust, neque umquam lavando et fricando modum scimus facere,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 21:

quis modus tibi tandem exilio eveniet,

id. Merc. 3, 4, 67:

modum aliquem et finem orationi facere,

to set bounds to, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 48, § 118:

ludendi est quidem modus retinendus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 104:

imponere alicui,

Liv. 4, 24, 4:

cum modum irae nullum faceret,

id. 4, 50, 4:

modum transire,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 4:

cupidinibus statuat natura modum quem,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 111:

inimicitiarum modum facere,

Cic. Sull. 17, 48:

modum statuarum haberi nullum placet,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 59, § 144:

qui rebus infinitis modum constituant,

id. Fin. 1, 1, 2:

constituere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 59, § 145: modus vitae, tou biou telos, Prop. 1, 7, 9. —With gen. gerund.:

modum lugendi aliquando facere,

to make an end of mourning, Cic. Fam. 5, 16, 6.— Poet. with inf.:

nam quis erit saevire modus?

Stat. Th. 12, 573; cf. the foll.—

A way, manner, mode, method:

modus est, in quo quem ad modum, et quo animo factum sit, quaeritur, Ejus partes sunt prudentia, et imprudentia,

Cic. Inv. 1, 27, 41:

nullum modum esse hominis occidendi quo ille non aliquot occiderit,

id. Rosc. Am. 35, 100:

nec enim semper (hae partes) tractantur uno modo,

id. Or. 35, 122:

vitae,

way of life, id. Tusc. 5, 23, 66:

caelestium ordinem... imitari vitae modo,

id. Sen. 21, 77: quibus modis, by what method of acting, i. e. what means, Sall. C. 5, 6:

cultores has Alpis modo tuto transmittere,

Liv. 21, 30, 8.— Poet. with inf.:

nec modus inserere atque oculos imponere simplex,

Verg. G. 2, 73.—

Esp. freq.: modo, in modum, or ad modum, with a gen. or adj., in the manner of, like:

servorum modo,

in the manner of, like slaves, Liv. 39, 26:

pecorum modo trahi,

Tac. A. 4, 25:

in modum ramorum,

Col. Arbor. 22:

in nostrum modum,

in our manner, Tac. H. 3, 25:

servilem in modum cruciari,

like slaves, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13; Caes. B. G. 6, 19, 3; Suet. Calig. 56:

mirum in modum,

in a wonderful manner, wonderfully, Caes. B. G. 1, 41:

ad hunc modum distributis legionibus,

in this manner, id. ib. 5, 24:

naves ad hunc modum factae,

id. ib. 3, 13:

nos nostras more nostro et modo instruximus legiones,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 66:

non tuo hoc fiet modo,

id. Men. 2, 1, 25:

si humano modo, si usitato more peccāsset,

after the manner of men, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 8; cf.:

Carneadeo more et modo disputata,

id. Univ. 1; for which with gen.:

apis Matinae More modoque,

Hor. C. 4, 2, 28; and:

agendi more ac modo,

Quint. 11, 1, 29:

tali modo,

in such a manner, in such wise, Nep. Att. 21, 1:

nullo modo,

in no wise, by no means, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 76, § 186:

omni modo egi cum rege et ago cotidie,

in every way, earnestly, urgently, id. Att. 6, 2, 7: omnibus modis tibi esse rem salvam [p. 1157] ut scias, Plaut. Ps. 4, 6, 13:

omnibus modis miser sum,

every way, wholly, completely, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 79:

miris modis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 9; Liv. 1, 57, 6; Hor. C. 2, 17, 21:

mille modis amor ignorandust,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 30:

hoc multis modis reprehendi potest,

Cic. Fin. 2, 26, 82 (v. Madv. ad h. l.); so,

filium multis modis jam exspecto, ut redeat domum,

very much, Ter. Hec. 2, 3, 7; cf.

multimodis: mira miris modis,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 5; cf.

mirimodis: eum tibi commendo in majorem modum,

very much, greatly, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 12 (14), 3:

nullo modo,

id. Fin. 2, 31, 102; Col. 9, 8; Suet. Tit. 2:

bono modo,

moderately, Cato, R. R. 5:

bono modo desiderare aliquid,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 3: ejus modi, of that kind, of such a kind or sort (freq.):

ejusmodi sunt tempestates consecutae, ut,

Caes. B. G. 3, 29, 2:

in ejusmodi casu,

id. ib. 5, 33, 4;

6, 34, 7: erant ejusmodi fere situs oppidorum, ut,

id. ib. 3, 12, 1:

petitionis nostrae hujusmodi ratio est,

Cic. Att. 1, 1, 1; so,

cujusquemodi, cujusdammodi, cujusmodicumque, cuimodi, cuicuimodi, v. Zumpt, § 678: cujusmodi,

of what sort, Cic. Fam. 15, 20, 3:

cujuscemodi,

of what sort soever, id. Inv. 2, 45, 134: hujusmodi, hujuscemodi, of this kind, such:

hujusmodi casus,

Caes. B. C. 2, 22:

hujuscemodi verba,

Sall. J. 9 fin.:

illiusmodi,

of that kind, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 21, 68; so,

istiusmodi amicos,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 15.—

In gram., a form of a verb, a voice or mood:

in verbo fiunt soloecismi per genera, tempora, personas, modos, etc.,

Quint. 1, 5, 41: patiendi modus ( the passive voice)... faciendi modus ( the active voice), id. 9, 3, 7; cf. 1, 6, 26.

nūdus, a, um, adj. [for nugdus; root nag-, nig-, to make bare; Sanscr. nagna, naked; cf. Germ. nackt; Eng. naked], naked, bare, unclothed, uncovered, exposed.

Lit.

In gen.:

membra nuda dabant terrae,

Lucr. 5, 970 Lachm. N. cr. (not nudabant):

tamquam nudus nuces legeret, in ventrem abstulisse,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 265:

nudus membra Pyracmon,

Verg. A. 8, 425:

nuda pedem,

Ov. M. 7, 183:

capite nudo,

bareheaded, Sall. J. 94, 1:

pedibus nudis,

Hor. S. 1, 8, 24:

costae nudae tegmine,

Sil. 5, 449.—Esp., without the toga, in one's tunic:

nudus ara, sere nudus,

Verg. G. 1, 299; Petr. 92; Aur. Vict. Vir. Illustr. 17; cf. Drak. ad Liv. 3, 26, 9.— Unarmed, unprotected:

in maximo metu nudum et caecum corpus ad hostes vortere,

his defenceless back, Sall. J. 107, 1; Liv. 5, 45, 3.—Prov.: vestimenta detrahere nudo, i. e. to get something out of one who has nothing, or to draw blood from a stone, Plaut. As. 1, 1, 79.—Of things:

silex nuda,

not covered with turf, Verg. E. 1, 15:

ensis,

id. A. 12, 306:

sedit humo nudā,

Ov. M. 4, 261:

et quodcumque jacet nudā tellure cadaver,

on the bare ground, unburied, Luc. 6, 550; so of unburied bodies, id. 8, 434; Stat. Th. 8, 73:

nudum nemus,

leafless, Sen. Herc. Oet. 281.—

With gen.:

loca nuda gignentium,

bare of vegetation, Sall. J. 79, 6:

nudus Arboris Othrys,

Ov. M. 12, 512. —

In partic.

Stripped, spoiled, vacant, void, deprived, or destitute of, without.

With abl.:

urbs nuda praesidio,

Cic. Att. 7, 13, 1:

praesidiis,

Liv. 29, 4, 7:

nudus agris, nudus nummis,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 184:

nudum remigio latus,

id. C. 1, 14, 4; Sil. 16, 46.—

With ab:

Messana ab his rebus sane vacua atque nuda est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 2, § 3.—

With gen.:

mors famae nuda,

Sil. 4, 608.—

Absol.:

heri quod homines quattuor In soporem conlocāstis nudos,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 147:

partem istam subselliorum nudam atque inanem reliquerunt,

Cic. Cat. 1, 7, 16.—

Poor, needy, destitute, forlorn:

quem tu semper nudum esse voluisti,

Cic. Fl. 21, 51:

senecta,

Ov. H. 9, 154:

senectus,

Juv. 7, 35:

quis tam nudus, ut, etc.,

id. 5, 163:

sine amicis, sine hospitibus, plane nudum esse ac desertum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 66, § 148.—

Transf.

In gen., bare, mere, pure, simple, sole, alone, only:

nuda ista si ponas, judicari qualia sint non facile possim,

Cic. Par. 3, 2, 24:

ira Caesaris,

Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 17:

locorum nuda nomina,

Plin. 3, praef. §

2: virtus nudo homine contenta est,

Sen. Ben. 3, 18, 2:

nuda rerum cognitio,

Plin. Ep. 5, 8, 4:

nuda virtus,

Petr. 88: nudā manu captare fontem, i. e. without a cup, Sen. Hippol. alt. 519.—So freq. in jurid. Lat.:

nudo animo adipisci quidem possessionem non possumus: retinere tamen nudo animo possumus,

Paul. Sent. 5, tit. 2:

etiam nudus consensus sufficit obligationi,

Dig. 44, 7, 51; Gai. Inst. 3, 154.—

Esp., in phrases.

Nudum pactum, a bare agreement, i. e. a contract without consideration:

ex nudo enim pacto inter cives Romanos actio non nascitur,

Paul. Sent. 2, 14, 1.—

Nudum jus, an unexecuted right:

qui nudum jus Quiritium in servo habet, is potestatem habere non intellegitur,

Gai. Inst. 1, 54; 3, 166.—

In partic.

Simple, unadorned:

Commentarii (Caesaris) nudi sunt, recti et venusti, omni ornatu orationis tamquam veste detractā,

Cic. Brut. 75, 262:

brevitas nuda atque inornata,

id. de Or. 2, 84, 341:

quoniam dicendi facultas non debeat esse jejuna atque nuda,

id. ib. 1, 50, 218:

nuda et velut incompta oratio,

Quint. 8, 6, 41; cf. id. 2, 4, 3; Ov. A. A. 3, 747:

sedit humo nudā, nudis incompta capillis,

Ov. M. 4, 261.—

Undisguised, unadorned, not veiled or obscured:

veritas,

Hor. C. 1, 24, 7:

nudissima veritas,

Cael. Aur. Chron. 1, 5, 176:

simplex ac nuda veritas,

Lact. 3, 1, 3: nuda verba, unveiled, i. e. obscene words, Plin. Ep. 4, 14, 4.—Hence, adv.: nūdē, nakedly, simply (post-class.):

aliquid tradere breviter ac nude,

Lact. 3, 1, 11.

occāsĭo, ōnis, f. [occĭdo, a falling out, a happening, hap; hence], an occasion, opportunity, fit time, convenient season, favorable moment for doing any thing; eukairia, kairos (syn.: opportunitas, locus, facultas).

In gen.:

occasio est pars temporis, habens in se alicujus rei idoneam faciendi aut non faciendi opportunitatem... in occasione, ad spatium temporis, faciendi quaedam opportunitas intellegitur adjuncta,

Cic. Inv. 1, 27, 40: tempus actionis opportunum Graece eukairia, Latine appellatur occasio, id. Off. 1, 40, 142: occasio opportunitas temporis casu quodam provenientis est, Paul. ex Fest. p. 178 Müll.:

dum datur mihi occasio Tempusque,

Plaut. Men. 3, 3, 30; cf.:

nunc occasio est et tempus,

id. Ps. 4, 2, 3; Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 4:

an ego occasionem tantam, tam brevem, tam optatam, tam insperatam Amitterem?

id. Eun. 3, 5, 56:

minima,

Suet. Calig. 14; cf.

summa,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 2 infra: occasionem nancisci, Afran. ap. Non. 308, 13:

quem, si interficere voluisset, quantae quoties occasiones, quam praeclarae fuerunt,

Cic. Mil. 14, 38:

occasio opprimendi,

id. ib. 15:

inrumpendi in urbem,

Curt. 4, 5, 16:

resistendi,

id. 7, 4, 4: majores occasiones ad opitulandum haberem, more opportunities, Planc [p. 1250] up. Cic. Fam. 10, 8, 2:

ut primum occasio data est rem publicam defendendi,

as soon as an opportunity presented itself, Cic. Fam. 12, 242:

occasionem sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam esse arbitratur,

has presented itself, id. Imp. Pomp. 2, 4:

amplam occasionem calumniae nactus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 25, § 61:

occasio mirifica,

id. Att. 2, 14, 2:

opportuna,

Val. Max. 5, 4, 3:

quo faciliorem occasionem Salvio praebuit perficiendi conata,

Suet. Galb. 17:

occasio minor opinione,

id. Caes. 3:

tam bona,

Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 9:

lepida,

id. Mil. 4, 1, 30:

bellissima,

Petr. S. 25:

occasionem amittere,

to lose, let slip, Cic. Caecin. 5, 15:

omittere,

Suet. Cal. 14; so,

praetermittere,

Caes. B. C. 3, 25:

capere,

to seize, Plaut. Ps. 4, 3, 5:

arripere,

Liv. 35, 12, 17:

occasiones quaerere,

Sen. Ben. 3, 14, 4:

rapere de die,

Hor. Epod. 13, 4:

amplecti,

Plin. Ep. 2, 13, 1:

sumere,

Plin. 2, 1, 1, § 3:

occasione uti,

Just. 38, 5, 1:

non deesse occasioni,

not to miss, to profit by, Caes. B. C. 3, 79:

cunctationem hostium suam fore occasionem rati,

Curt. 4, 6, 13:

dum datur mihi occasio tempusque,

Plaut. Men. 3, 3, 29:

ne a fortunā datam occasionem liberandae Graeciae dimitterent,

Nep. Milt. 3, 3; id. Alc. 8, 5:

cujus (rei) se occasio dederit,

Quint. 12, 2, 12: (paratus) depugnare, si occasio tulerit, mori, si casus inciderit, etc., Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 21, 6:

occasionem aperire ad invadendum,

Liv. 4, 53, 9:

occasionem sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam esse,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 4:

occasione datā,

should an opportunity offer, id. Phil. 7, 6, 18; cf.:

occasione oblatā simultates deponere,

Suet. Caes. 73:

praebere,

id. Galb. 17:

offerre,

id. Aug. 16:

per occasionem,

on a favorable opportunity, Liv. 30, 3:

rem inmaturam nisi per occasionem aperire noluerat,

id. 1, 5, 5; 1, 53, 7; 2, 11, 2; Sall. C. 51, 6:

fratris memoriā per omnem occasionem celebratā,

on every occasion, Suet. Claud. 11; id. Aug. 67:

ad occasionem aurae evehi,

the wind being fair, taking advantage of a fair wind, id. ib. 97:

levia proelia ex occasione hujus aut illius partis oriebantur,

Liv. 24, 3, 17:

ex occasione,

as occasion offered, Suet. Caes. 60:

occasione omni,

on every occasion, id. Claud. 42.—With inf.:

nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare = occasio cumulandi,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63:

nunc est illa occasio inimicum ulcisci,

id. Pers. 4, 7, 15:

agere tuam rem occasio est,

id. Poen. 3, 3, 46; 5, 4, 42; id. Curc. 1, 1, 60; cf.:

summa eludendi occasio'st mihi nunc senes Et Phaedriae curam adimere,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 45.—With ut and subj.:

fuit occasio, si vellet, jam pridem argentum ut daret,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 51:

quoniam occasio fuit Mea virtute parta ut quantum velles sumeres,

id. Bacch. 4, 4, 22:

rara haec occasio est, ut referri possint divini honores,

Quint. 3, 7, 17.—

Personified: Occasio, Opportunity, as a goddess, Phaedr. 5, 8; Aus. Epigr. 12, 3.—

In partic.

Facility or means of having a thing:

solitudinis,

Tac. A. 15, 50.—

A supply, stock (post-Aug.):

oleae,

Col. 9, 1:

lapidum,

Plin. 36, 26, 65, § 191:

vetusti olei,

id. 23, 4, 40, § 82.—

A pretext, plea, plausible explanation:

hāc illi opus est occasione, ne illum talium precum pudeat,

Quint. 3, 8, 47:

occasiones et ex causis et ex dictis adversariorum oriuntur,

id. 6, 1, 5; 12, 10, 13:

quantulacunque adeo est occasio, sufficit irae,

Juv. 13, 183.—

Occasion, motive, reason:

non habeo ullam occasionem, ut apud te falsa fabuler,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 38.—

Milit. t. t., a dash, raid, surprise:

occasionis esse rem, non proelii,

they were undertaking a surprise, not a battle, Caes. B. G. 7, 45, 9:

cujus (belli) maxima momenta in occasionibus sunt,

Sen. Ira, 3, 21, 1:

occasionibus imminere,

Front. 2, 5, 22. —

A cause (late Lat.): cum calcis ictu mortis occasio praebita videatur, Mos. et Rom. Leg. Coll. 1, 10, 1.