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1 street democracy
"уличная демократия" (митинги, демонстрация и т.п.) -
2 democracy
n1) демократия; демократизм•to embrace multiparty democracy — вводить / устанавливать многопартийную демократию
- all-round development of democracyto recover / to restore democracy in a country — восстанавливать демократию в стране
- boost towards democracy
- bourgeois democracy
- broad democracy
- broadening of democracy
- budding democracy
- cautious step towards democracy
- consistent democracy
- country's movement towards democracy
- defense of democracy
- demolition of democracy
- dilution of local democracy
- emerging democracy
- fledgling democracy
- fragile democracy
- free and open democracy
- fully-blown democracy
- furtherance of democracy
- genuine democracy
- giant stride towards democracy
- grassroots democracy
- great campaigner for democracy
- industrial democracies
- industrialized democracies
- inner-party democracy
- lack of democracy
- mature democracy
- multiparty democracy
- multiracial democracy
- newly restored democracies
- outbreak of democracy
- participatory democracy
- peaceful transition to democracy
- political democracy
- popular democracy
- post-apartheid democracy
- radical extension of democracy
- real democracy
- representative democracy
- restoration of democracy
- retreat from democracy
- return to democracy
- safeguards for democracy
- Scandinavian-style socialist democracy
- secular democracy
- semblance of democracy
- social democracy
- street democracy
- struggle for democracy
- tarnished view of democracy
- the country continues to be committed to democracy
- trade-union democracy - western-style democracy
- world democracy -
3 arriba
adv.1 above (posición) (en general).te esperaremos arriba, en la cumbre we'll wait for you up at the topel estante de arriba the top shelfel apartamento de arriba the upstairs (el siguiente) flat o (British) apartment; (United States) the top (elúltimo) flat o (British) apartment (United States)vive arriba she lives upstairsestá aquí/allí arriba it's up here/therearriba del todo right at the topmás arriba further upponlo un poco más arriba put it a bit higher up2 up (direction).hacia o para arriba up, upwardcalle/escaleras arriba up the street/stairs3 above.el arriba mencionado… the above-mentioned…intj.up, up with you.pres.indicat.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: arribar.* * *► adverbio1 up (encima) on (the) top2 (piso) upstairs■ vive arriba he/she lives upstairs3 (en escritos) above1 up!■ ¡arriba la República! long live the Republic!, up the Republic!\de arriba abajo from top to bottomhacia arriba upwards* * *1. adv.1) above2) up, upward3) upstairs•- de arriba abajo
- hacia arriba 2. interj.* * *1. ADV1) [indicando situación] above•
allí arriba — up there•
aquí arriba — up here•
de arriba, el botón de arriba — the top buttonlos dientes de arriba — my top o upper row of teeth
los de arriba — those above; (=los que mandan) the people o those at the top
•
desde arriba — from above•
está más arriba — it's higher o further up2) [indicando dirección]de arriba abajo — from top to bottom, from head to foot
vestida de negro de arriba abajo — dressed completely in black, dressed in black from head to foot
se puede mirar el catálogo de arriba abajo — you can read the catalogue through from beginning to end
andar para arriba y para abajo, ir de arriba para abajo — to run back and forth
•
hasta arriba, subí hasta arriba — I climbed to the topestá hasta arriba de trabajo — * he's up to his eyes in work *
•
llegar arriba — to get to the topagua, cuesta, patas•
"este lado para arriba" — "this side up"3) [en casa] upstairsgrité de tal manera que los de arriba lo oyeron — I shouted so loud that the people upstairs heard me
4) [en texto] abovela persona arriba mencionada — the abovementioned o aforementioned person
5)• arriba de — esp LAm (=encima de) on top of; (=por encima de) above, over; (=más alto que) higher than, further up than; (=más de) more than
2.EXCL (=a levantarse) up you get!¡arriba ese ánimo! — cheer o chin up!
¡manos arriba! — hands up!
¡arriba el telón! — raise the curtain!
¡arriba el Depor! — (Dep) up (with) Depor!
¡arriba el socialismo! — long live socialism!
* * *1)a) (lugar, parte)en el estante de arriba — ( el siguiente) on the shelf above; ( el último) on the top shelf
de arriba — (RPl fam) free
de arriba abajo: me miró de arriba abajo he looked me up and down; limpiar la casa de arriba abajo to clean the house from top to bottom; me empapé de arriba abajo I got soaked from head to toe; para tirar para arriba (AmL fam): tienen dinero para tirar para arriba they have money to burn (colloq); hay hoteles para tirar para arriba — there are hotels galore
b) ( en edificio) upstairsc) (en escala, jerarquía) abovelos de arriba opinan que... — the people at the top believe that...
2) (expresando dirección, movimiento)para arriba y para abajo — (fam) to and fro, back and forth
3)arriba de: tiene arriba de 60 años she's over 60; con arriba de 50 alumnos with more than 50 pupils; arriba del ropero (AmL) on top of the wardrobe; arriba de la cocina está el baño — (AmL) the bathroom is above the kitchen
4) ( en interjecciones)a) ( expresando aprobación)b) ( expresando estímulo) come on!; ( llamando a levantarse) get up!* * *= upstairs.Ex. He frequently asks them to shelve books upstairs on the balcony and then stands there looking up their dresses.----* andar de arriba para abajo = pace.* arriba citado = above-mentioned.* citado más arriba = above.* cuesta arriba = uphill.* de abajo hacia arriba = bottom-up.* de arriba abajo = from top to bottom, from head to toe, from head to foot.* de arriba hacia abajo = top-down.* de más arriba = topmost [top most].* desplazarse hacia arriba = move up.* dicho más arriba, lo = foregoing, the.* en el piso de arriba = upstairs.* en la parte de arriba = at the top.* estar arriba = sit on + top.* estar patas arriba = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.* hacia arriba = upwards, upward.* hacia arriba y hacia abajo = up and down.* menú desplegable hacia arriba = pop-up menu.* mirar a Alguien de arriba abajo = look + Nombre + up and down.* mirar de arriba abajo = eye.* mirar desde arriba = look down on/upon, look down over.* mirar hacia arriba = look up.* mover la cabeza de arriba abajo = bob.* patas arriba = in shambles, topsy-turvy, upside down, all over the place.* poner Algo patas arriba = turn + Nombre + inside-out.* poner la casa patas arriba = turn + the house upside down.* poner las cartas boca arriba = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.* poner patas arriba = upend.* poner todo patas arriba = turn + everything upside down.* quedar patas arriba = flip-flop.* quedarse arriba = sit on + top.* río arriba = upriver.* sábana de arriba = flat sheet.* tecla de desplazamiento hacia arriba = ↑ (up) key, up arrow key.* * *1)a) (lugar, parte)en el estante de arriba — ( el siguiente) on the shelf above; ( el último) on the top shelf
de arriba — (RPl fam) free
de arriba abajo: me miró de arriba abajo he looked me up and down; limpiar la casa de arriba abajo to clean the house from top to bottom; me empapé de arriba abajo I got soaked from head to toe; para tirar para arriba (AmL fam): tienen dinero para tirar para arriba they have money to burn (colloq); hay hoteles para tirar para arriba — there are hotels galore
b) ( en edificio) upstairsc) (en escala, jerarquía) abovelos de arriba opinan que... — the people at the top believe that...
2) (expresando dirección, movimiento)para arriba y para abajo — (fam) to and fro, back and forth
3)arriba de: tiene arriba de 60 años she's over 60; con arriba de 50 alumnos with more than 50 pupils; arriba del ropero (AmL) on top of the wardrobe; arriba de la cocina está el baño — (AmL) the bathroom is above the kitchen
4) ( en interjecciones)a) ( expresando aprobación)b) ( expresando estímulo) come on!; ( llamando a levantarse) get up!* * *= upstairs.Ex: He frequently asks them to shelve books upstairs on the balcony and then stands there looking up their dresses.
* andar de arriba para abajo = pace.* arriba citado = above-mentioned.* citado más arriba = above.* cuesta arriba = uphill.* de abajo hacia arriba = bottom-up.* de arriba abajo = from top to bottom, from head to toe, from head to foot.* de arriba hacia abajo = top-down.* de más arriba = topmost [top most].* desplazarse hacia arriba = move up.* dicho más arriba, lo = foregoing, the.* en el piso de arriba = upstairs.* en la parte de arriba = at the top.* estar arriba = sit on + top.* estar patas arriba = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.* hacia arriba = upwards, upward.* hacia arriba y hacia abajo = up and down.* menú desplegable hacia arriba = pop-up menu.* mirar a Alguien de arriba abajo = look + Nombre + up and down.* mirar de arriba abajo = eye.* mirar desde arriba = look down on/upon, look down over.* mirar hacia arriba = look up.* mover la cabeza de arriba abajo = bob.* patas arriba = in shambles, topsy-turvy, upside down, all over the place.* poner Algo patas arriba = turn + Nombre + inside-out.* poner la casa patas arriba = turn + the house upside down.* poner las cartas boca arriba = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.* poner patas arriba = upend.* poner todo patas arriba = turn + everything upside down.* quedar patas arriba = flip-flop.* quedarse arriba = sit on + top.* río arriba = upriver.* sábana de arriba = flat sheet.* tecla de desplazamiento hacia arriba = ↑ (up) key, up arrow key.* * *A1(lugar, parte): está ahí/aquí arriba it's up there/up hereen el estante de arriba (el siguiente) on the next shelf up, on the shelf above; (el último) on the top shelfla sábana de arriba the top sheetponlo un poco más arriba put it (up) a little higher, put it a little further o higher uptal como se dijo más arriba as stated abovela parte de arriba es de vidrio the top (part) is made of glassentramos de arriba we got in freevive de arriba, la mujer lo mantiene he doesn't work for a living, his wife keeps himde arriba abajo: me miró de arriba abajo he looked me up and downtengo que limpiar la casa de arriba abajo I have to clean the house from top to bottomme empapé de arriba abajo I got soaked from head to toepara tirar para arriba ( AmL fam): tienen dinero para tirar para arriba they have money to burn ( colloq), they have loads of money ( colloq)hay hoteles para tirar para arriba there are hotels galore, there are any number of hotels, there are loads of hotels ( colloq)2 (en un edificio) upstairslos vecinos de arriba the people upstairs o above usen la calle hace frío, así que te espero arriba it's cold outside, I'll wait for you in the apartment ( o office etc)3 (en una escala, jerarquía) aboveórdenes de arriba orders from abovelos de arriba opinan que … the people at the top believe that …sólo había gente de 50 para arriba everyone there was 50 or overlas puntuaciones de 80 para arriba scores of 80 or over o of 80 or morelos Lakers 13 puntos arriba Lakers 13 points up o aheadB(expresando dirección, movimiento): corrió escaleras arriba he ran upstairscalle arriba up the streetrío arriba upstream, uprivermiró hacia arriba he looked uppara arriba y para abajo ( fam); to and fro, back and forthme tuvo todo el día para arriba y para abajo he had me running back and forth o to and fro all dayCarriba de: tiene arriba de 60 años she's over 60con arriba de 50 alumnos with more than o with over 50 pupilsarriba del ropero ( AmL); on top of the wardrobearriba de la cocina está el baño ( AmL); the bathroom is above the kitchen1(expresando aprobación): ¡arriba la democracia! long live democracy!2 (expresando estímulo) come on!3 (llamando a levantarse) get up!* * *
Del verbo arribar: ( conjugate arribar)
arriba es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
arriba
arribar
arriba adverbio
1a) (lugar, parte):◊ ahí/aquí arriba up there/here;
en el estante de arriba ( el siguiente) on the shelf above;
( el último) on the top shelf;
la parte de arriba the top (part);
arriba del ropero (AmL) on top of the wardrobe;
arriba de la cocina está el baño (AmL) the bathroom is above the kitchen;
de arriba abajo: me miró de arriba abajo he looked me up and down;
limpiar la casa de arriba abajo to clean the house from top to bottom
las puntuaciones de 80 para arriba scores of 80 or over
2 (expresando dirección, movimiento):
calle arriba up the street;
miró hacia arriba he looked up
3 ( en interjecciones)a) ( expresando aprobación):◊ ¡arriba la democracia! long live democracy!
( llamando a levantarse) get up!
arriba
I adverbio up
(encima) on the top: arriba del todo hay un reloj, there is a clock right at the top
está ahí arriba, it's up there
vive en el piso de arriba, he lives upstairs
registraron la casa de arriba abajo, they searched the house from top to bottom
familiar me miró de arriba abajo, he looked me up and down
de treinta para arriba, from thirty upwards
desde arriba, from above
hacia/para arriba, upwards
más arriba, higher up, further up
véase más arriba, see above
la parte de arriba, the top (part)
II exclamación get up!, up you get!
¡arriba la Constitución!, long live the Constitution!
¡arriba las manos!, hands up!
III prep Lam arriba de, on top of: encontrará el pueblo arriba de la montaña, you will find the town at the top of the mountain
arribar verbo intransitivo to reach port, arrive
' arriba' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aire
- allá
- allí
- aquí
- boca
- cuesta
- gorgotear
- hacia
- mano
- pata
- río
- subir
- ahí
- bajar
- desnudar
- desnudo
- desvestir
- para
- parar
- revés
- voltear
- volver
- vuelta
- zarandear
English:
above
- aloft
- bikini
- boost
- disarray
- do
- eye
- face
- glance up
- higher-up
- inundate
- labour
- reach
- river
- round up
- scroll
- shake down
- spectacular
- take up
- there
- top
- topsy-turvy
- up
- uphill
- upstairs
- upstream
- upward
- upwards
- way
- disgrace
- from
- hand
- head
- high
- it
- look
- plus
- ransack
- roll
- upper
- upside down
* * *♦ adv1. [posición] [en general] above;[en edificio] upstairs;te esperaremos arriba, en la cumbre we'll wait for you up at the top;de arriba top;el estante de arriba the top shelf;[el último] the top Br flat o US apartment;vive arriba she lives upstairs;los vecinos de arriba the upstairs neighbours;está aquí/allí arriba it's up here/there;arriba del todo right at the top;más arriba further up;ponlo un poco más arriba put it a bit higher up;el Estudiantes va dos puntos arriba Estudiantes are two points up, Estudiantes are winning by two points;2. [dirección] up;ve arriba [en edificio] go upstairs;empujar hacia arriba to push upwards;calle/escaleras arriba up the street/stairs;cuesta arriba uphill;río arriba upstream;tres bloques más arriba three blocks further along o uppersonas de metro y medio para arriba people of one and a half metres or over, people taller than one and a half metres;de sargentos para arriba everyone above the rank of sergeant;4. [en un texto] above;más arriba above;el arriba mencionado the above-mentioned5. CompFamestar hasta arriba de trabajo to be up to one's neck in work;de arriba abajo [cosa] from top to bottom;[persona] from head to toe;inspeccionar algo de arriba abajo to inspect sth thoroughly;mirar a alguien de arriba abajo [con desdén] to look sb up and down;RP Famtener algo para tirar para arriba to have loads of sth♦ arriba de loc prepAm [sobre, en] on (top of); [en lugar más alto que] above; [más de] more than♦ de arriba loc advRP Fam free;a esa disco siempre entro de arriba I always get into that disco for free;suele fumar de arriba she's always scrounging cigarettes off people♦ interjup you get!;¡arriba, que se hace tarde! come on, get up, it's getting late!;¡arriba….! up (with)…!;¡arriba la república! long live the republic!;¡arriba los mineros! long live the miners!, Br up the miners!;¡arriba las manos! hands up!* * *I adv1 situación up;ponlo ahí arriba put it up there;más arriba higher (up), further up;arriba del todo right at the top;las plantas de arriba the top floors;los de arriba the ones on top;arriba mencionado above-mentioned;véase arriba see above;de odesde arriba from above;volver lo de arriba abajo turn everything upside down2 en edificio upstairs;vete arriba go upstairs3 dirección up;sigan hacia arriba keep going up;me miró de arriba abajo fig she looked me up and down:de diez para arriba ten or above;de cincuenta (años) para arriba over 50, 50 and overII prp:arriba de L.Am. on, on top ofIII interj:¡arriba! long live …!* * *arriba adv1) : up, upwards2) : above, overhead3) : upstairs4)arriba de : more than5)de arriba abajo : from top to bottom, from head to foot* * *arriba1 adv1. (en general) up2. (en un edificio) upstairsarriba2 interj come on! -
4 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
5 die
I best. Art.1. (Nom. Sg.) the; die eine ist fleißig, die andere faul the one is hard-working, the other (one) is lazy; die Frau (alle Frauen) woman(kind); die Erde earth; die Königin Elisabeth Queen Elizabeth; die Königstraße the King’s Road; die Chemie chemistry; die kleine Maria little Maria; die Maria, die ich meine the Maria (who) I meanII Dem. Pron.1. (Nom. Sg.) that (one), this (one); she; die Frau hier this woman; die mit dem Hut the one with the hat; nur die kann das verstehen, die... only she ( oder that woman) who... can understand; die und baden gehen? you won’t catch her going swimming; die und ehrlich? Dass ich nicht lache! her - honest? Pull the other one! (Am. Give me a break!); die Frage ist die:... the question is (this):...2. (Akk Sg.) that (one), this (one); er hat die und die Lösung probiert umg. he tried this and that solution3. (Nom. Pl. von der, die, das) these, those, they, them; das entscheiden die da oben umg. that is decided by them up top4. (Akk Pl. von der, die, das) these, those, they, themIII Rel. Pron.1. (Nom. Sg.) bei Personen: who; bei Sachen: which, that; sie war die Erste, die es erfuhr she was the first to know; jede, die... anyone who...; ich, die ich selbst dabei war I, who was there myself3. (Nom. Pl. von der, die, das) bei Personen: who, that; bei Sachen: which, that; die Blumen, die blühen the flowers that are blooming ( oder in bloom)4. (Akk Pl. von der, die, das) bei Personen: who, that, whom förm.; bei Sachen: which, that; die Blumen, die ich gepflückt habe the flowers (that) I picked* * *the (ArtikelSing.); the (ArtikelPl.)* * *[diː] [diː] See: → der* * *die1[di:]I. art def, nom und akk sing f1. (allgemein) the\die Mutter/Pflanze/Theorie the mother/plant/theorydurch \die Luft/Menge/Tür through the air/crowd/door2. (bei Körperteilen)ihr blutet \die Nase her nose is bleeding\die Demokratie/Geschichte/Kunst democracy/history/art\die Hoffnung/Liebe/Verzweiflung hope/love/desperation\die Bronze/Wolle bronze/wool; (bei spezifischen Stoffen) the\die Wolle dieses Schafs the wool from this sheep5. (einmalig)\die Frau des Jahres the woman of the yeardas ist \die Idee! that's just the idea we've been looking for!\die Donau the Danube\die Franzstraße Franzstraße\die Schweiz/Türkei Switzerland/Turkey\die Schweiz der Zwischenkriegszeit interwar Switzerland\die ‚Alinghi‘ gewann 2003 den America's Cup the ‘Alinghi’ won the 2003 America's Cup\die junge Bettina young Bettina\die frühere Blyton the earlier Blytonsie war nicht mehr \die Martina, die... she was no longer the Martina who...ich bin \die Susi I'm Susihast du \die Mutti gesehen? have you seen [my] mum?\die Callas/Knef/Piaf Callas/Knef/Piaf9. (verallgemeinernd)\die Frau in der Gesellschaft women in societyals \die Dampfmaschine Europa eroberte when the steam engine took Europe by storm10. (nach Angaben)20 Kilogramm \die Kiste 20 kilograms a [or per] crate11. (vor Angaben)Elisabeth \die Erste Elizabeth the First12. (vor Substantiviertem)\die Hübsche the pretty girl/one\die Älteste/Jüngste the oldest/youngest [one]\die Arme! the poor girl/woman [or thing]!II. pron dem, nom und akk sing f1. attr, betont\die Frau war es! it was that woman!\die Halskette will ich kaufen I want to buy this/that necklace\die Marke da that brand [there]\die Marke hier this brand [here]2. (hinweisend)\die war es! it was her!\die hat es getan! it was her that [or who] did it!\die sagte mir,... she told me...welche Tür? \die da? oder \die hier? which door? that one [there]? or this one [here]?wer ist denn \die [da]? (fam) who on earth is she [or that]?\die und joggen? her, jogging?\die und \die such and such3. (unterscheidend)welche Pfanne? — \die mit dem Deckel which pan? — the/this/that one with the lidach \die! (pej) oh her!die Chefin? \die ist nicht da the boss? she's not theredeine Tochter, \die ist nicht gekommen your daughter, she didn't comemeine Brosche! \die ist weg! my brooch! it's gone!die dumme Gans, \die! the silly goose!die Geschichte ist \die:... the story is as follows:...\die, die ich meinte the one I meantwo ist deine Schwester? — \die kommt gleich where's your sister? — she'll be here sooneine gute Frage! aber wie können wir \die beantworten? a good question! but how can we answer it?willst du meine Katze streichen? — kratzt \die? do you want to stroke my cat? — does it/he/she scratch?III. pron rel, nom und akk sing feine Geschichte, \die Millionen gelesen haben [o von Millionen gelesen wurde] a story [that has been] read by millions [or [that] millions have read]ich sah eine Wolke, \die hinter dem Berg verschwand I saw a cloud disappear behind the mountaineine Show, \die gut ankommt a much-acclaimed showdie Königin, \die vierzig Jahre herrschte,... (einschränkend) the queen who [or that] reigned for forty years...; (nicht einschränkend) the queen, who reigned for forty years,...die Liste, \die ich gestern erstellt hatte,... (einschränkend) the list that [or which] I had drawn up yesterday...; (nicht einschränkend) the list, which I had drawn up yesterday,...die Mörderin, \die von der Polizei gesucht wird,... (einschränkend) the murderess [who [or that]] the police are searching for..., the murderess for whom the police are searching... form; (nicht einschränkend) the murderess, who the police are searching for,..., the murderess, for whom the police are searching,... formdie verbrecherische Tat, \die von den Ermittlern untersucht werden soll,... (einschränkend) the crime [that [or which]] the investigators have to look into..., the crime into which the investigators have to look... form; (nicht einschränkend) the crime, which the investigators have to look into,..., the crime, into which the investigators have to look,... form2. (diejenige)\die diesen Brief geschrieben hat, kann gut Deutsch the person/woman who wrote this letter knows good German\die zu so etwas fähig ist,... people who are capable of such things...die2I. art def, nom und akk pl1. (allgemein) the\die Männer/Mütter/Pferde the men/mothers/horsesdurch \die Flüsse/Türen/Wälder through the rivers/doors/woods\die Engländer/Franzosen/Spanier the English/French/Spanish plmir tun \die Füße weh my feet are aching\die Everglades/Niederlande the Everglades/Netherlandsdas sind \die Werners these/those are the Wernerskennen Sie \die Grübers? do you know the Grübers?\die Bäume geben Sauerstoff ab trees give off oxygen\die Auserwählten the chosen ones\die Besten the best [ones]\die Toten the dead plII. pron dem, nom und akk pl1. attr, betont\die Schuhe trage ich nie mehr! I won't be wearing these/those shoes [or these/those shoes I won't be wearing] any more!\die Ohrringe da those earrings [there]\die Ohrringe hier these earrings [here]2. (hinweisend)\die waren es! it was them!\die haben es getan! it was them that [or who] did it!\die sagten mir,... they told me...welche Bücher? \die da? oder \die hier? which books? those [ones] [there]? or these [ones] [here]?wer sind denn \die [da]? (fam) who on earth are they?\die und joggen? them, jogging?\die und \die such and such\die in dem Auto the ones [or fam them] in the carwelche Zettel? — \die auf dem Tisch which notes? — the ones/these [ones]/those [ones] on the tableach \die! (pej) oh them!die Schmidts? \die sind nicht da the Schmidts? they're not theredeine Eltern, wo sind \die? your parents, where are they?meine Socken! \die sind weg! my socks! they're gone!die Scheißkerle, \die! the bastards!die Gründe sind \die:... the reasons are as follows:...\die, die ich meinte the ones I meantwas machen deine Brüder? — \die arbeiten what do your brothers do? — they workgute Fragen! aber wie können wir \die beantworten? good questions! but how can we answer them?habe ich dir meine Hamster gezeigt? — wo sind \die? have I shown you my hamsters? — where are they?III. pron rel, nom und akk plGeschichten, \die Millionen gelesen haben [o von Millionen gelesen wurden] stories [that have been] read by millions [or [that] millions have read]ich sah zwei Autos, \die um die Ecke fuhren I saw two cars driving around the cornerTaten, \die gut ankommen much-acclaimed deedsdie Abgeordneten, \die dagegenstimmten,... (einschränkend) the MPs who [or that] voted against...; (nicht einschränkend) the MPs, who voted against,...die Möbel, \die wir morgen liefern müssen,... (einschränkend) the furniture that [or which] we have to deliver tomorrow...; (nicht einschränkend) the furniture, which we have to deliver tomorrow,...die Bankräuber, \die von der Polizei gesucht werden,... (einschränkend) the bank robbers [who [or that]] the police are searching for..., the bank robbers for whom the police are searching... form; (nicht einschränkend) the bank robbers, who the police are searching for,..., the bank robbers, for whom the police are searching,... formdie Verbrechen, \die von den Ermittlern untersucht werden sollen,... (einschränkend) the crimes [that [or which]] the investigators have to look into..., the crimes into which the investigators have to look... form; (nicht einschränkend) the crimes, which the investigators have to look into,..., the crimes, into which the investigators have to look,... form2. (diejenigen)\die diese Stadt gebaut haben, verdienen einen Platz in der Geschichte the people/men/women [or form those] who built this town deserve a place in history; s.a. das, der* * *I 1.bestimmter Artikel Nom. thedie Liebe/Freundschaft — love/friendship
die ‘Iphigenie’/ (ugs.) Helga — ‘Iphigenia’/Helga
die Frau/Menschheit — women pl./mankind
die ‘Concorde’/‘Klaus Störtebeker’ — ‘Concorde’/the ‘Klaus Störtebeker’
2.die Kunst/Oper — art/opera
1) attr2) allein stehend shedie und arbeiten! — (ugs.) [what,] her work!
die mit dem Hund — (ugs.) her with the dog
die [da] — (Frau, Mädchen) that woman/girl; (Gegenstand, Tier) that one
3.die blöd[e] Kuh, die! — (fig. salopp) what a silly cow! (sl. derog.)
4.die Frau, die da drüben entlanggeht — the woman walking along over there
Relativ- und Demonstrativpronomen the one whoII 1.die das getan hat — the woman etc. who did it
bestimmter Artikel1) Akk. Sg. v. die I 1: thehast du die Ute gesehen? — (ugs.) have you seen Ute?
2) Nom. u. Akk. Pl. v. der I 1., die I 1., das 1.: the2.Demonstrativpronomen Nom. u. Akk. Pl. v. der I 1., die I 1., das 1.: attrich meine die Männer, die gestern hier waren — 1 mean those men who were here yesterday; allein stehend
3.ich meine die [da] — 1 mean 'them
2) Nom. u. Akk. Pl. v. der I 3., die I 3., das 3.: (bei Menschen) whomdie Männer, die ich gesehen habe — the men 1 saw; (bei Sachen, Tieren) which
die Bücher, die da liegen — the books lying there
* * *A. best art1. (nom sg) the;die eine ist fleißig, die andere faul the one is hard-working, the other (one) is lazy;die Erde earth;die Königin Elisabeth Queen Elizabeth;die Königstraße the King’s Road;die Chemie chemistry;die kleine Maria little Maria;die Maria, die ich meine the Maria (who) I mean2. (akk sg) the;die Regel kennen know the rule3. (nom pl von der, die, das) the;die Menschen sind sterblich man(kind) is (but) mortal4. (akk pl von der, die, das) the;die Bücher lesen read the booksB. dem pr1. (nom sg) that (one), this (one); she;die Frau hier this woman;die mit dem Hut the one with the hat;nur die kann das verstehen, die … only she ( oder that woman) who … can understand;die und baden gehen? you won’t catch her going swimming;die und ehrlich? Dass ich nicht lache! her - honest? Pull the other one! (US Give me a break!);die Frage ist die: … the question is (this): …2. (akk sg) that (one), this (one);er hat die und die Lösung probiert umg he tried this and that solution3. (nom pl von der, die, das) these, those, they, them;das entscheiden die da oben umg that is decided by them up top4. (akk pl von der, die, das) these, those, they, themC. rel prsie war die Erste, die es erfuhr she was the first to know;jede, die … anyone who …;ich, die ich selbst dabei war I, who was there myselfdie Blumen, die blühen the flowers that are blooming ( oder in bloom)die Blumen, die ich gepflückt habe the flowers (that) I picked* * *I 1.bestimmter Artikel Nom. thedie Liebe/Freundschaft — love/friendship
die ‘Iphigenie’/ (ugs.) Helga — ‘Iphigenia’/Helga
die Frau/Menschheit — women pl./mankind
die ‘Concorde’/‘Klaus Störtebeker’ — ‘Concorde’/the ‘Klaus Störtebeker’
2.die Kunst/Oper — art/opera
1) attr2) allein stehend shedie und arbeiten! — (ugs.) [what,] her work!
die mit dem Hund — (ugs.) her with the dog
die [da] — (Frau, Mädchen) that woman/girl; (Gegenstand, Tier) that one
3.die blöde Kuh, die! — (fig. salopp) what a silly cow! (sl. derog.)
4.die Frau, die da drüben entlanggeht — the woman walking along over there
Relativ- und Demonstrativpronomen the one whoII 1.die das getan hat — the woman etc. who did it
bestimmter Artikel1) Akk. Sg. v. die I 1: the2.hast du die Ute gesehen? — (ugs.) have you seen Ute?
ich meine die Männer, die gestern hier waren — 1 mean those men who were here yesterday; allein stehend
3.ich meine die [da] — 1 mean 'them
die Männer, die ich gesehen habe — the men 1 saw; (bei Sachen, Tieren) which
die Bücher, die da liegen — the books lying there
* * *art.f.the art. pron.which pron.who pron. -
6 paso
adj.dried.intj.open up, gangway.m.1 passing.el paso del tiempo the passage of timecon el paso de los años as the years go byel Ebro, a su paso por Zaragoza the Ebro, as it flows through Zaragozasu paso fugaz por la universidad his brief spell at the universityabrirse paso entre la multitud to make o force one's way through the crowdpaso del ecuador = (celebration marking) halfway stage in a university course2 step.dar un paso adelante o al frente to step forward, to take a step forward3 walk.a paso ligero at a brisk pacemarcar el paso to keep timea este paso no acabaremos nunca at this rate we'll never finish4 step (etapa, acontecimiento).dar los pasos necesarios to take the necessary stepspaso a paso step by step5 crossing (cruce).paso fronterizo border crossing (point)paso peatonal o de peatones pedestrian crossing6 pass (geography) (en montaña).7 step in a process, stride, move.8 passage, pass, crossing point.9 pace, walking pace.10 gateway.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: pasar.* * *1 (movimiento) step, footstep■ ¡no des ni un paso más! don't move another step!2 (distancia) pace3 (camino) passage, way4 (avance) progress, advance5 (trámite) step, move6 (de montaña) mountain pass; (de mar) strait\a cada paso at every turna paso de tortuga at a snail's paceabrirse paso to force one's way throughapretar el paso to hurrycerrarle el paso a alguien to block somebody' s waydar paso a (hacer posible) to pave the way for 2 (provocar) to give rise to 3 (dejar pasar) to let through, make way for 4 (pasar a) to move on todar sus primeros pasos to start walkingestar a un paso/a dos pasos to be very closeestar de paso to be passing throughhacer algo de paso to do something as well■ de paso, tráeme tabaco while you're there, get me some cigarettesno dar un paso sin... not to do a thing without...paso a paso step by step'Prohibido el paso' "No entry"salir al paso de alguien to waylay somebodysalir al paso de algo to forestall somethingseguirle los pasos a alguien to follow somebody close behind 2 figurado to follow in somebody's footstepsceda el paso (señal) give way sign, US yield signpaso a nivel level crossing, US grade crossingpaso de cebra zebra crossingpaso de peatones pedestrian crossingpaso del ecuador half-way point (in university studies)paso elevado flyoverpaso subterráneo (de peatones) subway* * *noun m.1) passage2) footstep3) pace4) way* * *IADJ driedII1. SM1) (=acción de pasar)contemplaban el paso de la procesión desde un balcón — they watched the procession go by from a balcony
por estas fechas tiene lugar el paso de las cigüeñas por nuestra región — this is the time of year when the storks fly over our region
el presidente, a su paso por nuestra ciudad... — the president, during his visit to our city...
el huracán arrasó con todo lo que encontró a su paso — the hurricane flattened everything in its path
•
ceder el paso — to give way, yield (EEUU)ceda el paso — give way, yield (EEUU)
•
dar paso a algo, el invierno dio paso a la primavera — winter gave way to springahora vamos a dar paso a nuestro corresponsal en Lisboa — we now go over to our correspondent in Lisbon
las protestas dieron paso a una huelga — the protests led to o were followed by a strike
•
de paso, mencionaron el tema solo de paso — they only mentioned the matter in passing¿puedes ir al supermercado, de paso que vas a la farmacia? — could you go to the supermarket on your way to the chemist's?
de paso recuérdale que tiene un libro nuestro — remind him that he's got a book of ours while you're at it
•
entrar de paso — to drop in•
estar de paso — to be passing throughpaso del Ecuador — party or trip organized by university students to celebrate the halfway stage in their degree course
avepaso franco, paso libre — free passage
2) (=camino) way; (Arquit) passage; (Geog) pass; (Náut) strait¡paso! — make way!
•
abrirse paso — to make one's way•
cerrar el paso — to block the way•
dejar el paso libre — to leave the way open•
impedir el paso — to block the waypaso a desnivel, paso a distinto nivel — (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)
paso a nivel — level crossing, grade crossing (EEUU)
paso (de) cebra — Esp zebra crossing, crosswalk (EEUU)
paso de peatones — pedestrian crossing, crosswalk (EEUU)
paso elevado — (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)
paso inferior — underpass, subway
paso subterráneo — underpass, subway
paso superior — (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)
3) [al andar] (=acción) step; (=ruido) footstep; (=huella) footprint•
coger el paso — to fall into step•
dar un paso — to take a step¿ha dado ya sus primeros pasos? — has she taken her first steps yet?
•
dirigir sus pasos hacia — to head towards•
hacer pasos — (Baloncesto) to travel (with the ball)•
volvió sobre sus pasos — she retraced her stepsla demanda aumenta a pasos agigantados — demand is increasing at a rate of knots o extremely quickly
paso adelante — (lit, fig) step forward
paso atrás — (lit, fig) step backwards
4) (=modo de andar) [de persona] walk, gait; [de caballo] gait•
acelerar el paso — to go faster, speed up•
aflojar el paso — to slow down•
a buen paso — at a good pace•
establecer el paso — to make the pace, set the pace•
a paso lento — at a slow pace, slowly•
llevar el paso — to keep in step, keep time•
romper el paso — to break steppaso de ambladura, paso de andadura — (Equitación) amble
5) (=ritmo) rate, pace•
a este paso — at this rate6) (=distancia)7) (=avance) step8) (Téc) [de tornillo] pitch; [de contador, teléfono] unit9) (Teat) ( Hist) sketch, interlude10) (Rel) [en procesión] float in Holy Week procession, with statues representing part of Easter storySee:ver nota culturelle SEMANA SANTA in semana11)paso de armas — (Mil, Hist) passage of arms
12) LAm (=vado) ford2.ADV softly, gently¡paso! — not so fast!, easy there!
* * *1)a) ( acción)de paso: están de paso they're just visiting o just passing through; de paso puedo comprar pan I can buy some bread on the way; fui a la oficina y de paso hablé con él I went to the office and while I was there I had a word with him; me pilla de paso it's on my way; y dicho sea de paso... — and incidentally...
b) (camino, posibilidad de pasar) wayceda el paso — yield ( in US), give way ( in UK)
abrirse paso — to make one's way; ( a codazos) to elbow one's way
salir al paso de alguien — ( abordar) to waylay somebody; ( detener) to stop somebody
2) (Geog) ( en montaña) passsalir del paso — to get out of a (tight) spot o (AmE) crack (colloq)
3)a) (al andar, bailar) stepandar en malos pasos — to be mixed up in shady deals
a pasos agigantados — by leaps and bounds
dar los primeros pasos — ( literal) to take one's first steps; ( iniciarse en algo) to start out
dar un paso en falso — ( literal) to stumble; ( equivocarse) to make a false move
seguir los pasos de alguien — to follow in somebody's footsteps
b) pasos masculino plural ( en baloncesto) traveling*, steps (pl)4)a) ( distancia corta)vive a dos pasos de mi casa — he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house
está a un paso de aquí — it's just around the corner/down the road from here
b) ( avance) step forwardc) ( de gestión) step5) ( en contador) unit6)a) (ritmo, velocidad)apretó/aminoró el paso — he quickened his pace/he slowed down
a este paso... — at this rate...
a paso de hormiga or tortuga — at a snail's pace
b) (Equ)•* * *1)a) ( acción)de paso: están de paso they're just visiting o just passing through; de paso puedo comprar pan I can buy some bread on the way; fui a la oficina y de paso hablé con él I went to the office and while I was there I had a word with him; me pilla de paso it's on my way; y dicho sea de paso... — and incidentally...
b) (camino, posibilidad de pasar) wayceda el paso — yield ( in US), give way ( in UK)
abrirse paso — to make one's way; ( a codazos) to elbow one's way
salir al paso de alguien — ( abordar) to waylay somebody; ( detener) to stop somebody
2) (Geog) ( en montaña) passsalir del paso — to get out of a (tight) spot o (AmE) crack (colloq)
3)a) (al andar, bailar) stepandar en malos pasos — to be mixed up in shady deals
a pasos agigantados — by leaps and bounds
dar los primeros pasos — ( literal) to take one's first steps; ( iniciarse en algo) to start out
dar un paso en falso — ( literal) to stumble; ( equivocarse) to make a false move
seguir los pasos de alguien — to follow in somebody's footsteps
b) pasos masculino plural ( en baloncesto) traveling*, steps (pl)4)a) ( distancia corta)vive a dos pasos de mi casa — he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house
está a un paso de aquí — it's just around the corner/down the road from here
b) ( avance) step forwardc) ( de gestión) step5) ( en contador) unit6)a) (ritmo, velocidad)apretó/aminoró el paso — he quickened his pace/he slowed down
a este paso... — at this rate...
a paso de hormiga or tortuga — at a snail's pace
b) (Equ)•* * *paso11 = footstep, step, footprint, pace.Ex: Leforte could usually identify those footsteps easily; but today they sounded less forceful and deliberate.
Ex: The first step in assigning intellectual responsibility to a corporate body must be a definition of a corporate body.Ex: In later years, the famous book mythological significance of muddy footprints introduced me to the ancient Hippopotamian culture.Ex: Among other buildings afire or still smoldering in eastern Baghdad today were the city hall and the National Library which was so thoroughly burned that heat still radiated 50 paces from its front doors.* abrir paso a = make + way (for).* abrirse paso = jostle, break through, elbow + Posesivo + way into, elbow into.* acelerar el paso = quicken + the pace, smarten + Posesivo + pace.* a este paso = at this rate.* aflojar el paso = slow down, slow up.* aminorar el paso = slow down, slow up.* a paso de tortuga = at a snail's pace.* a paso ligero = on the double.* a pasos agigantados = at an exponential rate, at exponential rates, by leaps and bounds.* a un paso = within a stone's throw (away/from).* a un paso asombroso = at an astounding pace.* a un paso de = a heartbeat away from.* a un paso rápido = at a rapid pace.* a un paso relajado = at a strolling pace.* barrera de paso a nivel = level-crossing gate.* caminar con paso pesado = plod (along/through).* ceder el paso = give + way (to), yield + the right of way.* contador de pasos = step counter.* dar el primer paso = make + a start, take + the first step.* dar los pasos necesarios = take + steps.* dar los primeros pasos en = venture into.* dar otro paso muy importante = reach + another milestone.* dar paso (a) = give + way (to), yield to, make + way (for).* dar un gran paso adelante = reach + milestone.* dar un paso = make + step.* dar un paso adelante = step up.* dar un paso al frente = step up.* dar un paso en falso = make + a false move.* dar un paso hacia delante = take + a step forward, step up.* dejar paso = step + aside.* dejar paso (a) = give + way (to).* derecho de paso = the right of way, right of entry.* desandar los pasos de = retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, retrace + Posesivo + steps.* hacer que + Nombre + dé un paso hacia delante = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.* impedir el paso = block in.* llave de paso = spigot, faucet, tap, stopcock, stop valve.* llave de paso del agua = water valve.* llevar a cabo una serie de pasos anteriormente realizados = execute + steps.* obstaculizar el paso = block in.* otro paso más hacia + Posesivo + destrucción = another nail in + Posesivo + coffin.* paso adelante = step up.* paso a nivel = level-crossing.* paso a paso = one step at a time, step by step, stage by stage, stepwise.* paso atrás = backward step, retrograde step.* paso de cebra = zebra crossing.* paso de la gente = flow of people.* paso del comercio = flow of commerce.* Paso del Noroeste, el = North West Passage, the.* paso de peatones = zebra crossing, pedestrian crossing, pelican crossing.* paso de tortuga = snail's pace.* paso en falso = false move.* paso fronterizo = border crossing.* paso hacia adelante = step forward.* paso hacia atrás = retrograde step, step backward(s), step back.* paso inferior = underpass.* paso ininterrumpido de = steady flow of.* paso intermedio = half-way house, stepping stone.* paso peatonal = pedestrian crossing.* paso subterráneo = underground walkway.* Posesivo + primeros pasos = Posesivo + first steps.* preferencia de paso = the right of way.* primer paso = stake in the ground.* primer paso de, el = thin edge of the wedge, the.* realizar una tarea paso a paso = go through.* saltarse pasos intermedios = jump + steps.* seguir los pasos de = follow in + the footsteps of.* seguir + Posesivo + pasos = follow in + Posesivo + footsteps.* seguir unos pasos = follow + steps.* señal de prohibido el paso = No Entry sign.* ser un gran paso adelante = be half the battle.* tener derecho de paso = have + the right of way.* tomar un paso decisivo = take + the plunge.* un paso por delante de = one step ahead of.* válvula de paso = stop valve, stopcock.* volver sobre los pasos de Uno = double-back, retrace + Posesivo + steps, retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, go back on + Posesivo + steps.paso22 = stage, passing.Ex: The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.
Ex: Perhaps an openly expressed disbelief in his activities is one of the marks of the passing of this stage.* ave de paso = bird of passage.* cambiar con el paso del tiempo = change over + time.* con el paso de = with the passing of.* con el paso de los años = with the passing of (the) years.* con el paso del tiempo = over the years, over time, with the passage of time, as time goes by, in due course, over a period of time, in the course of time, over the course of time, in the process of time, as time passed (by), as time passes (by), as time went by.* de paso = by the way, by the by(e).* deteriorado por el paso del tiempo = timeworn.* dicho sea de paso = by the way, on a sidenote, by the by(e).* el paso del tiempo = the passage of time, the sands of time.* en varios pasos = multi-step.* llave de paso = shut-off valve.* paso elevado = overpass.* paso elevado de peatones = pedestrian overpass.* paso elevado para peatones = pedestrian overpass.* paso inferior = subway.* paso inferior de peatones = pedestrian underpass.* paso inferior para peatones = pedestrian underpass.* paso subterráneo = underpass, subway.* paso subterráneo de peatones = pedestrian underpass.* paso subterráneo para peatones = pedestrian underpass.* quedar anulado con el paso del tiempo = be overtaken by events.* resistir el paso del tiempo = stand + the test of time, withstand + the test of time, survive + the test of time, pass + the test of time.* válvula de paso = shut-off valve.paso33 = transfer, transition, changeover [change-over], handover [hand-over].Ex: When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.
Ex: Hierarchical relationships must be indicated in order that users may make the transition from a first access point to related terms or access points.Ex: The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.Ex: The author assesses the prospects of Hong Kong after the handover of the colony to China in 1997 when it will once again be competing with Shanghai as the publishing hub of the Orient.* * *paso1A1(acción): las compuertas controlan el paso del agua the hatches control the flow of watera su paso por la ciudad el río se ensancha the river widens as it flows through the cityel paso de los camiones había causado grietas en la calzada cracks had appeared in the road surface caused by the passage of so many trucks o because of all the trucks using ithizo frente a todo lo que encontró a su paso he faced up to every obstacle in his pathcon el paso del tiempo se desgastó la piedra the stone got worn down with time o with the passing o passage of time[ S ] prohibido el paso no entryal paso (en ajedrez) en passantde paso: no viven aquí, están de paso they don't live here, they're just visiting o they're just passing throughde paso puedo dejarles el paquete I can drop the package off on my waylo mencionó pero sólo de paso he mentioned it but only in passinglleva esto a la oficina y de paso habla con la secretaria take this to the office and while you're there have a word with the secretaryte lo recogeré si quieres, me pilla de paso I'll pick it up for you if you like, it's on my wayarchiva estas fichas y de paso comprueba todas las direcciones file these cards and while you're at it o about it check all the addressesy dicho sea de paso … and incidentally …2 (camino, posibilidad de pasar) wayabran paso make wayse puso en medio y me cerró el paso she stood in front of me and blocked my waypor aquí no hay paso you can't get through this waydejen el paso libre leave the way clearabrirse paso to make one's wayel sol se abría paso entre las nubes the sun was breaking through the cloudsconsiguió abrirse paso a codazos entre la gente she managed to elbow her way through the crowdno te será difícil abrirte paso en la vida you won't have any problems making your way in life o getting on in lifesalir al paso de algn to waylay sbsalir al paso de algo to forestall sthB ( Geog) (en una montaña) passCompuestos:( Méx) paso elevadozebra crossing, crosswalk ( AmE)( Méx) catwalk(en un barco) celebration held to mark the crossing of the Equator; (de estudiantes) celebration held halfway through a college courseborder crossingC1 (movimiento al andar) stepdio un paso para atrás he took a step backward(s), he stepped backward(s)¡un paso al frente! one step forward!camina 50 pasos al norte walk 50 paces to the northdirigió sus pasos hacia la puerta she walked toward(s) the dooroyó pasos en el piso de arriba she heard footsteps on the floor abovecon paso firme subió las escaleras he climbed the stairs purposefullyno da un paso sin consultar a su marido she won't do anything without asking her husband firstpaso a paso step by stepsiguieron el juicio paso a paso they followed the trial step by steppaso a paso se fue abriendo camino en la empresa he gradually worked his way up in the companyme lo explicó paso por paso she explained it to me step by stepa cada paso at every turna pasos agigantados by leaps and boundsla informática avanza a pasos agigantados information technology is advancing by leaps and bounds, enormous strides are being made in information technologydar los primeros pasos (literal) to take one's first steps, start to walk; (iniciarse en algo) to start outdio sus primeros pasos como actor en televisión he started out o made his debut as a television actordar un paso en falso en política puede conducir al desastre one false move o putting one foot wrong in politics can lead to disasterseguirle los pasos a algn to tail sbseguir los pasos de algn to follow in sb's footstepsvolver sobre sus pasos to retrace one's steps2(distancia corta): vive a dos pasos de mi casa he lives a stone's throw (away) from my houseestuvo a un paso de la muerte she was at death's dooránimo, ya estamos a un paso come on, we're nearly there nowestá a un paso de aquí it's just around the corner o down the road from herede ahí a convertirse en drogadicto no hay más que un paso it's only a short step from there to becoming a drug addict3 (logro, avance) step forwardel que te haya llamado ya es un paso (adelante) the fact that he's called you is a step forward in itselfsupone un gran paso en la lucha contra la enfermedad it is a great step forward o a great advance in the fight against the illness4 (de una gestión) stephemos dado los pasos necesarios we have taken the necessary steps5 (de baile) stephacer pasos to travelD1 (de un tornillo, una rosca) pitch2 (en un contador) unitE1(ritmo, velocidad): aminoró el paso he slowed downal ver que la seguían apretó el paso when she realized she was being followed she quickened her paceel tren iba a buen paso the train was going at a fair speeda este paso no llegamos ni a las diez at this rate we won't even get there by ten o'clocka este paso te vas a poner enfermo if you carry on like this, you'll get ill, at this rate o (if you carry on) the way you're going, you'll get illescribía los nombres al paso que yo se los leía she wrote down the names as I read them out to hera paso de hormiga or tortuga at a snail's pacellevar el paso to keep in stepmarcar el paso to mark timeen ese colegio te van a hacer marcar el paso they'll make you toe the line at that school2 ( Equ):al paso at a walking paceCompuesto:paso ligero or redobladoa paso ligero or redoblado double quick, in double timeF (de la pasión) float ( in Holy Week processions)* * *
Del verbo pasar: ( conjugate pasar)
paso es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
pasó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
pasar
paso
pasar ( conjugate pasar) verbo intransitivo
1
◊ no ha pasado ni un taxi not one taxi has come/gone past;
los otros coches no podían paso the other cars weren't able to get past;
no dejan paso a nadie they're not letting anyone through;
paso de largo to go right o straight past;
paso por la aduana to go through customs;
es un vuelo directo, no pasa por Miami it's a direct flight, it doesn't go via Miami;
¿este autobús pasa por el museo? does this bus go past the museum?;
pasamos por delante de su casa we went past her house;
pasaba por aquí y … I was just passing by o I was in the area and …b) ( deteniéndose en un lugar):◊ ¿podríamos paso por el banco? can we stop off at the bank?;
pasa un día por casa why don't you drop o come by the house sometime?;
puede paso a recogerlo mañana you can come and pick it up tomorrow
[ humedad] to go through from one side to the otherd) ( caber):
2 ( entrar — acercándose al hablante) to come in;
(— alejándose del hablante) to go in;◊ pase, por favor please, do come in;
¡que pase el siguiente! next, please!;
haga paso al Sr Díaz show Mr Díaz in please
3
b) ( comunicar):
( en otro teléfono) I'll put you through to Javier
4a) (Educ) to pass;◊ paso de curso to get through o pass one's end-of-year examsb) ( ser aceptable):◊ no está perfecto, pero puede paso it's not perfect, but it'll do;
por esta vez, (que) pase I'll let it pass o go this time
5
a) ( ser tenido por):
ver tb hacerse II 3
( suceder) to happen;
lo que pasa es que… the thing o the problem is …;
pase lo que pase whatever happens, come what may;
siempre pasa igual or lo mismo it's always the same;
¿qué pasa? what's the matter?, what's up? (colloq);
¿qué te pasa? what's the matter with you?;
¿qué te pasó en el ojo? what happened to your eye?;
¿qué le pasa a la tele? what's wrong with the TV?;
eso le pasa a cualquiera that can happen to anybody;
no le pasó nada nothing happened to him
1 ( transcurrir) [tiempo/años] to pass, go by;◊ pasoon muchos años many years went by o passed;
ya han pasado dos horas it's been two hours now;
un año pasa muy rápido a year goes very quickly;
¡cómo pasa el tiempo! doesn't time fly!
2 ( cesar) [crisis/mal momento] to be over;
[ efecto] to wear off;
[ dolor] to go away
3 ( arreglárselas) paso sin algo to manage without sth
verbo transitivo
1
‹pueblo/ciudad› to go through
2a) ( hacer atravesar) paso algo POR algo to put sth through sth;
(— ilegalmente) to smuggle
3 ( hacer recorrer):
pásale un trapo al piso give the floor a quick wipe;
hay que pasole una plancha it needs a quick iron
4 (exhibir, mostrar) ‹película/anuncio› to show
5 ‹examen/prueba› to pass
6 ‹página/hoja› to turn;
‹tema/punto› to leave out, omit
1 (entregar, hacer llegar):
¿me pasas el martillo? can you pass me the hammer?
2 ( contagiar) to give, to pass on
1
fuimos a Toledo a paso el día we went to Toledo for the dayb) ( con idea de continuidad):
pasa todo el día al teléfono she spends all day on the phone
◊ ¿qué tal lo pasaste en la fiesta? did you have a good time at the party?, did you enjoy the party?;
lo pasé mal I didn't enjoy myself
2 (sufrir, padecer) ‹penalidades/desgracias› to go through, to suffer;◊ pasé mucho miedo/frío I was very frightened/cold
pasarse verbo pronominal
1 ( cambiarse):
2
esta vez te has pasado (fam) you've gone too far this time
¿podrías pasote por el mercado? could you go down to the market?
3
[carne/pescado] to go off, go bad;
[ leche] to go off, go sour
1
[ dolor] to go away;
(+ me/te/le etc)◊ ya se me pasó el dolor the pain's gone o eased now;
espera a que se le pase el enojo wait until he's calmed o cooled downb) ( transcurrir):
ver tb pasar verbo transitivo III 1
2 (+ me/te/le etc)a) ( olvidarse):
b) ( dejar escapar):
paso sustantivo masculino
1a) ( acción):
el paso del tiempo the passage of time;
el paso de la dictadura a la democracia the transition from dictatorship to democracy;
de paso: están de paso they're just visiting o just passing through;
me pilla de paso it's on my way;
y dicho sea de paso … and incidentally …
◊ abrir/dejar paso (a algn/algo) to make way (for sth/sb);
me cerró el paso she blocked my way;
dejen el paso libre leave the way clear;
( on signs) ceda el paso yield ( in US), give way ( in UK);
( on signs) prohibido el paso no entry;
paso de peatones crosswalk (AmE), pedestrian crossing (BrE);
paso a nivel grade (AmE) o (BrE) level crossing;
paso elevado or (Méx) a desnivel overpass (AmE), flyover (BrE);
paso subterráneo ( para peatones) underpass, subway (BrE);
( para vehículos) underpass;
( a codazos) to elbow one's way;
( detener) to stop sb
2 (Geog) ( en montaña) pass;◊ salir del paso to get out of a (tight) spot o (AmE) crack (colloq)
3
oyó pasos she heard footsteps;
entró con paso firme he came in purposefully;
paso a paso step by step;
seguirle los pasos a algn to tail sb;
seguir los pasos de algn to follow in sb's footstepsb) ( distancia corta):◊ vive a dos pasos de mi casa he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house;
está a un paso de aquí it's just around the corner/down the road from here
4 (ritmo, velocidad):◊ apretó/aminoró el paso he quickened his pace/he slowed down;
a este paso … at this rate …;
a paso de hormiga or tortuga at a snail's pace;
marcar el paso to mark time
5 ( en contador) unit
pasar
I verbo transitivo
1 to pass
2 (trasladar) to move
3 (dar) to pass, give: no me pasó el recado, he didn't give me the message
4 (hojas de libro) to turn
5 (el tiempo, la vida) to spend, pass
6 (soportar, sufrir) to suffer, endure: está pasando una crisis personal, she's going through a personal crisis
pasamos sed y calor, we suffered thirst and heat
7 (río, calle, frontera) to cross
8 (tragar) to swallow
9 (tolerar, aguantar) to bear
10 (introducir) to insert, put through
11 (un examen, una eliminatoria) to pass
12 Cine to run, show: este sábado pasan Ben Hur, they're putting Ben Hur on this Saturday
II verbo intransitivo
1 to pass: ¿a qué hora pasa el tren?, what time does the train pass?
Cervantes pasó por aquí, Cervantes passed this way
ya pasó, it has already passed
pasar de largo, to go by (without stopping)
2 (entrar) to come in
3 (ser tolerable) to be acceptable: no está mal, puede pasar, it isn't bad, it will do
4 (exceder) to surpass: no pases de los 70 km/h, don't exceed 70 km/h
5 (a otro asunto) to go on to
pasar a ser, to become
6 (tiempo) to pass, go by
7 (arreglarse, apañarse) pasar sin, to do without: puedo pasar sin coche, I can manage without a car
8 fam (no tener interés, prescindir) pasa de lo que digan, don't mind what they say
paso de ir al cine, I'll give the cinema a miss
9 (suceder) to happen: ¿qué pasa?, what's going on?
¿qué le pasa?, what's the matter with him?
pase lo que pase, whatever happens o come what may
♦ Locuciones: pasar algo a limpio, to make a fair copy of sthg
pasarlo bien/mal, to have a good/difficult time
pasar por, to put up with: paso por que me digas que estoy gorda, pero no pienso tolerar que me amargues cada comida, I can handle you calling me fat, but I'm not having you ruin every single meal for me
pasar por alto, to overlook: pasaré por alto esa observación, I'll just ignore that remark
paso sustantivo masculino
1 step: caminaban a paso ligero, they walked quickly
(sonido de pisadas) footstep
(de un baile) step
2 (camino, pasillo) passage, way
Auto ceda el paso, give way
paso a nivel, level o US grade crossing
paso de cebra, zebra crossing
paso de peatones, pedestrian crossing, US crosswalk
paso subterráneo, (para peatones) subway
(para vehículos) underpass
prohibido el paso, no entry
3 (acción) passage, passing: estamos de paso en la ciudad, we are just passing through the town
a su paso por la Universidad, when he was at University
el lento paso de las horas, the slow passing of the hours
4 Tel unit
5 Geol (entre montañas) mountain pass
6 Náut strait
♦ Locuciones: abrirse paso, (entre la multitud, maleza) to make one's way, (en la vida) to get ahead
salir del paso, to get out of trouble
a cada paso, constantly, every other minute
' paso' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
apretar
- arramblar
- atravesar
- bando
- bloquear
- cabeza
- cada
- calamidad
- cebra
- ceder
- cerrar
- converger
- cortar
- dar
- dado
- desvirtuar
- disfraz
- esclarecimiento
- estela
- filtración
- franca
- franco
- impedir
- infierno
- ligera
- ligero
- lista
- llave
- magín
- mayor
- nivel
- obstaculizar
- pasar
- pasarse
- patata
- peatonal
- por
- prohibida
- prohibido
- rebote
- rito
- segura
- seguro
- sino
- subterránea
- subterráneo
- testigo
- tránsito
- ver
- vela
English:
ahead
- amok
- arrogant
- bar
- battle
- begrudge
- block
- block in
- break through
- breakthrough
- brisk
- by
- childhood
- clarify
- clear
- coast
- come over
- crossing
- crosswalk
- dizzy
- dwindle
- evaluation
- explanation
- false move
- faux pas
- float
- flyover
- footstep
- give
- go by
- going
- graze
- grow out of
- hysterical
- lazy
- level crossing
- life
- lively
- mop
- move
- nail
- obstruction
- ocean
- overboard
- overpass
- pace
- pass
- pass along
- pass by
- pass through
* * *♦ nm1. [con el pie] step;[huella] footprint;dar un paso atrás [al andar] to step backwards, to take a step backwards;[en proceso, negociaciones] to take a backward step;aprendí unos pasos de baile I learnt a few dance steps;oía pasos arriba I could hear footsteps upstairs;se veían sus pasos sobre la nieve you could see its footprints in the snow;a cada paso [cada dos por tres] every other minute;vivimos a un paso de la estación we live just round the corner from o a stone's throw away from the station;el ruso está a un paso de hacerse campeón the Russian is on the verge of o just one small step away from becoming champion;a pasos agigantados at a terrific rate, at a rate of knots;la economía crece a pasos agigantados the economy is growing at a rate of knots;el SIDA se propaga a pasos agigantados AIDS is spreading like wildfire o at an alarming rate;la ingeniería genética avanza a pasos agigantados genetic engineering has made giant o enormous strides;[equivocarse] to make a false move o a mistake; Figno dio ni un paso en falso he didn't put a foot wrong;seguir los pasos a alguien [perseguir, vigilar] to tail sb;seguir los pasos de alguien [imitar] to follow in sb's footsteps;volvimos sobre nuestros pasos we retraced our steps2. [acción] passing;[cruce] crossing; [camino de acceso] way through, thoroughfare;con el paso del tiempo with the passage of time;con el paso de los años as the years go by;el paso de la juventud a la madurez the transition from youth to adulthood;su paso fugaz por la universidad his brief spell at the university;el Ebro, a su paso por Zaragoza the Ebro, as it flows through Zaragoza;la tienda está en una zona de mucho paso the shop is in a very busy area;también Figabrir paso a alguien to make way for sb;abrirse paso [entre la gente, la maleza] to make one's way;abrirse paso en la vida/en el mundo de la política to get on o ahead in life/politics;¡abran paso! make way!;ceder el paso (a alguien) [dejar pasar] to let (sb) past;[en automóvil] to Br give way o US yield (to sb);de paso [de pasada] in passing;[aprovechando] while I'm/you're/ etc at it;de paso que vienes, tráete las fotos de las vacaciones you may as well bring the photos from your Br holiday o US vacation when you come;la estación me pilla de paso the station's on my way;estar de paso [en un lugar] to be passing through;prohibido el paso [en letrero] no entry;salir al paso a alguien, salir al paso de alguien [acercarse] to come up to sb;[hacer detenerse] to come and bar sb's way;salir al paso de algo [rechazar] to respond to sthpaso de cebra Br zebra crossing, = pedestrian crossing marked with black and white lines; Méx paso a desnivel Br flyover, US overpass;paso del Ecuador [en barco] crossing the line ceremony;[en universidad] = (celebration marking) halfway stage in a university course;paso fronterizo border crossing (point);Chile paso bajo nivel Br subway, US underpass;3. [forma de andar] walk;[ritmo] pace;con paso cansino se dirigió a la puerta he walked wearily towards the door;a buen paso at a good rate;a este paso o [m5]al paso que vamos, no acabaremos nunca at this rate o at the rate we're going, we'll never finish;al paso [en equitación] at a walk;a paso lento slowly;a paso ligero at a brisk pace;Mil at the double;aflojar el paso to slow down;apretar el paso to go faster, to speed up;llevar el paso to keep step;marcar el paso to keep time;a paso de tortuga at a snail's paceMil paso de la oca goose-step [en el mar] strait5. [trámite, etapa, acontecimiento] step;[progreso] step forward, advance;antes de dar cualquier paso siempre me pregunta she always asks me before doing anything;dar los pasos necesarios to take the necessary steps;dar los primeros pasos hacia la paz to take the first steps towards peace;la aprobación de una constitución supondría un gran paso para la democracia the passing of a constitution would be a big step forward for democracy;paso a o [m5] por paso se ganó la confianza de sus alumnos she gradually won the confidence of her pupils;salir del paso to get out of trouble6. [de llamadas telefónicas, consumo eléctrico] unit7. [en procesión] float [in Easter procession]8.pasos [en baloncesto] travelling;hacer pasos to travel♦ interjmake way!* * *1 m1 step;paso a paso step by step;a cada paso at every step;a dos pasos de fig a stone’s throw (away) from;volver sobre sus pasos retrace one’s steps;un paso en falso make a false move;seguir los pasos a alguien follow s.o., dog s.o.’s footsteps;seguir los pasos de alguien follow in s.o.’s footsteps;3 ( ritmo) pace, rate;a este paso fig at this rate;al paso que vamos at the rate we’re going;a paso ligero at the double;llevar el paso MIL keep in step;marcar el paso MIL mark timecerrar el paso de la calle block off o close the street;prohibido el paso no entry;ceda el paso yield, Br give way;observaba el paso del agua/de la gente he watched the water flow past/the world go by5 ( cruce) crossing6 de tiempo passing7 ( huella) footprint8 ( camino):de paso on the way;estar de paso be passing through;dicho sea de paso and incidentally;¡paso! make way!, let me through!;abrirse paso push one’s way through; fig carve out a path for o.s.;salir al paso de alguien waylay s.o.;salir del paso get out of a tight spot2 m REL float in Holy Week procession* * *paso, -sa adj: driedciruela pasa: prunepaso nm1) : passage, passingde paso: in passing, on the way2) : way, pathabrirse paso: to make one's way3) : crossingpaso de peatones: crosswalkpaso a desnivel: underpasspaso elevado: overpass4) : steppaso a paso: step by step5) : pace, gaita buen paso: quickly, at a good rate* * *paso n1. (en general) step2. (pisada) footstep3. (tránsito)4. (transcurso) passing / passage -
7 drive
1. noun1) Fahrt, diea nine-hour drive, a drive of nine hours — eine neunstündige Autofahrt
2) (street) Straße, die4) (energy to achieve) Tatkraft, dieexport/sales/recruiting drive — Export- / Verkaufs- / Anwerbekampagne, die
6) (Psych.) Trieb, der7) (Motor Veh.): (position of steering wheel)left-hand/right-hand drive — Links-/Rechtssteuerung od. -lenkung, die
2. transitive verb,front-wheel/rear-wheel drive — Front-/Heckantrieb, der
1) fahren [Auto, Lkw, Route, Strecke, Fahrgast]; lenken [Kutsche, Streitwagen]; treiben [Tier]2) (as job)drive a lorry/train — Lkw-Fahrer/Lokomotivführer sein
3) (compel to move) vertreibendrive somebody out of or from a place/country — jemanden von einem Ort/aus einem Land vertreiben
5) (fig.)drive somebody out of his mind or wits — jemanden in den Wahnsinn treiben
6) [Wind, Wasser:] treiben7) (cause to penetrate)drive something into something — etwas in etwas (Akk.) treiben
8) (power) antreiben [Mühle, Maschine]be steam-driven or driven by steam — dampfgetrieben sein
9) (incite to action) antreiben3. intransitive verb,drive oneself [too] hard — sich [zu sehr] schinden
drove, driven1) fahrenin Great Britain we drive on the left — bei uns in Großbritannien ist Linksverkehr
drive at 30 m.p.h. — mit 50 km/h fahren
learn to drive — [Auto]fahren lernen; den Führerschein machen (ugs.)
can you drive? — kannst du Auto fahren?
2) (go by car) mit dem [eigenen] Auto fahren3) [Hagelkörner, Wellen:] schlagenPhrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/86427/drive_at">drive at- drive on- drive up* * *1. past tense - drove; verb2) (to take, bring etc in a car: My mother is driving me to the airport.) fahren3) (to force or urge along: Two men and a dog were driving a herd of cattle across the road.) treiben5) (to cause to work by providing the necessary power: This mill is driven by water.) betreiben2. noun1) (a journey in a car, especially for pleasure: We decided to go for a drive.) die Fahrt2) (a private road leading from a gate to a house etc: The drive is lined with trees.) die Auffahrt3) (energy and enthusiasm: I think he has the drive needed for this job.) die Tatkraft4) (a special effort: We're having a drive to save electricity.) der Antrieb5) (in sport, a hard stroke (with a golf-club, a cricket bat etc).) der Stoß6) ((computers) a disk drive.)•- driver- driver's license
- drive-in
- drive-through
- driving licence
- be driving at
- drive off
- drive on* * *[draɪv]I. nto go for a \drive eine Spazierfahrt machen, spazieren fahrento go for a \drive to the mountains/seaside in die Berge/ans Meer fahrento take sb [out] for [or on] a \drive mit jdm eine Spazierfahrt machen [o spazieren fahren]shall I take you for a \drive to the seaside? wollen wir ans Meer fahren?it is a 20-mile/20-minute \drive to the airport der Flughafen ist 30 Kilometer/20 Minuten [Autofahrt] entfernt, zum Flughafen sind es [mit dem Auto] 30 Kilometer/20 Minutena day's \drive eine Tagesfahrtto be an hour's \drive away/within an hour's \drive eine/keine Autostunde entfernt seinto be an hour's \drive from/within an hours' \drive of sth eine/keine Autostunde von etw dat entfernt sein3. (road, street) [Fahr]straße f; (lane) [Fahr]weg m; (approaching road) Zufahrt f; (car entrance) Einfahrt f; (to a large building) Auffahrt fall-wheel \drive Allradantrieb mfront-wheel \drive Vorderradantrieb m, Frontantrieb mleft-/right-hand \drive Links-/Rechtssteuerung f6. no pl (energy) Tatkraft f, Energie f; (élan, vigour) Schwung m, Elan m, Drive m; (motivation) Tatendrang m; (persistence) Biss m famshe lacks \drive es fehlt ihr an Elanwe need a manager with \drive wir brauchen einen tatkräftigen [o dynamischen] Managerto have [no] \drive [keinen] Schwung [o Elan] habenhe has the \drive to succeed er hat den nötigen Biss, um es zu schaffen fameconomy \drive Sparmaßnahmen plto be on an economy \drive Sparmaßnahmen durchführenfund-raising \drive Spenden[sammel]aktion fto organize a \drive to collect money eine Sammelaktion organisierenrecruitment \drive Anwerbungskampagne fmembership [recruitment] \drive Mitgliederwerbeaktion f, Mitglieder-Anwerbungskampagne f9. SPORT (in golf, tennis) Treibschlag m BRD, ÖSTERR fachspr, Drive m fachspr; (in badminton) Treibball m BRD, ÖSTERR fachsprdisk \drive Diskettenlaufwerk ntCD-ROM \drive CD-ROM-Laufwerk nthard \drive Festplatte fcattle \drive Viehtrieb mII. vt<drove, -n>▪ to \drive sth etw fahrento \drive a racing car einen Rennwagen steuern2. (transport)▪ to \drive sb jdn fahrento \drive sb home/to school jdn nach Hause/zur Schule fahren3. (force onward[s])4. (force, make go)the rain was \driven against the windows by the wind der Wind peitschte den Regen gegen die Fensterthe wind drove the snow into my face der Wind wehte mir den Schnee ins Gesichtthe storm threatened to \drive us against the cliffs der Sturm drohte uns gegen die Klippen zu schleudernto \drive sb to the border/woods jdn zur Grenze/in den Wald treiben5. (expel)to be \driven from [or out of] the city/country aus der Stadt/dem Land vertrieben werden6. (compel)▪ to \drive sb/sth jdn/etw treibenhe was \driven by greed Gier bestimmte sein Handelnthe government has \driven the economy into deep recession die Regierung hat die Wirtschaft in eine tiefe Rezession gestürztthe scandal drove the minister out of office der Skandal zwang den Minister zur Amtsniederlegungbanning boxing would \drive the sport underground ein Verbot des Boxsports würde dazu führen, dass dieser Sport heimlich weiterbetrieben wirdto \drive sb to despair jdn zur Verzweiflung treibento \drive sb to drink jdn zum Trinker werden lassento \drive sb to suicide jdn in den Selbstmord treiben▪ to \drive sb to do sth jdn dazu treiben [o bewegen] [o bringen], etw zu tunit was the arguments that drove her to leave home wegen all der Streitereien verließ sie schließlich ihr Zuhause7. (render)to \drive sb mad [or crazy] [or insane] ( fam) jdn zum Wahnsinn treiben, jdn wahnsinnig [o verrückt] machen famit's driving me mad! das macht mich noch wahnsinnig! famto \drive an animal wild ein Tier wild machen8. (hit into place)to \drive a post into the ground einen Pfosten in den Boden rammen9. (power)steam-\driven dampfbetrieben, dampfangetrieben10. (in golf)to \drive a ball einen Ball treiben [o fachspr driven11.▶ to \drive a hard bargain hart verhandelnyou really want £2,000 for that? you certainly \drive a hard bargain! Sie wollen tatsächlich 2.000 Pfund dafür? das ist ja wohl total überzogen! fam▶ to \drive a wedge between two people einen Keil zwischen zwei Menschen treibenIII. vi<drove, -n>1. (steer vehicle) fahrencan you \drive? kannst du Auto fahren?can you \drive home? kannst du nach Hause fahren?who was driving at the time of the accident? wer saß zur Zeit des Unfalls am Steuer?to learn to \drive [Auto] fahren lernen, den Führerschein [o SCHWEIZ Fahrausweis] machenare you going by train? — no, I'm driving fahren Sie mit dem Zug? — nein, mit dem Autoto \drive on/past weiter-/vorbeifahren3. (function) fahren, laufenthe rain was driving down der Regen peitschte herabthe snow was driving into my face der Schnee peitschte mir ins Gesichtthe clouds were driving across the sky die Wolken jagten vorbei [o über den Himmel]* * *[draɪv] vb: pret drove, ptp driven1. n1) (AUT: journey) (Auto)fahrt f3) (GOLF, TENNIS) Treibschlag m4) (PSYCH ETC) Trieb m5) (= energy) Schwung m, Elan m, Tatendrang myou're losing your drive —
6) (COMM, POL ETC) Aktion fSee:→ export7) (MIL: offensive) kraftvolle Offensive8) (MECH: power transmission) Antrieb mfront-wheel/rear-wheel drive — Vorderrad-/Hinterradantrieb m
10)See:→ whist2. vt1) (= cause to move) people, animals, dust, clouds etc treibento drive a nail/stake into sth — einen Nagel/Pfahl in etw (acc) treiben
2) cart, car, train fahrenhe drives a taxi (for a living) — er ist Taxifahrer, er fährt Taxi (inf)
I'll drive you home —
4) (= provide power for, operate) motor (belt, shaft) antreiben; (electricity, fuel) betreiben; (COMPUT) steuerna car driven by electricity — ein Auto nt mit Elektroantrieb
6) (= cause to be in a state or to become) treibento drive sb to murder —
who/what drove you to do that? — wer/was trieb or brachte Sie dazu(, das zu tun)?
3. vi1) (= travel in vehicle) fahrento drive at 50 km an hour —
did you come by train? – no, we drove — sind Sie mit der Bahn gekommen? – nein, wir sind mit dem Auto gefahren
driving while intoxicated (US) — Fahren nt in betrunkenem Zustand, Trunkenheit f am Steuer
2) (= move violently) schlagen, peitschenthe rain was driving into our faces — der Regen peitschte uns (dat) ins Gesicht
* * *drive [draıv]A s1. Fahrt f, besonders Ausfahrt f, Spazierfahrt f, Ausflug m:the drive back die Rückfahrt;an hour’s drive away eine Autostunde entfernt2. a) Treiben n (von Vieh, Holz etc)b) Zusammentreiben n (von Vieh)c) zusammengetriebene Tiere pl3. JAGD Treibjagd f4. besonders Tennis, Golf: Drive m, Treibschlag m5. MIL Vorstoß m (auch fig)6. fig Kampagne f, (besonders Werbe) Feldzug m, (besonders Sammel) Aktion f7. fig Schwung m, Elan m, Dynamik f8. fig Druck m:I’m in such a drive that … ich stehe so sehr unter Druck, dass …10. a) Fahrstraße f, -weg mb) (private) Auffahrt (zu einer Villa etc)c) Zufahrtsstraße f, -weg m11. a) TECH Antrieb mb) COMPUT Laufwerk n12. AUTO (Links- etc) SteuerungB v/t prät drove [drəʊv], obs drave [dreıv], pperf driven [ˈdrıvn]1. (vorwärts)treiben, antreiben:drive all before one fig jeden Widerstand überwinden, unaufhaltsam sein2. fig treiben:drive sb to death (suicide) jemanden in den Tod (zum oder in den Selbstmord) treiben; → bend A 1, corner A 3, crazy 1, desperation 1, mad A 1, wall Bes Redew, wild A 9into in akk):4. (zur Arbeit) antreiben, hetzen:a) jemanden schinden,b) jemanden in die Enge treiben5. jemanden veranlassen (to, into zu; to do zu tun), bringen (to, into zu), dazu bringen oder treiben ( to do zu tun):be driven by hunger vom Hunger getrieben werdento, into zu;to do zu tun)7. zusammentreiben8. vertreiben, verjagen ( beide:from von)9. JAGD treiben, hetzen, jagen10. ein Auto etc lenken, steuern, fahren:drive one’s own car seinen eigenen Wagen fahrento nach)12. TECH (an)treiben:driven by steam mit Dampf betrieben, mit Dampfantrieb13. zielbewusst durchführen:drive a good bargain ein Geschäft zu einem vorteilhaften Abschluss bringen;a) hart verhandeln,b) überzogene Forderungen stellen;he drives a hard bargain auch mit ihm ist nicht gut Kirschen essen14. ein Gewerbe (zielbewusst) (be)treiben15. einen Tunnel etc bohren, vortreiben16. besonders Tennis, Golf: den Ball drivenC v/i1. (dahin)treiben, (dahin)getrieben werden:drive before the wind vor dem Wind treiben2. rasen, brausen, jagen, stürmen3. a) (Auto) fahren, chauffieren, einen oder den Wagen steuernb) kutschieren:can you drive? können Sie (Auto) fahren?;he drove into a wall er fuhr gegen eine Mauer;drive above the speed limit das Tempolimit überschreiten4. (spazieren) fahren5. sich gut etc fahren lassen:6. besonders Tennis, Golf: driven, einen Treibschlag spielen7. zielen (at auf akk): → let1 Bes Redew8. ab-, hinzielen ( beide:at auf akk):what is he driving at? worauf will er hinaus?, was meint oder will er eigentlich?9. schwer arbeiten (at an dat)* * *1. noun1) Fahrt, diea nine-hour drive, a drive of nine hours — eine neunstündige Autofahrt
2) (street) Straße, die4) (energy to achieve) Tatkraft, dieexport/sales/recruiting drive — Export- / Verkaufs- / Anwerbekampagne, die
6) (Psych.) Trieb, der7) (Motor Veh.): (position of steering wheel)left-hand/right-hand drive — Links-/Rechtssteuerung od. -lenkung, die
2. transitive verb,front-wheel/rear-wheel drive — Front-/Heckantrieb, der
1) fahren [Auto, Lkw, Route, Strecke, Fahrgast]; lenken [Kutsche, Streitwagen]; treiben [Tier]2) (as job)drive a lorry/train — Lkw-Fahrer/Lokomotivführer sein
3) (compel to move) vertreibendrive somebody out of or from a place/country — jemanden von einem Ort/aus einem Land vertreiben
4) (chase, urge on) treiben [Vieh, Wild]5) (fig.)drive somebody out of his mind or wits — jemanden in den Wahnsinn treiben
6) [Wind, Wasser:] treibendrive something into something — etwas in etwas (Akk.) treiben
8) (power) antreiben [Mühle, Maschine]be steam-driven or driven by steam — dampfgetrieben sein
9) (incite to action) antreiben3. intransitive verb,drive oneself [too] hard — sich [zu sehr] schinden
drove, driven1) fahrendrive at 30 m.p.h. — mit 50 km/h fahren
learn to drive — [Auto]fahren lernen; den Führerschein machen (ugs.)
2) (go by car) mit dem [eigenen] Auto fahren3) [Hagelkörner, Wellen:] schlagenPhrasal Verbs:- drive at- drive on- drive up* * *(computers) n.Laufwerk -e n. n.Antrieb -e m.Aussteuerung f.Drang ¨-e m.Fahrt -en f.Fahrweg -e m.Schwung -¨e m.Steuerung f.Trieb -e m.Triebwerk n. (sink) into the ground expr.in den Boden bohren ausdr. v.(§ p.,p.p.: drove, driven)= ansteuern v.antreiben v.fahren v.(§ p.,pp.: fuhr, ist/hat gefahren)lenken v.treiben v.(§ p.,pp.: trieb, getrieben) -
8 passage
passage [pαsaʒ]1. masculine nouna. ( = venue) guetter le passage du facteur to watch for the postman• « passage interdit » "no entry"b. ( = transfert) le passage de l'enfance à l'adolescence the transition from childhood to adolescence• va plus loin, tu gênes le passage move along, you're blocking the wayd. ( = fragment) [de livre, symphonie] passagee. ( = traversée) [de rivière, limite, montagnes] crossing2. compounds• cette école est le passage obligé pour les hauts fonctionnaires this school is the place to go if you want to be a top civil servant ► passage piétons, passage pour piétons pedestrian walkway* * *pasaʒnom masculin1) ( circulation)une rue où il y a beaucoup de passage — ( véhicules) a street where there's a lot of traffic
2) ( séjour)un petit passage chez le teinturier ne lui ferait pas de mal — a visit to the dry-cleaners' wouldn't do it any harm
3) ( visite en chemin)4) ( franchissement)‘passage interdit, voie privée’ — ‘no entry, private road’
pour empêcher le passage de l'air — in order to prevent draughts GB ou drafts US
pour laisser or céder le passage à l'ambulance — in order to let the ambulance go past
notons au passage que... — fig let's note in passing that...
se servir au passage — lit ( en passant) to help oneself; fig ( légalement) to take a cut (of the profits); ( illégalement) to pocket some of the profits
5) (à la radio, télévision, au théâtre)6) ( chemin emprunté) ( par une personne) way; ( par une chose) path7) ( à une situation nouvelle)son passage dans la classe supérieure est compromis — he/she won't be allowed to move up into the next year GB ou grade US
8) ( petite rue) alley; ( dans un bâtiment) passageway9) (de roman, symphonie) passage; ( de film) sequence•Phrasal Verbs:* * *pɒsaʒ nm1)Ils s'arrêtaient de travailler au passage du train. — They stopped working as the train passed.
Nous l'avons vu lors de notre passage à Brest. — We saw him when we passed through Brest.
au passage (alors que l'on passe) — on the way, [remarquer] in passing
au passage de; Il a été éclaboussé au passage de la voiture. — He was soaked by a passing car.
Nous sommes de passage à Toulouse. — We're just passing through Toulouse.
2) (= accès, chemin) way"laissez le passage" — "keep clear"
"n'obstruez pas le passage" — "do not obstruct"
3) (= prix de la traversée) passage4) (= extrait de livre) passageJ'ai traduit un passage de ce livre. — I translated a passage from this book.
* * *passage nm1 ( circulation) interdire le passage des camions dans la ville to ban trucks from (driving through) the town; une rue où il y a beaucoup de passage ( piétons) a street where there are a lot of passers-by; ( véhicules) a street where there's a lot of traffic; isoler les fenêtres pour empêcher le passage de l'air to seal the windows to prevent draughts GB ou drafts US;2 ( séjour) ton bref passage dans la ville a été très remarqué your stay in the town was brief but did not go unnoticed; lors de son passage ici il a oublié son parapluie when he was here he left his umbrella; un petit passage chez le teinturier ne lui ferait pas de mal a visit to the dry-cleaners' wouldn't do it any harm; après un bref passage dans la fonction publique after a short spell in the civil service;3 ( visite en chemin) attendre le passage du boulanger to wait for the baker's van to come; était-ce avant ou après le passage du facteur? was it before or after the postman had been?; manquer le passage des cigognes to miss the storks going over; le passage du prochain bus est à 10 heures the next bus is at 10 o'clock; je peux te prendre au passage I can pick you up on the way; il est de passage en France/dans notre ville he is passing through France/our town; des voyageurs de passage travellers who are passing through; des hôtes de passage short-stay guests; elle n'a que des amants de passage she only has casual relationships;4 ( franchissement) ‘passage interdit, voie privée’ ‘no entry, private road’; pour permettre le passage de la lumière in order to let the light in; les voitures se sont garées pour laisser or céder le passage à l'ambulance the cars pulled over to let the ambulance go past; on se retourne sur ton passage you make people's heads turn as you go past; notons au passage que… fig let's note in passing that…; se servir au passage lit ( en passant) to help oneself; fig ( légalement) to take a cut (of the profits); ( illégalement) to pocket some of the profits; passage en ferry/hovercraft ferry/hovercraft crossing; le passage à gué du bras de mer est possible à marée basse the sound can be forded at low tide; la voiture a peiné lors du passage du col the car had a hard time crossing the pass;5 (à la radio, télévision, au théâtre) c'est leur troisième passage à l'Olympia it's the third time they've been to the Olympia; ton passage sur scène/à la télévision a été très remarqué you made a great impact on stage/on the television; chaque passage de votre chanson à la radio vous rapportera des droits d'auteur you'll get royalties every time your song is played on the radio;6 ( chemin emprunté) ( par une personne) way; ( par une chose) path; prévoir le passage du tout-à-l'égout/de câbles to plan the route of the main sewer/of cables; pour aller jusqu'au sommet il y a plusieurs passages possibles there are several possible ways of getting to the summit; pousse-toi tu es dans mon passage move! you're in my way!; barrer le passage à qn to bar sb's way;7 ( à une situation nouvelle) passage (de qch) à qch transition (from sth) to sth; passage à la deuxième étape/la phase suivante progression to the second stage/the next phase; son passage dans la classe supérieure est compromis he/she won't be allowed to move up into the next class GB ou grade US; les rites initiatiques de passage à l'âge adulte the rites of passage into adulthood;8 ( petite rue) alley; ( dans un bâtiment) passageway;9 (de roman, symphonie) passage; ( de film) sequence;10 Équit passage.passage à l'acte Psych acting out; passage clouté† = passage pour piétons; passage à niveau level crossing GB, grade crossing US; passage obligé prerequisite (pour for); passage pour piétons pedestrian crossing, crosswalk US; passage protégé right of way; passage souterrain underground passage; ( sous une rue) subway; passage à tabac beating; subir un passage à tabac to be beaten up; passage à vide gén bad patch; (pour un acteur, artiste) unproductive period.[pasaʒ] nom masculinA.[MOUVEMENT]1. [allées et venues]prochain passage du car dans deux heures the coach will be back ou will pass through again in two hours' timelaisser le passage à quelqu'un/une ambulance to let somebody/an ambulance through, to make way for somebody/an ambulance‘passage de troupeaux’ ‘cattle crossing’2. [circulation] traffic3. [arrivée, venue]c'est le seul souvenir qui me reste de mon passage chez eux that's the only thing I remember of my visit to them‘le relevé du compteur sera fait lors de notre prochain passage’ ‘we will read your meter the next time we call’5. [franchissement - d'une frontière, d'un fleuve] crossing ; [ - d'un col] passing ; [ - de la douane] passing (through)après le passage du sucre dans l'urine after the sugar has gone ou passed into the urine‘passage interdit’ ‘no entry’le passage de l'hiver au printemps the change ou passage from winter to springle passage de l'autocratie à la démocratie the changeover ou transition from autocracy to democracy7. [dans une hiérarchie] movele passage dans la classe supérieure ÉDUCATION going ou moving up to the next class (UK) ou grade (US)8. [voyage sur mer, traversée] crossingils travaillaient durement pour payer leur passage they worked hard to pay their passage ou to pay for their crossing10. INFORMATIQUE11. PSYCHOLOGIEa. [personne] last time he was on TVb. [film] last time it was shown on TVB.[VOIE]donner ou livrer passage à quelqu'un/quelque chose to let somebody/something in[galerie commerçante] arcade3. [tapis de couloir] runner4. AUTOMOBILE5. RAIL————————au passage locution adverbiale[sur un trajet] on one's ou the wayles enfants doivent attraper la cocarde au passage the children have to catch the ribbon as they go pastj'ai noté au passage que... I noticed in passing that...————————au passage de locution prépositionnelleau passage du carrosse, la foule applaudissait when the carriage went past ou through, the crowd clapped————————de passage locution adjectivale[client] casualêtre de passage [voyageur] to be passing through————————sur le passage de locution prépositionnellepassage à tabac nom masculinpassage à vide nom masculina. [syncope] to feel faint, to faintb. [moralement] to go through a bad patchc. [intellectuellement] to have a lapse in concentration -
9 bandazo
m.1 lurch.2 violent roll, lurch.* * *1 lurch\dar bandazos to lurch* * *SM•
dar bandazos, el coche iba dando bandazos — the car swerved from side to sidecaminaba dando bandazos — he stumbled along, he reeled from side to side
2) (=cambio repentino) marked shift* * *dar bandazos — equipaje to move about; coche to swerve about
* * *= lurch.Ex. The leftward lurch in the Swedish Social-Democratic Party since 1973 led to a sudden demand for 'industrial democracy' & 'worker participation.----* dar bandazos = lurch.* * *dar bandazos — equipaje to move about; coche to swerve about
* * *= lurch.Ex: The leftward lurch in the Swedish Social-Democratic Party since 1973 led to a sudden demand for 'industrial democracy' & 'worker participation.
* dar bandazos = lurch.* * *la bola entró después de dos bandazos the ball went in off two cushionsdar bandazos: sujeta bien el equipaje para que no dé bandazos make sure the luggage is tied down properly so that it doesn't move aboutla rueda reventó y el coche empezó a dar bandazos the tire burst and the car started swerving all over the roadiba dando bandazos por el pasillo he lurched from side to side as he went along the corridordaba bandazos de un empleo a otro she was constantly moving from one job to anotherdar el bandazo ( Méx); to change sides* * *
bandazo sustantivo masculino:◊ dar bandazos [ equipaje] to move about;
[ coche] to swerve about
bandazo sustantivo masculino lurch: el coche iba dando bandazos, the car was lurching
' bandazo' also found in these entries:
English:
lurch
* * *bandazo nm[de barco, avión] lurch;dar bandazos [barco, avión] to lurch;dar un bandazo [con el volante] to swerve violently;el borracho bajaba por la calle dando bandazos the drunk was lurching from side to side as he walked down the street;su estilo da continuos bandazos he is constantly chopping and changing his style* * *m:* * *bandazo nm: swerving, lurch -
10 riot
nмятеж, бунт, восстание, беспорядки- communal riotsto set off / to spark off riots — вызывать волнения / беспорядки
- ethnic riots
- food price riot
- food riots
- inciting to riot
- intercommunal riots
- nationalist riots
- nationalistic riots
- outbreak of riot
- pro-democracy riot
- race riots
- racial riots
- riots have broken out
- riots have erupted
- street riot
- street riots
- suppression of riots
- widespread riot -
11 participativo
adj.1 communicative.2 participatory, participative, sharing.* * *ADJ [sociedad, público] participative; [deporte, juego] participative, participatory; [democracia] participatory* * *= lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.], participatory, participative, empowering, shared, hands-on.Ex. But in the country the processes of printing always provoke such lively curiosity that the customers preferred to go in by a glazed door set in the shop-front and giving onto the street.Ex. Storytelling is for children, as it was for the human race, a participatory art from which is born a literary consciousness.Ex. It was possible to identify 3 main groups who display 3 different types of attitude -- participative, delegative and 'snobbish'.Ex. The implications here are that the organizational climate must be nurturing rather than coercive, empowering rather than controlling.Ex. A work of shared responsibility is one where the work has arisen from collaboration between two or more persons or corporative bodies.Ex. As an aid to evaluation, hands-on practical work is rarely cost effective, even in undertaken by inexperienced staff.----* democrático-participativo = democratic-participative.* * *= lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.], participatory, participative, empowering, shared, hands-on.Ex: But in the country the processes of printing always provoke such lively curiosity that the customers preferred to go in by a glazed door set in the shop-front and giving onto the street.
Ex: Storytelling is for children, as it was for the human race, a participatory art from which is born a literary consciousness.Ex: It was possible to identify 3 main groups who display 3 different types of attitude -- participative, delegative and 'snobbish'.Ex: The implications here are that the organizational climate must be nurturing rather than coercive, empowering rather than controlling.Ex: A work of shared responsibility is one where the work has arisen from collaboration between two or more persons or corporative bodies.Ex: As an aid to evaluation, hands-on practical work is rarely cost effective, even in undertaken by inexperienced staff.* democrático-participativo = democratic-participative.* * *participativo -va1 (que supone participación) participatorydemocracia participativa participatory democracyun debate abierto y participativo an open debate in which all views were expressed2 ‹ciudadanía/sociedad› participative* * *participativo, -a adjes muy participativo en clase he participates a lot in class -
12 demonstration
n1) демонстрация; манифестация2) демонстрация; показ3) проявление; обнаружение•to achieve smth by demonstrations — добиваться чего-л. с помощью демонстраций
to crush / to disperse a demonstration — разгонять демонстрацию
to gain some ground by demonstrations — добиваться чего-л. с помощью демонстраций
to give a demonstration of one's intentions — обнаруживать свои намерения
to hold an illegal demonstration — проводить / устраивать несанкционированную демонстрацию
to make / to mount an illegal demonstration — проводить / устраивать несанкционированную демонстрацию
to put down / to quell a demonstration — разгонять демонстрацию
to seek for a demonstration of smb's guilt — искать доказательства чьей-л. вины
to sponsor / to stage a demonstration — организовывать демонстрацию
- anarchic demonstrationsto use tear-gas, batons and water canons to disperse a demonstration — применять слезоточивый газ, дубинки и водометы для разгона демонстрации
- anti-fascist demonstration
- anti-government demonstration
- anti-nuclear demonstrations
- anti-nuke demonstrations
- anti-war demonstration
- ban-the-bomb demonstration
- convincing demonstration of smth
- demonstration erupted in violence
- demonstration failed to materialize
- demonstration got out of hand
- demonstration got under way
- demonstration in protest against smth
- demonstration in support of the government
- demonstration of military strength
- demonstration of solidarity
- demonstration outside the American embassy
- demonstration passed off without incident
- demonstrations are winding down
- demonstrations gather force
- demonstrations have gathered such a momentum that...
- demonstrations in favor of smth
- direct demonstration
- dispersal of a demonstration
- government-orchestrated demonstration
- hostile demonstration
- huge demonstrations
- indirect demonstration
- integration demonstration
- job demonstration
- large-scale demonstration
- major demonstration
- mammoth demonstration
- mass demonstration
- massive demonstration
- May Day demonstration
- nationalist demonstration
- negative demonstration
- nonviolent demonstration
- peace demonstration
- peaceful demonstration
- police fired on the demonstration
- police intervened in the demonstration
- political demonstration
- positive demonstration
- powerful demonstrations
- pro-democracy demonstration
- pro-government demonstration
- pro-independence demonstration
- protest demonstration
- sit-down demonstration
- sit-in demonstration
- street demonstrations
- suppression of a demonstration
- unauthorized demonstration
- violent demonstration
- well-orchestrated demonstration
- widespread demonstrations -
13 protest
1. n(against, about, at, over) протест; демонстрация протеста (против, по поводу)to abandon one's protest — отказываться от своего протеста
to bring protests from smb — вызвать протесты с чьей-л. стороны
to cause a storm of protests from smb — вызывать бурю протестов с чьей-л. стороны
to deliver a sharp protest — передавать / вручать ноту / послание с выражением резкого протеста
to draw protests from smb — вызывать протесты с чьей-л. стороны
to incite anti-government protests — подстрекать к демонстрации протеста против политики правительства
to instigate (a) protest — подстрекать к протесту / к демонстрации протеста
to lodge a protest with smb — заявлять протест кому-л.
to make a formal protest (to smb) — заявлять официальный протест (кому-л.)
to mount / to orchestrate / to organize a protest — организовывать демонстрацию протеста
to prompt protest from smb — вызывать протесты с чьей-л. стороны
to quell a protest — подавлять протест / демонстрации протеста
to resign in protest (at smth) — уходить в отставку в знак протеста (против чего-л.)
to step up one's protests — усиливать протест
to take the steam out of smb's protests — ослаблять чей-л. протест, устранив главную причину
- angry protestto walk out in protest (against smth) — покидать заседание в знак протеста (против чего-л.)
- anti-government protest
- anti-nuclear protest
- as protest against smth
- as protest at smth
- as protest over smth
- big protest
- black protest
- categorical protest
- day of national protest
- daylong protest
- diplomatic protest
- disciplined and orderly protests
- disruptive protest
- emotionally charged protest
- energetic protest
- eruption of protests
- ethnic protest
- extraparliamentary protests
- formal protest
- freedom protest
- in protest against smth
- in protest at smth
- in protest over smth
- international protests
- legitimate protest
- mass protest
- massive protest
- mounting protest
- muted protest
- nationalist protest - orchestrated protest
- peaceful protest
- pro-democracy protest
- protest continues unabated
- protest has engulfed a large area
- protest has erupted into violence
- protests were politically motivated
- public protest
- renewed protests
- repression of protests
- resolute protest
- resurgence of mass protest
- scattered protests
- silent protest
- sit-down protest
- sit-in protest
- sizable protest
- spontaneous gesture of protest
- spontaneous protest
- stiff protest
- storm of protests
- street protest
- strong protest
- student protest
- suicide protest
- vigorous protest
- violent protest
- wave of protests
- widespread protests 2. v(to smb about / against / at / over smth; амер. protest smth) возражать, заявлять (кому-л.) протест, протестовать (по поводу чего-л.) -
14 arriba
Del verbo arribar: ( conjugate arribar) \ \
arriba es: \ \3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativoMultiple Entries: arriba arribar
arriba adverbio 1a) (lugar, parte):◊ ahí/aquí arriba up there/here;en el estante de arriba ( el siguiente) on the shelf above; ( el último) on the top shelf; la parte de arriba the top (part); arriba del ropero (AmL) on top of the wardrobe; arriba de la cocina está el baño (AmL) the bathroom is above the kitchen; de arriba abajo: me miró de arriba abajo he looked me up and down; limpiar la casa de arriba abajo to clean the house from top to bottom las puntuaciones de 80 para arriba scores of 80 or over 2 (expresando dirección, movimiento): calle arriba up the street; miró hacia arriba he looked up 3 ( en interjecciones)a) ( expresando aprobación):◊ ¡arriba la democracia! long live democracy!( llamando a levantarse) get up!
arriba
I adverbio up (encima) on the top: arriba del todo hay un reloj, there is a clock right at the top
está ahí arriba, it's up there
vive en el piso de arriba, he lives upstairs
registraron la casa de arriba abajo, they searched the house from top to bottom familiar me miró de arriba abajo, he looked me up and down
de treinta para arriba, from thirty upwards
desde arriba, from above
hacia/para arriba, upwards
más arriba, higher up, further up
véase más arriba, see above
la parte de arriba, the top (part)
II exclamación get up!, up you get!
¡arriba la Constitución!, long live the Constitution!
¡arriba las manos!, hands up!
III prep Lam arriba de, on top of: encontrará el pueblo arriba de la montaña, you will find the town at the top of the mountain
arribar verbo intransitivo to reach port, arrive ' arriba' also found in these entries: Spanish: aire - allá - allí - aquí - boca - cuesta - gorgotear - hacia - mano - pata - río - subir - ahí - bajar - desnudar - desnudo - desvestir - para - parar - revés - voltear - volver - vuelta - zarandear English: above - aloft - bikini - boost - disarray - do - eye - face - glance up - higher-up - inundate - labour - reach - river - round up - scroll - shake down - spectacular - take up - there - top - topsy-turvy - up - uphill - upstairs - upstream - upward - upwards - way - disgrace - from - hand - head - high - it - look - plus - ransack - roll - upper - upside down -
15 mener
mener [m(ə)ne]➭ TABLE 5 transitive verba. ( = conduire) to lead ; ( = accompagner) to take• où tout cela va-t-il nous mener ? where does all this lead us?b. ( = commander) [+ cortège] to lead ; [+ pays, entreprise] to runc. ( = être en tête) to leadd. [+ vie] to lead ; [+ négociations, lutte, conversation] to carry on ; [+ enquête] to carry out ; [+ affaires] to run ; [+ carrière] to manage* * *məne
1.
1) ( accompagner) génmener quelqu'un quelque part — to take somebody somewhere; ( en voiture) to drive somebody somewhere
2) ( guider) to lead3) ( commander) to lead [hommes, pays]; to run [entreprise]il ne se laisse pas mener par sa grande sœur — he won't be bossed about (colloq) by his sister
4) ( avoir l'avantage) to leadla France mène le championnat devant l'Allemagne par trois points — France is leading the championship three points ahead of Germany
5) (aller, faire aller) [route]mener au village — to go ou lead to the village
6) ( faire aboutir)je ne vois pas où cela nous mène — I can't see where this is getting ou leading us
cette histoire peut te mener loin — ( avoir des conséquences graves) it could be a very nasty business
10 euros, cela ne nous mènera pas loin — 10 euros, that won't get us very far
mener à bien or à (son) terme — to complete [something] successfully [projet]; to bring [something] to a successful conclusion [négociation, enquête]; to handle [something] successfully [opération délicate]
7) ( poursuivre) to carry out [étude, réforme]; to pursue [politique]; to run [campagne]mener une enquête — gén to hold an investigation
2.
verbe intransitif Sport to be in the lead••mener la danse or le jeu — to call the tune
* * *m(ə)ne1. vt1) [personne] (= conduire, emmener) to take2) [route, chemin]Cette rue mène directement à la gare. — This street leads straight to the station.
3) [circonstances]4) (= diriger) [enquête] to conduct, [affaires] to managemener qch à bien — to see sth through, to complete sth successfully
mener qch à terme — to see sth through, to complete sth successfully
2. viSPORT to lead* * *mener verb table: leverA vtr1 ( accompagner) gén mener qn quelque part to take sb somewhere; ( en voiture) to drive sb somewhere;2 ( guider) to lead [bête, enfant, convoi]; mener un animal par une corde to lead an animal on a rope; mener qn à l'échafaud to take sb to the scaffold; mener paître le troupeau to lead the flock to pasture; mener son embarcation parmi les récifs to guide one's boat through the reef;3 ( commander) to lead [hommes, équipe, pays, délégation]; to run [entreprise, pays]; il ne se laisse pas mener par sa grande sœur he won't be bossed about○ ou around○ US by his older sister; l'égoïsme mène le monde the world is ruled by self-interest; se laisser mener par son seul intérêt to be motivated by pure self-interest; ⇒ dur, nez;4 gén, Sport ( avoir l'avantage) to lead; la France mène le championnat devant l'Allemagne par trois points France is leading the championship three points ahead of Germany;5 (aller, faire aller) mener à Lille/au village [route] to go ou lead to Lille/to the village; mener qn quelque part [route] to take sb somewhere; notre promenade nous mena jusqu'au fleuve our walk took us as far as the river; la voie qui mène à la démocratie the road to democracy; ⇒ Rome;6 ( faire aboutir) mener à [baisse, échec, catastrophe, découverte] to lead to; mener qn à conclure que to lead sb to conclude that; je ne vois pas où cela nous mène I can't see where this is getting ou leading us; mener droit à gén to lead [sb/sth] straight to; cela le mènera droit en prison that will land him in jail; cela mène à tout it leads to all kinds of things; cela ne mène à rien it doesn't lead anywhere; parler ne mène à rien talking won't get you anywhere; cette histoire peut te mener loin ( avoir des conséquences graves) it could be a very nasty business; 50 euros, cela ne nous mènera pas loin 50 euros, that won't get us very far; des indices qui ne mènent nulle part clues which don't lead anywhere; mener qch à bien or à bonne fin or à (son) terme to complete [sth] successfully [projet]; to bring [sth] to a successful conclusion [négociation, enquête]; to handle [sth] successfully [opération délicate];7 ( poursuivre) to carry out [étude, réforme]; to pursue [politique]; to run [campagne]; mener une enquête gén to hold an investigation ou enquiry GB; ( en tant que chef) to head an investigation ou enquiry GB; mener des discussions oiseuses to engage in pointless discussion; mener deux choses de front to pursue two aims simultaneously; mener une vie exemplaire/misérable to lead a blameless/wretched existence; mener une vie de moine to live like a hermit; mener sa vie comme on l'entend to live as one pleases; mener des combats violents to fight furiously; mener une offensive contre un pays to conduct an offensive against a country; mener une guerre sans pitié to wage a bitter war; mener une grève de la faim to be on hunger strike; ⇒ bâton;8 ( tracer) mener une ligne d'un point à un autre to draw a line between two points.mener la danse or le jeu to call the tune; mener grand train or la grande vie to live it up.[məne] verbe transitifla ligne n°1 mène à Neuilly line No. 1 takes you ou goes to Neuillyla deuxième année mène au dessin industriel after the second year, you go on to technical drawingmener loin: un feu rouge grillé, ça va vous mener loin! (familier) you went through the lights, that'll cost you!3. [diriger - groupe, équipe] to lead ; [ - combat, négociation] to carry on (inseparable) ; [ - affaire, projet] to run, to manage ; [ - enquête] to conduct, to lead ; [ - débat] to lead, to chairb. (figuré) to have the upper hand, to call the tunene pas en mener large: il n'en menait pas large avant la publication des résultats his heart was in his boots before the results were releasedmener quelque chose à bien ou à terme ou à bonne fina. [finir] to see something throughb. [réussir] to succeed in doing something————————[məne] verbe intransitifle skieur italien mène avec 15 secondes d'avance sur le Suisse the Italian skier has a 15-second lead ou advantage over the Swiss -
16 vivre
vivre [vivʀ]➭ TABLE 461. intransitive verba. to live• quand l'ambulance est arrivée, il vivait encore he was still alive when the ambulance arrived• vivre à Londres/en France to live in London/in France• vivre dans le passé/dans la crainte to live in the past/in fear• être facile/difficile à vivre to be easy/difficult to get on with• vivre de laitages/de rentes to live on dairy produce/a private income• travailler/écrire pour vivre to work/write for a living• faire vivre qn [personne] to support sb• elle ne vit plus depuis que son fils est pilote she's been living on her nerves since her son became a pilotb. [idée, rue, paysage] to be alive2. transitive verba. ( = passer) to spendb. [+ événement, guerre] to live through3. plural masculine noun* * *vivʀ
1.
1) ( connaître) to live through [époque, période]; to go through [heures difficiles, enfer]; to experience [amour, passion]2) ( ressentir) to cope with [divorce, échec]
2.
verbe intransitif1) Biologie ( être vivant) to livevivre vieux/centenaire — to live to a great age/to be a hundred
cesser de vivre — euph to pass away
vive moi/nous! — three cheers for me/us!
2) ( habiter) to liveêtre facile à vivre — [conjoint] to be easy to live with; [ami] to be easy to get on with
3) ( exister) [personne] to liveapprendre à vivre à quelqu'un — (colloq) to teach somebody some manners (colloq)
savoir vivre — ( profiter de la vie) to know how to enjoy life
4) ( survivre) [personne] to live5) ( durer) [relation, mode] to lastavoir vécu — [personne] to have seen a great deal of life; ( être usé) hum to have had its day
6) ( être animé) [ville, rue] to be full of life••* * *vivʀ1. vi1) (= résider) to liveJ'aimerais vivre à l'étranger. — I'd like to live abroad.
Je vis en Écosse. — I live in Scotland.
Il vit chez ses parents. — He lives with his parents.
Il a vécu à Paris pendant dix ans. — He lived in Paris for ten years.
2) (= être vivant) to be aliveavoir vécu; Ce régime a vécu. — This regime has had its day.
3) (= exister, mener son existence) to liveOn vit de plus en plus longtemps. — People are living longer and longer.
se laisser vivre — to let o.s. go
ne plus vivre (= être anxieux) — to live on one's nerves
Il a vécu. — He has seen life.
4) (= subsister) to liveIls avaient à peine de quoi vivre. — They had barely enough to live on.
vivre de [salaire, allocations] — to live on
vivre mal (= chichement) — to have a meagre existence
2. vt1) [vie] to live, [aventures] to go through, [temps] to spendIls y ont vécu des jours heureux. — They spent some happy times there.
2) (= ressentir)Il a très mal vécu son licenciement. — He took his redundancy very hard.
3. nm4. vivres nmplprovisions, food supplies* * *vivre verb table: vivreA vtr1 ( connaître) to live through [époque, période]; to go through [heures difficiles, cauchemar, enfer]; to experience [amour, passion]; vivre son mariage comme un sacrifice to view one's marriage as self-sacrifice; être vécu comme un affront to be taken as an insult; vivre une vie tranquille/agitée to lead a quiet/hectic life; la vie vaut d'être vécue life is worth living; vivre sa vie to lead one's own life;2 ( ressentir) to cope with [divorce, échec, changement]; comment as-tu vécu votre séparation? how did you cope with your separation?; vivre sa foi to put one's faith into practiceGB?B vi1 Biol ( être vivant) [personne, animal, plante] to live; vivre longtemps/vieux/centenaire to live for a long time/to a great age/to be a hundred; cesser de vivre euph to pass away; vive la révolution/le président! long live the revolution/the president!; vive(nt) les vacances! three cheers for the holidays GB ou the vacation US!; vive la vie! life is wonderful!; vive moi/nous! three cheers for me/us!; vive Paul! hurray for Paul!;2 ( habiter) [personne, animal, plante] to live; vivre à la campagne/en démocratie to live in the country/in a democracy; il vit avec quelqu'un he's living with somebody; vivre à cinq dans une chambre to live five to a room; être facile/difficile à vivre [conjoint, concubin] to be easy/difficult to live with; [ami, collègue] to be easy/difficult to get on with; vivre les uns sur les autres to live on top of each other;3 ( exister) [personne] to live; vivre en ermite to live like a hermit; vivre dans la crainte/pour ses enfants to live in fear/for one's children; vivre avec son temps to move with the times; vivre à contre-courant to go one's own way; vivre en pyjama to live in one's pyjamas GB ou pajamas US; se laisser vivre to take things easy; apprendre à qn à vivre○ to teach sb some manners○; savoir vivre ( profiter de la vie) to know how to enjoy life; ( être poli) to know how things are done;4 ( survivre) [personne] to live; bien vivre to live well; vivre de peu to live on very little; de quoi vit-elle? what does she live on?; avoir de quoi vivre to have enough to live on; vivre avec presque rien/sur son capital/de la charité to live on next to nothing/on one's capital/on charity; vivre de légumes to live on vegetables; vivre sur sa réputation to live on one's reputation; vivre de ses rentes to have a private income; faire vivre qn ( matériellement) to keep sb; vivre aux dépens de qn to live off sb; vivre d'espoir to live in hope; qu'est-ce qui te fait vivre? what keeps you going?;5 ( durer) [relation, mode, idéologie] to last; le gouvernement ne vivra pas longtemps the government won't last long; avoir vécu [personne] to have seen a great deal of life; hum ( être usé) [objet, idée] to have had its day; mes chaussures ont vécu my shoes have had their day; leur souvenir vivra dans nos mémoires their memory will live on in our hearts;6 ( être animé) [ville, rue] to be full of life.C se vivre vpr ( être ressenti) le divorce se vit souvent très mal divorce is often very hard to cope with.D vivres nmpl1 ( nourriture) food, supplies;2 ( moyens de subsistance) couper les vivres à qn to cut off sb's allowance.le vivre et le couvert board and lodging; vivre de l'air du temps to live on air; vivre sur un grand pied to live in great style; qui vivra verra what will be will be.I[vivr] nom masculin————————vivres nom masculin plurielII[vivr] verbe intransitif[cellule, plante] to livevivre vieux ou longtemps to live to a great age ou ripe old age2. [mener une existence] to livevivre à l'heure de l'Europe/du XXIe siècle to live in the world of the European community/of the 21st centuryvivre dans le luxe/l'angoisse to live in luxury/anxietyne vivre que pour la musique/sa famille to live only for music/one's familyil fait bon vivre ici life is good ou it's a good life herea. [on est inquiet] we're worried sickb. [on est harassé] this isn't a life, this isn't what you can call livinga. [il est impoli] he has no mannersb. [il est trop nerveux] he doesn't know how to enjoy life3. [résider] to livevivre au Brésil/dans un château to live in Brazil/in a castlevivre dans une ou en communauté to live communally ou in a communitya. [maritalement] to live with somebodyb. [en amis] to share ou to live with somebodyvivre ensemble [couple non marié] to live togetherêtre facile à vivre to be easygoing ou easy to get on with4. [subsister] to livevivre sur un seul salaire to live ou to exist on just one salarya. [personne] to provide a living for ou to support a familyb. [commerce] to provide a living for a familyvivre bien/chichement to have a good/poor standard of livingils vivaient de la cueillette et de la chasse they lived on what they gathered and hunted ou off the landil faut bien vivre! one's got to keep the wolf from the door ou to live (somehow)!5. [se perpétuer - croyance, coutume] to be alive6. [donner l'impression de vie - sculpture, tableau]————————[vivr] verbe transitif1. [passer par - époque, événement] to live through (inseparable)vivre des temps difficiles to live through ou to experience difficult timesvivre des jours heureux/paisibles to spend one's days happily/peacefully2. [assumer - divorce, grossesse, retraite] to experienceelle a mal/bien vécu mon départ she couldn't cope/she coped well after I left3. (locution) -
17 drive
drive [draɪv]1. nouna. ( = car journey) trajet m en voitureb. ( = private road) allée fd. ( = energy) énergie fe. ( = promotional campaign) campagne fa. [+ car, train] conduire ; [+ racing car] piloter• he drives a lorry/taxi il est camionneur/chauffeur de taxib. [+ people, animals] pousser (devant soi)c. [+ machine] [person] actionner ; [steam] faire fonctionner( = be the driver) conduire ; ( = go by car) aller en voiture• to drive away/back partir/revenir (en voiture)• can you drive? savez-vous conduire ?• to drive at 50km/h rouler à 50 km/h• did you come by train? -- no, we drove êtes-vous venus en train ? -- non, en voiture4. compounds• drive-in cinema ciné-parc m ► drive-through (British), drive-thru noun ( = restaurant) drive-in m inv adjective [restaurant, drugstore] drive-in[vehicle, person] rouler( = intend, mean) vouloir dire• what are you driving at? où voulez-vous en venir ?► drive away[car] démarrer ; [person] s'en aller en voiture[car] revenir ; [person] rentrer en voiturea. ( = cause to retreat) refoulerb. ( = convey back) ramener (en voiture)► drive in[car] entrer ; [person] entrer (en voiture)[+ nail] enfoncer[car] démarrer ; [person] s'en aller en voiturea. ( = repel) chasserb. ( = leave by car) to drive off a ferry débarquer d'un ferry (en voiture)[+ ferry] embarquer sur[car] sortir ; [person] sortir (en voiture)[+ person] faire sortir( = convey) conduire en voiture► drive up[car] arriver ; [person] arriver (en voiture)* * *[draɪv] 1.1) ( in car)3) ( motivation) dynamisme m4) Computing entraînement m de disques5) Automobile transmission f6) ( path) allée f7) Sport drive m2. 3.1) conduire [vehicle, passenger]; piloter [racing car]; transporter [cargo, load]; parcourir [quelque chose] (en voiture) [distance]to drive something into — rentrer quelque chose dans [garage, space]
3) ( chase or herd) conduirehe was driven from ou out of the country — il a été chassé du pays
4) (power, propel) actionner5) (force, push) lit, fig pousser [boat, person]; enfoncer [nail]; faire passer [road]4.1) Automobile conduireto drive into — entrer dans [garage, space]; rentrer dans [tree, lamppost]
5.to drive up/down a hill — monter/descendre une côte
1) Automobile conduire soi-même2)•Phrasal Verbs:- drive at- drive on -
18 lady Bountiful
преим.; ирон.дама-благотворительница, дама-патронесса [по имени действующего лица из пьесы Док. Фаркера (G. Farquhart 1678-1707) ‘‘Beaux’ Stratagem’]I recalled her as an energetic, autocratic personality... with a fondness for opening bazaars and playing the Lady Bountiful. (A. Christie, ‘The Mysterious Affair at Styles’, ch. I) — Она сохранилась в моей памяти властной, энергичной женщиной... из тех, кто любят открывать благотворительные базары и выступать в роли дамы-патронессы.
She felt that these independent citizens, who had been taught that they be longed to a democracy, would resent her trying to play Lady Bountiful. (S. Lewis, ‘Main Street’, ch. X) — Кэрол чувствовала, что эти независимые граждане, которым внушили мысль, что они жители демократической страны, возмутятся, если она вздумает разыгрывать из себя благодетельницу.
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19 mean
A nB adj1 ( average) [weight, temperature] moyen/-enne ;2 ( ungenerous) [person] avare ; [attitude, nature] mesquin ; [examiner] sévère ; to be mean with être avare sur [portion, quantity] ; he's mean with his money il est avare ;3 ○ ( unkind) [person, action] méchant ; [trick] sale (before n) ; to be mean to sb être méchant avec qn ; to be mean about faire des remarques désobligeantes sur [appearance, performance] ; it is/was mean of you to do ce n'est pas chic de ta part de faire/d'avoir fait ; to feel mean for ou about doing avoir un peu honte de faire ;4 ( vicious) [animal, person, expression] méchant ; that man/dog has got a mean streak cet homme/ce chien a la méchanceté en lui ;6 ○ ( skilful) [exponent, shot] formidable, du tonnerre ○ (after n) ; she makes a mean margarita elle fait un margarita du tonnerre ○ ; she plays a mean game of tennis/chess elle touche sa bille ○ au tennis/aux échecs ; you're no mean artist/poker player! tu es un sacré ○ artiste/joueur de poker! ;7 ○ ( small) to have no mean opinion of oneself avoir une haute opinion de soi-même ; that's no mean feat! ce n'est pas un mince exploit! ;1 ( signify) [word, symbol, phrase] signifier, vouloir dire (that que) ; [sign] vouloir dire ; what does this word/symbol mean? que signifie ce mot/symbole? ; the name/word means nothing to me ce nom/mot ne me dit rien ; does the term mean anything to him? est-ce que le terme lui dit quelque chose? ;2 ( intend) to mean to do avoir l'intention de faire ; to mean sb to do GB, to mean for sb to do US vouloir que qn fasse ; to be meant for sb [question, bomb] être destiné à qn ; I meant it as a joke/a compliment c'était une blague/un compliment de ma part ; he doesn't mean you any harm il ne te veut aucun mal ; what do you mean by opening my letters? qu'est-ce qui te prend d'ouvrir mon courrier? ; to mean well avoir de bonnes intentions (by sb à l'égard de qn) ; he means trouble ou mischief il a de mauvaises intentions ; she means business elle est sérieuse ; he means what he says ( he is sincere) il est sérieux ; ( he is menacing) il ne plaisante pas ; she meant no offence elle n'y entendait pas malice ; I didn't mean to do it je ne l'ai pas fait exprès ; I didn't mean anything by it je n'avais aucune arrière-pensée ; without meaning to par inadvertance ; my remark offended you? it was meant to! ma remarque t'a vexé? c'était voulu! ;3 ( entail) [strike, law] entraîner [shortages, changes] ; [budget] signifier [tax cuts] ; his death/the accident means doing à cause de sa mort/l'accident il faut faire ;4 ( intend to say) vouloir dire ; do you mean Paul Rose? tu veux dire Paul Rose? ; what do you mean by that remark? qu'est-ce que tu veux dire par là? ; do you mean me? c'est de moi que tu parles? ; I mean to say, who wants a car that won't start? non mais, qui voudrait d'une voiture qui ne démarre pas? ; I know what you mean je comprends ;5 ( be of value) a promise/designer label means nothing une promesse/marque ne veut pas dire grand-chose ; she means everything/nothing to me elle est tout/n'est rien pour moi ; money means everything/nothing to them l'argent représente tout/ne représente rien pour eux ; your friendship means a lot to me ton amitié est très importante pour moi ; what it means to live in a democracy! quelle belle chose que de vivre dans une démocratie! ;6 ( be destined) ( tjrs au passif) to be meant to do être destiné à faire ; she was meant to be/become a doctor elle était destinée à être/devenir médecin ; it was meant to be ou happen cela devait arriver ; they were meant for each other ils étaient faits l'un pour l'autre ; I was meant for better things j'étais appelé à un destin meilleur ;7 ( be supposed to be) ( tjrs au passif) he's/you're etc meant to be il est/tu es etc censé être [impartial, sad] ; I'm/you're etc meant to be doing je suis/tu es etc censé faire. -
20 spread
A n1 ( dissemination) (of disease, drugs) propagation f ; (of news, information) diffusion f ; (of democracy, infection, weapons) progression f ; ( of education) généralisation f ; the spread of sth to l'extension f de qch à [group, area, place] ;2 (extent, range) (of wings, branches) envergure f ; ( of arch) ouverture f, portée f ; (of products, services) éventail m ; the spread in terms of age in the class is quite wide les membres de la classe sont d'âge varié ; the spread of the festival is enormous le programme du festival est très étendu ; spread of sail ou canvas Naut déploiement m de voile ;4 Culin pâte f à tartiner ; chocolate spread pâte f à tartiner au chocolat ; salmon/shrimp spread beurre m de saumon/crevette ; low-fat spread ( margarine) margarine f allégée ; fruit spread confiture f à teneur en sucre réduite ;5 ( assortment of dishes) festin m ; they laid on a magnificent spread ils ont servi un véritable festin ;6 US Agric grand ranch m.1 (open out, unfold) étendre [cloth, map, rug, newspaper] (on, over sur) ; ( lay out) étaler [cloth, newspaper, map] (on, over sur) ; ( put) mettre [cloth, sheet, newspaper] ; we spread dust sheets over the furniture nous avons mis des housses sur les meubles ; to spread a cloth on the table mettre une nappe sur la table ; she spread her arms wide in greeting elle a ouvert grand les bras en signe de bienvenue ; the peacock spread its tail/its wings le paon a fait la roue/a déployé ses ailes ; spread 'em ○ ! ( police command) écartez les bras et les jambes! ; ⇒ wing ;2 ( apply in layer) étaler [butter, jam, paste, glue] (on, over sur) ; spread the butter thinly on the bread étaler une mince couche de beurre sur le pain ;3 ( cover with layer) to spread some bread with jam tartiner du pain avec de la confiture ; to spread a surface with glue enduire une surface de colle ; a biscuit spread with honey un biscuit recouvert de miel ; the table was spread for lunch la table était mise pour le déjeuner ; the path had been spread with gravel le chemin avait été recouvert de gravillons ;4 ( distribute over area) disperser [forces, troops] ; étaler [cards, documents] ; épandre [fertilizer] ; répartir, partager [workload, responsibility] ; to spread grit ou sand sabler ; to spread mud everywhere mettre de la boue partout ; the resources must be evenly spread between the two projects les ressources doivent être réparties or partagées de façon égale entre les deux projets ; we have to spread our resources very thin(ly) nous devons ménager nos ressources ; my interests are spread over several historical periods je m'intéresse à plusieurs périodes historiques ;5 ( also spread out) (distribute in time, space out) étaler, échelonner [payments, meetings, visits, cost] (over sur) ; I'd like to spread the course (out) over two years j'aimerais étaler les cours sur deux ans ;6 (diffuse, cause to proliferate) propager [disease, infection, germs, fire] ; propager [religion] ; répandre, semer [fear, confusion, panic] ; faire courir, faire circuler [rumour, story, lie, scandal] ; a strong wind helped to spread the blaze un vent fort a contribué à propager l'incendie ; to spread sth to sb transmettre [qch] à qn [infection, news] ; wind spread the fire to neighbouring buildings le vent a poussé l'incendie vers les bâtiments voisins ; can you spread the word? tu peux faire passer? ; to spread the word that annoncer que ; word had been spread among the staff that le bruit courait parmi les membres du personnel que ; to spread the Word Relig prêcher la bonne parole.1 [butter, margarine, jam, glue] s'étaler ; ‘spreads straight from the fridge’ ‘s'étale facilement même au sortir du réfrigérateur’ ;2 (cover area or time, extend) [forest, desert, drought, network] s'étendre (over sur) ; [experience] s'étendre (over sur) ; training can spread over several months la formation peut s'étendre sur plusieurs mois ;3 (proliferate, become more widespread) [disease, infection, germs] se propager, gagner du terrain ; [fire] s'étendre, gagner du terrain ; [fear, confusion, panic] se propager ; [rumour, story, scandal] circuler, se répandre ; [stain] s'étaler ; [pain] se propager ; the rumour was spreading that le bruit courait que ; to spread over sth [epidemic, disease] se propager dans, s'étendre à [area] ; the news spread rapidly over the whole town la nouvelle s'est vite répandue dans toute la ville ; the stain/the damp has spread over the whole wall la tache/l'humidité s'est étalée sur tout le mur ; to spread to [fire, disease, rioting, strike] s'étendre à, gagner [building, region] ; the panic spread to the people in the street la panique a gagné les gens qui se trouvaient dans la rue ; the fire spread from one room to another l'incendie s'est propagé d'une pièce à l'autre ; the disease spread from the liver to the kidney la maladie s'est propagée du foie aux reins ; the weeds spread from the garden to the path les mauvaises herbes du jardin ont gagné le chemin ; rain will spread to the north/to most regions during the night la pluie va s'étendre vers le nord/à la plupart des régions pendant la nuit.E v refl ( prét, pp spread) to spread oneself ( take up space) prendre ses aises ; (talk, write at length) s'étendre ; he spread himself over the sofa il s'est étalé sur le canapé ; to spread oneself too thin fig faire trop de choses à la fois.■ spread around, spread about:▶ spread [sth] around faire circuler [rumour] ; he's been spreading it around that il a fait courir le bruit que.■ spread out:▶ spread out [group] se disperser (over sur) ; [wings, tail] se déployer ; [landscape, town, woods] s'étendre ; spread out! dispersez-vous! ;▶ spread [sth] out, spread out [sth]1 (open out, unfold) étendre [cloth, map, rug, newspaper] (on, over sur) ; (lay, flatten out) étaler [cloth, newspaper, map] (on, over sur) ; she lay spread out on the carpet elle était étendue (de tout son long) sur la moquette ; the whole town was spread out below them la ville tout entière s'étendait à leurs pieds ;2 ( distribute over area) étaler [cards, maps, trinkets] ; disperser [forces, troops] ; the houses were spread out all over the valley les maisons étaient dispersées or disséminées dans toute la vallée ; you're too spread out, I can't get you all in the photo vous êtes trop éloignés les uns des autres, vous n'êtes pas tous dans le cadre.
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