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121 μάρτυς
Grammatical information: m. f.Meaning: `witness' (Il.; on the spread etc. E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 92 f., on the use in Homer Nenci Par. del Pass. 13, 221ff.) `martyr, (blood-witness)' (christ. lit.; s. Bauer Gr.-dt. Wb. s.v.).Other forms: Aeol. (Hdn. Gr.) a. Dor. μάρτυρ, Cret. Epid. μαῖτυς (- ρς), - ρος, acc. also μάρτυν (Simon.), dat. pl. μάρτυσι (- ρσι Hippon.?); ep., also NWGr. μάρτυρος.Compounds: Compp., e.g. μαρτυρο-ποιέομαι `call as witness' (inscr., pap.), ψευδό-μαρτυς `false witness' (Pl.; Risch IF 59, 257 f.), ἐπί-μαρτυς `witness' (Ar., Call., A. R.), prob. backformation from ἐπι-μαρτύρομαι, - ρέω; on supposed ἐπιμάρτυρος (for ἔπι μάρτυρος) see Leumann Hom. Wörter 71.Derivatives: μαρτυρία (λ 325; cf. below on μαρτυρέω), μαρτύριον (IA) `testimony, evidence'. Denominatives: 1. μαρτύρομαι, also wiht prefix, e.g. δια-, ἐπι-, `call as witness' (IA); 2. μαρτυρέω, often w. prefix, e.g. ἀντι-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, δια-, κατα-, συν-, `testify, bear witness' (Alc., Pi., IA) with μαρτύρημα (E.), ( ἀντι-, κατα-)-μαρτύρησις (Epicur., pap.) `testimony', also ( δια-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, συμ-) μαρτυρία `id.' (cf. above and Scheller Oxytonierung 34f. w. n. 4).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The basis may be a verbal noun *μάρ-τυ- `testimony', seen in μάρ-τυς, - τυν, - τυσι; cf. below. The change from abstract `testimony' to appellative `witness' is attested more often, e.g. Fr. témoin \< Lat. testimonium, Engl. witness orig. `testimony', then `witness'. The suffix ρο- gave the personal, prob. orig. adjectival μάρτυ-ρος. A compromise with μάρτυς gave perhaps the consonantstem μάρτυρ-; note esp. the gen. pl. μαρτύρων ( ἐναντίον μαρτύρων etc.), which can be both from the o-stem and from the consonantstem; further see Egli Heteroklisie 117ff. Dissimilation occurred in μαῖτυ(ρ)ς (\< *μάρτυρ-ς); μάρτυσι and μάρτυς can be explained in the same way (Schwyzer 260); cf. above. - As zero grade τυ-derivation μάρτυς may belong to a verb for `remember', which may be found in Skt. smárati and which may have other derivatives in Greek, e.g. μέριμνα (s. v.); proper meaning *'remembrance'. -- Not with Thieme Studien 55 (with criticism of the traditional interpretation): from *mr̥t-tur prop. `seizing death' (?), cf. Leumann Gnomon 25, 191. - But this cannot explain the vocalism, so rather a loand from Pre-Greek (Fur. 296). The speculations above, which start from an IE origin, must be rejected.Page in Frisk: 2,178-179Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάρτυς
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122 μέλας
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `dark-coloured, black' (Il.); μελάν-τερος (Il.), - τατος (IA.), late μελανώτερος Str.), μελαινοτάτη ( Epigr. Gr., AP; Leumann Mus. Helv. 2,9f. = Kl.Schr. 223f.).Compounds: Very often as 1. member, e.g. μελάγ-χροος (pl. - ες), - χροιής, - χρής, - χρως- μελανό-χροος etc. `with dark skin' (see Sommer Nominalkomp. 21ff.; also Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 52 a. 80); μελαγ-χιμος `dark, black' (A., E., X.), with faded 2. member, cp. δύσ-χιμος and Sommer 71ff.; μελάν-δετος prob. `dark-striped' or `with dark bands' (O713, A., E.; Trümpy Fachausdrücke 62, Risch 189); μελάν-δρυ-ος `of black wood (δόρυ)' (A. Fr. 251), n. `heart-wood, marrow' (Thphr., Strömberg Theophrastea 128), pl. `piece of tunny', with which μελάν-δρυς m. `tunny' (Pamphil.; Strömberg Fischnamen 128); μελάμ-πυρον n. (- ος m.) `ball-mustard, Neslia paniculata' (Thphr., Gal.); with the form. cf. διόσπυρον (s.v.), on the meaning Carnoy REGr. 71, 96; μελαγ-κάλαμον n. dvandva `ink and pen' (pap. Vp, Maas Glotta 35, 299f.). Often in PN, with as shortnames e.g. Μελαινεύς, Μελανεύς, Μελανθεύς, Μέλανθος (Boßhardt 95, 101, 154, Schwyzer 263).Derivatives: 1. μελαιν-άς f. name of a dark-coloured fish (Cratin. [?]; Strömberg Fischnamen 22); - ίς f. name of a sea-shell (Sophr., Herod., Xenokr.), also name of Aphrodite in Corinth (Ath.). 2. μελάν-ιον n. `ink' (pap., Edict. Diocl.; from μέλαν, Georgacas Glotta 36, 169). 3. μελαν-ία f. `blackness, black shadow, black colour' (X., Arist.), - ότης f. `blackness' (Arist.: λευκότης). 4. μελανός = μέλας (Sp.), - όν n. `black pigment' ( Sammelb. IVp); after κελαινός, ὀρφνός etc.; μελαιναῖος `id.' ( Orac. Sib.; after κνεφαῖος a.o.; Chantraine Form. 47); μελανώδης `blackish' (EM). -- Denominative verbs: 1. μελαίνομαι, -ω `become, make dark, black' (Il.); from this μέλανσις f. `blackening' (Arist.), μέλασ-μα n. `black spot, black paint' (Hp.), - μός m. `blackening, black spot' (Hp., Plu.), μελαντηρ-ία f. `black pigment, blackness' (IG 22, 1672, Arist.), - ιον `stain' (sch.). 2. μελάνω `become (make?) black' (H 64; Schwyzer 700, Shipp Studies 37). 3. μελανέω intr. `id.' (Thphr., A. R., Call.)Etymology: To μέλᾱς \< *μέλᾰν-ς, μέλαινα (\< - αν- ι̯α), μέλᾰν is τάλᾱς, τάλαινα, τάλαν a parallel, where it must be noted that τάλας seems to be an orig. ντ-stem. --The identification of μέλαινα with Skt. f. malinī (supp. IE *melh₂n-i̯ǝ), to which a consonantic m. μελαν- was innovated for an older *μέλανος = Skt. malina-'dirty' (Schwyzer IF 30, 446ff. after Brugmann Grundr. 2: 1, 256 n. 1), fails because malinī is known only as a gloss and in the sense of `menstruating woman'; masc. malina- is further an ep.-class. deriv. from Ved. mála- n. `dirt'; s. Sommer Nominalkomp. 25, Wackernagel-Debrunner II: 2, 351 f. Of the many words cited under the words mel- indicating colour in WP. 2, 293 f., Pok. 720 f. only a few Baltic formations with n-suffix are interesting, Latv. męl̃ns `black' (see Fraenkel Gnomon 22, 237), OPr. melne `blue spot', mīlinan acc. f. `spot' (further Fraenkel Wb. s. mė́las 2). -- Further s. μολύνω, also μελίνη and μώλωψ.Page in Frisk: 2,198-199Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέλας
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123 μέμνων
μέμνων, - ονοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: 1. name of `a black bird (Ael., Q. S., Dionys. Av.);Other forms: Cf. 2. μέμνων ὁ ὄνος; μεμνόν\<ε\> ια τὰ ὄνεια κρέα H.; after Poll. 9, 84 also name of the relevant market.Derivatives: μεμνονίδες f. pl. `id.' (Paus. 10, 31, 6).Origin: 1. XX [etym. unknown]; 2. GR[a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: The relevant birds were by antique spokesmen in different ways connected with the tomb of Memnon; s. Thompson Birds s. v. and Hitzig-Blümner to the place in Paus. -- In the meaning of ' ὄνος' we have an appellative use of the PN Μέμνων as "the steadfast" (s. μενω), because of the proverbial inertness of the donkey (cf. Λ 558ff.); cf. Schulze Kl. Schr. 699 w. n. 1. Cf. on ἀλέκτωρ (s. ἀλεκτρυών), καλλίας, Κάστωρ; see Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 1, 2311 with further examples of the same process.See also:.Page in Frisk: 2,206Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέμνων
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124 μέριμνα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `care, anxiety' (h. Merc., Hes., Sapph., Emp., Pi., trag., Ar.; orig. Ionic?, Solmsen [s.below], v. Wilamowitz BerlAkSb. 1909, 810A. 1, Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 36);Compounds: Compp., e.g. ἀ-μέριμνος `without care' (S., hell.) with ἀμεριμν-ία `carelessness' (Plu.) etc.Derivatives: μεριμνάω, - ῆσαι `care for, care, be mindful' (S., Ar., X., D.) with μεριμν-ήματα, Dor. - άματα pl. `cares' (Pi., S.), - ητής m. `caring for sth.' (E.), - ητικός (Artem., sch.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin](X)Etymology: The generally proposed and on itself obvious idea that μέριμνα is a backformation from μεριμνάω (cf. ἐρευνάω: ἔρευνα etc., see Solmsen Wortforsch. 39 f., 258), is confimed neither by the dates nor the spread of the attestations. Formally closest is μέδιμνος (s. v.); as basis seems to have served a noun *μερ-ί-μων or *μέρ-ι-μα; on the unclear phonology see Schwyzer 352 a. 283. Wrong analysis by Winter Lang. 26, 533. The primary verb to be supposed exists in Skt. smárati, Av. maraiti, paiti-šmaraiti, hi-šmar- `remember, remind'. -- Cognate formations perh. in μέρμερος, μέρμηρα, - ίζω; s. vv., with also further connections. Fur. 246 assumes Pre-Greek origin because of the suffix (- ιμν-).Page in Frisk: 2,209Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέριμνα
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125 ὄβδην
Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `in the face, overt, public' (Call. Fr. 522, Lampsakos; A.D. Adv. 198,7 [where also ὄβδην]).Etymology: Adverb in - δην from ὀπ- `see' in ὀπ-ή, ὄψομαι a.o. with εἰς as in ἐς ἄντα. Cf. Schwyzer 626 n. 6.Page in Frisk: 2,344Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄβδην
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126 ὄμμα
ὄμμα, - ατοςGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `eye'; also `look, sight, face', metaph `sun, light' (Il.).Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in ὀμματο-στερής `bereaving one of ones eyes, blinding' (A. in lyr.), `bereaved of ones eyes, blind' (S., E. in lyr.); often as 2. member, e.g. μελαν-όμματος `with black eyes' (Pl., Arist.; cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 17 f.).Derivatives: Dimin. ὀμμάτιον n. (Arist., AP; = NGr. μάτι); further ὀμμάτειος `belonging to the eyes' (S. Fr. 801), ὀμματόω `to provide eyes, to illuminate' (A., D.S.), ἐξ- ὄμμα `to bereave someone of his eyes' (E. Fr. 541), `to open someones eyes, to illuminate' (A., S., Ph. u.a.), ἐν- ὄμμα `to provide eyes' (Ph.).Etymology: Beside the usual ὄμμα stands the rare ὄππατα (Sapph.) and ὄθματα (Call., Nic., Hymn. Is.), which like ὄμμα may have arisen first from *ὄπμα by progressive assimilation resp. through differenciation (Schwyzer 317 w. lit.); diff. on ὄππατα WP. 1, 170; s. also Fraenkel Phil. 96, 164 (ππ affective consonantsharpening for *ὄπατα with Specht KZ 62, 214); ῎ὄθματα rather artificial reshaping with - θμα (Chantraine, Form. 175, R, Schmitt, Nominalbildung des Kallimachos 102. -- If a verbal noun in - μα from ὀπ- `see' ( ὄπ-ωπα, ὄψομαι), ὄμμα must orig. have meant `seeing, glance' (cf. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 66 w. lit.); but the word can also be an enlargement of the root noun in ὄσσε (Schwyzer 524, Porzig Satzinhalte 266). -- Cf. ὄπωπα and ὄσσε (not ὀφθαλμός).Page in Frisk: 2,387-388Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄμμα
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127 ὄσσομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to look (with one's mind), to forebode, to have foreboded' (Il.).Etymology: Old yot-present, from *ὄκ-ι̯ομαι from IE *okʷ-i̯o \/ e- from * h₃ekʷ- `see, eye', s. ὄπωπα, ὄμμα, ὄσσε. The present ὄσσομαι had a semantic development different from the non-pres. forms ὄπωπα, ὄψομαι etc., cf. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 62 f. -- Att. ὀττεύομαι belongs rather to ὄσσα (s.v.).Page in Frisk: 2,436Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄσσομαι
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128 ὀφείλω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to owe, to have to pay, to be obliged, to be due' (IA., also Il.)Other forms: ὀφέλλω (Aeol., Arc., also Hom.), ὀφήλω (Cret., Arc., Arg.), aor. 1. ὀφειλ-ῆσαι, pass. - ηθῆναι, fut. - ήσω (hell. also - έσω), perf. ὠφείληκα (Att.), aor. 2. ὤφελον, ὄφελον (Il., Att.). Beside it ὀφρλισκάνω, fut. ὀφλ-ήσω, aor. 1. - ῆσαι, perf. ὤφληκα (Att.), ptc. dat. pl. Ϝοφληκόσι, 3. pl. [Ϝο]φλέασι (Arc.), aor. 2. ὀφλεῖν (IA.), also wit ἐπ-, προσ-, `to be guilty, to incur a punishment, to be sentenced'.Derivatives: A. From pres. ὀφείλω: ὀφειλ-έτης m., - έτις f. `debtor' (S., Pl.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 62 a. 241 f.) with - έσιον n. `small debt' (Eust.), - ημα n. (Th., Pl., Arist.; ὀφήλωμα [Cret.] after ἀνάλωμα), - ησις f. (pap. IIIa) `debt, indebted sum'; -ή f. `debt, leasing' (pap., NT). B. From the aorist ὀφλεῖν: ὄφλ-ημα n. (D., Arist., pap.), - ησις f. (LXX) `penalty, fine'; - ητής m. `debtor' (gloss.), ὀφλοί ὀφειλέται, ὀφειλαί H.Etymology: The system ὀφλεῖν: ὀφλισκ-άνω: ὀφλήσω: ὤφληκα agrees with (except for the enlarging - άνω; Schwyzer 700) the group εὑρεῖν: εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω, εὕρηκα; to this came the aorist ὀφλῆσαι (Lys. a. late); also [Ϝο]φλέ-ασι has the same enlarged zero grade without second. κ. Beside this system built on a zero grade themat. aorist stands another, based on the full grade aorist ὤφελον, to which came the nasal present *ὀφέλ-νω ( \> ὀφείλω, ὀφέλλω, ὀφήλω) like ἔτεμον: τέμνω. As the formation of the present ὀφείλω became unclear through the phonetic development, it could become the basis of another system. Also semantically the formal pairs went different ways. -- An old problem provides Ϝο- which appears only in an Arc. inscription. While some, e.g. Brugmann IF 29, 241 (cf. on οἴγνυμι), want to see in it a prefix (to Lat. au-, vē-, Skt. áva `away (from)'; diff. Vollgraff Mél. Bq 2, 339), others are inclined, e.g. Solmsen KZ 34, 450f., Fraenkel Phil. 97, 162, to see Ϝο- as reversed writing for ὀ- (further in Schwyzer 226 n. 1). -- Further quite isolated and dark; an attempt to connect ὀφείλω etc. with ὀφέλλω `augment' in v. Windekens Ling.Posn. 8, 35 ff. -- On the explanation of the individual forms Schwyzer 709 and 746 w. n. 9 (partly diff.), also Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 314 (w. lit.) a. 394;Page in Frisk: 2,450-451Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀφείλω
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