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our+understanding+was+that

  • 1 understanding

    understanding [‚ʌndəˈstændɪŋ]
    [person] compréhensif ( about à propos de ) ; [smile, look] compatissant
    2. noun
       a. compréhension f
    it is my understanding that... d'après ce que j'ai compris,...
       b. ( = agreement) accord m ; ( = arrangement) arrangement m
    there is an understanding between us that... il est entendu entre nous que...
    on the understanding that... à condition que...
       c. ( = concord) entente f
    * * *
    [ˌʌndə'stændɪŋ] 1.
    1) (grasp of subject, issue) compréhension f
    2) (perception, interpretation) interprétation f
    3) ( arrangement) entente f ( about sur; between entre)
    4) ( sympathy) compréhension f
    5) ( powers of reason) entendement m
    2.
    adjective [tone] bienveillant; [person] compréhensif/-ive

    English-French dictionary > understanding

  • 2 understanding

    A n
    1 (grasp of subject, issue) compréhension f ; to show an understanding of faire preuve d'une bonne compréhension de ;
    2 (perception, interpretation) interprétation f ; to my understanding d'après ce que j'ai/j'avais compris ; our understanding was that nous avions compris que ;
    3 ( arrangement) entente f (about sur ; between entre) ; there is an understanding that il est entendu que ; on the understanding that étant entendu que ; on that understanding sur cette base ;
    4 ( sympathy) compréhension f ; love and understanding amour et compréhension ;
    5 ( powers of reason) entendement m ; to pass human understanding dépasser l'entendement.
    B adj [tone, glance] bienveillant ; [person] compréhensif/-ive (about au sujet de).

    Big English-French dictionary > understanding

  • 3 understanding

    [ˌʌndə'stændɪŋ] 1.
    1) (grasp of subject, issue) comprensione f.
    2) (perception, interpretation) interpretazione f.
    3) (arrangement) accordo m., intesa f. ( about su; between tra)

    on the understanding that — a condizione che, fermo restando che

    4) (sympathy) comprensione f.
    5) (powers of reason) comprensione f.
    2.
    aggettivo [ tone] benevolo; [ person] comprensivo
    * * *
    adjective ((of a person) good at knowing how other people feel; sympathetic: an understanding person; Try to be more understanding!) comprensivo
    * * *
    [ˌʌndə'stændɪŋ] 1.
    1) (grasp of subject, issue) comprensione f.
    2) (perception, interpretation) interpretazione f.
    3) (arrangement) accordo m., intesa f. ( about su; between tra)

    on the understanding that — a condizione che, fermo restando che

    4) (sympathy) comprensione f.
    5) (powers of reason) comprensione f.
    2.
    aggettivo [ tone] benevolo; [ person] comprensivo

    English-Italian dictionary > understanding

  • 4 ♦ understanding

    ♦ understanding (1) /ʌndəˈstændɪŋ/
    n.
    1 [u] comprensione; conoscenza: He has a good understanding of economics, ha una buona conoscenza dell'economia; He has a clear understanding of our financial situation, ha una visione chiara della nostra situazione finanziaria
    2 patto; accordo informale: We have an understanding that whoever gets a job first will help the other, abbiamo un accordo in base al quale chi trova lavoro per primo aiuterà l'altro; to reach (o to come to) an understanding, raggiungere un accordo
    3 [u] comprensione; indulgenza: All I wanted was a bit of understanding, tutto quello che volevo era un po' di comprensione
    4 [cu] interpretazione: What is your understanding of the situation?, come interpreti la situazione?; My understanding was that we would share the costs equally, avevo capito che ci saremmo divisi i costi equamente
    5 [u] capacità di capire (o di comprendere): The lecture was beyond my understanding, la lezione andava oltre la mia capacità di comprendere; A child that age lacks any understanding of the consequences of his actions, un bambino di quell'età non ha la capacità di capire le conseguenze delle sue azioni; «An Essay Concerning Human Understanding», «Saggio sull'intelletto umano» (di J. Locke)
    on the understanding that…, a condizione che…; a patto che… □ on this understanding, a questa condizione; a questi patti.
    understanding (2) /ʌndəˈstændɪŋ/
    a.
    comprensivo; indulgente: an understanding parent, un genitore comprensivo (o indulgente); DIALOGO → - Discussing university- My tutor was really understanding, il mio insegnante è stato molto comprensivo.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ understanding

  • 5 understanding

    understanding [‚ʌndə'stændɪŋ]
    1 noun
    (a) (UNCOUNT) (comprehension) compréhension f; (intelligence) intelligence f; (knowledge) connaissance f, connaissances fpl;
    it is our understanding that they have now left the country d'après ce que nous avons compris, ils ont quitté le pays à présent;
    they have little understanding of what the decision involves ils ne comprennent pas très bien ce que la décision entraînera;
    it's beyond all understanding! cela dépasse l'entendement!, c'est à n'y rien comprendre!
    (b) (agreement) accord m, arrangement m;
    to come to or reach an understanding about sth (with sb) s'entendre (avec qn) sur qch;
    there's some kind of understanding between them il y a quelque arrangement entre eux
    (c) (interpretation) compréhension f, interprétation f; (conception) conception f;
    my understanding of the matter is that he's resigned d'après ce que j'ai compris, il a démissionné;
    my understanding was that the venue would be paid for by the organizers j'avais compris que les organisateurs paieraient pour la location des locaux
    (d) (relationship → between people) bonne intelligence f, entente f; (→ between nations) entente f
    he showed great understanding il a fait preuve de beaucoup de compréhension
    (f) (condition) condition f
    compréhensif, bienveillant
    à condition que;
    on the understanding that the money is given to charity à condition que l'argent soit donné à des bonnes œuvres

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > understanding

  • 6 understanding

    adjective ((of a person) good at knowing how other people feel; sympathetic: an understanding person; Try to be more understanding!) comprensivo
    understanding1 adj comprensivo
    1. comprensión
    my understanding is that... tengo entendido que...
    2. acuerdo
    tr[ʌndə'stændɪŋ]
    1 (intelligence) entendimiento, inteligencia
    2 (grasp) comprensión nombre femenino
    3 (agreement) acuerdo
    I'll lend you the money on the understanding that you pay me back as soon as possible te dejaré el dinero a condición de que me lo devuelvas lo antes posible
    1 comprensivo,-a
    understanding [.ʌndər'stændɪŋ] adj
    : comprensivo, compasivo
    1) grasp: comprensión f, entendimiento m
    2) sympathy: comprensión f (mutua)
    3) interpretation: interpretación f
    it's my understanding that...: tengo la impresión de que..., tengo entendido que...
    4) agreement: acuerdo m, arreglo m
    adj.
    compasivo, -a adj.
    comprensivo, -a adj.
    entendedor adj.
    inteligente adj.
    n.
    acuerdo s.m.
    comprensión s.f.
    conocimiento s.m.
    entender s.m.
    entendimiento s.m.

    I 'ʌndər'stændɪŋ, ˌʌndə'stændɪŋ
    1) u
    a) ( grasp) entendimiento m

    we now have a better o greater understanding of it — ahora lo entendemos or lo comprendemos mejor

    b) ( interpretation) interpretación f
    c) ( sympathy) comprensión f
    2) c (agreement, arrangement) acuerdo m

    to come to o reach an understanding (with somebody) — llegar* a un acuerdo (con alguien)

    to have an understanding (with somebody): we had an understanding that we'd share the work — habíamos convenido que compartiríamos el trabajo

    3) u ( belief)

    on the understanding that — bien entendido que, con la condición de que


    II
    adjective comprensivo
    [ˌʌndǝ'stændɪŋ]
    1.
    ADJ [person] comprensivo; [smile] de comprensión

    to be understanding about sth — ser comprensivo (respecto a algo)

    2. N
    1) (=faculty) entendimiento m

    the peace that passeth all understanding — (Bible) la paz que sobrepasa a todo entendimiento

    2) [of sth] (=comprehension) comprensión f ; (=awareness) conciencia f

    a basic understanding of computers is essential — se necesitan unos conocimientos básicos de informática

    to have a better or greater understanding of sth — (=comprehend better) entender or comprender mejor algo; (=be more aware of) tener mayor or más conciencia de algo

    to have little/no understanding of sth — saber muy poco/nada de algo

    a shift in public understanding of the issues of crime and punishment — un cambio de la conciencia pública con respecto a la cuestión de los crímenes y los castigos

    3) (=interpretation) interpretación f

    what's your understanding of the Prime Minister's statement? — ¿cómo interpreta usted la declaración del Primer Ministro?, ¿cuál es su interpretación de la declaración del Primer Ministro?

    that's my understanding of the situation — esa es mi interpretación de la situación, así es como veo or interpreto la situación

    4) (=sympathy) comprensión f

    to show no/little understanding of sth — no mostrar comprensión/mostrar muy poca comprensión hacia algo

    5) (=belief)

    it was my understanding that..., my understanding was that... — tenía entendido que..., según yo creía...

    6) (=agreement) acuerdo m

    to come to an understanding (with sb) — llegar a un acuerdo (con algn)

    to have an understanding (with sb) — tener un acuerdo (con algn)

    on the understanding that — a condición de que + subjun

    to reach an understanding (with sb) — llegar a un acuerdo (con algn)

    * * *

    I ['ʌndər'stændɪŋ, ˌʌndə'stændɪŋ]
    1) u
    a) ( grasp) entendimiento m

    we now have a better o greater understanding of it — ahora lo entendemos or lo comprendemos mejor

    b) ( interpretation) interpretación f
    c) ( sympathy) comprensión f
    2) c (agreement, arrangement) acuerdo m

    to come to o reach an understanding (with somebody) — llegar* a un acuerdo (con alguien)

    to have an understanding (with somebody): we had an understanding that we'd share the work — habíamos convenido que compartiríamos el trabajo

    3) u ( belief)

    on the understanding that — bien entendido que, con la condición de que


    II
    adjective comprensivo

    English-spanish dictionary > understanding

  • 7 understanding *** under·stand·ing

    [ˌʌndə'stændɪŋ]
    1. adj
    (person) comprensivo (-a), (smile) indulgente
    2. n
    1) (intelligence) comprensione f

    his understanding of the situation is that... — il modo in cui vede la situazione è che...

    it was my understanding that — quello che ho capito io era che + sub

    2) (sympathy) simpatia, comprensione f
    3) (agreement) accordo, intesa

    on the understanding that he paysa patto che or a condizione che paghi lui

    English-Italian dictionary > understanding *** under·stand·ing

  • 8 that

    1. adjective,
    pl. those
    1) dieser/diese/dieses
    2) (expr. strong feeling) der/die/das

    never will I forget that dayden Tag werde ich nie vergessen

    3) (coupled or contrasted with ‘this’) der/die/das [da]
    2. pronoun,
    pl. those
    1) der/die/das

    who is that in the garden? — wer ist das [da] im Garten?

    what bird is that?was für ein Vogel ist das?

    and [all] that — und so weiter

    like that(of the kind or in the way mentioned, of that character) so

    [just] like that — (without effort, thought) einfach so

    don't talk like that — hör auf, so zu reden

    he is like thatso ist er eben

    that is [to say] — (introducing explanation) das heißt; (introducing reservation) das heißt; genauer gesagt

    if they'd have me, that is — das heißt, wenn sie mich nehmen

    that's more like it(of suggestion, news) das hört sich schon besser an; (of action, work) das sieht schon besser aus

    that's right!(expr. approval) gut od. recht so; (iron.) nur so weiter!; (coll.): (expr. assent) jawohl

    that's a good etc. boy/girl — das ist lieb [von dir, mein Junge/Mädchen]; (with request) sei so lieb usw.

    somebody/something is not as... as all that — (coll.) so... ist jemand/etwas nun auch wieder nicht

    [so] that's that — (it's finished) so, das wär's; (it's settled) so ist es nun mal

    you are not going to the party, and that's that! — du gehst nicht zu der Party, und damit Schluss!

    2) (Brit.): (person spoken to)

    who is that? — wer ist da?; (behind wall etc.) wer ist denn da?; (on telephone) wer ist am Apparat?

    3. relative pronoun, pl. same
    der/die/das

    the people that you got it fromdie Leute, von denen du es bekommen hast

    the box that you put the apples in — die Kiste, in die du die Äpfel getan hast

    is he the man that you saw last night? — ist das der Mann, den Sie gestern Abend gesehen haben?

    everyone that I know — jeder, den ich kenne

    this is all [the money] that I have — das ist alles [Geld], was ich habe

    4. adverb
    (coll.) so

    he may be daft, but he's not [all] that daft — er mag ja blöd sein, aber so blöd [ist er] auch wieder nicht

    5. relative adverb
    der/die/das

    at the speed that he was going — bei der Geschwindigkeit, die er hatte

    the day that I first met her — der Tag, an dem ich sie zum ersten Mal sah

    6. conjunction
    1) (introducing statement; expr. result, reason or cause) dass
    2) (expr. purpose)

    [in order] that — damit

    * * *
    1. [ðæt] plural - those; adjective
    (used to indicate a person, thing etc spoken of before, not close to the speaker, already known to the speaker and listener etc: Don't take this book - take that one; At that time, I was living in Italy; When are you going to return those books?) jene/-r/-s
    2. pronoun
    (used to indicate a thing etc, or (in plural or with the verb be) person or people, spoken of before, not close to the speaker, already known to the speaker and listener etc: What is that you've got in your hand?; Who is that?; That is the Prime Minister; Those present at the concert included the composer and his wife.) der/die/das
    3. [ðət, ðæt] relative pronoun
    (used to refer to a person, thing etc mentioned in a preceding clause in order to distinguish it from others: Where is the parcel that arrived this morning?; Who is the man( that) you were talking to?) der/die/das
    4. [ðət, ðæt] conjunction
    1) ((often omitted) used to report what has been said etc or to introduce other clauses giving facts, reasons, results etc: I know (that) you didn't do it; I was surprised( that) he had gone.) daß
    2) (used to introduce expressions of sorrow, wishes etc: That I should be accused of murder!; Oh, that I were with her now!) daß(doch)
    5. adverb
    (so; to such an extent: I didn't realize she was that ill.) so
    - academic.ru/117188/like_that">like that
    - that's that
    * * *
    [ðæt,ðət]
    1. (person, thing specified) der/die/das
    put \that box down before you drop it stell die Kiste ab, bevor du sie [womöglich] noch fallen lässt
    who is \that girl? wer ist das Mädchen?
    what was \that noise? was war das für ein Geräusch?
    \that old liar! dieser alte Lügner!
    \that... of hers/theirs ihr(e)...
    I've never liked \that uncle of hers ich habe ihren Onkel noch nie gemocht
    \that... of mine/his mein(e)/dein(e)...
    2. (person, thing farther away) der/die/das [... dort [o da]], jene(r, s) geh
    do you know \that girl [over there] kennst du das Mädchen [dort]
    give me \that book, not this one gib mir das Buch [da], nicht dieses
    1. dem (person, thing, action specified) das
    \that's not rightthree times five is fifteen das stimmt nicht — drei mal fünf ist fünfzehn
    they all think \that das denken alle
    \that's more like it! das ist doch schon gleich viel besser!
    \that's a good idea das ist eine gute Idee
    \that's a pity das ist aber schade
    \that's terrible das ist ja furchtbar
    \that will do, \that's enough das reicht
    what's \that you said? was hast du gesagt?
    who's \that? is \that the girl you're looking for? wer ist das? ist das das Mädchen, das du suchst?
    who's \that on the phone? wer spricht da?
    hello, is \that Ben? hallo, bist du das, Ben?
    is \that you making all the noise, John? bist du das, der so einen Lärm macht, John?
    it's just a gimmick — \that said, I'd love to do it das ist nur ein Trick — dennoch würde ich es gerne machen
    take \that! (when hitting sb) [das ist] für dich!
    \that's why deshalb
    2. dem (person, thing farther away) das [da [o dort]]
    I don't want this, give me \that dies hier will ich nicht, gib mir das [da]
    \that's his wife over there das da [o dort] drüben ist seine Frau
    3. dem (indicating time) das
    ah, 1985, \that was a good year ah, 1985, das war ein gutes Jahr
    \that was yesterday \that we talked on the phone, not last week wir haben gestern, nicht letzte Woche telefoniert
    4. dem, after prep
    after/before \that danach/davor
    by \that damit
    what do you mean by \that? was soll das heißen?
    like \that (in such a way) so; (of such a kind) derartig; ( fam: effortlessly) einfach so
    if you hold it like \that, it will break wenn du das so hältst, geht es kaputt
    we need more people like \that wir brauchen mehr solche Leute
    don't talk like \that sprich nicht so
    he can't just leave like \that er kann nicht einfach so verschwinden
    over/under \that darüber/darunter
    with \that damit
    [and] with \that he hung up [und] damit legte er auf
    “I still think you're wrong” he said and with \that he drove off „ich denke immer noch, dass du Unrecht hast“ sagte er und fuhr davon
    5. dem ( form: the one) der/die/das
    his appearance was \that of an undergrown man er sah aus, als ob er zu klein gewachsen wäre
    his handwriting is \that of a child seine Handschrift ist die eines Kindes
    we are often afraid of \that which we cannot understand wir fürchten uns oft vor dem, was wir nicht verstehen
    are you relieved? — [oh yes,]I am \that bist du erleichtert? — das kannst du [aber] laut sagen fam
    well, \that's it, we've finished o.k., das war's [o wär's], wir sind fertig
    \that's it! I'm not putting up with any more of her rudeness jetzt reicht's! ich lasse mir ihre Unverschämtheiten nicht mehr gefallen
    she left the room and \that was \that, I never saw her again sie verließ den Raum und das war's, ich habe sie nie wiedergesehen
    I won't agree to it and \that's \that ich stimme dem nicht zu, und damit Schluss
    \that'll [or \that should] do, \that should be enough das wird reichen
    no thanks, \that'll do [or \that's everything] nein danke, das ist alles
    8. rel (which, who) der/die/das
    \that's the car [\that] John wants to buy das ist das Auto, das John kaufen möchte
    I can't find the books [\that] I got from the library ich finde die Bücher nicht, die ich mir aus der Bibliothek ausgeliehen habe
    the baby smiles at anyone \that smiles at her das Baby lächelt alle an, die es anlächeln
    simpleton \that he is... als Einfaltspinsel, der er ist,...
    9. rel (when) als
    the year \that Anna was born das Jahr, in dem Anna geboren wurde
    10.
    and [all] \that ( fam) und so weiter
    at \that noch dazu
    she was a thief and a clever one at \that sie war eine Diebin, und eine kluge noch dazu
    \that is [to say] das heißt
    the hotel is closed during low seasons, \that is from October to March das Hotel ist in der Nebensaison, sprich von Oktober bis März, geschlossen
    this and \that dies und das
    \that was ( form)
    General Dunstaple married Miss Hughes \that was General Dunstaple heiratete die frühere Miss Hughes
    1. (as subject/object) dass
    \that such a thing could happen gave me new hope dass so etwas passieren konnte gab mir neue Hoffnung
    I knew [\that] he'd never get here on time ich wusste, dass er niemals rechtzeitig hier sein würde
    the fact is [\that] we... Fakt ist, dass wir...
    2. after adj, vb (as a result)
    it was so dark [\that] I couldn't see anything es war so dunkel, dass ich nichts sehen konnte
    so [or in order] \that damit
    let's go over the rules again in order \that... gehen wir die Regeln nochmal[s] durch, damit...
    4. after adj (in apposition to ‘it’)
    it's possible [\that] there'll be a vacancy es ist möglich, dass eine Stelle frei wird
    is it true [\that] she's gone back to teaching? stimmt es, dass sie wieder als Lehrerin arbeitet?
    considering [\that]... wenn man bedenkt, dass...
    given \that... vorausgesetzt, dass...
    supposing [\that]... angenommen, dass...
    6. (as a reason) weil, da [ja]
    it's rather \that I'm not well today es ist eher deshalb, weil ich mich heute nicht wohl fühle
    I'd like to go, it's just \that I don't have any time ich würde ja gern hingehen, ich hab' bloß [einfach] keine Zeit fam
    now \that we've bought a house... jetzt, wo wir ein Haus gekauft haben..
    we can't increase our production quantities in \that the machines are presently working to full capacity wir können die Produktion nicht hochfahren, da [nämlich] die Maschinen derzeit voll ausgelastet sind
    not \that it's actually my business, but... nicht, dass es mich etwas anginge, aber...
    except [\that] außer, dass
    his plan sounds perfect except [\that] I don't want to be involved in such a scheme sein Plan hört sich großartig an, nur will ich mit so einem Vorhaben nichts zu tun haben
    to the extent \that (so much that) dermaßen... dass; (insofar as) insofern als
    the situation has worsened to the extend \that we are calling in an independent expert die Situation hat sich dermaßen verschlimmert, dass wir einen unabhängigen Fachmann hinzuziehen
    apes are like people to the extent \that they have some human characteristics Affen sind wie Menschen, insofern als sie gewisse menschliche Eigenschaften haben
    oh \that I were young again! wäre ich doch nochmal jung!
    oh \that they would listen! wenn sie [doch] nur zuhören würden!
    IV. ADVERB
    inv so
    she's too young to walk \that far sie ist zu jung, um so weit laufen zu können
    it wasn't [all] \that good so gut war es [nun] auch wieder nicht
    his words hurt me \that much I cried seine Worte haben mich so verletzt, dass ich weinte
    * * *
    I [ðt] (weak form) [ðət]
    1. dem pron pl those
    1) das

    that is Joe ( over there) —

    who is that speaking? — wer spricht (denn) da?; (on phone)

    if she's as unhappy/stupid etc as (all) that — wenn sie so or derart unglücklich/dumm etc ist

    I didn't think she'd get/be as angry as that — ich hätte nicht gedacht, dass sie sich so ärgern würde

    ... and all that —... und so (inf)

    like that — so

    with luck/talent like that... — bei solchem or so einem (inf) Glück/Talent...

    that's got that/him out of the way — so, das wäre geschafft/den wären wir los

    that's what I'm here fordafür bin ich ja hier, das ist meine Aufgabe

    oh well, that's that —

    there, that's that — so, das wärs

    you can't go and that's that — du darfst nicht gehen, und damit hat sichs or und damit basta (inf)

    well, that's that then — das wärs dann also

    will he come? – that he will (dial) — kommt er? – (der?) bestimmt

    2)

    (after prep) after/before/below/over that — danach/davor/darunter/darüber

    and... at that — und dabei...

    you can get it in any supermarket and quite cheaply at thatman kann es in jedem Supermarkt, und zwar ganz billig, bekommen

    what do you mean by that? (not understanding) — was wollen Sie damit sagen?; (amazed, annoyed) was soll (denn) das heißen?

    if things have or if it has come to that —

    with that she got up and left/burst into tears — damit stand sie auf und ging/brach sie in Tränen aus

    See:
    leave
    3) (opposed to "this" and "these") das (da), jenes (old, geh)

    that's the one I like, not this one — das (dort) mag ich, nicht dies (hier)

    4)

    (followed by rel pron) this theory is different from that which... — diese Theorie unterscheidet sich von derjenigen, die...

    that which we call... — das, was wir... nennen

    2. dem adj pl those
    1) der/die/das, jene(r, s)

    that child/dog! — dieses Kind/dieser Hund!

    2) (in opposition to this) der/die/das

    I'd like that one, not this one — ich möchte das da, nicht dies hier

    3)

    (with poss) that dog of yours! — Ihr Hund, dieser Hund von Ihnen

    what about that plan of yours now? — wie steht es denn jetzt mit Ihrem Plan?, was ist denn nun mit Ihrem Plan?

    3. dem adv (inf)
    so

    it's not that good/cold etc —

    it's not that good a filmSO ein guter Film ist es nun auch wieder nicht

    II
    rel pron
    1) der/die/das, die

    all/nothing/everything etc that... — alles/nichts/alles etc, was...

    the best/cheapest etc that... — das Beste/Billigste etc, das or was...

    the girl that I told you about — das Mädchen, von dem ich Ihnen erzählt habe

    no-one has come that I know of — meines Wissens or soviel ich weiß, ist niemand gekommen

    2)

    (with expressions of time) the minute that he came the phone rang — genau in dem Augenblick, als er kam, klingelte das Telefon

    the day that we spent on the beach was one of the hottest — der Tag, den wir am Strand verbrachten, war einer der heißesten

    the day that... — an dem Tag, als...

    III
    conj
    1) dass

    he said that it was wrong — er sagte, es sei or wäre (inf) falsch, er sagte, dass es falsch sei or wäre

    not that I want to do it — nicht (etwa), dass ich das tun wollte

    See:
    so
    2)

    (in exclamations) that things or it should come to this! —

    3) (obs, liter: in order that) auf dass (old)
    * * *
    that1 [ðæt]
    A pron & adj (hinweisend) pl those [ðəʊz]
    1. (ohne pl) das:
    that is true das stimmt;
    that’s all das ist alles;
    that’s it!
    a) so ists recht!,
    b) das ist es ja (gerade)!;
    that’s what it is das ist es ja gerade;
    that’s that umg das wäre erledigt, damit basta;
    well, that was that! umg aus der Traum!;
    that is (to say) das heißt;
    and that und zwar;
    a) trotzdem,
    b) zudem, (noch) obendrein;
    for all that trotz alledem;
    that’s what he told me so hat er es mir erzählt;
    that’s a good boy sei schön brav!; leave1 A 2
    2. (besonders von weiter entfernten Personen etc sowie zur Betonung und pej) jener, jene, jenes:
    this cake is much better than that (one) dieser Kuchen ist viel besser als jener;
    that car over there das Auto da drüben;
    look at that hat schau dir mal diesen komischen Hut an!;
    those who diejenigen, welche;
    that which das, was;
    those were his words das waren seine Worte
    3. solch(er, e, es):
    to that degree that … in solchem Ausmaße oder so sehr, dass …
    B adv umg so (sehr), dermaßen:
    that far so weit;
    that furious so oder dermaßen wütend;
    not all that good so gut auch wieder nicht;
    he can’t be that ill so krank kann er gar nicht sein;
    that much so viel;
    it’s that simple so einfach ist das
    that2 [ðət; ðæt] pl that rel pr
    1. ( in einschränkenden Sätzen; eine präp darf nie davor stehen) der, die, das, welch(er, e, es):
    the book that he wanted das Buch, das er wünschte;
    the man that I spoke of der Mann, von dem ich sprach;
    the day that I met her der Tag, an dem ich sie traf;
    any house that jedes Haus, das;
    no one that keiner, der;
    Mrs Jones, Miss Black that was umg Frau Jones, geborene Black;
    Mrs Quilp that is umg die jetzige Frau Quilp
    2. ( nach all, everything, nothing etc) was:
    all that alles, was;
    the best that das Beste, was
    that3 [ðət; ðæt] konj
    it is a pity that he is not here es ist schade, dass er nicht hier ist;
    it is 5 years that he went away es ist nun 5 Jahre her, dass oder seitdem er fortging;
    I am not sure that it will be there ich bin nicht sicher, ob oder dass es dort ist oder sein wird
    so that sodass;
    I was so tired that I went to bed ich war so müde, dass ich zu Bett ging
    3. (in Finalsätzen) damit, dass:
    we went there that we might see it wir gingen hin, um es zu sehen
    4. (in Kausalsätzen) weil, da (ja), dass:
    not that I have any objection nicht, dass ich etwas dagegen hätte;
    it is rather that … es ist eher deshalb, weil …;
    a) darum, weil,
    b) insofern, als
    o that I could believe it! dass ich es doch glauben könnte!
    now that jetzt, da;
    at the time that I was born zu der Zeit, als ich geboren wurde
    * * *
    1. adjective,
    pl. those
    1) dieser/diese/dieses
    2) (expr. strong feeling) der/die/das
    3) (coupled or contrasted with ‘this’) der/die/das [da]
    2. pronoun,
    pl. those
    1) der/die/das

    who is that in the garden? — wer ist das [da] im Garten?

    and [all] that — und so weiter

    like that(of the kind or in the way mentioned, of that character) so

    [just] like that — (without effort, thought) einfach so

    don't talk like that — hör auf, so zu reden

    that is [to say] — (introducing explanation) das heißt; (introducing reservation) das heißt; genauer gesagt

    if they'd have me, that is — das heißt, wenn sie mich nehmen

    that's more like it(of suggestion, news) das hört sich schon besser an; (of action, work) das sieht schon besser aus

    that's right!(expr. approval) gut od. recht so; (iron.) nur so weiter!; (coll.): (expr. assent) jawohl

    that's a good etc. boy/girl — das ist lieb [von dir, mein Junge/Mädchen]; (with request) sei so lieb usw.

    somebody/something is not as... as all that — (coll.) so... ist jemand/etwas nun auch wieder nicht

    [so] that's that — (it's finished) so, das wär's; (it's settled) so ist es nun mal

    you are not going to the party, and that's that! — du gehst nicht zu der Party, und damit Schluss!

    2) (Brit.): (person spoken to)

    who is that? — wer ist da?; (behind wall etc.) wer ist denn da?; (on telephone) wer ist am Apparat?

    3. relative pronoun, pl. same
    der/die/das

    the people that you got it from — die Leute, von denen du es bekommen hast

    the box that you put the apples in — die Kiste, in die du die Äpfel getan hast

    is he the man that you saw last night? — ist das der Mann, den Sie gestern Abend gesehen haben?

    everyone that I know — jeder, den ich kenne

    this is all [the money] that I have — das ist alles [Geld], was ich habe

    4. adverb
    (coll.) so

    he may be daft, but he's not [all] that daft — er mag ja blöd sein, aber so blöd [ist er] auch wieder nicht

    5. relative adverb
    der/die/das

    at the speed that he was going — bei der Geschwindigkeit, die er hatte

    the day that I first met her — der Tag, an dem ich sie zum ersten Mal sah

    6. conjunction
    1) (introducing statement; expr. result, reason or cause) dass
    2) (expr. purpose)

    [in order] that — damit

    * * *
    adj.
    dasjenig pron.
    dies adj. conj.
    dass konj. pron.
    das pron.
    derjenig pron.
    diejenig pron.
    dies pron.
    welch pron.
    welcher pron.
    welches pron.

    English-german dictionary > that

  • 9 agreement

    (a) (arrangement, contract) accord m (on or about sur)
    to break an agreement rompre un accord;
    to have an agreement with sb avoir conclu ou passé un accord avec qn;
    to enter into or conclude an agreement with sb passer un accord avec qn;
    an agreement has been concluded between the two parties un accord est intervenu entre les deux parties;
    to come to an agreement parvenir à un accord;
    to sign an agreement signer un accord;
    to sign a legal agreement (to do sth) s'engager (par) devant notaire (à faire qch);
    to abide by the agreement s'en tenir à ce qui a été convenu;
    our agreement was that… nous avions convenu que…
    (b) (understanding) accord m, entente f;
    as per agreement comme (il a été) convenu;
    by mutual agreement de gré à gré, à l'amiable, d'un commun accord

    English-French business dictionary > agreement

  • 10 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

  • 11 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


    Тематики

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    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 12 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

  • 13 mean

    I noun
    Mittelweg, der; Mitte, die

    a happy mean — der goldene Mittelweg

    II adjective
    1) (niggardly) schäbig (abwertend)
    2) (ignoble) schäbig (abwertend), gemein [Person, Verhalten, Gesinnung]
    3) (shabby) schäbig (abwertend) [Haus, Wohngegend]; armselig [Verhältnisse]

    be no mean athlete/feat — kein schlechter Sportler/keine schlechte Leistung sein

    III transitive verb,
    1) (have as one's purpose) beabsichtigen

    mean well by or to or towards somebody — es gut mit jemandem meinen

    what do you mean by [saying] that? — was willst du damit sagen?

    I meant it or it was meant as a joke — das sollte ein Scherz sein

    I mean to be obeyed — ich verlange, dass man mir gehorcht

    I meant to write, but forgot — ich hatte [fest] vor zu schreiben, aber habe es [dann] vergessen

    do you mean to say that...? — willst du damit sagen, dass...?

    I meant you to read the letter — ich wollte, dass du den Brief liest

    3) (intend to convey, refer to) meinen

    if you know or see what I mean — du verstehst, was ich meine?

    I really mean it, I mean what I say — ich meine das ernst; es ist mir Ernst damit

    4) (signify, entail, matter) bedeuten

    the name means/the instructions mean nothing to me — der Name sagt mir nichts/ich kann mit der Anleitung nichts anfangen

    * * *
    [mi:n] I adjective
    1) (not generous (with money etc): He's very mean (with his money / over pay).) knauserig
    2) (likely or intending to cause harm or annoyance: It is mean to tell lies.) gemein
    3) ((especially American) bad-tempered, vicious or cruel: a mean mood.) bösartig
    4) ((of a house etc) of poor quality; humble: a mean dwelling.) schäbig
    - academic.ru/45801/meanly">meanly
    - meanness
    - meanie
    II 1. adjective
    1) ((of a statistic) having the middle position between two points, quantities etc: the mean value on a graph.) Mittel-...
    2) (average: the mean annual rainfall.) durchschnittlich
    2. noun
    (something that is midway between two opposite ends or extremes: Three is the mean of the series one to five.) die Mitte
    III 1. past tense, past participle - meant; verb
    1) (to (intend to) express, show or indicate: `Vacation' means `holiday'; What do you mean by (saying/doing) that?) meinen
    2) (to intend: I meant to go to the exhibition but forgot; For whom was that letter meant?; He means (= is determined) to be a rich man some day.) beabsichtigen
    2. adjective
    ((of a look, glance etc) showing a certain feeling or giving a certain message: The teacher gave the boy a meaning look when he arrived late.) bedeutsam
    - meaningful
    - meaningless
    - be meant to
    - mean well
    * * *
    mean1
    [mi:n]
    1. esp BRIT (miserly) geizig, knauserig, kleinlich
    to be \mean with sth mit etw dat geizen
    2. (unkind) gemein, fies fam
    I felt a bit \mean ich kam mir ein bisschen schäbig vor
    to be \mean to sb gemein zu jdm sein
    to have a \mean streak eine gemeine Ader haben
    3. AM (vicious) aggressiv; (dangerous) gefährlich
    \mean dog bissiger Hund
    4. (run-down) heruntergekommen, schäbig pej
    5. (bad) schlecht
    he's no \mean cook er ist kein schlechter Koch
    no \mean feat eine Meisterleistung
    6. AM (sl: good) super fam, toll fam, geil sl
    he plays a \mean guitar er spielt supergeil Gitarre sl
    7. ( form: small) gering
    it should be clear even to the \meanest understanding das sollte auch dem Unbedarftesten klar sein
    mean2
    <meant, meant>
    [mi:n]
    vt
    to \mean sth
    1. (signify) word, symbol etw bedeuten
    that sign \means ‘no parking’ das Schild bedeutet ‚Parken verboten‘
    no \means no nein heißt nein
    does that name \mean anything to you? sagt dir der Name etwas?
    do you remember Jane Carter? — you \mean the woman we met in Scotland? erinnerst du dich an Jane Carter? — meinst du die Frau, die wir in Schottland getroffen haben?
    what do you \mean by that? was willst du damit sagen?
    what do you \mean, it was my fault? soll das etwa heißen, es war mein Fehler?
    what do you \mean by arriving so late? was denkst du dir eigentlich dabei, so spät zu kommen?
    did you have a good holiday? — it depends what you \mean by a good holiday hattest du einen schönen Urlaub? — es hängt davon ab, was du unter schönem Urlaub verstehst
    now I see what you \mean jetzt weiß ich, was du meinst
    I \mean to say [also,] ich muss schon sagen
    3. (be sincere) etw ernst meinen
    I \mean what I say es ist mir ernst mit dem, was ich sage
    he said a lot of things he didn't really \mean er sagte eine Menge Dinge, die er nicht so gemeint hat
    4. (intend) etw wollen
    he didn't \mean any harm er wollte nichts Böses
    I \meant it as a present for Joanna ich hatte es als Geschenk für Joanna gedacht
    to \mean to do sth etw tun wollen
    I really didn't \mean to offend you ich wollte dich wirklich nicht kränken
    I've been \meaning to phone you for a week or two ich will dich schon seit Wochen anrufen
    to be \meant to do sth etw tun sollen
    you're \meant to fill in a tax form every year Sie müssen jedes Jahr eine Steuererklärung ausfüllen
    to \mean sb [or AM for sb] to do sth wollen, dass jd etw tut
    they didn't \mean [for] her to read the letter sie wollten nicht, dass sie den Brief liest
    to be \meant as sth als etw gemeint [o gedacht] sein
    to be \meant for sb für jdn gedacht [o bestimmt] sein
    to be \meant for greater things zu Höherem bestimmt sein
    to be \meant for each other füreinander bestimmt sein
    to be \meant to be sth (intended to represent) etw sein [o darstellen] sollen; (intended as) etw sein sollen, als etw gemeint sein
    it's \meant to be Donald das soll Donald sein
    it was \meant to be a surprise das sollte eine Überraschung sein
    to \mean business es ernst meinen
    to \mean mischief Böses im Schilde führen
    to \mean well es gut meinen
    5. (result in) etw bedeuten [o fam heißen]
    lower costs \mean lower prices niedrigere Kosten bedeuten niedrigere Preise
    this \means war das ist eine Kriegserklärung
    does this \mean we'll have to cancel our holiday? heißt das, dass wir unseren Urlaub absagen müssen?
    6. (have significance) etw bedeuten
    it was just a kiss, it didn't \mean anything es war nur ein Kuss, das hatte nichts zu bedeuten
    to \mean a lot/nothing/something to sb jdm viel/nichts/etwas bedeuten
    mean3
    [mi:n]
    I. n (average) Mittel nt; (average value) Mittelwert m; ( fig) Mittelweg m
    II. adj inv durchschnittlich
    * * *
    I [miːn]
    adj (+er)
    1) (esp Brit: miserly) geizig, knauserig
    2) (= unkind, spiteful) gemein
    3) (= base, inferior) birth, motives niedrig
    4) (= shabby, unimpressive) shack, house schäbig, armselig
    5) (= vicious) bösartig; look gehässig, hinterhältig; criminal niederträchtig, abscheulich
    6)

    a sportsman/politician of no mean ability — ein sehr fähiger Sportler/Politiker

    II
    1. n
    (= middle term) Durchschnitt m; (MATH) Durchschnitt m, Mittelwert m, Mittel nt
    2. adj
    mittlere(r, s) III pret, ptp meant
    vt
    1) (= signify) bedeuten; (person = refer to, have in mind) meinen

    it means starting all over again — das bedeutet or das heißt, dass wir wieder ganz von vorne anfangen müssen

    this will mean great changesdies wird bedeutende Veränderungen zur Folge haben

    your friendship/he means a lot to me — deine Freundschaft/er bedeutet mir viel

    2) (= intend) beabsichtigen

    to be meant for sb/sth — für jdn/etw bestimmt sein

    to mean sb to do sth — wollen, dass jd etw tut

    what do you mean to do? —

    of course it hurt, I meant it to or it was meant to — natürlich tat das weh, das war Absicht

    without meaning to sound rude — ich möchte nicht unverschämt klingen(, aber...)

    I thought it was meant to be hot in the south —

    I mean to be obeyed — ich verlange, dass man mir gehorcht

    I mean to have itich bin fest entschlossen, es zu bekommen

    if he means to be awkward... —

    this present was meant for youdieses Geschenk sollte für dich sein or war für dich gedacht

    See:
    3) (= be serious about) ernst meinen

    I mean it! — das ist mein Ernst!, ich meine das ernst!

    do you mean to say you're not coming? — willst du damit sagen or soll das heißen, dass du nicht kommst?

    I mean what I sayich sage das im Ernst

    4)

    he means well/no harm — er meint es gut/nicht böse

    to mean sb no harm — es gut mit jdm meinen, jdm nichts Böses wollen; (physically) jdm nichts tun; (in past tense) jdm nichts tun wollen

    I meant no harm by what I said — was ich da gesagt habe, war nicht böse gemeint

    * * *
    mean1 [miːn] prät und pperf meant [ment]
    A v/t
    1. etwas im Sinn oder im Auge haben, beabsichtigen, vorhaben, (tun etc) wollen, (zu tun) gedenken:
    I mean to do it ich will es tun;
    he meant to write er wollte schreiben;
    I mean it es ist mir ernst damit;
    he means business er meint es ernst, er macht Ernst;
    he meant no harm er hat es nicht böse gemeint;
    no harm meant! nichts für ungut!;
    I mean what I say ich meine es, wie ich es sage; ich spaße nicht;
    I mean to say ich will sagen;
    I didn’t mean to disturb you ich wollte Sie nicht stören;
    without meaning it ohne es zu wollen; mischief 1
    2. (besonders passiv) bestimmen ( for für):
    he was meant to be a barrister er sollte Anwalt werden;
    this cake is meant to be eaten der Kuchen ist zum Essen da;
    that remark was meant for you diese Bemerkung galt dir oder war an deine Adresse gerichtet oder war auf dich abgezielt;
    that picture is meant to be Churchill das Bild soll Churchill sein oder darstellen
    3. meinen, sagen wollen:
    by “liberal” I mean … unter „liberal“ verstehe ich …;
    I mean his father ich meine seinen Vater;
    what do you mean by this?
    a) was wollen Sie damit sagen?,
    b) was verstehen Sie darunter?
    4. bedeuten:
    he means (all) the world to me er bedeutet mir alles
    5. (von Wörtern und Worten) bedeuten, heißen:
    what does “fair” mean”;
    does that mean anything to you? ist Ihnen das ein Begriff?, sagt Ihnen das etwas?
    6. be meant to do sth bes Br etwas tun müssen
    B v/i
    1. mean well es gut meinen:
    mean well (ill) by ( oder to) sb jemandem wohlgesinnt (übel gesinnt) sein
    2. bedeuten (to für oder dat):
    mean little (everything) to sb jemandem wenig (alles) bedeuten;
    money doesn’t mean much to her Geld bedeutet ihr nicht viel, sie macht sich nicht viel aus Geld;
    his work means everything to him seine Arbeit geht ihm über alles
    3. how do you mean? wie meinen Sie das?
    mean2 [miːn] adj (adv meanly)
    1. gemein, gering, niedrig (dem Stande nach):
    mean birth niedrige Herkunft;
    mean white HIST US Weiße(r) m (in den Südstaaten) ohne Landbesitz
    2. ärmlich, armselig, schäbig (Straßen etc)
    3. no mean … ein(e) recht beachtliche(r, s) …:
    no mean opponent ein nicht zu unterschätzender Gegner
    4. gemein, niederträchtig: trick A 2
    5. schäbig, geizig, knaus(e)rig, filzig:
    be mean with geizen mit
    6. umg (charakterlich) schäbig:
    a) sich schäbig oder gemein vorkommen ( about wegen),
    b) US sich unpässlich oder nicht ganz auf der Höhe fühlen
    7. besonders US umg
    a) fies (Person)
    b) scheußlich, bös (Sache)
    mean3 [miːn]
    A adj
    1. mittler(er, e, es), Mittel…, durchschnittlich, Durchschnitts…:
    mean course SCHIFF Mittelkurs m;
    mean life PHYS Lebensdauer f;
    mean height mittlere Höhe (über dem Meeresspiegel);
    mean annual temperature Temperaturjahresmittel n;
    mean sea level Normalnull n;
    mean proportional MATH mittlere Proportionale;
    mean value theorem MATH Mittelwertsatz m
    2. dazwischenliegend, Zwischen…
    B s
    1. Mitte f, (das) Mittlere, Mittel n, Durchschnitt m, Mittelweg m:
    strike a ( oder the) happy mean den goldenen Mittelweg wählen
    2. MATH Durchschnittszahl f, Mittel(wert) n(m):
    strike a mean einen Mittelwert errechnen; golden mean
    3. Logik: Mittelsatz m
    4. pl (als sg oder pl konstruiert) Mittel n oder pl, Weg(e) m(pl):
    by all means auf alle Fälle, unbedingt, natürlich;
    a) etwa, vielleicht, gar,
    b) überhaupt,
    c) auf irgendwelche Weise;
    by no means, not by any means durchaus nicht, keineswegs, auf keinen Fall;
    by some means or other auf die eine oder die andere Weise;
    by means of mittels, durch, mit;
    by this ( oder these) means hierdurch, damit;
    by other means mit anderen Mitteln;
    a means of communication ein Kommunikationsmittel;
    means of protection Schutzmittel;
    means of transport( ation bes US) Beförderungsmittel;
    adjust the means to the end die Mittel dem Zweck anpassen;
    find the means Mittel und Wege finden; end C 10
    5. pl (Geld)Mittel pl, Vermögen n, Einkommen n:
    live within (beyond) one’s means seinen Verhältnissen entsprechend (über seine Verhältnisse) leben;
    a man of means ein bemittelter Mann;
    means test Bedürftigkeitsermittlung f
    * * *
    I noun
    Mittelweg, der; Mitte, die
    II adjective
    1) (niggardly) schäbig (abwertend)
    2) (ignoble) schäbig (abwertend), gemein [Person, Verhalten, Gesinnung]
    3) (shabby) schäbig (abwertend) [Haus, Wohngegend]; armselig [Verhältnisse]

    be no mean athlete/feat — kein schlechter Sportler/keine schlechte Leistung sein

    III transitive verb,
    1) (have as one's purpose) beabsichtigen

    mean well by or to or towards somebody — es gut mit jemandem meinen

    what do you mean by [saying] that? — was willst du damit sagen?

    I meant it or it was meant as a joke — das sollte ein Scherz sein

    I mean to be obeyed — ich verlange, dass man mir gehorcht

    I meant to write, but forgot — ich hatte [fest] vor zu schreiben, aber habe es [dann] vergessen

    do you mean to say that...? — willst du damit sagen, dass...?

    2) (design, destine)

    I meant you to read the letter — ich wollte, dass du den Brief liest

    3) (intend to convey, refer to) meinen

    if you know or see what I mean — du verstehst, was ich meine?

    I really mean it, I mean what I say — ich meine das ernst; es ist mir Ernst damit

    4) (signify, entail, matter) bedeuten

    the name means/the instructions mean nothing to me — der Name sagt mir nichts/ich kann mit der Anleitung nichts anfangen

    * * *
    adj.
    bös adj.
    gemein adj. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: meant)
    = beabsichtigen v.
    bedeuten v.
    heißen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: hieß, geheißen)
    meinen v.
    sagen wollen ausdr.
    vorhaben v.

    English-german dictionary > mean

  • 14 advance

    1. verb
    1) (to move forward: The army advanced towards the town; Our plans are advancing well; He married the boss's daughter to advance (= improve) his chances of promotion.) avanzar, proceder
    2) (to supply (someone) with (money) on credit: The bank will advance you $500.) adelantar

    2. noun
    1) (moving forward or progressing: We've halted the enemy's advance; Great advances in medicine have been made in this century.) avance, adelanto, progreso
    2) (a payment made before the normal time: Can I have an advance on my salary?) anticipo
    3) ((usually in plural) an attempt at (especially sexual) seduction.) insinuación, propuesta

    3. adjective
    1) (made etc before the necessary or agreed time: an advance payment.) por adelantado, anticipado
    2) (made beforehand: an advance booking.) anticipado
    3) (sent ahead of the main group or force: the advance guard.) avanzadilla
    - in advance
    1. avance
    2. adelanto / progreso / avance
    3. anticipo / adelanto
    I need an advance of £50 necesito un adelanto de 50 libras
    in advance por adelantado / con antelación
    advance2 vb
    1. avanzar
    2. adelantar
    tr[əd'vɑːns]
    2 (progress) adelanto, progreso, avance nombre masculino
    3 (payment) anticipo
    1 (person, object) avanzar
    2 (theory) avanzar; (idea) proponer; (suggestion) hacer; (opinion) dar
    3 (money) anticipar, adelantar
    4 (price) aumentar, incrementar
    5 (cause, interests) favorecer, ayudar
    6 (date) adelantar
    1 (move forward) avanzar
    2 (rise) subir
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in advance (gen) antes 2 (rent etc) por adelantado
    to book/prepare in advance reservar/preparar con antelación
    in advance of antes de
    to make advances progresar
    to make advances to somebody (contact) establecer contacto con 2 (proposal) hacer una propuesta a 3 (sexually) insinuarse a alguien
    advance booking reserva anticipada
    advance guard avanzadilla
    advance notice previo aviso
    advance party avanzadilla
    advance payment pago anticipado
    advance warning previo aviso
    advance [æd'vænts, əd-] v, - vanced ; - vancing vt
    1) : avanzar, adelantar
    to advance troops: avanzar las tropas
    2) promote: ascender, promover
    3) propose: proponer, presentar
    4) : adelantar, anticipar
    they advanced me next month's salary: me adelantaron el sueldo del próximo mes
    1) proceed: avanzar, adelantarse
    2) progress: progresar
    advance adj
    : anticipado
    advance notice: previo aviso
    1) progression: avance m
    2) progress: adelanto m, mejora f, progreso m
    3) rise: aumento m, alza f
    4) loan: anticipo m, préstamo m
    5)
    in advance : por adelantado
    adj.
    adelantado, -a adj.
    anticipado, -a adj.
    n.
    adelantamiento s.m.
    adelanto s.m.
    anticipación s.f.
    anticipo s.m.
    avance s.m.
    paso s.m.
    progreso s.m.
    v.
    acrecentar v.
    adelantarse v.
    anticipar v.
    avanzar v.
    aventajar v.
    fomentar v.
    ganar v.
    progresar v.
    proponer v.

    I
    1. əd'væns, əd'vɑːns
    a) \<\<person/vehicleoops\>\> avanzar*; \<\<science/project/society\>\> avanzar*, progresar

    to advance on somebody/something — avanzar* hacia alguien/sobre algo

    b) advancing pres p

    2.
    vt
    1) ( move forward) avanzar*, adelantar; ( further) \<\<knowledge\>\> fomentar, potenciar; \<\<interests/cause\>\> promover*
    2) ( suggest) \<\<idea\>\> presentar, proponer*; \<\<opinion\>\> dar*
    3)
    a) \<\<date/meeting\>\> adelantar
    b) \<\<money/wages\>\> anticipar, adelantar

    II
    1) c u (of person, army, vehicle) avance m; (of civilization, science) avance m, progreso m, adelanto m

    with the advance of old age — con el paso de los años, a medida que envejece (or envejecía etc)

    2) advances pl ( overtures) insinuaciones fpl

    to make advances to somebody — hacerle* insinuaciones a alguien, insinuársele* a alguien

    3) c
    a) ( early payment) anticipo m, adelanto m

    advance on something: they gave me an advance of £100 on my salary — me dieron un adelanto or anticipo de 100 libras a cuenta del sueldo

    b) ( loan) préstamo m

    in advance: to pay in advance pagar* por adelantado or por anticipado; tickets are $10 in advance las entradas cuestan 10 dólares si se compran por adelantado; it was planned well in advance se planeó con mucha antelación or anticipación; thanking you in advance — agradeciéndole de antemano su atención


    III
    adjective (before n)

    without any advance warning o notice — sin previo aviso

    advance paymentpago m anticipado or (por) adelantado

    b)

    advance man — (AmE Pol) relaciones m públicas

    advance man o agent — (AmE Theat) agente m

    [ǝd'vɑːns]
    1. N
    1) (=forward movement) avance m
    2) (=progress) (in science, technology) avance m, adelanto m ; [of disease] avance m

    with the advance of old age — según se va/iba envejeciendo

    3) [of money]
    a) (=initial payment) anticipo m, adelanto m

    she was paid a £530,000 advance for her next novel — le dieron un anticipo or adelanto de 530.000 libras por su próxima novela

    could you give me an advance? — ¿me podría dar un anticipo?

    she got an advance on her salary — consiguió que le anticiparan parte del sueldo

    c) (=loan) préstamo m
    4) (=rise) (in prices) alza f, aumento m

    any advance on £15? — (in auction) ¿alguien ofrece más de 15 libras?, 15 libras ¿alguien da más?

    5) advances (amorous) insinuaciones fpl ; (Pol) intentos mpl de acercamiento

    to make advances to or toward(s) sb — (amorous) insinuarse a algn, hacer insinuaciones a algn

    she rejected his advances — no hizo caso de sus insinuaciones

    6)

    in advance: to let sb know a week in advance — avisar a algn con ocho días de antelación

    to book in advance — reservar con antelación

    the dish may be made in advance — el plato puede prepararse con anterioridad

    in advance of, to arrive in advance of sb — llegar antes que algn

    to be in advance of one's time — adelantarse a su época, estar por delante de su época

    to pay in advance — pagar por adelantado

    to send sb on in advance — mandar a algn por delante

    thanking you in advance — agradeciéndole de antemano

    2. VT
    1) (=move forward) [+ time, date, clock] adelantar; (Mil) [+ troops] avanzar
    2) (=further) [+ plan, knowledge] potenciar; [+ interests] promover, fomentar; [+ career] promocionar; [+ cause, claim] promover; [+ person] (in career) ascender (to a)
    3) (=put forward) [+ idea, opinion, theory] proponer, sugerir; [+ suggestion] hacer; [+ proposal] presentar; [+ opinion] expresar

    he advanced the theory that... — propuso or sugirió la teoría de que...

    4) (=hand over) [+ money] (as initial fee) adelantar, anticipar; (as early wages) adelantar; (as loan) prestar
    3. VI
    1) (=move forward) avanzar

    she advanced across the room — avanzó hacia el otro lado de la habitación

    to advance on sth/sb — (gen) acercarse a algo/algn, avanzar hacia algo/algn

    to advance on sth — (Mil) avanzar sobre algo

    2) (=progress) [science, technology] progresar, adelantarse; [work, society] avanzar; [career] progresar; [person, pupil] hacer progresos, progresar; (in rank) ascender (to a)

    her film career was advancing nicelysu carrera cinematográfica progresaba bien or iba por muy buen camino

    despite his advancing years he was a good player — a pesar de su edad (avanzada) era un buen jugador

    3) (Econ) (=rise) [price] subir
    4.
    CPD

    advance booking Nreserva f anticipada, reserva f por anticipado

    advance booking office N(Brit) taquilla f (de reservas or venta anticipada)

    advance copy N[of book] ejemplar m de muestra; [of speech] copia f (del discurso)

    advance guard N(=reconnaissance group) avanzada f ; (=lookouts) avanzadilla f ; (=mobile unit) brigada f móvil

    advance man N(US) (Pol) responsable de una campaña política

    advance notice Naviso m previo

    meals can be provided with advance notice — con aviso previo, se preparan comidas

    advance party N(=reconnaissance group) avanzada f ; (=lookouts) avanzadilla f

    advance publicity Npromoción f (antes del estreno, lanzamiento etc)

    advance warning Naviso m previo

    * * *

    I
    1. [əd'væns, əd'vɑːns]
    a) \<\<person/vehicle/troops\>\> avanzar*; \<\<science/project/society\>\> avanzar*, progresar

    to advance on somebody/something — avanzar* hacia alguien/sobre algo

    b) advancing pres p

    2.
    vt
    1) ( move forward) avanzar*, adelantar; ( further) \<\<knowledge\>\> fomentar, potenciar; \<\<interests/cause\>\> promover*
    2) ( suggest) \<\<idea\>\> presentar, proponer*; \<\<opinion\>\> dar*
    3)
    a) \<\<date/meeting\>\> adelantar
    b) \<\<money/wages\>\> anticipar, adelantar

    II
    1) c u (of person, army, vehicle) avance m; (of civilization, science) avance m, progreso m, adelanto m

    with the advance of old age — con el paso de los años, a medida que envejece (or envejecía etc)

    2) advances pl ( overtures) insinuaciones fpl

    to make advances to somebody — hacerle* insinuaciones a alguien, insinuársele* a alguien

    3) c
    a) ( early payment) anticipo m, adelanto m

    advance on something: they gave me an advance of £100 on my salary — me dieron un adelanto or anticipo de 100 libras a cuenta del sueldo

    b) ( loan) préstamo m

    in advance: to pay in advance pagar* por adelantado or por anticipado; tickets are $10 in advance las entradas cuestan 10 dólares si se compran por adelantado; it was planned well in advance se planeó con mucha antelación or anticipación; thanking you in advance — agradeciéndole de antemano su atención


    III
    adjective (before n)

    without any advance warning o notice — sin previo aviso

    advance paymentpago m anticipado or (por) adelantado

    b)

    advance man — (AmE Pol) relaciones m públicas

    advance man o agent — (AmE Theat) agente m

    English-spanish dictionary > advance

  • 15 Science

       It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)
       One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conflict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)
       Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)
       A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)
       [Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]
       I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)
       If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)
       Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)
       The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)
       The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)
       The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)
       Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)
       Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)
       This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)
       Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science

  • 16 pass

    1.
    [pɑːs]noun
    1) (passing of an examination) bestandene Prüfung

    get a pass in mathsdie Mathematikprüfung bestehen

    ‘pass’ — (mark or grade) Ausreichend, das

    2) (written permission) Ausweis, der; (for going into or out of a place also) Passierschein, der; (Mil.): (for leave) Urlaubsschein, der; (for free transportation) Freifahrschein, der; (for free admission) Freikarte, die
    3) (critical position) Notlage, die

    things have come to a pretty pass [when...] — es muss schon weit gekommen sein[, wenn...]

    4) (Football) Pass, der (fachspr.); Ballabgabe, die; (Fencing) Ausfall, der

    make a pass to a player — [den Ball] zu einem Spieler passen (fachspr.) od. abgeben

    5)

    make a pass at somebody(fig. coll.): (amorously) jemanden anmachen (ugs.)

    6) (in mountains) Pass, der
    2. intransitive verb
    1) (move onward) [Prozession:] ziehen; [Wasser:] fließen; [Gas:] strömen; (fig.) [Redner:] übergehen (to zu)

    pass further along or down the bus, please! — bitte weiter durchgehen!

    2) (go) passieren; [Zug, Reisender:] fahren ( through durch)

    pass over(in plane) überfliegen [Ort]

    let somebody passjemanden durchlassen od. passieren lassen

    3) (be transported, lit. or fig.) kommen

    pass into history/oblivion — in die Geschichte eingehen/in Vergessenheit geraten

    the title/property passes to somebody — der Titel/Besitz geht auf jemanden über

    4) (change) wechseln
    5) (go by) [Fußgänger:] vorbeigehen; [Fahrer, Fahrzeug:] vorbeifahren; [Prozession:] vorbeiziehen; [Zeit, Sekunde:] vergehen; (by chance) [Person, Fahrzeug:] vorbeikommen

    let somebody/a car pass — jemanden/ein Auto vorbeilassen (ugs.)

    6) (be accepted as adequate) durchgehen; hingehen

    let it/the matter pass — es/die Sache durch- od. hingehen lassen

    7) (come to an end) vorbeigehen; [Fieber:] zurückgehen; [Ärger, Zorn, Sturm:] sich legen; [Gewitter, Unwetter:] vorüberziehen
    8) (happen) passieren; (between persons) vorfallen
    9) (be accepted) durchgehen (as als, for für)
    10) (satisfy examiner) bestehen
    11) (Cards) passen

    pass! — [ich] passe!

    3. transitive verb
    1) (move past) [Fußgänger:] vorbeigehen an (+ Dat.); [Fahrer, Fahrzeug:] vorbeifahren an (+ Dat.); [Prozession:] vorbeiziehen an (+ Dat.)
    2) (overtake) vorbeifahren an (+ Dat.) [Fahrzeug, Person]
    3) (cross) überschreiten [Schwelle, feindliche Linien, Grenze, Marke]
    4) (reach standard in) bestehen [Prüfung]
    5) (approve) verabschieden [Gesetzentwurf]; annehmen [Vorschlag]; [Zensor:] freigeben [Film, Buch, Theaterstück]; bestehen lassen [Prüfungskandidaten]
    6) (be too great for) überschreiten, übersteigen [Auffassungsgabe, Verständnis]
    7) (move) bringen
    8) (Footb. etc.) abgeben (to an + Akk.)
    9) (spend) verbringen [Leben, Zeit, Tag]
    10) (hand)

    would you pass the salt, please? — gibst od. reichst du mir bitte das Salz?

    11) (utter) fällen, verkünden [Urteil]; machen [Bemerkung]
    12) (discharge) lassen [Wasser]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/53812/pass_away">pass away
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to move towards and then beyond (something, by going past, through, by, over etc): I pass the shops on my way to work; The procession passed along the corridor.) vorbeigehen
    2) (to move, give etc from one person, state etc to another: They passed the photographs around; The tradition is passed (on/down) from father to son.) weitergeben
    3) (to go or be beyond: This passes my understanding.) übersteigen
    4) ((of vehicles etc on a road) to overtake: The sports car passed me at a dangerous bend in the road.) überholen
    5) (to spend (time): They passed several weeks in the country.) verbringen
    6) ((of an official group, government etc) to accept or approve: The government has passed a resolution.) annehmen
    7) (to give or announce (a judgement or sentence): The magistrate passed judgement on the prisoner.) fällen
    8) (to end or go away: His sickness soon passed.) vorübergehen
    9) (to (judge to) be successful in (an examination etc): I passed my driving test.) bestehen
    2. noun
    1) (a narrow path between mountains: a mountain pass.) der Paß
    2) (a ticket or card allowing a person to do something, eg to travel free or to get in to a building: You must show your pass before entering.) der Paß
    3) (a successful result in an examination, especially when below a distinction, honours etc: There were ten passes and no fails.) das Bestehen
    4) ((in ball games) a throw, kick, hit etc of the ball from one player to another: The centre-forward made a pass towards the goal.) der Paß
    - passable
    - passing
    - passer-by
    - password
    - in passing
    - let something pass
    - let pass
    - pass as/for
    - pass away
    - pass the buck
    - pass by
    - pass off
    - pass something or someone off as
    - pass off as
    - pass on
    - pass out
    - pass over
    - pass up
    * * *
    [pɑ:s, AM pæs]
    I. NOUN
    <pl -es>
    1. (road) Pass m
    the Khyber \pass der Khaiberpass
    mountain \pass [Gebirgs]pass m
    2. SPORT (of a ball) Pass m (to auf + akk), Vorlage f (für ein Tor)
    3. (sweep: by magician, conjuror) [Hand]bewegung f
    the magician made some \passes with his hands over her body der Zauberer fuhr mit der Hand mehrmals über ihren Körper
    to make a \pass over sth über etw akk fliegen
    the aircraft flew low in a \pass over the ski resort das Flugzeug flog sehr tief über das Skigebiet hinweg
    5. ( fam: sexual advance) Annäherungsversuch m
    to make a \pass at sb sich akk an jdn ranmachen, ÖSTERR bes mit jdm anbandeln fam
    6. BRIT SCH, UNIV (exam success) Bestehen nt einer Prüfung; AM (grade) „Bestanden“
    students just get a \pass or fail in these courses in diesen Kursen können die Studenten nur entweder bestehen oder durchfallen
    to achieve grade A \passes nur Einser bekommen
    to get/obtain a \pass in an exam eine Prüfung bestehen
    7. (permit) Passierschein m; (for a festival) Eintritt m, Eintrittskarte f; (for public transport) [Wochen-/Monats-/Jahres-]karte f
    only people with a \pass are allowed to enter the nuclear power station nur Personen mit einem entsprechenden Ausweis dürfen das Kernkraftwerk betreten
    free \pass Freikarte f
    disabled people have a free \pass for the public transport system Behinderte können die öffentlichen Verkehrsmittel kostenlos benutzen
    8. esp AM SCH (letter of excuse) Entschuldigung f (für das Fernbleiben vom Unterricht)
    9. no pl (predicament) Notlage f, kritische Lage
    this is a \pass — we can't get back into the hotel da haben wir uns ja was Schönes eingebrockt — wir können nicht ins Hotel zurück fam
    it has come to a pretty \pass when... es ist schon weit gekommen, wenn...
    to reach a \pass außer Kontrolle geraten, ausufern
    10. (in fencing) Ausfall m fachspr
    1. (go past)
    to \pass sb/sth an jdm/etw vorbeigehen; (in car) an jdm/etw vorbeifahren
    if you \pass a supermarket, can you get me some milk? würdest du mir Milch mitbringen, wenn du bei einem Supermarkt vorbeikommst?
    to \pass sb/sth jdn/etw überholen
    3. (cross)
    to \pass a frontier eine Grenze überqueren
    not a word \passed his lips kein Wort kam über seine Lippen
    4. (exceed)
    to \pass sth:
    it \passes all belief that... es ist doch wirklich nicht zu fassen, dass...
    don't buy goods which have \passed their sell-by date kauf keine Waren, deren Verfallsdatum bereits abgelaufen ist
    to \pass a limit eine Grenze überschreiten
    to \pass the time limit das Zeitlimit überschreiten
    I'm sorry, you've \passed the time limit es tut mir leid, aber Sie haben überzogen
    5. (hand to)
    to \pass sth to sb [or sb sth] jdm etw geben, jdm etw [herüber]reichen bes geh; (bequeath to) jdm etw vererben
    could you \pass the salt please? könntest du mir bitte mal das Salz geben?
    to \pass the hat [around] ( fig) den Hut herumgehen lassen fig
    to be \passed to sb auf jdn [o in jds Besitz] übergehen
    the responsibility was gradually \passed to the British government die Verantwortung wurde nach und nach der britischen Regierung übertragen
    6. (put into circulation)
    to \pass money Geld in Umlauf bringen
    she was caught trying to \pass forged five pound notes sie wurde dabei erwischt, als sie versuchte, mit gefälschten Fünfpfundnoten zu bezahlen
    he once \passed me a forged fiver er hat mir einmal einen gefälschten Fünfer angedreht fam
    to \pass the ball den Ball abgeben [o abspielen]
    to \pass the ball to sb jdm den Ball zuspielen
    to \pass the baton to sb SPORT den Stab an jdn abgeben
    the baton was \passed smoothly der Stab wurde sauber übergeben
    8. (succeed)
    to \pass an exam/a test eine Prüfung/eine Arbeit bestehen
    to \pass muster akzeptabel sein
    to \pass one's days/holiday [or AM vacation] /time doing sth seine Tage/Ferien/Zeit mit etw dat verbringen
    to \pass the time sich dat die Zeit vertreiben
    to \pass the time of day with sb jdn [nur] kurz grüßen
    I just wanted to \pass the time of day with her, but... ich wollte wirklich nur kurz guten Tag sagen und ein wenig mit ihr plaudern, doch...
    to be \passed law verabschiedet werden
    to \pass a motion einen Antrag genehmigen
    “motion \passed by a clear majority” „Antrag mit deutlicher Mehrheit angenommen“
    to \pass a resolution eine Resolution verabschieden
    the resolution was \passed unanimously die Resolution wurde einstimmig angenommen
    to \pass sb/sth as fit [or suitable] jdn/etw [als] geeignet erklären
    meat \passed as fit for human consumption Fleisch, das für den Verzehr freigegeben wurde
    he was \passed fit for military service er wurde für wehrdiensttauglich erklärt
    the censors \passed the film as suitable for children die Zensurstelle gab den Film für Kinder frei
    to \pass a comment einen Kommentar abgeben
    to \pass a comment on sb eine Bemerkung über jdn machen
    to \pass judgement on sb/sth ein Urteil über jdn/etw fällen, über jdn/etw ein Urteil abgeben
    to \pass one's opinion seine Meinung sagen
    to \pass a remark eine Bemerkung machen
    she's been \passing remarks about me behind my back sie ist hinter meinem Rücken über mich hergezogen
    to \pass sentence [on sb] LAW das Urteil [über jdn] fällen
    12. MED ( form: excrete)
    to \pass blood Blut im Stuhl/Urin haben
    to \pass faeces Kot ausscheiden
    to \pass urine urinieren
    to \pass water Wasser lassen
    13. FIN
    to \pass a dividend eine Dividende ausfallen lassen
    14.
    to \pass the buck to sb/sth ( fam) die Verantwortung auf jdn/etw abwälzen fam, jdm/etw den Schwarzen Peter zuschieben fam
    1. (move by) vorbeigehen, vorbeilaufen, vorbeikommen; road vorbeiführen; parade vorbeiziehen, vorüberziehen; car vorbeifahren
    we often \passed on the stairs wir sind uns oft im Treppenhaus begegnet
    the Queen \passed among the crowd die Königin mischte sich unter die Menge
    the planes \passed noisily overhead die Flugzeuge donnerten vorbei fam
    the bullet \passed between her shoulder blades die Kugel ging genau zwischen ihren Schulterblättern durch
    if you \pass by a chemist... wenn du an einer Apotheke vorbeikommst...
    a momentary look of anxiety \passed across his face ( fig) für einen kurzen Moment überschattete ein Ausdruck der Besorgnis seine Miene
    to \pass out of sight außer Sichtweite geraten
    to \pass unnoticed unbemerkt bleiben
    to \pass over sth plane über etw akk hinwegfliegen
    to \pass under sth unter etw dat hindurchgehen; (by car) unter etw dat hindurchfahren; road unter etw dat hindurchführen
    2. (overtake) überholen
    3. (enter) eintreten, hereinkommen
    may I \pass? kann ich hereinkommen?
    that helps prevent fats \passing into the bloodstream das verhindert, dass Fette in die Blutbahn gelangen
    to allow sb to [or let sb] \pass jdn durchlassen
    they shall not \pass! sie werden nicht durchkommen! (Kampfruf der Antifaschisten)
    4. (go away) vergehen, vorübergehen, vorbeigehen
    it'll soon \pass das ist bald vorüber
    I felt a bit nauseous, but the feeling \passed mir war ein bisschen schlecht, aber das ging auch wieder vorbei
    for a moment she thought she'd die but the moment \passed für einen kurzen Moment lang dachte sie, sie würde sterben
    I let a golden opportunity \pass ich habe mir eine einmalige Gelegenheit entgehen lassen
    to \pass from sth to sth von etw dat zu etw dat übergehen
    wax \passes from solid to liquid when you heat it beim Erhitzen wird festes Wachs flüssig
    the water \passes from a liquid state to a solid state when frozen Wasser wird fest, wenn es gefriert
    all these English words have \passed into the German language all diese englischen Wörter sind in die deutsche Sprache eingegangen
    to \pass into oblivion in Vergessenheit geraten
    no words have \passed between us since our divorce seit unserer Scheidung haben wir kein einziges Wort miteinander gewechselt
    the looks \passing between them suggested that... die Blicke, die sie miteinander wechselten, ließen darauf schließen, dass...
    greetings were \passed between them sie begrüßten sich
    8. SPORT (of a ball) zuspielen, [den Ball] abgeben [o abspielen
    9. SCH (succeed) bestehen, durchkommen
    he \passed at the fifth attempt er bestand die Prüfung im fünften Anlauf
    10. (go by) time vergehen, verstreichen
    the evening \passed without incident der Abend verlief ohne Zwischenfälle
    11. (not answer) passen [müssen]
    \pass — I don't know the answer ich passe — ich weiß es nicht
    the contestant \passed on four questions der Wettbewerbsteilnehmer musste bei vier Fragen passen
    12. (forgo)
    to \pass on sth auf etw akk verzichten
    I don't think you'll \pass as 18 keiner wird dir abnehmen, dass du 18 bist
    do you think this jacket and trousers could \pass as a suit? meinst du, ich kann diese Jacke und die Hose als Anzug anziehen?
    he could \pass as a German in our new film für unseren neuen Film könnte er als Deutscher durchgehen
    14. CARDS passen
    15. ( old)
    and it come to \pass that... und da begab es sich, dass...
    * * *
    [pAːs]
    1. n
    1) (= permit) Ausweis m; (MIL ETC) Passierschein m

    a free pass — eine Freikarte; (permanent) ein Sonderausweis m

    2) (Brit UNIV) Bestehen nt einer Prüfung

    to get a pass in German — seine Deutschprüfung bestehen; (lowest level) seine Deutschprüfung mit "ausreichend" bestehen

    3) (GEOG, SPORT) Pass m; (FTBL, for shot at goal) Vorlage f
    4) (FENCING) Ausfall m
    5) (= movement by conjurer, hypnotist) Bewegung f, Geste f

    the conjurer made a few quick passes with his hand over the top of the hat — der Zauberer fuhr mit der Hand ein paar Mal schnell über dem Hut hin und her

    6)

    things had come to such a pass that... — die Lage hatte sich so zugespitzt, dass...

    things have come to a pretty pass when... — so weit ist es schon gekommen, dass...

    7)
    8) (AVIAT)

    on its fourth pass over the area the plane was almost hit —

    the pilot made two passes over the landing strip before deciding to come down — der Pilot passierte die Landebahn zweimal, ehe er sich zur Landung entschloss

    2. vt
    1) (= move past) vorbeigehen/-fahren/-fliegen an (+dat)
    2) (= overtake) athlete, car überholen
    3) (= cross) frontier etc überschreiten, überqueren, passieren; deadline überschreiten
    4) (= reach, hand) reichen

    pass (me) the salt, please

    the characteristics which he passed to his son — die Eigenschaften, die er an seinen Sohn weitergab

    5)

    it passes my comprehension that... —

    love which passes all understanding — Liebe, die jenseits allen Verstehens liegt

    6) (UNIV ETC) exam bestehen; candidate bestehen lassen
    7)
    8) (= approve) motion annehmen; plan gutheißen, genehmigen; (PARL) verabschieden
    9) (SPORT)

    you should learn to pass the ball and not hang on to it — du solltest lernen abzuspielen, statt am Ball zu kleben

    10) forged bank notes weitergeben
    11)

    he passed his hand across his foreheader fuhr sich (dat) mit der Hand über die Stirn

    12) (= spend) time verbringen

    he did it just to pass the timeer tat das nur, um sich (dat) die Zeit zu vertreiben

    13) remark von sich geben; opinion abgeben; (JUR) sentence verhängen; judgement fällen
    14) (= discharge) excrement, blood absondern, ausscheiden
    3. vi
    1) (= move past) vorbeigehen/-fahren

    the street was too narrow for the cars to passdie Straße war so eng, dass die Wagen nicht aneinander vorbeikamen

    we passed in the corridor —

    2) (= overtake) überholen
    3)

    (= move, go) no letters passed between them — sie wechselten keine Briefe

    if you pass by the grocer's... —

    the procession passed down the street —

    the virus passes easily from one person to another —

    expressions which have passed into/out of the language — Redensarten, die in die Sprache eingegangen sind/aus der Sprache verschwunden sind

    to pass into history/legend — in die Geschichte/Legende eingehen

    to pass out of sight —

    he passed out of our liveser ist aus unserem Leben verschwunden

    everything he said just passed over my head — was er sagte, war mir alles zu hoch

    I'll just pass quickly over the main points again —

    the crown always passes to the eldest son —

    he passed under the archway — er ging/fuhr durch das Tor

    4) (time) vergehen; (deadline) verfallen
    5) (= disappear, end anger, hope, era etc) vorübergehen, vorbeigehen; (storm) (= go over) vorüberziehen; (= abate) sich legen; (rain) vorbeigehen
    6) (= be acceptable) gehen

    let it pass! — vergiss es!, vergessen wirs!

    7) (= be considered, be accepted) angesehen werden (for or as sth als etw)

    this little room has to pass for an office —

    8) (in exam) bestehen

    did you pass in chemistry?hast du deine Chemieprüfung bestanden?

    9) (SPORT) abspielen

    to pass to sb — jdm zuspielen, an jdn abgeben

    10) (CARDS) passen

    pass (in quiz etc)passe!

    11) (old

    = happen) to come to pass — sich begeben

    and it came to pass in those days... — und es begab sich zu jener Zeit...

    12) (US euph = die) sterben
    * * *
    pass [pɑːs; US pæs]
    A v/t
    1. a) etwas passieren, vorbei-, vorübergehen, -fahren, -fließen, -kommen, -reiten, -ziehen an (dat)
    b) Tennis: jemanden passieren
    2. vorbeifahren an (dat), überholen ( auch AUTO):
    3. fig übergehen, -springen, keine Notiz nehmen von
    4. WIRTSCH eine Dividende ausfallen lassen
    5. eine Schranke, ein Hindernis passieren
    6. durch-, überschreiten, durchqueren, -reiten, -reisen, -ziehen, passieren:
    pass a river einen Fluss überqueren
    7. durchschneiden (Linie)
    8. a) ein Examen bestehen
    b) einen Prüfling bestehen oder durchkommen lassen:
    pass sb (as) fit ( oder ready) for work MED jemanden gesundschreiben
    c) etwas durchgehen lassen
    9. fig hinausgehen über (akk), übersteigen, -schreiten, -treffen:
    it passes my comprehension ( oder understanding) es geht über meinen Verstand oder Horizont;
    just passing seventeen gerade erst siebzehn Jahre alt
    10. (durch etwas) hindurchleiten, -führen (beide, auch TECH), auch die Hand gleiten lassen:
    he passed his hand over his forehead er fuhr sich mit der Hand über die Stirn
    11. (durch ein Sieb) passieren, durchseihen
    12. vorbei-, durchlassen, passieren lassen
    13. Zeit ver-, zubringen:
    pass the time reading sich die Zeit mit Lesen vertreiben; time A 4
    14. einen Gegenstand reichen, geben, ( auch JUR Falschgeld) weitergeben:
    pass me the salt, please reichen Sie mir bitte das Salz; buck1 A 8, hat Bes Redew
    15. übersenden, auch einen Funkspruch befördern
    16. SPORT den Ball abspielen, passen ( beide:
    to zu):
    pass the ball auch abspielen
    17. JUR Eigentum, einen Rechtstitel übertragen, (letztwillig) zukommen lassen
    18. einen Vorschlag durchbringen, -setzen, ein Gesetz verabschieden, eine Resolution annehmen
    19. abgeben, übertragen:
    pass the chair den Vorsitz abgeben ( to sb an jemanden)
    20. rechtskräftig machen
    21. (als gültig) anerkennen, gelten lassen, genehmigen
    22. (on, upon) eine Meinung äußern (über akk), eine Bemerkung fallen lassen oder machen, einen Kommentar geben (zu), ein Kompliment machen:
    pass criticism on Kritik üben an (dat);
    pass an opinion on auch sich äußern über (akk) oder zu
    23. ein Urteil abgeben, fällen, JUR auch sprechen ( alle:
    on, upon über akk)
    24. MED
    a) Eiter, Nierensteine etc ausscheiden
    b) den Darm entleeren
    c) Wasser lassen
    25. ein Türschloss öffnen
    B v/i
    1. sich (fort)bewegen, (von einem Ort zu einem andern) gehen, reiten, fahren, ziehen etc
    2. vorbei-, vorübergehen, -fahren, -ziehen etc (by an dat), AUTO überholen:
    let sb pass jemanden vorbei- oder durchlassen
    3. fahren etc ( through durch):
    it has just passed through my mind fig es ist mir eben durch den Kopf gegangen
    4. übergehen (to auf akk; into the hands of in die Hände gen), übertragen werden (to auf akk), fallen (to an akk):
    it passes to the heirs es geht auf die Erben über, es fällt an die Erben
    5. durchkommen, (die Prüfung) bestehen
    6. übergehen:
    pass from a solid (in)to a liquid state vom festen in den flüssigen Zustand übergehen
    7. vergehen, vorübergehen (Zeit etc, auch Schmerz etc), verstreichen (Zeit):
    the pain will pass der Schmerz wird vergehen;
    fashions pass Moden kommen und gehen
    8. euph entschlafen
    9. sich zutragen, sich abspielen, vor sich gehen, passieren:
    it came to pass that … besonders BIBEL es begab sich oder es geschah, dass …;
    bring sth to pass etwas bewirken
    10. harsh words passed between them es fielen harte Worte zwischen ihnen oder bei ihrer Auseinandersetzung
    11. (for, as) gelten (für, als), gehalten werden (für), angesehen werden (für):
    he passes for a much younger man er wird für viel jünger gehalten;
    this passes for gold das soll angeblich Gold sein
    12. a) an-, hingehen, leidlich sein
    b) durchgehen, unbeanstandet bleiben, geduldet werden:
    let sth pass etwas durchgehen oder gelten lassen;
    let that pass reden wir nicht mehr davon
    13. PARL etc durchgehen, bewilligt oder zum Gesetz erhoben werden, Rechtskraft erlangen
    14. angenommen werden, gelten, (als gültig) anerkannt werden
    15. gangbar sein, Geltung finden (Grundsätze, Ideen)
    16. JUR gefällt werden, ergehen (Urteil, Entscheidung)
    17. MED abgehen, abgeführt oder ausgeschieden werden
    18. SPORT (den Ball) abspielen oder passen (to zu):
    pass back to the goalkeeper (Fußball) zum Torhüter zurückspielen
    19. Kartenspiel: passen:
    (I) pass! a. fig ich passe!;
    I pass on that! fig da muss ich passen!
    C s
    1. a) (Gebirgs)Pass m:
    (narrow) pass Engpass;
    hold the pass fig obs sich behaupten;
    sell the pass fig obs abtrünnig werden
    b) Durchfahrt f
    c) schiffbarer Kanal
    2. a) Ausweis m, Passier-, Erlaubnisschein m
    b) besonders free pass Freikarte f, BAHN etc Freifahrkarte f, -schein m
    3. MIL Urlaubsschein m
    4. besonders Br Bestehen n (einer Prüfung):
    get a pass in physics seine Physikprüfung bestehen
    5. fig
    a) Schritt m, Abschnitt m
    b) umg (schlimme) Lage:
    things have come to a fine ( oder pretty, sorry) pass es ist ganz schön weit gekommen
    6. make a pass over fig etwas überfliegen
    7. a) Handbewegung f (eines Zauberkünstlers)
    b) manueller (Zauber)Trick
    8. Bestreichung f, Strich m (beim Hypnotisieren etc)
    9. Maltechnik: Strich m
    10. SPORT Pass m, Ab-, Zuspiel n:
    from a pass by auf Pass von
    11. Kartenspiel: Passen n
    12. Fechten: Ausfall m
    13. make a pass at umg Annäherungsversuche machen bei
    14. TECH Durchlauf m (abgeschlossener Arbeitszyklus)
    * * *
    1.
    [pɑːs]noun
    1) (passing of an examination) bestandene Prüfung

    ‘pass’ — (mark or grade) Ausreichend, das

    2) (written permission) Ausweis, der; (for going into or out of a place also) Passierschein, der; (Mil.): (for leave) Urlaubsschein, der; (for free transportation) Freifahrschein, der; (for free admission) Freikarte, die
    3) (critical position) Notlage, die

    things have come to a pretty pass [when...] — es muss schon weit gekommen sein[, wenn...]

    4) (Football) Pass, der (fachspr.); Ballabgabe, die; (Fencing) Ausfall, der

    make a pass to a player — [den Ball] zu einem Spieler passen (fachspr.) od. abgeben

    5)

    make a pass at somebody(fig. coll.): (amorously) jemanden anmachen (ugs.)

    6) (in mountains) Pass, der
    2. intransitive verb
    1) (move onward) [Prozession:] ziehen; [Wasser:] fließen; [Gas:] strömen; (fig.) [Redner:] übergehen (to zu)

    pass further along or down the bus, please! — bitte weiter durchgehen!

    2) (go) passieren; [Zug, Reisender:] fahren ( through durch)

    pass over (in plane) überfliegen [Ort]

    let somebody passjemanden durchlassen od. passieren lassen

    3) (be transported, lit. or fig.) kommen

    pass into history/oblivion — in die Geschichte eingehen/in Vergessenheit geraten

    the title/property passes to somebody — der Titel/Besitz geht auf jemanden über

    4) (change) wechseln
    5) (go by) [Fußgänger:] vorbeigehen; [Fahrer, Fahrzeug:] vorbeifahren; [Prozession:] vorbeiziehen; [Zeit, Sekunde:] vergehen; (by chance) [Person, Fahrzeug:] vorbeikommen

    let somebody/a car pass — jemanden/ein Auto vorbeilassen (ugs.)

    6) (be accepted as adequate) durchgehen; hingehen

    let it/the matter pass — es/die Sache durch- od. hingehen lassen

    7) (come to an end) vorbeigehen; [Fieber:] zurückgehen; [Ärger, Zorn, Sturm:] sich legen; [Gewitter, Unwetter:] vorüberziehen
    8) (happen) passieren; (between persons) vorfallen
    9) (be accepted) durchgehen (as als, for für)
    10) (satisfy examiner) bestehen
    11) (Cards) passen

    pass! — [ich] passe!

    3. transitive verb
    1) (move past) [Fußgänger:] vorbeigehen an (+ Dat.); [Fahrer, Fahrzeug:] vorbeifahren an (+ Dat.); [Prozession:] vorbeiziehen an (+ Dat.)
    2) (overtake) vorbeifahren an (+ Dat.) [Fahrzeug, Person]
    3) (cross) überschreiten [Schwelle, feindliche Linien, Grenze, Marke]
    4) (reach standard in) bestehen [Prüfung]
    5) (approve) verabschieden [Gesetzentwurf]; annehmen [Vorschlag]; [Zensor:] freigeben [Film, Buch, Theaterstück]; bestehen lassen [Prüfungskandidaten]
    6) (be too great for) überschreiten, übersteigen [Auffassungsgabe, Verständnis]
    7) (move) bringen
    8) (Footb. etc.) abgeben (to an + Akk.)
    9) (spend) verbringen [Leben, Zeit, Tag]
    10) (hand)

    would you pass the salt, please? — gibst od. reichst du mir bitte das Salz?

    11) (utter) fällen, verkünden [Urteil]; machen [Bemerkung]
    12) (discharge) lassen [Wasser]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    (§ pl.: passes)
    = Arbeitsgang m.
    Ausweis -e m.
    Durchgang m.
    Durchlauf m.
    Pass ¨-e m. (US) v.
    überholen v. (by) (time) v.
    verfließen (Zeit) v. (by) v.
    vorbeigehen (an) v. v.
    ablaufen v.
    absolvieren (Prüfung) v.
    passieren v.

    English-german dictionary > pass

  • 17 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 18 know

    nəu
    past tense - knew; verb
    1) (to be aware of or to have been informed about: He knows everything; I know he is at home because his car is in the drive; He knows all about it; I know of no reason why you cannot go.) saber, conocer
    2) (to have learned and to remember: He knows a lot of poetry.) saber, conocer
    3) (to be aware of the identity of; to be friendly with: I know Mrs Smith - she lives near me.) conocer
    4) (to (be able to) recognize or identify: You would hardly know her now - she has become very thin; He knows a good car when he sees one.) reconocer
    - knowingly
    - know-all
    - know-how
    - in the know
    - know backwards
    - know better
    - know how to
    - know the ropes

    know vb
    1. saber
    do you know what time it is? ¿sabes qué hora es?
    2. conocer
    do you know Madrid? ¿conoces Madrid?
    tr[nəʊ]
    transitive verb (pt knew tr[njʊː], pp known tr[nəʊn])
    do you know Colin? conoces a Colin?
    this building is known as "La Pedrera' este edificio se conoce como "La Pedrera"
    2 (recognize) reconocer
    do you know English? ¿sabes inglés?
    do you know where the station is? ¿sabe dónde está la estación?
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    I know! ¡lo sé!, ¡ya lo sé!
    who knows? ¿quién sabe?
    as far as I know que yo sepa
    for all I know ¡vete a saber!
    he could be dead for all I know podría estar muerto, ¡vete a saber!
    don't I know it! ¿y me lo dices a mí?, ¡ni que lo digas!
    how should I know? ¿yo qué sé?
    if only I'd known! ¡haberlo sabido!
    not that I know of que yo sepa, no
    to know apart saber distinguir
    to know... from... distinguir entre... y...
    you know what? ¿sabes qué?
    you never know nunca se sabe
    I know what! ¡ya lo tengo!
    I might've known debí imaginármelo
    to be in the know estar enterado,-a
    to get to know somebody (llegar a) conocer a alguien
    you know best tú sabes mejor que yo, sabes lo que más te conviene
    to know better tener más juicio
    you ought to know better at your age! ¡a tu edad deberías saber comportarte mejor!
    to know by sight conocer de vista
    to know how to do something saber hacer algo
    to know what one's talking about hablar con conocimiento de causa
    to make oneself known presentarse, darse a conocer
    don't know (in survey) persona que no sabe, no contesta
    know ['no:] v, knew ['nu:, 'nju:] ; known ['no:n] ; knowing vt
    1) : saber
    he knows the answer: sabe la respuesta
    2) : conocer (a una persona, un lugar)
    do you know Julia?: ¿conoces a Julia?
    3) recognize: reconocer
    4) discern, distinguish: distinguir, discernir
    5)
    know vi
    : saber
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: knew, known) = conocer v.
    (§pres: conozco, conoces...)
    reconocer v.
    (§pres: reconozco, reconoces...)
    saber v.
    (§pres: sé, sabes...) subj: sep-
    pret: sup-
    fut/c: sabr-•)

    I
    1. nəʊ
    (past knew; past p known) transitive verb
    1)
    a) (have knowledge of, be aware of) saber*

    I don't know his name/how old he is — no sé cómo se llama/cuántos años tiene

    to know something ABOUT something — saber* algo de algo

    not to know the first thing about something — no saber* nada or no tener* ni idea de algo

    how was I to know that... ? — ¿cómo iba yo a saber que... ?

    I don't know that I agree/that I'll be able to come — no sé si estoy de acuerdo/si podré ir

    I'll have you know that... — has de saber que..., para que sepas,...

    you know what he's like — ya sabes cómo es (él), ya lo conoces

    before I knew where I was, it was ten o'clock — cuando quise darme cuenta, eran las diez

    it is well known that... — todo el mundo sabe que...

    it soon became known that... — pronto se supo que...

    to be known to + INF: he's known to be dangerous se sabe que es peligroso; I know that for a fact me consta que es así; to let somebody know something decirle* algo a alguien, hacerle* saber or comunicarle* algo a alguien (frml); ( warn) avisarle algo a alguien; let me know how much it's going to cost dime cuánto va a costar; he let it be known that... dio a entender que...; to make something known to somebody hacerle* saber algo a alguien; without our knowing it sin saberlo nosotros, sin que lo supiéramos; there's no knowing what he might do quién sabe qué hará; do you know what! ¿sabes qué?; I know what: let's go skating! tengo una idea: vayamos a patinar!; wouldn't you know it: it's starting to rain! no te digo, se ha puesto a llover!; not to know which way o where to turn no saber* qué hacer; to know something backwards: she knows her part backwards — se sabe el papel al dedillo or al revés y al derecho

    b) ( have practical understanding of) \<\<French/shorthand\>\> saber*
    c) (have skill, ability)

    to know how to + INF — saber* + inf

    2)
    a) ( be acquainted with) \<\<person/place\>\> conocer*

    how well do you know her? — ¿la conoces mucho or bien?

    I only know her by namela conozco or (AmL tb) la ubico sólo de nombre

    you know me/him: ever the optimist — ya me/lo conoces: siempre tan optimista

    to get to know somebody: how did they get to know each other? ¿cómo se conocieron?; I got to know him better/quite well llegué a conocerlo mejor/bastante bien; to get to know something \<\<subject/job\>\> familiarizarse* con algo; we knew her as Mrs Balfour — para nosotros era la Sra Balfour

    he has known poverty/success — ha conocido la pobreza/el éxito

    he knows no fearno sabe lo que es or no conoce el miedo

    c) ( be restricted by) (liter) tener*
    3)
    a) (recognize, identify) reconocer*

    to know something/somebody BY something — reconocer* algo/a alguien por algo

    to know something/somebody FROM something/somebody — distinguir* algo/a alguien de algo/alguien

    I don't know one from the other — no los distingo, no distingo al uno del otro

    4) (see, experience) (only in perfect tenses)

    2.
    vi saber*

    what happened? - nobody knows — ¿qué pasó? - no se sabe

    how do you know? — ¿cómo lo sabes?

    I won't argue: you know best — no voy a discutir: tú sabrás

    I know! — ya sé!, tengo una idea!

    I'm not stupid, you know! — oye, que no soy tonto ¿eh? or ¿sabes?

    to know ABOUT something/somebody: he knows about computers sabe or entiende de computadoras; did you know about John? ¿sabías lo de John?, ¿estabas enterado de lo de John?; can I invite him? - I don't know about that, we'll have to see ¿lo puedo invitar? - no sé, veremos; to get to know about something enterarse de algo; to know OF something/somebody: she knew of their activities tenía conocimiento or estaba enterada de sus actividades; not that I know of que yo sepa, no; do you know of a good carpenter? ¿conoces a or sabes de algún carpintero bueno?; I don't actually know her, I know of her — no la conozco personalmente, sólo de oídas


    II

    to be in the knowestar* enterado

    [nǝʊ] (pt knew) (pp known)
    1. TRANSITIVE VERB
    Look up set combinations such as know the ropes, know one's stuff, know sth backward at the other word.
    1) (=be aware of)
    a) [+ facts, dates etc] saber

    to know the difference between... — saber la diferencia entre...

    she knows a lot about chemistry — sabe mucho de química

    I know nothing about it, I don't know anything about it — no sé nada de eso

    he knows all the answerslo sabe todo

    one minute you're leaving school, then before you know it, you've got a family to support — dejas el colegio y al minuto siguiente, antes de darte cuenta, tienes una familia que mantener

    to know why/when/where/if — saber por qué/cuándo/dónde/si

    do you know how he did that? — ¿sabes cómo lo hizo?

    I'll or I'd have you know that... — que sepas que..., para que te enteres,...

    you haven't time, as well he knew — no tienes tiempo, como él bien sabía

    you know as well as I do that... — sabes tan bien como yo que...

    to know whatsaber qué or lo que

    I know what I saidya sé qué or lo que dije

    I don't know whether or not you've heard, but... — no sé si has oído o no pero...

    - know what's what

    I knew it! — ¡lo sabía!

    that's all you know! * — ¡y más que podría yo contarte!

    don't I know it! — ¡a mí me lo vas a contar!

    "she's furious" - "don't I know it?" — -está furiosa -¡a mí me lo vas a contar!

    how was I to know that...? — ¿cómo iba yo a saber que...?

    I should have known you'd mess things up! — debería haberme figurado or imaginado que ibas a estropear las cosas

    do you know what, I think she did it! — ¿sabes una cosa? creo que lo hizo ella

    I know what, let's drop in on Daphne! — ¡ya sé! ¡vamos a pasarnos por casa de Daphne!

    you know what you can do with it! * — ¡mételo por donde te quepa! **

    (well,) what do you know! * — ¿qué te parece?, ¡fíjate!, ¡mira nomás! (LAm)

    what does he know about dictionaries! — ¡qué sabrá él de diccionarios!

    Peter, wouldn't you know it, can't come! — Peter, como era de esperar, no puede venir

    d)

    to know to do sth >: does he know to feed the rabbits? * — ¿sabe que tiene que dar de comer a los conejos?

    2) (=be acquainted with) [+ person, place] conocer; [+ subject] saber

    do you know him? — ¿lo conoces?

    to know one's classics/linguistic theory — saberse los clásicos/la teoría lingüística

    most of us know him only as a comedian — la mayoría de nosotros lo conocemos solo como comediante

    don't you know me better than that! — ¿o es que no me conoces?, ¡como si no me conocieras!

    to know sb by sight/name — conocer a algn de vista/de nombre

    she knew him for a liar and a cheat — sabía que era un mentiroso y un tramposo

    they know each other from university — se conocen de la universidad

    if I know him, he'll say no — me apuesto a que dice que no

    she knows her own mindsabe lo que quiere

    I've never known him to smile — nunca lo he visto sonreír

    I don't know him to speak to — no lo conozco personalmente

    4) (=understand)

    I don't know how you can say thatno sé or no entiendo cómo puedes decir eso

    you know what I mean — ya me entiendes, ya sabes lo que quiero decir

    I know the problem!conozco el problema

    I know the problems that arise when... — sé los problemas que surgen cuando...

    5) (=recognize) reconocer

    I knew him by his voice — le reconocí por la voz

    to know right from wrong — saber distinguir el bien del mal

    6) (=be certain)

    I don't know if or that it's a very good idea — no sé si es una buena idea, no estoy seguro de que sea una buena idea

    7) †† (sexually)
    to get to know sb (llegar a) conocer a algn to get to know sth

    as you get to know the piece better... — cuando conoces mejor la pieza..., cuando estás más familiarizado con la pieza...

    to let sb know...
    2. INTRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (gen) saber

    yes, I know — si, ya lo sé

    he doesn't know any betterno sabe lo que hace

    he thinks he's going to get the job, but I know better — cree que va a conseguir el trabajo, pero yo sé mejor lo que cabe esperar

    you ought to know better than to... — ya deberías saber que no se puede...

    how should I know? — ¿cómo iba yo a saberlo?

    I know, let's... — ya sé, vamos a...

    one never knows, you never know — nunca se sabe

    there's no (way of) knowing — no hay manera de saberlo

    afterwards they just don't want to know — (in relationships) después "si te he visto no me acuerdo"; (in business) después no quieren saber nada del asunto

    who knows? — ¿quién sabe?

    "was she annoyed about it?" - "I wouldn't know" — -¿se enfadó por eso? -¿y yo que sé?

    it's not easy, you know — no es fácil, sabes

    you know, I think I'm beginning to like Richard — ¿sabes? creo que me está empezando a gustar Richard

    all 2., 4) to know about

    to know about sth/sb: did you know about Paul? — ¿te has enterado de or sabes lo de Paul?

    I didn't know about the accident — no me había enterado de lo del accidente, no sabía nada de lo del accidente

    "you must be delighted!" - "I don't know about that" — ¡debes estar encantado! -no sé qué decirte

    "you're a genius!" - "oh, I don't know about that" — -¡eres un genio! -hombre, no sé qué decirte

    "I'm taking tomorrow off" - "I don't know about that!" — -mañana me tomo el día libre -no sé, habrá que ver

    I don't know about you, but I think it's terrible — a ti no sé, pero a mí me parece terrible

    to get to know about sth enterarse de algo to know of (=be acquainted with) conocer

    the first I knew of it was when Pete told me — lo primero que oí or supe del asunto fue lo que me dijo Pete

    not that I know of — que yo sepa, no

    to let sb know

    we'll let you know — ya te diremos lo que sea, ya te avisaremos

    why didn't you let me know? — ¿por qué no me lo dijiste?

    3.
    NOUN

    to be in the know *(=well-informed) estar enterado; (=privy to sth) estar al tanto or al corriente

    * * *

    I
    1. [nəʊ]
    (past knew; past p known) transitive verb
    1)
    a) (have knowledge of, be aware of) saber*

    I don't know his name/how old he is — no sé cómo se llama/cuántos años tiene

    to know something ABOUT something — saber* algo de algo

    not to know the first thing about something — no saber* nada or no tener* ni idea de algo

    how was I to know that... ? — ¿cómo iba yo a saber que... ?

    I don't know that I agree/that I'll be able to come — no sé si estoy de acuerdo/si podré ir

    I'll have you know that... — has de saber que..., para que sepas,...

    you know what he's like — ya sabes cómo es (él), ya lo conoces

    before I knew where I was, it was ten o'clock — cuando quise darme cuenta, eran las diez

    it is well known that... — todo el mundo sabe que...

    it soon became known that... — pronto se supo que...

    to be known to + INF: he's known to be dangerous se sabe que es peligroso; I know that for a fact me consta que es así; to let somebody know something decirle* algo a alguien, hacerle* saber or comunicarle* algo a alguien (frml); ( warn) avisarle algo a alguien; let me know how much it's going to cost dime cuánto va a costar; he let it be known that... dio a entender que...; to make something known to somebody hacerle* saber algo a alguien; without our knowing it sin saberlo nosotros, sin que lo supiéramos; there's no knowing what he might do quién sabe qué hará; do you know what! ¿sabes qué?; I know what: let's go skating! tengo una idea: vayamos a patinar!; wouldn't you know it: it's starting to rain! no te digo, se ha puesto a llover!; not to know which way o where to turn no saber* qué hacer; to know something backwards: she knows her part backwards — se sabe el papel al dedillo or al revés y al derecho

    b) ( have practical understanding of) \<\<French/shorthand\>\> saber*
    c) (have skill, ability)

    to know how to + INF — saber* + inf

    2)
    a) ( be acquainted with) \<\<person/place\>\> conocer*

    how well do you know her? — ¿la conoces mucho or bien?

    I only know her by namela conozco or (AmL tb) la ubico sólo de nombre

    you know me/him: ever the optimist — ya me/lo conoces: siempre tan optimista

    to get to know somebody: how did they get to know each other? ¿cómo se conocieron?; I got to know him better/quite well llegué a conocerlo mejor/bastante bien; to get to know something \<\<subject/job\>\> familiarizarse* con algo; we knew her as Mrs Balfour — para nosotros era la Sra Balfour

    he has known poverty/success — ha conocido la pobreza/el éxito

    he knows no fearno sabe lo que es or no conoce el miedo

    c) ( be restricted by) (liter) tener*
    3)
    a) (recognize, identify) reconocer*

    to know something/somebody BY something — reconocer* algo/a alguien por algo

    to know something/somebody FROM something/somebody — distinguir* algo/a alguien de algo/alguien

    I don't know one from the other — no los distingo, no distingo al uno del otro

    4) (see, experience) (only in perfect tenses)

    2.
    vi saber*

    what happened? - nobody knows — ¿qué pasó? - no se sabe

    how do you know? — ¿cómo lo sabes?

    I won't argue: you know best — no voy a discutir: tú sabrás

    I know! — ya sé!, tengo una idea!

    I'm not stupid, you know! — oye, que no soy tonto ¿eh? or ¿sabes?

    to know ABOUT something/somebody: he knows about computers sabe or entiende de computadoras; did you know about John? ¿sabías lo de John?, ¿estabas enterado de lo de John?; can I invite him? - I don't know about that, we'll have to see ¿lo puedo invitar? - no sé, veremos; to get to know about something enterarse de algo; to know OF something/somebody: she knew of their activities tenía conocimiento or estaba enterada de sus actividades; not that I know of que yo sepa, no; do you know of a good carpenter? ¿conoces a or sabes de algún carpintero bueno?; I don't actually know her, I know of her — no la conozco personalmente, sólo de oídas


    II

    to be in the knowestar* enterado

    English-spanish dictionary > know

  • 19 understand

    1. past tense, past participle - understood; verb
    1) (to see or know the meaning of (something): I can't understand his absence; Speak slowly to foreigners so that they'll understand you.) comprender, entender
    2) (to know (eg a person) thoroughly: She understands children/dogs.) comprender, entender
    3) (to learn or realize (something), eg from information received: At first I didn't understand how ill she was; I understood that you were planning to leave today.) comprender, entender; tener entendido
    - understanding
    2. noun
    1) (the power of thinking clearly: a man of great understanding.) inteligencia, entendimiento
    2) (the ability to sympathize with another person's feelings: His kindness and understanding were a great comfort to her.) comprensión
    3) (a (state of) informal agreement: The two men have come to / reached an understanding after their disagreement.) entendimiento
    - make oneself understood
    - make understood
    understand vb entender / comprender
    are you sure that you understand it all? ¿estás seguro de que lo entiendes todo?
    tr[ʌndə'stænd]
    transitive verb (pt & pp understood tr[ʌndə'stʊd])
    1 entender, comprender
    2 (believe) tener entendido
    4 (take for granted) sobreentender
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to give to understand dar a entender
    understand [.ʌndər'stænd] v, - stood [-'stʊd;] ; - standing vt
    1) comprehend: comprender, entender
    I don't understand it: no lo entiendo
    that's understood: eso se comprende
    to make oneself understood: hacerse entender
    2) believe: entender
    to give someone to understand: dar a alguien a entender
    3) infer: tener entendido
    I understand that she's leaving: tengo entendido que se va
    : comprender, entender
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: understood) = comprender (En tender) v.
    entender v.
    sobreentender v.
    sobrentender v.
    'ʌndər'stænd, ˌʌndə'stænd
    1.
    (past & past p - stood) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( grasp meaning of) entender*

    I can't understand why he did itno logro entender or comprender por qué lo hizo

    I don't want it to happen again; have I made myself understood? — no quiero que vuelva a suceder ¿está claro?

    b) ( interpret) entender*, interpretar

    as I understand it,... — según tengo entendido,..., por lo que entiendo,..., según creo,...

    what do you understand by the term `deprivation'? — ¿qué entiendes tú por `privaciones'?

    c) (sympathize, empathize with) comprender, entender*
    2) (believe, infer)

    am I to understand that you won't help? — ¿entonces quiere decir que no me van a ayudar?

    I was given to understand I'd get my money back — me dieron a entender que me devolverían el dinero; see also understood II


    2.
    vi entender*, comprender
    [ˌʌndǝ'stænd] (pt, pp understood)
    1. VT
    1) (=comprehend) (gen) entender; (more formal, esp complex issues) comprender

    I can't understand it! — ¡no lo entiendo!

    I don't want to hear another word about it, (is that) understood? — no quiero que se hable más del tema, ¿entendido or comprendido?

    it must be understood that... — debe entenderse que...

    you must understand that we're very busydebes entender or comprender que estamos muy ocupados

    to understand how/ whyentender or comprender cómo/por qué

    2) (=follow, interpret) entender

    did I understand you correctly? — ¿te entendí bien?

    to make o.s. understood — hacerse entender

    do I make myself understood? — ¿queda claro?

    3) (=empathize with) [+ person, point of view, attitude] comprender, entender

    she understands childrencomprende or entiende a los niños

    I (fully) understand your positioncomprendo or entiendo (totalmente) su posición

    4) (=know) [+ language] entender
    5) (=believe) tener entendido

    as I understand it, he's trying to set up a meeting — según tengo entendido or según creo está intentando convocar una reunión

    it's understood that he had a heart attackse piensa or cree que sufrió un infarto

    am I to understand that...? — ¿debo entender que...?

    we confirm our reservation and we understand (that) the rental will be 500 euros — confirmamos nuestra reserva y entendemos que el alquiler será de 500 euros

    to give sb to understand that — dar a algn a entender que

    we were given to understand that... — se nos dio a entender que...

    it was understood that he would pay for it — se dio por sentado que él lo pagaría

    he let it be understood that... — dio a entender que...

    2. VI
    1) (=comprehend) entender; (more emphatic) comprender

    do you understand? — ¿entiendes or comprendes?

    now I understand! — ¡ahora entiendo!, ¡ahora comprendo!

    there's to be no noise, (do you) understand? — que no haya ruido, ¿entiendes or comprendes?

    2) (=believe)

    she was, I understand, a Catholic — según tengo entendido era católica

    3) (=accept sb's position) entender; (esp in more complex situation) comprender

    he'll understandlo entenderá or comprenderá

    don't worry, I quite understand — no te preocupes, lo entiendo or comprendo perfectamente

    * * *
    ['ʌndər'stænd, ˌʌndə'stænd]
    1.
    (past & past p - stood) transitive verb
    1)
    a) ( grasp meaning of) entender*

    I can't understand why he did itno logro entender or comprender por qué lo hizo

    I don't want it to happen again; have I made myself understood? — no quiero que vuelva a suceder ¿está claro?

    b) ( interpret) entender*, interpretar

    as I understand it,... — según tengo entendido,..., por lo que entiendo,..., según creo,...

    what do you understand by the term `deprivation'? — ¿qué entiendes tú por `privaciones'?

    c) (sympathize, empathize with) comprender, entender*
    2) (believe, infer)

    am I to understand that you won't help? — ¿entonces quiere decir que no me van a ayudar?

    I was given to understand I'd get my money back — me dieron a entender que me devolverían el dinero; see also understood II


    2.
    vi entender*, comprender

    English-spanish dictionary > understand

  • 20 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

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