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  • 41 suprema

    sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

    super inferque vicinus,

    Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

    totus super ignis,

    Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].
    I.
    Posit.
    A.
    Adj.
    1.
    In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

    at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

    Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

    omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

    Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

    ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

    Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

    limen superum inferumque salve,

    Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

    portae Phrygiae limen,

    id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

    carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

    di,

    id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

    superis deorum Gratus et imis,

    id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

    ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

    spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

    id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

    omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

    Verg. A. 6, 788:

    supera ad convexa,

    to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

    lumen,

    Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

    domus deorum,

    Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

    so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

    Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

    de supero, quom huc accesserit,

    from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

    ex supero,

    Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —
    2.
    In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):

    supera de parte,

    i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:

    superas evadere ad auras,

    Verg. A. 6, 128:

    superum ad lumen ire,

    id. ib. 6, 680:

    aurae,

    Ov. M. 5, 641:

    orae,

    Verg. A. 2, 91:

    limen,

    id. ib. 6, 680.—
    B.
    Substt.
    1.
    Sŭpĕri, orum, m.
    (α).
    They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:

    multum fleti ad superos,

    i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:

    (Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,

    the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:

    ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,

    Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:

    epistula ad superos scripta,

    i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—
    (β).
    (Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:

    quae Superi Manesque dabant,

    Verg. A. 10, 34:

    aspiciunt Superi mortalia,

    Ov. M. 13, 70:

    o Superi!

    id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;

    pro Superi,

    id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:

    terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,

    Verg. A. 1, 4:

    illa propago Contemptrix Superum,

    Ov. M. 1, 161:

    exemplo Superorum,

    id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,

    Superorum,

    id. P. 1, 1, 43:

    postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,

    Verg. A. 3, 2:

    scilicet is Superis labor est,

    id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:

    superis deorum Gratus et imis,

    id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

    flectere Superos,

    Verg. A. 7, 312:

    te per Superos... oro,

    id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—
    2.
    sŭpĕra, orum, n.
    (α).
    The heavenly bodies:

    Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

    cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,

    id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—
    (β).
    Higher places (sc. loca):

    supera semper petunt,

    tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

    (Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,

    the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.
    II.
    Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.
    A.
    Lit., of place, higher, upper:

    inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 46:

    dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?

    Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:

    in superiore qui habito cenaculo,

    Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:

    tota domus superior vacat,

    the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:

    superior accumbere,

    Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:

    de loco superiore dicere,

    i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:

    agere,

    i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;

    and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,

    id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:

    sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,

    id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,

    ex loco superiore,

    id. ib. 3, 4:

    loca,

    id. ib. 1, 10, 4;

    3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,

    id. B. C. 3, 98:

    qui in superiore acie constiterant,

    id. B. G. 1, 24:

    ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,

    i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:

    posteriori superius non jungitur,

    id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:

    superiores solis defectiones,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

    quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,

    id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

    refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 58:

    superioribus aestivis,

    Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

    superioribus temporibus,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:

    tempus (opp. posterius),

    id. Dom. 37, 99:

    tempora (opp. inferiora),

    Suet. Claud. 41:

    annus,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

    anno superiore,

    id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:

    superioris anni acta,

    Suet. Caes. 23:

    in superiore vita,

    Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:

    testimonium conveniens superiori facto,

    Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:

    superius facinus novo scelere vincere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

    superioris more crudelitatis uti,

    Nep. Thras. 3, 1:

    superius genus,

    mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:

    nuptiae,

    former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:

    vir,

    first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—
    b.
    Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:

    omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 5:

    aetate superiores,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:

    superior Africanus,

    the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:

    Dionysius,

    id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:

    quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,

    Cic. Or. 34, 120.—
    2.
    Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:

    Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 65:

    numero superiores,

    Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:

    hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,

    id. ib. 8, 19:

    se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,

    Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:

    semper discessit superior,

    Nep. Hann. 1, 2:

    si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,

    Sall. C. 39, 4:

    ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 15:

    multo superiores bello esse,

    Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:

    superiorem Appium in causa fecit,

    Liv. 5, 7, 1.—
    3.
    Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.
    (α).
    With abl. respect.:

    pecuniis superiores,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:

    loco, fortuna, fama superiores,

    id. Lael. 25, 94:

    habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,

    id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

    ordine,

    id. ib. 13, 5, 2:

    facilitate et humanitate superior,

    id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

    si superior ceteris rebus esses,

    id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—
    (β).
    Absol.:

    ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,

    Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:

    ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

    id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

    invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,

    id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:

    premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,

    Liv. 22, 12, 12:

    cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,

    Vell. 2, 101, 1.
    III.
    Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.
    A.
    ‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—
    B.
    sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.
    1.
    Lit. (only poet.; cf.

    summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,

    the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,

    montes,

    Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:

    rupes,

    Sen. Oedip. 95:

    arx,

    Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:

    supremae Tethyos unda,

    Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—
    2.
    Trop.
    a.
    Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).
    (α).
    In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;

    sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,

    Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:

    quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

    supremo te sole domi manebo,

    at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:

    jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,

    last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:

    quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,

    Ov. M. 12, 526.—
    (β).
    In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:

    supremo vitae die,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:

    dies,

    id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:

    hora,

    Tib. 1, 1, 59:

    tempus,

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:

    incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,

    i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

    mors,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:

    finis,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

    iter,

    id. C. 2, 17, 11:

    lumen,

    Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,

    ore,

    id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:

    haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,

    Verg. A. 8, 583:

    Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,

    in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;

    supremis suis annis,

    in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:

    suprema ejus cura,

    id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:

    spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,

    Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:

    funera,

    Ov. M. 3, 137:

    oscula,

    id. ib. 6, 278:

    tori,

    i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:

    ignis,

    id. Am. 1, 15, 41:

    ignes,

    id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:

    officia,

    Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,

    tabulae,

    Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:

    tituli,

    i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:

    Troiae sorte suprema,

    Verg. A. 5, 190:

    dies regnis,

    Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:

    animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,

    for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:

    anima exitura supremo,

    Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.
    1.
    sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):

    ventum ad supremum est,

    Verg. A. 12, 803.—
    2.
    suprēma, orum, n.
    (α).
    The last moments, the close of life, death:

    ut me in supremis consolatus est!

    Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:

    statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,

    the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:

    circa suprema Neronis,

    the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—
    (β).
    The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:

    supremis divi Augusti,

    Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:

    suprema ferre (sc. munera),

    Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—
    (γ).
    A last will, testament:

    nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,

    Tac. A. 1, 8:

    miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,

    Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—
    (δ).
    The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —
    b.
    Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:

    multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,

    Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:

    macies,

    Verg. A. 3, 590:

    Juppiter supreme,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:

    med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,

    most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—
    C.
    summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).
    1.
    Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):

    summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,

    the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):

    summum jugum montis,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

    summus mons,

    the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:

    feriunt summos fulmina montes,

    the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:

    locus castrorum,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 23:

    in summa sacra via,

    on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

    in summa columna conlocare,

    id. Div. 1, 24, 48:

    quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

    Janus summus ab imo,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:

    ad aquam summam appropinquare,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

    in aqua summa natare,

    the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:

    apud summum puteum,

    id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:

    per summa volare aequora,

    Verg. A. 5, 819:

    summa cacumina linquunt,

    id. ib. 6, 678:

    mari summo,

    id. ib. 1, 110:

    prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,

    id. ib. 6, 357:

    summaque per galeam delibans oscula,

    id. ib. 12, 434:

    amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,

    Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:

    summam cutem novacula decerpito,

    Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:

    summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,

    I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:

    standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,

    Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,

    a summo dare (bibere),

    Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—
    b.
    summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:

    ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 26:

    qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:

    leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,

    id. Div. 1, 17, 30:

    igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,

    Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:

    puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,

    Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:

    nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,

    Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:

    summa petere,

    Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—
    2.
    Transf., of the voice:

    jubeo te salvere voce summa,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:

    citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,

    at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:

    vox (opp. ima),

    Quint. 11, 3, 15:

    summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:

    summo haec clamore,

    Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:

    exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,

    Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:

    bis, terve summum,

    id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:

    triduo aut summum quatriduo,

    id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—
    2.
    Trop.
    a.
    Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):

    haec est praestituta summa argento dies,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,

    venit summa dies,

    Verg. A. 2, 324:

    ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:

    cum esset summa senectute,

    id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:

    in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,

    Luc. 2, 211:

    summo carmine,

    at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:

    eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,

    the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;

    quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,

    at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:

    nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,

    Albin. 1, 137. —
    b.
    Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):

    summi puerorum amores,

    Cic. Lael. 10, 33:

    spes civium,

    id. ib. 3, 11:

    fides, constantia justitiaque,

    id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

    qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,

    id. ib. 6, 20:

    non agam summo jure tecum,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:

    tres fratres summo loco nati,

    id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

    qui summo magistratui praeerat,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 16:

    concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:

    quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,

    id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:

    turpitudo,

    id. Lael. 17, 61:

    summum in cruciatum se venire,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

    scelus,

    Sall. C. 12, 5:

    hiems,

    the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:

    cum aestas summa esse coeperat,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:

    ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,

    id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

    summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,

    id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:

    summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,

    id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

    optimi et summi viri diligentia,

    id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:

    summus Juppiter,

    id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:

    ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,

    id. Am. 1, 2, 6:

    miles summi inperatoris,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:

    amicus summus,

    the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:

    nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,

    id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:

    summa ducum Atrides,

    the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:

    summo rei publicae tempore,

    at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:

    in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,

    id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:

    summa salus rei publicae,

    id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,

    res publica,

    id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

    ad summam rem publicam,

    Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:

    quo res summa loco, Panthu?

    the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:

    non agam summo jure tecum,

    deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;

    ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,

    id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:

    quod me sollicitare summe solet,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:

    cupere aliquid,

    id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:

    contendere,

    Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:

    diffidere,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

    admirari,

    Quint. 10, 1, 70:

    summe jucundum,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:

    officiosi,

    id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

    summe disertus vir,

    Quint. 12, 1, 23:

    summe munitus locus,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:

    summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:

    mei summe observantissimus,

    Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > suprema

  • 42 supremum

    sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

    super inferque vicinus,

    Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

    totus super ignis,

    Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].
    I.
    Posit.
    A.
    Adj.
    1.
    In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

    at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

    Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

    omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

    Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

    ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

    Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

    limen superum inferumque salve,

    Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

    portae Phrygiae limen,

    id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

    carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

    di,

    id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

    superis deorum Gratus et imis,

    id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

    ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

    spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

    id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

    omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

    Verg. A. 6, 788:

    supera ad convexa,

    to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

    lumen,

    Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

    domus deorum,

    Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

    so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

    Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

    de supero, quom huc accesserit,

    from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

    ex supero,

    Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —
    2.
    In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):

    supera de parte,

    i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:

    superas evadere ad auras,

    Verg. A. 6, 128:

    superum ad lumen ire,

    id. ib. 6, 680:

    aurae,

    Ov. M. 5, 641:

    orae,

    Verg. A. 2, 91:

    limen,

    id. ib. 6, 680.—
    B.
    Substt.
    1.
    Sŭpĕri, orum, m.
    (α).
    They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:

    multum fleti ad superos,

    i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:

    (Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,

    the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:

    ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,

    Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:

    epistula ad superos scripta,

    i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—
    (β).
    (Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:

    quae Superi Manesque dabant,

    Verg. A. 10, 34:

    aspiciunt Superi mortalia,

    Ov. M. 13, 70:

    o Superi!

    id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;

    pro Superi,

    id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:

    terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,

    Verg. A. 1, 4:

    illa propago Contemptrix Superum,

    Ov. M. 1, 161:

    exemplo Superorum,

    id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,

    Superorum,

    id. P. 1, 1, 43:

    postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,

    Verg. A. 3, 2:

    scilicet is Superis labor est,

    id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:

    superis deorum Gratus et imis,

    id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

    flectere Superos,

    Verg. A. 7, 312:

    te per Superos... oro,

    id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—
    2.
    sŭpĕra, orum, n.
    (α).
    The heavenly bodies:

    Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

    cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,

    id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—
    (β).
    Higher places (sc. loca):

    supera semper petunt,

    tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

    (Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,

    the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.
    II.
    Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.
    A.
    Lit., of place, higher, upper:

    inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 46:

    dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?

    Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:

    in superiore qui habito cenaculo,

    Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:

    tota domus superior vacat,

    the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:

    superior accumbere,

    Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:

    de loco superiore dicere,

    i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:

    agere,

    i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;

    and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,

    id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:

    sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,

    id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,

    ex loco superiore,

    id. ib. 3, 4:

    loca,

    id. ib. 1, 10, 4;

    3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,

    id. B. C. 3, 98:

    qui in superiore acie constiterant,

    id. B. G. 1, 24:

    ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,

    i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:

    posteriori superius non jungitur,

    id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:

    superiores solis defectiones,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

    quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,

    id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

    refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 58:

    superioribus aestivis,

    Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

    superioribus temporibus,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:

    tempus (opp. posterius),

    id. Dom. 37, 99:

    tempora (opp. inferiora),

    Suet. Claud. 41:

    annus,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

    anno superiore,

    id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:

    superioris anni acta,

    Suet. Caes. 23:

    in superiore vita,

    Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:

    testimonium conveniens superiori facto,

    Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:

    superius facinus novo scelere vincere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

    superioris more crudelitatis uti,

    Nep. Thras. 3, 1:

    superius genus,

    mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:

    nuptiae,

    former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:

    vir,

    first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—
    b.
    Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:

    omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 5:

    aetate superiores,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:

    superior Africanus,

    the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:

    Dionysius,

    id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:

    quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,

    Cic. Or. 34, 120.—
    2.
    Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:

    Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 65:

    numero superiores,

    Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:

    hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,

    id. ib. 8, 19:

    se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,

    Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:

    semper discessit superior,

    Nep. Hann. 1, 2:

    si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,

    Sall. C. 39, 4:

    ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 15:

    multo superiores bello esse,

    Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:

    superiorem Appium in causa fecit,

    Liv. 5, 7, 1.—
    3.
    Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.
    (α).
    With abl. respect.:

    pecuniis superiores,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:

    loco, fortuna, fama superiores,

    id. Lael. 25, 94:

    habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,

    id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

    ordine,

    id. ib. 13, 5, 2:

    facilitate et humanitate superior,

    id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

    si superior ceteris rebus esses,

    id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—
    (β).
    Absol.:

    ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,

    Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:

    ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

    id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

    invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,

    id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:

    premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,

    Liv. 22, 12, 12:

    cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,

    Vell. 2, 101, 1.
    III.
    Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.
    A.
    ‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—
    B.
    sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.
    1.
    Lit. (only poet.; cf.

    summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,

    the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,

    montes,

    Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:

    rupes,

    Sen. Oedip. 95:

    arx,

    Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:

    supremae Tethyos unda,

    Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—
    2.
    Trop.
    a.
    Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).
    (α).
    In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;

    sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,

    Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:

    quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

    supremo te sole domi manebo,

    at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:

    jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,

    last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:

    quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,

    Ov. M. 12, 526.—
    (β).
    In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:

    supremo vitae die,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:

    dies,

    id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:

    hora,

    Tib. 1, 1, 59:

    tempus,

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:

    incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,

    i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

    mors,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:

    finis,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

    iter,

    id. C. 2, 17, 11:

    lumen,

    Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,

    ore,

    id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:

    haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,

    Verg. A. 8, 583:

    Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,

    in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;

    supremis suis annis,

    in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:

    suprema ejus cura,

    id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:

    spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,

    Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:

    funera,

    Ov. M. 3, 137:

    oscula,

    id. ib. 6, 278:

    tori,

    i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:

    ignis,

    id. Am. 1, 15, 41:

    ignes,

    id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:

    officia,

    Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,

    tabulae,

    Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:

    tituli,

    i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:

    Troiae sorte suprema,

    Verg. A. 5, 190:

    dies regnis,

    Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:

    animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,

    for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:

    anima exitura supremo,

    Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.
    1.
    sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):

    ventum ad supremum est,

    Verg. A. 12, 803.—
    2.
    suprēma, orum, n.
    (α).
    The last moments, the close of life, death:

    ut me in supremis consolatus est!

    Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:

    statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,

    the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:

    circa suprema Neronis,

    the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—
    (β).
    The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:

    supremis divi Augusti,

    Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:

    suprema ferre (sc. munera),

    Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—
    (γ).
    A last will, testament:

    nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,

    Tac. A. 1, 8:

    miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,

    Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—
    (δ).
    The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —
    b.
    Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:

    multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,

    Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:

    macies,

    Verg. A. 3, 590:

    Juppiter supreme,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:

    med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,

    most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—
    C.
    summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).
    1.
    Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):

    summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,

    the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):

    summum jugum montis,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

    summus mons,

    the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:

    feriunt summos fulmina montes,

    the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:

    locus castrorum,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 23:

    in summa sacra via,

    on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

    in summa columna conlocare,

    id. Div. 1, 24, 48:

    quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

    Janus summus ab imo,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:

    ad aquam summam appropinquare,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

    in aqua summa natare,

    the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:

    apud summum puteum,

    id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:

    per summa volare aequora,

    Verg. A. 5, 819:

    summa cacumina linquunt,

    id. ib. 6, 678:

    mari summo,

    id. ib. 1, 110:

    prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,

    id. ib. 6, 357:

    summaque per galeam delibans oscula,

    id. ib. 12, 434:

    amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,

    Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:

    summam cutem novacula decerpito,

    Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:

    summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,

    I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:

    standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,

    Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,

    a summo dare (bibere),

    Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—
    b.
    summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:

    ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 26:

    qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:

    leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,

    id. Div. 1, 17, 30:

    igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,

    Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:

    puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,

    Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:

    nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,

    Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:

    summa petere,

    Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—
    2.
    Transf., of the voice:

    jubeo te salvere voce summa,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:

    citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,

    at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:

    vox (opp. ima),

    Quint. 11, 3, 15:

    summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:

    summo haec clamore,

    Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:

    exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,

    Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:

    bis, terve summum,

    id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:

    triduo aut summum quatriduo,

    id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—
    2.
    Trop.
    a.
    Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):

    haec est praestituta summa argento dies,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,

    venit summa dies,

    Verg. A. 2, 324:

    ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:

    cum esset summa senectute,

    id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:

    in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,

    Luc. 2, 211:

    summo carmine,

    at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:

    eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,

    the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;

    quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,

    at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:

    nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,

    Albin. 1, 137. —
    b.
    Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):

    summi puerorum amores,

    Cic. Lael. 10, 33:

    spes civium,

    id. ib. 3, 11:

    fides, constantia justitiaque,

    id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

    qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,

    id. ib. 6, 20:

    non agam summo jure tecum,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:

    tres fratres summo loco nati,

    id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

    qui summo magistratui praeerat,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 16:

    concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:

    quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,

    id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:

    turpitudo,

    id. Lael. 17, 61:

    summum in cruciatum se venire,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

    scelus,

    Sall. C. 12, 5:

    hiems,

    the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:

    cum aestas summa esse coeperat,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:

    ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,

    id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

    summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,

    id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:

    summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,

    id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

    optimi et summi viri diligentia,

    id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:

    summus Juppiter,

    id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:

    ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,

    id. Am. 1, 2, 6:

    miles summi inperatoris,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:

    amicus summus,

    the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:

    nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,

    id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:

    summa ducum Atrides,

    the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:

    summo rei publicae tempore,

    at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:

    in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,

    id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:

    summa salus rei publicae,

    id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,

    res publica,

    id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

    ad summam rem publicam,

    Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:

    quo res summa loco, Panthu?

    the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:

    non agam summo jure tecum,

    deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;

    ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,

    id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:

    quod me sollicitare summe solet,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:

    cupere aliquid,

    id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:

    contendere,

    Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:

    diffidere,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

    admirari,

    Quint. 10, 1, 70:

    summe jucundum,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:

    officiosi,

    id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

    summe disertus vir,

    Quint. 12, 1, 23:

    summe munitus locus,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:

    summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:

    mei summe observantissimus,

    Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > supremum

  • 43 supremus

    sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

    super inferque vicinus,

    Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

    totus super ignis,

    Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].
    I.
    Posit.
    A.
    Adj.
    1.
    In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

    at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

    Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

    omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

    Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

    ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

    Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

    limen superum inferumque salve,

    Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

    portae Phrygiae limen,

    id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

    carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

    di,

    id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

    superis deorum Gratus et imis,

    id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

    ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

    spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

    id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

    omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

    Verg. A. 6, 788:

    supera ad convexa,

    to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

    lumen,

    Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

    domus deorum,

    Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

    so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

    Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

    de supero, quom huc accesserit,

    from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

    ex supero,

    Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —
    2.
    In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):

    supera de parte,

    i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:

    superas evadere ad auras,

    Verg. A. 6, 128:

    superum ad lumen ire,

    id. ib. 6, 680:

    aurae,

    Ov. M. 5, 641:

    orae,

    Verg. A. 2, 91:

    limen,

    id. ib. 6, 680.—
    B.
    Substt.
    1.
    Sŭpĕri, orum, m.
    (α).
    They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:

    multum fleti ad superos,

    i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:

    (Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,

    the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:

    ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,

    Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:

    epistula ad superos scripta,

    i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—
    (β).
    (Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:

    quae Superi Manesque dabant,

    Verg. A. 10, 34:

    aspiciunt Superi mortalia,

    Ov. M. 13, 70:

    o Superi!

    id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;

    pro Superi,

    id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:

    terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,

    Verg. A. 1, 4:

    illa propago Contemptrix Superum,

    Ov. M. 1, 161:

    exemplo Superorum,

    id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,

    Superorum,

    id. P. 1, 1, 43:

    postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,

    Verg. A. 3, 2:

    scilicet is Superis labor est,

    id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:

    superis deorum Gratus et imis,

    id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

    flectere Superos,

    Verg. A. 7, 312:

    te per Superos... oro,

    id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—
    2.
    sŭpĕra, orum, n.
    (α).
    The heavenly bodies:

    Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

    cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,

    id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—
    (β).
    Higher places (sc. loca):

    supera semper petunt,

    tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

    (Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,

    the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.
    II.
    Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.
    A.
    Lit., of place, higher, upper:

    inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 46:

    dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?

    Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:

    in superiore qui habito cenaculo,

    Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:

    tota domus superior vacat,

    the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:

    superior accumbere,

    Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:

    de loco superiore dicere,

    i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:

    agere,

    i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;

    and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,

    id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:

    sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,

    id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,

    ex loco superiore,

    id. ib. 3, 4:

    loca,

    id. ib. 1, 10, 4;

    3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,

    id. B. C. 3, 98:

    qui in superiore acie constiterant,

    id. B. G. 1, 24:

    ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,

    i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:

    posteriori superius non jungitur,

    id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:

    superiores solis defectiones,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

    quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,

    id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

    refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 58:

    superioribus aestivis,

    Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

    superioribus temporibus,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:

    tempus (opp. posterius),

    id. Dom. 37, 99:

    tempora (opp. inferiora),

    Suet. Claud. 41:

    annus,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

    anno superiore,

    id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:

    superioris anni acta,

    Suet. Caes. 23:

    in superiore vita,

    Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:

    testimonium conveniens superiori facto,

    Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:

    superius facinus novo scelere vincere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

    superioris more crudelitatis uti,

    Nep. Thras. 3, 1:

    superius genus,

    mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:

    nuptiae,

    former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:

    vir,

    first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—
    b.
    Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:

    omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 5:

    aetate superiores,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:

    superior Africanus,

    the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:

    Dionysius,

    id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:

    quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,

    Cic. Or. 34, 120.—
    2.
    Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:

    Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 65:

    numero superiores,

    Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:

    hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,

    id. ib. 8, 19:

    se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,

    Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:

    semper discessit superior,

    Nep. Hann. 1, 2:

    si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,

    Sall. C. 39, 4:

    ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 15:

    multo superiores bello esse,

    Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:

    superiorem Appium in causa fecit,

    Liv. 5, 7, 1.—
    3.
    Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.
    (α).
    With abl. respect.:

    pecuniis superiores,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:

    loco, fortuna, fama superiores,

    id. Lael. 25, 94:

    habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,

    id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

    ordine,

    id. ib. 13, 5, 2:

    facilitate et humanitate superior,

    id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

    si superior ceteris rebus esses,

    id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—
    (β).
    Absol.:

    ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,

    Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:

    ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

    id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

    invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,

    id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:

    premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,

    Liv. 22, 12, 12:

    cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,

    Vell. 2, 101, 1.
    III.
    Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.
    A.
    ‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—
    B.
    sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.
    1.
    Lit. (only poet.; cf.

    summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,

    the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,

    montes,

    Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:

    rupes,

    Sen. Oedip. 95:

    arx,

    Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:

    supremae Tethyos unda,

    Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—
    2.
    Trop.
    a.
    Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).
    (α).
    In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;

    sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,

    Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:

    quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

    supremo te sole domi manebo,

    at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:

    jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,

    last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:

    quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,

    Ov. M. 12, 526.—
    (β).
    In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:

    supremo vitae die,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:

    dies,

    id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:

    hora,

    Tib. 1, 1, 59:

    tempus,

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:

    incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,

    i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

    mors,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:

    finis,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

    iter,

    id. C. 2, 17, 11:

    lumen,

    Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,

    ore,

    id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:

    haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,

    Verg. A. 8, 583:

    Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,

    in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;

    supremis suis annis,

    in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:

    suprema ejus cura,

    id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:

    spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,

    Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:

    funera,

    Ov. M. 3, 137:

    oscula,

    id. ib. 6, 278:

    tori,

    i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:

    ignis,

    id. Am. 1, 15, 41:

    ignes,

    id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:

    officia,

    Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,

    tabulae,

    Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:

    tituli,

    i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:

    Troiae sorte suprema,

    Verg. A. 5, 190:

    dies regnis,

    Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:

    animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,

    for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:

    anima exitura supremo,

    Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.
    1.
    sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):

    ventum ad supremum est,

    Verg. A. 12, 803.—
    2.
    suprēma, orum, n.
    (α).
    The last moments, the close of life, death:

    ut me in supremis consolatus est!

    Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:

    statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,

    the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:

    circa suprema Neronis,

    the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—
    (β).
    The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:

    supremis divi Augusti,

    Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:

    suprema ferre (sc. munera),

    Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—
    (γ).
    A last will, testament:

    nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,

    Tac. A. 1, 8:

    miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,

    Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—
    (δ).
    The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —
    b.
    Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:

    multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,

    Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:

    macies,

    Verg. A. 3, 590:

    Juppiter supreme,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:

    med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,

    most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—
    C.
    summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).
    1.
    Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):

    summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,

    the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):

    summum jugum montis,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

    summus mons,

    the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:

    feriunt summos fulmina montes,

    the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:

    locus castrorum,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 23:

    in summa sacra via,

    on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

    in summa columna conlocare,

    id. Div. 1, 24, 48:

    quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

    Janus summus ab imo,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:

    ad aquam summam appropinquare,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

    in aqua summa natare,

    the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:

    apud summum puteum,

    id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:

    per summa volare aequora,

    Verg. A. 5, 819:

    summa cacumina linquunt,

    id. ib. 6, 678:

    mari summo,

    id. ib. 1, 110:

    prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,

    id. ib. 6, 357:

    summaque per galeam delibans oscula,

    id. ib. 12, 434:

    amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,

    Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:

    summam cutem novacula decerpito,

    Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:

    summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,

    I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:

    standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,

    Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,

    a summo dare (bibere),

    Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—
    b.
    summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:

    ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 26:

    qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:

    leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,

    id. Div. 1, 17, 30:

    igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,

    Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:

    puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,

    Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:

    nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,

    Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:

    summa petere,

    Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—
    2.
    Transf., of the voice:

    jubeo te salvere voce summa,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:

    citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,

    at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:

    vox (opp. ima),

    Quint. 11, 3, 15:

    summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:

    summo haec clamore,

    Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:

    exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,

    Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:

    bis, terve summum,

    id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:

    triduo aut summum quatriduo,

    id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—
    2.
    Trop.
    a.
    Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):

    haec est praestituta summa argento dies,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,

    venit summa dies,

    Verg. A. 2, 324:

    ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:

    cum esset summa senectute,

    id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:

    in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,

    Luc. 2, 211:

    summo carmine,

    at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:

    eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,

    the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;

    quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,

    at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:

    nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,

    Albin. 1, 137. —
    b.
    Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):

    summi puerorum amores,

    Cic. Lael. 10, 33:

    spes civium,

    id. ib. 3, 11:

    fides, constantia justitiaque,

    id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

    qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,

    id. ib. 6, 20:

    non agam summo jure tecum,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:

    tres fratres summo loco nati,

    id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

    qui summo magistratui praeerat,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 16:

    concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:

    quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,

    id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:

    turpitudo,

    id. Lael. 17, 61:

    summum in cruciatum se venire,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

    scelus,

    Sall. C. 12, 5:

    hiems,

    the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:

    cum aestas summa esse coeperat,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:

    ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,

    id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

    summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,

    id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:

    summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,

    id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

    optimi et summi viri diligentia,

    id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:

    summus Juppiter,

    id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:

    ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,

    id. Am. 1, 2, 6:

    miles summi inperatoris,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:

    amicus summus,

    the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:

    nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,

    id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:

    summa ducum Atrides,

    the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:

    summo rei publicae tempore,

    at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:

    in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,

    id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:

    summa salus rei publicae,

    id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,

    res publica,

    id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

    ad summam rem publicam,

    Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:

    quo res summa loco, Panthu?

    the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:

    non agam summo jure tecum,

    deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;

    ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,

    id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:

    quod me sollicitare summe solet,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:

    cupere aliquid,

    id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:

    contendere,

    Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:

    diffidere,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

    admirari,

    Quint. 10, 1, 70:

    summe jucundum,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:

    officiosi,

    id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

    summe disertus vir,

    Quint. 12, 1, 23:

    summe munitus locus,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:

    summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:

    mei summe observantissimus,

    Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > supremus

  • 44 ad

       ad praep. with acc.    [cf. Eng. at].—Of approach (opp. to ab, as in to ex).    I. In space, to, toward: retorquet oculos ad urbem: una pars vergit ad septentriones, Cs.: tendens ad sidera palmas, V. —Fig.: ad alia vitia propensior, more inclined to. —Esp., ad dextram, sinistram, or laevam, to or on the right or left: ito ad dextram, T.: alqd ad dextram conspicere, Cs.: non rectā regione... sed ad laevam, L.—Designating the goal, to, toward: ad ripam convenire, Cs.: vocari ad cenam, H.: ad se adferre: reticulum ad narīs sibi admovebat (cf. accedit ad urbem, he approaches the city; and, accedit provinciae, it is added to the province).— Ad me, te, se, for domum meam, tuam, suam (in T. freq.): eamus ad me, T. — With gen., ellipt.: ad Dianae, to the temple of, T.: ad Castoris currere. — Used for dat: litteras dare ad aliquem, to write one a letter (cf. litteras dare alicui, to give a letter to one): domum ad te scribere: ad primam (epistulam) scribere, to answer.—Hence, librum ad aliquem mittere, scribere, to dedicate a book to one. —In titles, ad aliquem signifies to, addressed to.— With names of towns, ad answers to Whither? for the simple acc., i. e. to the vicinity of, to the neighborhood of: ad Aquinum accedere, approach: ut cum suis copiis iret ad Mutinam. — Of hostile movement or protection, against (cf. adversus): veniri ad se existimantes, Cs.: ipse ad hostem vehitur, N.: Romulus ad regem impetum facit (cf. in), L.: clipeos ad tela protecti obiciunt, V.: ad hos casūs provisa praesidia, Cs.—In war, of manner of fighting: ad pedes pugna venerat, was fought out on foot, L.: equitem ad pedes deducere, L.: pugna ad gladios venerat, L. — Emphatic of distance, to, even to, all the way to: a Salonis ad Oricum portūs... occupavit, Cs.: usque a Dianis ad Sinopum navigare. — Fig.: deverberasse usque ad necem, T.: virgis ad necem caedi.—Of nearness or proximity in gen. (cf. apud), near to, by, at, close by: ad forīs adsistere: Ianum ad infimum Argiletum fecit, L.: quod Romanis ad manum domi supplementum esset, at hand, L.: errantem ad flumina, V.; and ellipt.: pecunia utinam ad Opis maneret! — Of persons: qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat, Cs.: ad me fuit, at my house: ad inferos poenas parricidi luent, among.—So, fig.: ad omnīs nationes sanctum, in the judgment of, Cs.: ut esset ad posteros monumentum, etc., L.: ad urbem esse (of a general outside of the walls): ad urbem cum imperio remanere, Cs.—With names of towns and verbs of rest: pons, qui erat ad Genavam, Cs.; and with an ordinal number and lapis: sepultus ad quintum lapidem, N.—    II. In time, about, toward: domum reductus ad vesperum, toward evening.—Till, until, to, even to, up to: usque ad hanc aetatem: ad multam noctem: amant ad quoddam tempus, until: quem ad finem? how long: ad quartam (sc. horam), H. — Hence, ad id (sc. tempus), till then: ad id dubios servare animos, L.— At, on, in, by: ad horam destinatam, at the appointed hour: frumentum ad diem dare. —    III. In number or amount, near, near to, almost, about, toward (cf. circiter): talenta ad quindecim coëgi, T.: annos ad quadraginta natus.—Adverb.: occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor, Cs.: ad duo milia et trecenti occisi, L.—Of a limit, to, unto, even to (rare): (viaticum) ad assem perdere, to the last farthing, H.: ad denarium solvere. —Esp., ad unum, to a single one, without exception: omnes ad unum idem sentiunt: exosus ad unum Troianos, V. —    IV. In other relations, with regard to, in respect of, in relation to, as to, to, in: ad honorem antecellere: nihil ad rem pertinet.—Ellipt.: rectene an secus, nihil ad nos: Quid ad praetorem? quid ad rem? i. e. what difference does it make? H.: quibus (auxiliaribus) ad pugnam confidebat, Cs.: ad speciem ornatus, ad sensum acerbus: mentis ad omnia caecitas: ad cetera paene gemelli, H.: facultas ad dicendum.—With words denoting measure, weight, manner, model, rule, etc., according to, agreeably to, after: taleis ad certum pondus examinatis, Cs.: ad cursūs lunae describit annum, L.: canere ad tibiam: carmen castigare ad unguem, to perfection (see unguis), H.: ad istorum normam sapientes: ad specus angustiae vallium (i. e. ad specuum similitudinem angustae valles), Cs. — With the cause or reason, according to, at, on, in consequence of, for, in order to: ad horum proces in Boeotiam duxit, on their entreaty, L.: dictis ad fallendum instructis, L.: causae ad discordiam, to produce dissension, T.: ad facinora incendere, S.: ad speciem tabernaculis relictis, for appearance, Cs.: ad id, for this use, as a means to that end, L.: ad id ipsum, for that my purpose, L.: delecto milite ad navīs, marines, L.: puer ad cyathum statuetur, H.: biiugi ad frena leones, yoked in pairs with bits, V.: res quae sunt ad incendia, Cs.: ad communem salutem utilius.—In comparison, to, compared with, in comparison with: terra ad universi caeli complexum: nihil ad tuum equitatum, Caesar.—    V. In adverbial phrases, ad omnia, withal, to crown all: ad omnia tantum advehi auri, etc., L.—Ad hoc and ad haec, moreover, besides, in addition: ad hoc, quos... postremo omnes, quos, etc., S. — Ad id quod, beside that (rare): ad id quod... indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur, L. — Ad tempus, at a definite, fixed time, C., L.; at a fit, appropriate time, L.; for some time, for a short time, L.; according to circumstances. — Ad praesens, for the moment, for a short time.—Ad locum, on the spot: ut ad locum miles esset paratus, L.—Ad verbum, word for word, literally. — Ad summam, on the whole, generally, in general; in a word, in short, C., H.—Ad extremum, ad ultimum, ad postremum, at the end, finally, at last; of place, at the extremity, at the top, at the end: ad extremum (teli) unde ferrum exstabat, L.; of time, at last, finally: ad extremum incipit philosophari; of order, finally, lastly; to the last degree, quite, L. — Quem ad finem? to what limit? how far? how long? Note.—a. Ad rarely follows its acc: quam ad, T.: quos ad, C.: ripam ad Araxis, Ta.—b. In composition, ad- stands before vowels, b, d, f, h, i consonant, m, n, q, v, and mostly before l, r, s; acbefore c; but very often ad- before cl-, cr-, and cu-; ag- or ad- before g; ap- or ad- before p; atbefore t; but a- or ad- before gn, sp, sc, st.
    * * *
    I II
    to, up to, towards; near, at; until, on, by; almost; according to; about w/NUM

    Latin-English dictionary > ad

  • 45 Fors

    fors, fortis, f. [fero, to bring, whence fortuna, v. Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 300 sq.], chance, hap, luck, hazard.
    I.
    Subst.
    A.
    As an appellative noun (used only in the nom. and abl.; syn.: fortuna, casus, sors): quo saxum impulerit fors, eo cadere Fortunam autumant, Pac. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 23, 36 (Trag. Rel. v. 368 Rib., who regards this verse as spurious); cf.: quibus natura prava magis quam fors aut fortuna obfuit, Att. ap. Non. 425, 13 (Trag. Rel. ed. Rib. v. 110): cui parilem fortuna locum fatumque tulit fors, Lucil. ap. Non. 425, 15; cf.

    also: casumque timent quem cuique ferat fors,

    Lucr. 3, 983 Lachm. N. cr.:

    unum hoc scio: Quod fors feret, feremus aequo animo,

    Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 88:

    sed haec, ut fors tulerit,

    Cic. Att. 7, 14 fin.:

    sed haec fors viderit,

    id. ib. 14, 13, 3;

    4, 10, 1: quam sibi sortem Seu ratio dederit, seu fors objecerit,

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 2:

    quia tam incommode illis fors obtulerat adventum meum,

    Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 10:

    telum quod cuique fors offerebat, arripuit,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 43; Hor. S. 1, 6, 54; 2, 1, 59:

    forte quadam divinitus super ripas Tiberis effusus lenibus stagnis,

    Liv. 1, 4, 4:

    fors fuit, ut, etc.,

    it happened that, Gell. 12, 8, 2:

    fors fuat pol!

    so be it! God grant it! Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 4;

    post-class.: fors fuat, ut his remediis convalescamus,

    Symm. Ep. 2, 7; Aus. Ep. 16: fors fuat, an, etc., it might so happen that; perchance, i. q. forsitan, Symm. Ep. 1, 39; 4, 28 and 29; cf.

    also: pretio fors fuat officiove, etc.,

    perhaps, Sid. Ep. 9, 7 (but not in Lucr. 1, 486, v. Lachm. ad h. l.).—
    B.
    Personified, Fors, the goddess of chance:

    dea Fors,

    Ov. F. 6, 775; also in the connection Fors Fortuna, whose temple was situated on the Tiber, outside of the city: vosne velit an me regnare, era quidve ferat Fors, Virtute experiamur, Enn. ap. Cic. de Off. 1, 12, 38 (Ann. v. 203 ed. Vahl.); so,

    sit sane Fors domina campi,

    Cic. Pis. 2, 3:

    fors, in quo incerti casus significantur magis (different from Fortuna),

    id. Leg. 2, 11 fin. Mos. N. cr.:

    sed de illa ambulatione Fors viderit, aut si qui est qui curet deus,

    id. Att. 4, 10, 1:

    saeva,

    Cat. 64, 170:

    dies Fortis Fortunae appellatus ab Servio Tullio rege, quod is fanum Fortis Fortunae secundum Tiberim extra urbem Romam dedicavit Junio mense,

    Varr. L. L. 6, § 17 Müll.; cf.;

    aedis Fortis Fortunae,

    Liv. 10, 46, 14; Tac. A. 2, 41:

    Fortunae Fortis honores,

    Ov. F. 6, 773:

    o Fortuna! o Fors Fortuna! quantis commoditatibus hunc onerastis diem!

    Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 1 (quoted by Varr. ap. Non. 425, 19; for Cic. Div. 2, 7, 18, v. II. B. 1. infra).
    II.
    Adverb., in the nom. and abl.
    A.
    fors, ellipt., for fors sit, it might happen, i. e. perchance, perhaps, peradventure (only poet. and in post-class. prose):

    similiter fors, cum sit nominativus, accipitur pro adverbio,

    Prisc. p. 1015 P.:

    et fors aequatis cepissent praemia rostris, Ni, etc.,

    Verg. A. 5, 232; 6, 535:

    cesserit Ausonio si fors victoria Turno,

    if perchance, id. ib. 12, 183; Val. Fl. 3, 665; Tert. ad Uxor. 2, 2.—Esp. in the connection fors et, i. q. fortasse etiam, perhaps too:

    iste quod est, ego saepe fui, sed fors et in hora Hoc ipso ejecto carior alter erit,

    Prop. 2, 9, 1:

    et nunc ille quidem spe multum captus inani, Fors et vota facit cumulatque altaria donis,

    Verg. A. 11, 50; 2, 139:

    fors et Debita jura vicesque superbae Te maneant ipsum,

    Hor. C. 1, 28, 31; Stat. S. 3, 4, 4.—Less freq.:

    fors etiam,

    Val. Fl. 4, 620.—
    B.
    forte, by chance, by accident, casually, accidentally; freq. with casu, temere, fortuna (freq. and class.).
    1.
    Lit.:

    quid est tandem, quod casu fieri aut forte fortuna putemus? etc.,

    Cic. Div. 2, 7, 18:

    forte fortuna per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 54; Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 75: aut forte omnino ac fortuna vincere bello: Si forte et temere omnino, quid cursum ad honorem? Lucil. ap. Non. 425, 16 sq.:

    si forte, temere, casu aut pleraque fierent aut omnia, etc.,

    Cic. Fat. 3, 6; cf.:

    nisi ista casu nonnumquam, forte, temere concurrerent,

    id. Div. 2, 68, 141:

    quam saepe forte temere Eveniunt, quae non audeas optare,

    Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 30; cf. Liv. 41, 2, 7:

    nec quicquam raptim aut forte temere egeritis,

    id. 23, 3, 3: perpulere, ut forte temere in adversos montes erigeret, 2, 31, 5; 25, 38, 12;

    39, 15, 11: quibus forte temere humana negotia volvi persuasum est,

    Curt. 5, 11, 10:

    captivi quidam pars forte pars consilio oblati,

    Liv. 9, 31, 7:

    dumque hoc vel forte, vel providentia, vel utcumque constitutum rerum naturae corpus, etc.,

    Vell. 2, 66, 5; cf.:

    mihi haec et talia audienti in incerto judicium est, fatone res mortalium et necessitate immutabili, an forte volvantur,

    Tac. A, 6, 22: [p. 771] si adhuc dubium fuisset, forte casuque rectores terris, an aliquo numine darentur, Plin. Pan. 1, 4:

    seu dolo seu forte surrexerit, parum compertum,

    Tac. H. 2, 42; cf.:

    seu forte seu tentandi causa,

    Suet. Aug. 6:

    donec advertit Tiberius forte an quia audiverat,

    Tac. A. 4, 54:

    cum casu diebus iis itineris faciendi causa, Puteolos forte venissem,

    Cic. Planc. 26, 65:

    cum cenatum forte apud Vitellios esset,

    Liv. 2, 4, 5:

    ibi cum stipendium forte militibus daretur,

    id. 2, 12, 6:

    forte aspicio militem,

    Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 58; cf.:

    fit forte obviam mihi Phormio,

    Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 11:

    rus ut ibat forte,

    id. ib. 63:

    forte ut assedi in stega,

    Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 44:

    lucernam forte oblitus fueram exstinguere,

    id. Most. 2, 2, 56:

    forte evenit, ut, etc.,

    Cic. Clu. 51, 141; id. de Or. 2, 55, 224; Liv. 1, 7, 13:

    Tarenti ludi forte erant,

    Plaut. Men. prol. 29:

    erat forte brumae tempus,

    Liv. 21, 54, 7:

    et pernox forte luna erat,

    id. 32, 11, 9:

    per eos forte dies consul copias Larisam ducere tribunos militum jussit,

    i. e. it came to pass on one of those days, id. 36, 14, 1:

    per eosdem forte dies, etc.,

    id. 37, 20, 1; 37, 34, 1; cf. Tac. A. 4, 59:

    in locum tribuni plebis forte demortui candidatum se ostendit,

    Suet. Aug. 10. —So nearly = aliquando (mostly poet. and post - Aug.):

    forte per angustam tenuis vulpecula rimam repserat in cumeram frumenti,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 29:

    ibam forte via sacra,

    id. S. 1, 9, 1; Mart. 1, 54, 7:

    forte quondam in disponendo mane die praedixerat, etc.,

    Suet. Tib. 11; Aur. Vict. de Caes. 17, 5.—
    2.
    Transf., to denote uncertainty, corresp. to the Gr. an, perhaps, perchance, peradventure.
    a.
    In conditional and causal sentences.
    (α).
    With si:

    irae si quae forte eveniunt hujusmodi,

    Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 60:

    si quis vestrum, judices, aut eorum qui assunt, forte miratur, etc.,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 1, 1:

    hicine vir usquam, nisi in patria, morietur? aut, si forte, pro patria?

    id. Mil. 38, 104:

    si forte est domi,

    Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 4; cf. id. Poen. 5, 2, 104; Liv. 1, 7, 6:

    si forte eos primus aspectus mundi conturbaverat, etc.,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 35, 90:

    si te Latina forte deficient,

    id. Ac. 1, 7, 25:

    si qui me forte locus admonuerit,

    id. de Or. 3, 12, 47:

    si quae te forte res aliquando offenderit,

    id. Fam. 7, 17, 2:

    quod si forte ceciderint,

    id. Lael. 15, 53:

    si quando, si forte, tibi visus es irasci alicui,

    id. Rep. 1, 38 Mos. N. cr.; cf. id. de Or. 3, 12, 47.—Rarely forte si:

    forte si tussire occepsit, ne sic tussiat, ut, etc.,

    Plaut. As. 4, 1, 49:

    ita demum novatio fit... forte si condicio vel sponsor vel dies adiciatur,

    Gai. Inst. 3, 177.—Rarely with ellipsis of si:

    protinus Aeneas celeri certare sagitta invitat qui forte velint, i. e. si qui forte velint,

    Verg. A, 5, 485.—
    (β).
    With nisi ironically:

    hoc te monitum, nisi forte ipse non vis, volueram,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 59:

    nemo fere saltat sobrius, nisi forte insanit,

    Cic. Mur. 6, 13:

    propensior benignitas esse debebit in calamitosos, nisi forte erunt digni calamitate,

    id. Off. 2, 18, 62; 3, 24, 93: is constantiam teneat;

    nisi forte se intellexerit errasse, etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 33, 120:

    negare hoc, nisi forte negare omnia constituisti, nullo modo potes,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 64, § 149: accedam ad omnia tua, Torquate;

    nisi memoria forte defecerit,

    id. Fin. 2, 14, 44.—In indirect locution with an inf.:

    nisi forte clarissimo cuique plures curas, majora pericula subeunda, delenimentis curarum et periculorum carendum esse,

    Tac. A. 2, 33.— Ironically, unless indeed, unless to be sure:

    Erucii criminatio tota, ut arbitror, dissoluta est, nisi forte exspectatis, ut illa diluam, quae, etc.,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 82; cf.:

    immo vero te audiamus, nisi forte Manilius interdictum aliquod inter duo soles putat esse componendum,

    id. Rep. 1, 13:

    ortum quidem amicitiae videtis nisi quid ad haec forte vultis,

    id. Lael. 9, 32; id. Mil. 7, 17; 31, 84; id. Verr. 2, 3, 64, § 149; id. Leg. 1, 1, 2; id. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Fat. 16, 37; Sall. C. 20, 17; Quint. 10, 1, 70; Tac. H. 4, 74.—
    (γ).
    With ne:

    ne quid animae forte amittat dormiens,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 24 and 26; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 56:

    pacem ab Aesculapio Petas, ne forte tibi eveniat magnum malum,

    Plaut. Curc. 2, 2, 21:

    qui metuo, ne te forte flagitent,

    Cic. Fam. 9, 8, 1:

    metuens, ne forte deprehensus retraheretur,

    Liv. 2, 12, 4:

    comperisse me non audeo dicere, ne forte id ipsum verbum ponam, quod, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 5, 2; id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 4: ac ne forte hoc magnum ac mirabile esse videatur, hominem toties irasci, id. de Or. 2, 46, 191; id. Att. 2, 18, 2.—Rarely with ut non instead of ne, Quint. 1, 3, 1.—
    b.
    In relat. clauses (very rare):

    nisi si quispiamst Amphitruo alius, qui forte te hic absente tamen tuam rem curet,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 195:

    unus in hoc non est populo, qui forte Latine reddere verba queat,

    Ov. Tr. 5, 7, 53:

    nam qui forte Stichum et Erotem emerit, recte videtur ita demonstrare,

    Gai. Inst. 4, 59; Aur. Vict. Caes. 10, 3; 39, 45.—
    c.
    In gen. (rare; not in Cic., for in Off. 2, 20, 70, the true read. is: in uno illo aut, si forte, in liberis ejus manet gratia, B. and K.;

    and in the corrupt passage,

    id. Att. 10, 12, 5; Orelli reads: fortiter ac tempestive;

    Kayser, fortiter vel cum tempestate): quid si apud te veniat de subito prandium aut potatio Forte, aut cena,

    Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 47:

    neque solum alium pro alio pedem metrorum ratio non recipit, sed ne dactylum quidem aut forte spondeum alterum pro altero,

    Quint. 9, 4, 49:

    sive non trino forte nundino promulgata, sive non idoneo die, etc.,

    id. 2, 4, 35:

    ut sciant, an ad probandum id quod intendimus forte respondeant,

    id. 5, 10, 122; cf. id. 7, 3, 20: quo casu licet uxori vel in omnes res, vel in unam forte aut duas (optare), Gai Inst. 1, 150; 4, 74:

    forte quid expediat, communiter aut melior pars Malis carere quaeritis laboribus,

    what may perhaps be of some use, Hor. Epod. 16, 15:

    alii nulli rem obligatam esse quam forte Lucio Titio,

    than for instance, Dig. 20, 1, 15, § 2; 30, 1, 67; 48, 22, 7, § 6; Gai. Inst. 3, 179.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Fors

  • 46 fors

    fors, fortis, f. [fero, to bring, whence fortuna, v. Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 300 sq.], chance, hap, luck, hazard.
    I.
    Subst.
    A.
    As an appellative noun (used only in the nom. and abl.; syn.: fortuna, casus, sors): quo saxum impulerit fors, eo cadere Fortunam autumant, Pac. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 23, 36 (Trag. Rel. v. 368 Rib., who regards this verse as spurious); cf.: quibus natura prava magis quam fors aut fortuna obfuit, Att. ap. Non. 425, 13 (Trag. Rel. ed. Rib. v. 110): cui parilem fortuna locum fatumque tulit fors, Lucil. ap. Non. 425, 15; cf.

    also: casumque timent quem cuique ferat fors,

    Lucr. 3, 983 Lachm. N. cr.:

    unum hoc scio: Quod fors feret, feremus aequo animo,

    Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 88:

    sed haec, ut fors tulerit,

    Cic. Att. 7, 14 fin.:

    sed haec fors viderit,

    id. ib. 14, 13, 3;

    4, 10, 1: quam sibi sortem Seu ratio dederit, seu fors objecerit,

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 2:

    quia tam incommode illis fors obtulerat adventum meum,

    Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 10:

    telum quod cuique fors offerebat, arripuit,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 43; Hor. S. 1, 6, 54; 2, 1, 59:

    forte quadam divinitus super ripas Tiberis effusus lenibus stagnis,

    Liv. 1, 4, 4:

    fors fuit, ut, etc.,

    it happened that, Gell. 12, 8, 2:

    fors fuat pol!

    so be it! God grant it! Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 4;

    post-class.: fors fuat, ut his remediis convalescamus,

    Symm. Ep. 2, 7; Aus. Ep. 16: fors fuat, an, etc., it might so happen that; perchance, i. q. forsitan, Symm. Ep. 1, 39; 4, 28 and 29; cf.

    also: pretio fors fuat officiove, etc.,

    perhaps, Sid. Ep. 9, 7 (but not in Lucr. 1, 486, v. Lachm. ad h. l.).—
    B.
    Personified, Fors, the goddess of chance:

    dea Fors,

    Ov. F. 6, 775; also in the connection Fors Fortuna, whose temple was situated on the Tiber, outside of the city: vosne velit an me regnare, era quidve ferat Fors, Virtute experiamur, Enn. ap. Cic. de Off. 1, 12, 38 (Ann. v. 203 ed. Vahl.); so,

    sit sane Fors domina campi,

    Cic. Pis. 2, 3:

    fors, in quo incerti casus significantur magis (different from Fortuna),

    id. Leg. 2, 11 fin. Mos. N. cr.:

    sed de illa ambulatione Fors viderit, aut si qui est qui curet deus,

    id. Att. 4, 10, 1:

    saeva,

    Cat. 64, 170:

    dies Fortis Fortunae appellatus ab Servio Tullio rege, quod is fanum Fortis Fortunae secundum Tiberim extra urbem Romam dedicavit Junio mense,

    Varr. L. L. 6, § 17 Müll.; cf.;

    aedis Fortis Fortunae,

    Liv. 10, 46, 14; Tac. A. 2, 41:

    Fortunae Fortis honores,

    Ov. F. 6, 773:

    o Fortuna! o Fors Fortuna! quantis commoditatibus hunc onerastis diem!

    Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 1 (quoted by Varr. ap. Non. 425, 19; for Cic. Div. 2, 7, 18, v. II. B. 1. infra).
    II.
    Adverb., in the nom. and abl.
    A.
    fors, ellipt., for fors sit, it might happen, i. e. perchance, perhaps, peradventure (only poet. and in post-class. prose):

    similiter fors, cum sit nominativus, accipitur pro adverbio,

    Prisc. p. 1015 P.:

    et fors aequatis cepissent praemia rostris, Ni, etc.,

    Verg. A. 5, 232; 6, 535:

    cesserit Ausonio si fors victoria Turno,

    if perchance, id. ib. 12, 183; Val. Fl. 3, 665; Tert. ad Uxor. 2, 2.—Esp. in the connection fors et, i. q. fortasse etiam, perhaps too:

    iste quod est, ego saepe fui, sed fors et in hora Hoc ipso ejecto carior alter erit,

    Prop. 2, 9, 1:

    et nunc ille quidem spe multum captus inani, Fors et vota facit cumulatque altaria donis,

    Verg. A. 11, 50; 2, 139:

    fors et Debita jura vicesque superbae Te maneant ipsum,

    Hor. C. 1, 28, 31; Stat. S. 3, 4, 4.—Less freq.:

    fors etiam,

    Val. Fl. 4, 620.—
    B.
    forte, by chance, by accident, casually, accidentally; freq. with casu, temere, fortuna (freq. and class.).
    1.
    Lit.:

    quid est tandem, quod casu fieri aut forte fortuna putemus? etc.,

    Cic. Div. 2, 7, 18:

    forte fortuna per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 54; Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 75: aut forte omnino ac fortuna vincere bello: Si forte et temere omnino, quid cursum ad honorem? Lucil. ap. Non. 425, 16 sq.:

    si forte, temere, casu aut pleraque fierent aut omnia, etc.,

    Cic. Fat. 3, 6; cf.:

    nisi ista casu nonnumquam, forte, temere concurrerent,

    id. Div. 2, 68, 141:

    quam saepe forte temere Eveniunt, quae non audeas optare,

    Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 30; cf. Liv. 41, 2, 7:

    nec quicquam raptim aut forte temere egeritis,

    id. 23, 3, 3: perpulere, ut forte temere in adversos montes erigeret, 2, 31, 5; 25, 38, 12;

    39, 15, 11: quibus forte temere humana negotia volvi persuasum est,

    Curt. 5, 11, 10:

    captivi quidam pars forte pars consilio oblati,

    Liv. 9, 31, 7:

    dumque hoc vel forte, vel providentia, vel utcumque constitutum rerum naturae corpus, etc.,

    Vell. 2, 66, 5; cf.:

    mihi haec et talia audienti in incerto judicium est, fatone res mortalium et necessitate immutabili, an forte volvantur,

    Tac. A, 6, 22: [p. 771] si adhuc dubium fuisset, forte casuque rectores terris, an aliquo numine darentur, Plin. Pan. 1, 4:

    seu dolo seu forte surrexerit, parum compertum,

    Tac. H. 2, 42; cf.:

    seu forte seu tentandi causa,

    Suet. Aug. 6:

    donec advertit Tiberius forte an quia audiverat,

    Tac. A. 4, 54:

    cum casu diebus iis itineris faciendi causa, Puteolos forte venissem,

    Cic. Planc. 26, 65:

    cum cenatum forte apud Vitellios esset,

    Liv. 2, 4, 5:

    ibi cum stipendium forte militibus daretur,

    id. 2, 12, 6:

    forte aspicio militem,

    Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 58; cf.:

    fit forte obviam mihi Phormio,

    Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 11:

    rus ut ibat forte,

    id. ib. 63:

    forte ut assedi in stega,

    Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 44:

    lucernam forte oblitus fueram exstinguere,

    id. Most. 2, 2, 56:

    forte evenit, ut, etc.,

    Cic. Clu. 51, 141; id. de Or. 2, 55, 224; Liv. 1, 7, 13:

    Tarenti ludi forte erant,

    Plaut. Men. prol. 29:

    erat forte brumae tempus,

    Liv. 21, 54, 7:

    et pernox forte luna erat,

    id. 32, 11, 9:

    per eos forte dies consul copias Larisam ducere tribunos militum jussit,

    i. e. it came to pass on one of those days, id. 36, 14, 1:

    per eosdem forte dies, etc.,

    id. 37, 20, 1; 37, 34, 1; cf. Tac. A. 4, 59:

    in locum tribuni plebis forte demortui candidatum se ostendit,

    Suet. Aug. 10. —So nearly = aliquando (mostly poet. and post - Aug.):

    forte per angustam tenuis vulpecula rimam repserat in cumeram frumenti,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 29:

    ibam forte via sacra,

    id. S. 1, 9, 1; Mart. 1, 54, 7:

    forte quondam in disponendo mane die praedixerat, etc.,

    Suet. Tib. 11; Aur. Vict. de Caes. 17, 5.—
    2.
    Transf., to denote uncertainty, corresp. to the Gr. an, perhaps, perchance, peradventure.
    a.
    In conditional and causal sentences.
    (α).
    With si:

    irae si quae forte eveniunt hujusmodi,

    Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 60:

    si quis vestrum, judices, aut eorum qui assunt, forte miratur, etc.,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 1, 1:

    hicine vir usquam, nisi in patria, morietur? aut, si forte, pro patria?

    id. Mil. 38, 104:

    si forte est domi,

    Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 4; cf. id. Poen. 5, 2, 104; Liv. 1, 7, 6:

    si forte eos primus aspectus mundi conturbaverat, etc.,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 35, 90:

    si te Latina forte deficient,

    id. Ac. 1, 7, 25:

    si qui me forte locus admonuerit,

    id. de Or. 3, 12, 47:

    si quae te forte res aliquando offenderit,

    id. Fam. 7, 17, 2:

    quod si forte ceciderint,

    id. Lael. 15, 53:

    si quando, si forte, tibi visus es irasci alicui,

    id. Rep. 1, 38 Mos. N. cr.; cf. id. de Or. 3, 12, 47.—Rarely forte si:

    forte si tussire occepsit, ne sic tussiat, ut, etc.,

    Plaut. As. 4, 1, 49:

    ita demum novatio fit... forte si condicio vel sponsor vel dies adiciatur,

    Gai. Inst. 3, 177.—Rarely with ellipsis of si:

    protinus Aeneas celeri certare sagitta invitat qui forte velint, i. e. si qui forte velint,

    Verg. A, 5, 485.—
    (β).
    With nisi ironically:

    hoc te monitum, nisi forte ipse non vis, volueram,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 59:

    nemo fere saltat sobrius, nisi forte insanit,

    Cic. Mur. 6, 13:

    propensior benignitas esse debebit in calamitosos, nisi forte erunt digni calamitate,

    id. Off. 2, 18, 62; 3, 24, 93: is constantiam teneat;

    nisi forte se intellexerit errasse, etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 33, 120:

    negare hoc, nisi forte negare omnia constituisti, nullo modo potes,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 64, § 149: accedam ad omnia tua, Torquate;

    nisi memoria forte defecerit,

    id. Fin. 2, 14, 44.—In indirect locution with an inf.:

    nisi forte clarissimo cuique plures curas, majora pericula subeunda, delenimentis curarum et periculorum carendum esse,

    Tac. A. 2, 33.— Ironically, unless indeed, unless to be sure:

    Erucii criminatio tota, ut arbitror, dissoluta est, nisi forte exspectatis, ut illa diluam, quae, etc.,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 82; cf.:

    immo vero te audiamus, nisi forte Manilius interdictum aliquod inter duo soles putat esse componendum,

    id. Rep. 1, 13:

    ortum quidem amicitiae videtis nisi quid ad haec forte vultis,

    id. Lael. 9, 32; id. Mil. 7, 17; 31, 84; id. Verr. 2, 3, 64, § 149; id. Leg. 1, 1, 2; id. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Fat. 16, 37; Sall. C. 20, 17; Quint. 10, 1, 70; Tac. H. 4, 74.—
    (γ).
    With ne:

    ne quid animae forte amittat dormiens,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 24 and 26; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 56:

    pacem ab Aesculapio Petas, ne forte tibi eveniat magnum malum,

    Plaut. Curc. 2, 2, 21:

    qui metuo, ne te forte flagitent,

    Cic. Fam. 9, 8, 1:

    metuens, ne forte deprehensus retraheretur,

    Liv. 2, 12, 4:

    comperisse me non audeo dicere, ne forte id ipsum verbum ponam, quod, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 5, 2; id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 4: ac ne forte hoc magnum ac mirabile esse videatur, hominem toties irasci, id. de Or. 2, 46, 191; id. Att. 2, 18, 2.—Rarely with ut non instead of ne, Quint. 1, 3, 1.—
    b.
    In relat. clauses (very rare):

    nisi si quispiamst Amphitruo alius, qui forte te hic absente tamen tuam rem curet,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 195:

    unus in hoc non est populo, qui forte Latine reddere verba queat,

    Ov. Tr. 5, 7, 53:

    nam qui forte Stichum et Erotem emerit, recte videtur ita demonstrare,

    Gai. Inst. 4, 59; Aur. Vict. Caes. 10, 3; 39, 45.—
    c.
    In gen. (rare; not in Cic., for in Off. 2, 20, 70, the true read. is: in uno illo aut, si forte, in liberis ejus manet gratia, B. and K.;

    and in the corrupt passage,

    id. Att. 10, 12, 5; Orelli reads: fortiter ac tempestive;

    Kayser, fortiter vel cum tempestate): quid si apud te veniat de subito prandium aut potatio Forte, aut cena,

    Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 47:

    neque solum alium pro alio pedem metrorum ratio non recipit, sed ne dactylum quidem aut forte spondeum alterum pro altero,

    Quint. 9, 4, 49:

    sive non trino forte nundino promulgata, sive non idoneo die, etc.,

    id. 2, 4, 35:

    ut sciant, an ad probandum id quod intendimus forte respondeant,

    id. 5, 10, 122; cf. id. 7, 3, 20: quo casu licet uxori vel in omnes res, vel in unam forte aut duas (optare), Gai Inst. 1, 150; 4, 74:

    forte quid expediat, communiter aut melior pars Malis carere quaeritis laboribus,

    what may perhaps be of some use, Hor. Epod. 16, 15:

    alii nulli rem obligatam esse quam forte Lucio Titio,

    than for instance, Dig. 20, 1, 15, § 2; 30, 1, 67; 48, 22, 7, § 6; Gai. Inst. 3, 179.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > fors

  • 47 species

    spĕcĭes, ēi ( gen. sing. specie or specii, Matius ap. Gell. 9, 14, 15; gen. and dat. plur. were not in use in Cicero's time, but formarum, formis were used instead; cf. Cic. Top. 7, 30.—At a later period were introduced:

    specierum,

    Pall. Oct. 14, 15; Cod. Just. 1, 2, 10; Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 5, § 151; cf. Charis. p. 18 P.; and Diom. p. 281 P.:

    speciebus,

    App. ad Asclep. p. 92, 25; Cod. Just. 11, 9, 1 al.; Dig. 28, 2, 29, § 10), f. [specio].
    I.
    Act., a seeing, sight, look, view (rare; cf.

    aspectus): speciem quo vortimus,

    Lucr. 4, 242; so id. 4, 236 (for which, a little before, visus); 5, 707; 5, 724; Vitr. 3, 2 fin.; 5, 9:

    si tantis intervallis nostra species potest id animadvertere,

    id. 9, 4:

    qui sensus nostros specie primā acerrime commovent,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 25, 98:

    qui doloris speciem ferre non possunt,

    id. Tusc. 2, 23, 54.—
    II.
    Pass., prop. that which is seen in a thing, i. e. the outward appearance, outside, exterior; shape, form, figure, mien, etc. (freq. and class.; syn. forma).
    A.
    Lit.:

    praeter speciem stultus,

    Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 49:

    quod speciem ac formam similem gerit ejus imago,

    Lucr. 4, 52; cf.:

    quae species formaque pugnae, qui motus hominum non ita expictus est, ut, etc.,

    outlines, contours, Cic. Tusc. 5, 39, 114:

    esse aliquem humanā specie et figurā,

    id. Rosc. Am. 22, 63:

    hominis esse specie deos confitendum est,

    id. N. D. 1, 18, 48:

    edepol specie lepida mulier!

    Plaut. Rud. 2, 4, 2; cf.:

    bellan' videtur specie mulier?

    id. Bacch. 4, 7, 40; id. Most. 1, 3, 23; id. Mil. 4, 2, 10; 4, 6, 20:

    urbis speciem vidi,

    id. Pers. 4, 4, 2; so,

    species praeclara oppidi,

    Cic. Rep. 3, 32, 44; id. Verr. 2, 4, 58, § 129:

    sphaerae (Archimedeae), etc.,

    id. Rep. 1, 14, 21:

    navium,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 25; cf.:

    nova atque inusitata,

    id. ib. 2, 31:

    horribilis,

    id. ib. 7, 36:

    agro bene culto nihil potest esse specie ornatius,

    Cic. Sen. 16, 57:

    horum hominum species est honestissima,

    id. Cat. 2, 8, 18:

    ad speciem magnifico ornatu,

    as to outward appearance, id. Verr. 2, 1, 22, § 58:

    populi,

    id. Rep. 3, 33, 45:

    nec ulla deformior species est civitatis, quam illa, in quā opulentissimi optimi putantur,

    id. Rep. 1, 34, 51: speciem honesti habere, the look or semblance of what is right, id. Off. 3, 2, 7:

    turba majorem quam pro numero speciem ferens,

    Curt. 3, 2, 3; cf.:

    fallaces sunt rerum species, quibus credimus,

    Sen. Ben. 4, 34, 1.—
    2.
    Something seen, a spectacle, sight, appearance:

    ponite itaque ante oculos miseram quidem illam ac flebilem speciem,

    Cic. Phil. 11, 3:

    non tulit hanc speciem furiatā mente Coroebus,

    Verg. A. 2, 407 (cf. I. supra).—
    3.
    Trop., that which is seen by the mind, an idea, notion: hanc illi idean appellabant:

    nos recte speciem possumus dicere,

    Cic. Ac. 1, 8, 30; cf. id. Top. 7, 30:

    insidebat in ejus mente species eloquentiae,

    id. Or. 5, 18:

    excellentis eloquentiae speciem et formam adumbrabimus,

    id. ib. 14, 43:

    species, forma et notio viri boni,

    id. Off. 3, 20, 81; cf.:

    prima sit haec forma et species et origo tyranni,

    id. Rep. 2, 29, 51:

    qui species alias veri scelerisque capiet,

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 208:

    utinam non inanes species anxio animo figuraret,

    Curt. 7, 1, 36.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    A look, show, seeming, appearance, semblance, pretence, cloak, color, pretext, etc. (opp. that which is real, actual, etc.).
    a.
    In gen.:

    obiciuntur saepe formae, quae reapse nullae sunt, speciem autem offerunt,

    Cic. Div. 1, 37, 81:

    ista securitas specie quidem blanda sed reapse, etc.,

    id. Lael. 13, 47:

    cujus rei species erat acceptio frumenti,

    Sall. J. 29, 4:

    fraudi imponere aliquam speciem juris,

    Liv. 9, 11:

    specie liberā... re verā, etc.,

    id. 35, 31; cf.:

    litteras inanis vanā specie libertatis adumbratas esse,

    id. 33, 31, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.:

    plurimi ibi a fallaci equitum specie agasonibusque excepti sunt,

    id. 7, 15, 7:

    si dux primam speciem adpropinquantis terroris sustinuisset,

    id. 44, 6, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.:

    quae (nomina) primā specie admirationem, re explicatā risum movent,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:

    quaedam humanitatis habent primam speciem ut misericordia,

    id. Tusc. 4, 14, 32:

    similitudinem quandam speciemque sapientium gerere,

    id. Off. 3, 4, 16:

    si speciem utilitatis voluptas habere dicetur,

    id. ib. 3, 33, 120.— Hence,
    b.
    Esp. with gen. of that which is assumed or pretended, under pretext of, under pretence of, etc.
    (α).
    With abl.:

    fortis viros specie quādam virtutis adsimulatae tenebat,

    Cic. Cael. 6, 14.—
    (β).
    With sub:

    sub specie tutelae liberūm ejus invasisse regnum,

    Curt. 9, 2, 7; 10, 6, 21; Liv. 44, 24, 4.—
    (γ).
    With per:

    per speciem celebrandarum cantu epularum,

    Liv. 9, 30, 8:

    per speciem auxilii Byzantiis ferendi, re ipsā, etc.,

    id. 39, 35, 4; 40, 13, 8; 42, 52, 8.—
    (δ).
    With in:

    si quis in speciem refectionis (viae) deteriorem viam facit,

    Dig. 43, 11, 1, § 2.—Adverb.: in speciem, for a show, as a pretence:

    haud dubio in speciem consensu fit ad Poenos deditio,

    Liv. 24, 1, 8:

    dilatā in speciem actione, re ipsā sublatā,

    id. 3, 9, 13; so,

    ad speciem tabernaculis relictis,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 35 fin.; id. B. G. 1, 51; Quint. Cic. Pet. Cons. 5, 18 al.—
    2.
    Also with gen.: in speciem, after the manner, in the fashion, like (cf. tamquam; poet.):

    inque chori ludunt speciem,

    Ov. M. 3, 685:

    in montis speciem curvari,

    id. ib. 15, 509; cf.:

    scorpiones vermiculos ovorum specie pariunt,

    Plin. 11, 25, 30, § 86.—
    3.
    Pregn., like the Engl. show, for ornament, display, splendor, beauty (cf.:

    dignitas, venustas): ut in usum boni sint et in speciem populo,

    Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 42:

    fuit pompa, fuit species, fuit incessus saltem Seplasiā dignus et Capuā,

    Cic. Pis. 11, 24:

    adhibere quandam in dicendo speciem atque pompam,

    id. de Or. 2, 72, 294:

    speciem candoremque caeli,

    id. Tusc. 1, 28, 68; cf. id. N. D. 2, 37; 2, 39:

    specie et motu capere homines,

    id. Brut. 62, 224:

    triumpho praebere speciem,

    Liv. 34, 52, 10:

    addere speciem,

    id. 37, 40; 9, 40:

    si fortunatum species et gratia praestat,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 203:

    ducit te species,

    id. S. 2, 2, 35:

    speciem Saturnia vaccae probat,

    Ov. M. 1, 612:

    juvenis,

    Juv. 10, 310:

    corporis,

    Curt. 7, 9, 19; Vitr. 3, 2.—
    C.
    Transf.
    1.
    Concr. (for simulacrum, i. q. eidôgon).
    a.
    An appearance in sleep, a vision, apparition (mostly poet.), Lucr. 1, 125:

    repetit quietis Ipsa suae speciem,

    Ov. M. 9, 473:

    voce suā specieque viri turbata soporem Excutit,

    id. ib. 11, 677:

    in quiete utrique consuli eadem dicitur visa species viri, etc.,

    Liv. 8, 6:

    per nocturnas species,

    id. 26, 19; cf.:

    mirabundi velut ad somni vanam speciem,

    id. 33, 32, 7; Sil. 13, 394; Curt. 3, 6, 7.—
    b.
    A likeness, image, statue: tum species ex aere vetus concidit... Et divum simulacra peremit fulminis ardor... Sancta Jovis species... Haec tardata diu species tandem celsā in sede locata, Cic. poët. Div. 1, [p. 1737] 12, 21.—
    2.
    Reputation, honor:

    o speciem dignitatemque populi Romani, quam reges pertimescant,

    Cic. Dom. 33, 89.—
    3.
    The particular thing among many to which the looks are turned; hence, a particular sort, kind, or quality, a species:

    species pars est generis,

    App. Asclep. p. 78, 26:

    harum singula genera minimum in binas species dividi possunt, etc.,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 3; cf.:

    genus est id, quod sui similes communione quādam, specie autem differentes, duas aut plures complectitur partes,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 42, 189:

    primum illud genus quaerimus, ex quo ceterae species suspensae sunt... Homo species est, ut Aristoteles ait, canis species: commune his vinculum animal,

    Sen. Ep. 58, 7; Varr. R. R. 1, 9, 4; id. L. L. 10, § 18; Cic. Inv. 1, 27, 40; id. Or. 10, 33; id. Top. 18, 68; Quint. 3, 6, 26; 3, 10, 2; 5, 10, 90 al.: codicillis multas species vestis, argenti specialiter reliquit, many kinds or sorts, Dig. 34, 2, 19; cf. ib. 41, 1, 7.—
    b.
    In later jurid. lang., a special case:

    proponitur apud eum species talis: Sutor puero discenti cervicem percussit, etc.,

    Dig. 9, 2, 5 fin.; 31, 1, 85.—
    c.
    In late Lat., goods, wares (that are classed together; cf. assortment);

    publicae,

    Cod. Just. 1, 2, 10:

    annonariae,

    ib. 11, 73, 3:

    vendenda sit species,

    i. e. wine, Pall. Oct. 14, 3.—Esp., spices, drugs, etc., Macr. S. 7, 8 med.; Dig. 39, 4, 16, § 7; Pall. Oct. 14 fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > species

  • 48 urbs

    urbs, urbis (dat. VRBEI, Corp. Inscr. Lat. 206), f. [Sanscr. vardh-, to make strong; cf. Pers. vard-ana, city], a walled town, a city.
    I.
    Lit.
    1.
    In gen.:

    hi coetus sedem primum certo loco domiciliorum causā constituerunt: quam cum locis manuque sepsissent, ejusmodi conjunctionem tectorum oppidum vel urbem appellaverunt, delubris distinctam spatiisque communibus,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 26, 41; cf.:

    post ea qui fiebat orbis, urbis principium,

    Varr. L. L. 5, § 143 Müll.: urbs dicitur ab orbe, quod antiquae civitates in orbem flebant, id. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 12:

    interea Aeneas urbem designat aratro,

    Verg. A. 5, 755 Serv.:

    veni Syracusas, quod ab eā urbe... quae tamen urbs, etc.,

    Cic. Phil. 1, 3, 7: certabant urbem Romam Remoramne vocarent, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 85 Vahl.): arce et urbe sum orba, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 114 ib.):

    urbes magnae et imperiosae,

    id. Rep. 1, 2, 3:

    urbs illa praeclara (Syracusae),

    id. ib. 3, 31, 43:

    duabus urbibus eversis inimicissimis huic imperio,

    id. Lael. 3, 11.— Rarely, and mostly poet., with the name of the city in gen.:

    urbs Patavi, Buthroti,

    Verg. A. 1, 247; 3, 293:

    Cassius in oppido Antiochiae cum omni exercitu,

    Cic. Att. 5, 18, 1.—With adj. prop.: urbs Romana = Roma, Liv. 9, 41, 16; 22, 37, 12; 40, 36, 14; Flor. 1, 13, 21.—Of other cities (rare and post-class.):

    Lampsacenae urbis salus,

    Val. Max. 7, 3, ext. 4: in urbe Aquilejensi, Paul. v. S. Ambros. 32:

    urbs urbium,

    a metropolis, Flor. 2, 6, 35.—
    2.
    In partic., the city of Rome (like astu, of Athens):

    postquam Urbis appellationem, etiamsi nomen proprium non adiceretur, Romam tamen accipi sit receptum,

    Quint. 6, 3, 103; cf. id. 8, 2, 8; 8, 5, 9:

    hujus urbis condendae principium profectum a Romulo,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 2, 4; cf. id. ib. 1, 47, 71; 1, 1, 1;

    1, 37, 58: (Caesar) maturat ab urbe proficisci,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

    de urbe augendā quid sit promulgatum, non intellexi,

    Cic. Att. 13, 20, 1:

    conditor urbis (Romulus),

    Ov. F. 1, 27:

    (pater) Dextera sacras jaculatus arces Terruit urbem,

    Hor. C. 1, 2, 4:

    minatus urbi vincla,

    id. Epod. 9, 9;

    called also urbs aeterna,

    Amm. 14, 6, 1.— Ad urbem esse, to stop at or near Rome; in publicists' lang., of returning generals, who had to remain outside of the city till the Senate decreed them the right of entrance;

    or of provincial magistrates who were preparing for departure to their provinces,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45 Ascon.; 2, 2, 6, § 17; Sall. C. 30, 4; Caes. B. C. 6, 1.—
    B.
    Transf., as in Engl.
    1.
    The city, for the citizens (rare; cf.

    civitas): invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam,

    Verg. A. 2, 265:

    maesta attonitaque,

    Juv. 11, 198: bene moratae, Auct. ap. Quint. 8, 6, 24.—
    2.
    The capital city, metropolis (post-class.):

    si tam vicinum urbi municipium sit, ut, etc.,

    Dig. 39, 2, 4 fin.; Cod. Th. 14, 1, 3.—
    * II.
    Trop.:

    urbem philosophiae, mihi crede, proditis, dum castella defenditis,

    i. e. the main point, Cic. Div. 2, 16, 37.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > urbs

  • 49 membrana

    membrāna, ae, f. [membrum], the skin or membrane that covers parts of the body (class.).
    I.
    Lit.:

    natura oculos membranis tenuissimis vestivit,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142:

    cerebri,

    the membrane of the brain, meninges, Cels. 8, 4:

    membranis cicadae volant,

    Plin. 11, 28, 33, § 96:

    membranis volant fragilibus insecta,

    id. 11, 39, 94, § 228.—
    B.
    Esp., the skin or slough of snakes, Ov. M. 7, 272; Luc. 6, 679.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    The thin skin of plants and other things, Plin. 15, 22, 24, § 88:

    corio et membrana Punica (teguntur),

    id. 15, 28, 34, § 112:

    tenuissimis membranis velatur allium,

    id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

    putaminis ovi,

    id. 29, 3, 11, § 46.—
    B.
    A skin prepared for writing, etc., parchment, Quint. 10, 3, 31:

    Homeri carmen in Membrana scriptum,

    Plin. 7, 21, 21, § 85: sic raro scribis, ut toto non quater anno Membranam poscas, Hor. S. 2, 3, 2:

    Parrhasiae, for drawing,

    Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 68:

    croceae membrana tabellae,

    Juv. 7, 23:

    quod in chartulis sive membranis meis aliquis scripserit, meum est,

    Gai. Inst. 2, 77.—
    C.
    The surface, outside of a thing ( poet.):

    coloris,

    Lucr. 4, 95.— Trop.:

    scies, sub ista tenui membrana dignitatis quantum mali jaceat,

    Sen. Ep. 115, 9.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > membrana

  • 50 pellis

    pellis, is ( abl. sing. pelle;

    but pelli,

    Lucr. 6, 1270; App. Mag. 22), f. [Gr. pella, pelas, skin; cf. erusipelas, epipolê, surface; also, platus, and Lat. palam], a skin, hide (of a beast), whether on the body or taken off; a felt, pelt, etc.
    I.
    Lit., Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 6: inaurata arietis, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 22, 34 (Trag. v. 285 Vahl.):

    rana rugosam inflavit pellem,

    Phaedr. 1, 23, 4; Col. 6, 13, 2:

    nationes caprarum pellibus vestitae,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 11, 11; cf.:

    quam tu numquam vides nisi cum pelle caprinā,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 29, 82:

    pelles pro velis,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 13:

    fulvique insternor pelle leonis,

    Verg. A. 2, 722:

    pelles perficere,

    Plin. 24, 11, 56, § 94:

    pelles candidas conficere,

    id. 13, 6, 13, § 55:

    pecudes aureas habuisse pelles tradiderunt,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 6.— Poet., of the human skin:

    frigida pellis Duraque,

    Lucr. 6, 1194:

    ossa atque pellis tota est,

    Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 28; id. Capt. 1, 2, 32:

    pellis nostra,

    Vulg. Thren. 5, 10; id. Job, 10, 11; 19, 20: pellem habere Hercules fingitur, ut homines cultus antiqui admoneantur. Lugentes quoque diebus luctus in pellibus sunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 207 Müll.; cf.:

    deformem pro cute pellem aspice,

    Juv. 10, 192.—Prov.: detrahere pellem, i. e. to pull off the mask which conceals a person's faults, Hor. S. 2, 1, 64:

    introrsum turpis, speciosus pelle decorā,

    with a showy outside, id. Ep. 1, 16, 45: cf. Pers. 4, 14: in propriā pelle quiescere, to be content with one's own state or condition, Hor. S. 1, 6, 22 (v. pellicula):

    caninam pellem rodere, said of lampooning a slanderer,

    Mart. 5, 60, 10:

    pellem pro pelle, et cuncta quae habet homo dabit pro animā suā,

    Vulg. Job, 2, 4:

    si mutare potest Aethiops pellem suam,

    id. Jer. 13, 23.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Leather:

    ruptā calceus alter Pelle patet,

    Juv. 3, 150.—
    B.
    A garment, article of clothing made of skin, Col. 1, 8; cf. Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 19:

    pes in pelle natet,

    in the shoe, id. A. A. 1, 516; Pers. 5, 140.—
    C.
    A tent for soldiers (because it was covered with skins); usually in the phrase sub pellibus, in the camp:

    ut non multum imperatori sub ipsis pellibus otii relinquatur,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 2, 4:

    sub pellibus milites contineri non possent,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 29 fin.:

    (Caesar) sub pellibus hiemare constituit,

    id. B. C. 3, 13 fin.; cf. Liv. 37, 39:

    durare sub pellibus,

    id. 5, 2; Tac. A. 13, 35; 14, 38:

    pellium nomine,

    for covering shields, Cic. Pis. 36, 87.—
    D.
    Parchment:

    pellibus exiguis artatur Livius ingens,

    on little parchments, Mart. 14, 190, 1.—
    E.
    A drum:

    pelles caedere,

    Min. Fel. 24, 4.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > pellis

  • 51 Pincianus

    Pincĭus, i, m., the name of a Roman gens, Grut. 352, 5. Perh. after them was named the Mons Pincius, the eighth hill of Rome, situate outside the city, but enclosed by the Aurelian wall; called, at an earlier period, Collis hortorum, now Monte Pincio. —Hence,
    II.
    Pincĭānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Mons Pincius, Pincian:

    domus,

    Cassiod. Var. 3, 10.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Pincianus

  • 52 Pincius

    Pincĭus, i, m., the name of a Roman gens, Grut. 352, 5. Perh. after them was named the Mons Pincius, the eighth hill of Rome, situate outside the city, but enclosed by the Aurelian wall; called, at an earlier period, Collis hortorum, now Monte Pincio. —Hence,
    II.
    Pincĭānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Mons Pincius, Pincian:

    domus,

    Cassiod. Var. 3, 10.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Pincius

  • 53 praeter

    praeter, adv. and prep. [prae, with the demonstrative suffix ter, as in inter, subter, propter], signifies motion by or past, and hence, also, beyond, or rest outside a thing.
    I.
    Adv., past, by, beyond (cf. praeterquam), in the trop. sense; i. e.
    A.
    Comparatively, before, beyond, above, more than (only ante-class.):

    quae praeter sapiet quam placet parentibus,

    Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 38:

    quod mihi videre Facere, et praeter quam res te adhortatur tua,

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 8.—
    B.
    Exceptionally, except, excepting, unless, save (class. but rare):

    etiam e Graecis ipsis diligenter cavendae sunt quaedam familiaritates, praeter hominum perpaucorum,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 5, § 16:

    ne quis praeter armatus violaretur,

    Liv. 4, 59, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:

    diem statuit, ante quam liceret sine fraude ab armis discedere, praeter rerum capitalium damnatis,

    Sall. C. 36, 2:

    religionum usquequaque contemptor, praeter unius deae Syriae,

    Suet. Ner. 56; id. Claud. 4 fin.: exsules, praeter caedis damnati, restituebantur, [p. 1434] Just. 13, 5, 2:

    praeter hodie,

    Vulg. Gen. 21, 26:

    nil praeter salices cassaque canna fuit,

    Ov. F. 6, 406:

    uti pueri in curiam ne introeant, praeter ille unus Papirius,

    Gell. 1, 23, 13.—In connection with the particles si, quod, que:

    praeter si aliter nequeas,

    unless, Varr. R. R. 1, 41 fin.:

    praeter quod epulis alienis voluptates meas anteferrem, etc.,

    besides that, App. M. 2, p. 122:

    montes in Arcadiā Cyllene, Lycaeus... praeterque ignobiles octo,

    and besides, and also, Plin. 4, 6, 10, § 21:

    praeterque,

    id. 5, 1, 1, § 16; 8, 42, 67, § 166; 9, 39, 64, § 138; 11, 4, 3, § 10. —For praeter quam and praeter propter, v. praeterquam and praeterpropter.—
    II.
    Prep. with acc., past, by, before, in front of, along.
    A.
    Lit., of place (rare but class.):

    mustela murem mihi abstulit praeter pedes,

    Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 7:

    magni montes solem succedere praeter,

    Lucr. 4, 139:

    praeter castra Caesaris suas copias transduxit,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 48:

    servi ejus praeter oculos Lollii haec omnia ferebant,

    before the eyes of, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62:

    Ligures praeter oram Etrusci maris Neapolim transmisit,

    Liv. 40, 41:

    praeter radices montis lapsus amnis,

    Plin. 6, 3, 4, § 10:

    praeter ora suorum,

    Tac. H. 4, 30:

    tela volant... Praeter utrumque latus praeterque et lumen et aures,

    Ov. M. 5, 158:

    praeter majorum cineres rapitur Lateranus,

    Juv. 8, 146.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    In gen., over, beyond; against, contrary to, aside from:

    nihil praeter rem locuti sumus,

    beside the matter, irrelevant, Auct. Her. 4, 1, 1:

    praeter aetatem stultus,

    Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 3:

    praeter aequom delinquere,

    id. Bacch. 3, 3, 14:

    multa praeter spem evenisse,

    id. Rud. 2, 3, 69; cf.:

    quor sedebas in foro Tu solus praeter alios,

    apart from, id. Ps. 3, 2, 13:

    praeter naturam praeterque fatum,

    Cic. Phil. 1, 4, 10:

    praeter consuetudinem,

    id. Div. 2, 28, 60:

    cum lacus Albanus praeter modum crevisset,

    id. ib. 1, 44, 100:

    quod mihi videre praeter aetatem tuam Facere,

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 7.—
    2.
    In partic.
    a.
    Comparatively, of that which goes beyond something else, beyond, above, more than; esp.:

    praeter ceteros, alios, omnes, etc.: illud praeter alia mira miror,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 140:

    praeter ceteros laborabis,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 15, § 43; id. Sull. 3, 7:

    quae me igitur res praeter ceteros impulit, ut, etc.,

    id. Rosc. Am. 1, 2:

    necesse est quod mihi consuli praecipuum fuit praeter alios, id jam privato cum ceteris esse commune,

    id. Sull. 3, 9:

    ut Argonautas praeter omnes candidum Medea mirata est ducem,

    Hor. Epod. 3, 9; Ter. And. 1, 1, 31.—With neg.:

    nonne ostendis te vereri, quod praeter ceteros tu metuere non debeas,

    less than the rest, Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 145.—
    b.
    Of that besides which there is something else in addition, besides, together with, in addition to:

    ut praeter se denos ad colloquium adducerent,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 43:

    praeter imperatas pecunias,

    id. B. C. 3, 32:

    ut praeter auctoritatem vires quoque haberet,

    id. ib. 3, 57:

    praeter illud commodum, quod, etc., tum etiam, etc.,

    Col. 4, 18.—
    c.
    Exceptionally, besides, except:

    nec nobis praeter me alius est servos,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 244:

    hoc nemini praeter me videtur,

    Cic. Att. 1, 1, 2:

    omnibus sententiis praeter unam condemnatus est,

    id. Clu. 20, 55:

    neque vestitus, praeter pelles habeant,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 1:

    frumentum omne, praeter quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt,

    id. ib. 1, 5:

    nullas (litteras) acceperam praeter quae mihi binae redditae sunt, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 5, 3, 2:

    ex plurimis honoribus, praeter paucos non recepit,

    Suet. Tib. 26.—
    d.
    Praeter haec, for praeterea, besides that, besides, moreover (ante- and postclass.), Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 61; Cels. 2, 4.
    ► In composition, praeter has the signification of past, by, and beyond, or besides; e.
    g. praeterducere, praetermittere, praeterea.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > praeter

  • 54 fors

        fors fortis (only nom. and abl. except in the name Fors Fortuna), f    [1 FER-], chance, hap, luck, hazard, accident: Quod fors feret, feremus, T.: sed haec, ut fors tulerit: quam sibi sortem fors obiecerit, H.: uti quosque fors conglobaverat, S.: forte quādam Tiberis effusus, L.: Fors fuat pol! may it be so, T.—Person., the goddess of chance: Fors omnia versat, V.: dea Fors, O.—Esp., Fors Fortuna, Good Fortune, with a temple on the Tiber, outside of the city: aedis Fortis Fortunae, L.: Fortunae Fortis honores, O.: casu aut forte fortunā.—Ellipt.: for fors sit, it might happen, perchance, perhaps, peradventure: tu fors, quid me fiat, parvi pendis, T.: Et fors aequatis cepissent praemia rostris, Ni, etc., V.: nunc ille Fors et vota facit, V.; see also forte.
    * * *
    chance; luck, fortune; accident

    Latin-English dictionary > fors

  • 55 cutis

    cŭtis, is (acc. cutem, App. Mag. p. 306, 14), f. [kindr. with kutos; Sanscr. gudh; Germ. Haut], the skin.
    I.
    Prop., Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 3; Cels. 2, 8; Plin. 28, 12, 50, § 183 sq.; Quint. 11, 3, 78; Hor. C. 1, 28, 13; id. A. P. 476; Sen. Ep. 95, 16; 123, 7 al.—In plur., Plin. 6, 31, 36, § 200; 11, 37, 45, § 128.—
    b.
    Prov.: curare cutem, to take care of one's skin, i. e. to make much of one's self, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 29; 1, 4, 15 (for which pelliculam curare, id. S. 2, 5, 38):

    cogere aliquem intra suam cutem,

    Sen. Ep. 9, 13:

    cute perditus,

    sick in one's body, Pers. 1, 23:

    ego te intus et in cute novi,

    I know you thoroughly, id. 3, 30.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    Hide, leather:

    calceus est sartā terque quaterque cute,

    Mart. 1, 103, 6.—
    2.
    A soft coating, covering of any thing; the skin, rind, surface (several times in the Nat. Hist. of Pliny):

    casiae,

    Plin. 12, 19, 43, § 95:

    nucleorum,

    id. 15, 10, 9, § 36:

    uvarum,

    id. 15, [p. 506] 28, 34, §

    112: lauri,

    id. 27, 10, 60, § 84:

    summa terrae,

    id. 20, 19, 79, § 207.—
    II.
    Trop., the external appearance, surface, outside:

    tenerā quādam elocutionis cute,

    Quint. 5, 12, 18:

    imaginem virtutis effingere et solam ut sic dixerim cutem,

    id. 10, 2, 15; Gell. 18, 4, 2.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > cutis

  • 56 foras

    fŏras, adv. [acc. form like alias, alteras, utrasque; while foris is an abl. form; both from an obsol. nom. fora; Sanscr. dvār; Gr. thura; O. H. Germ. tor; Engl. door], out through the doors, out of doors, forth, out (class.):

    crepuit foris: Amphitruo exit foras,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 35; cf.:

    exeundum hercle tibi hinc est foras,

    id. Aul. 1, 1, 1:

    i foras, mulier,

    id. Cas. 2, 2, 36:

    quid tu foras egressa es?

    id. Am. 5, 1, 28; Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 38:

    foras aedibus me eici?

    Plaut. As. 1, 2, 1; cf.: homo hercle hinc exclusu'st foras, [p. 767] id. ib. 3, 3, 6:

    anum foras extrudit,

    id. Aul. prol. 38; id. Cas. 4, 1, 10:

    te huc foras seduxi, Ut, etc.,

    id. Aul. 2, 1, 14:

    sese portā foras universi proripiunt,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 1:

    portis se foras erumpunt,

    id. ib. 2, 14, 1:

    fer cineres, Amarylli, foras,

    Verg. E. 8, 101:

    filium foras mittere ad cenam,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 65:

    quae (urbs) laetari mihi videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque projecerit,

    id. Cat. 2, 1, 2:

    vides, tuum peccatum esse elatum foras,

    Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 65; cf.:

    domus, in qua nihil geratur, quod foras perferendum sit,

    Cic. Cael. 23, 57; and:

    efferri hoc foras et ad populi Romani aures pervenire,

    id. Phil. 10, 3, 6; cf. Lucr. 3, 123:

    si (animus) eminebit foras, et ea quae extra sunt contemplans, etc.,

    Cic. Rep. 6, 26; cf.: justitia foras spectat et projecta tota est atque eminet, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 373, 25 (Rep. 3, 7 ed. Mos.): (scripta) foras dare, to spread abroad, publish, = edere, proferre, id. Att. 13, 22, 3:

    vendere,

    Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 66:

    locitare agellum,

    to strangers, Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 26:

    uxor, vade foras, aut moribus utere nostris,

    i. e. leave the house, separale from me, Mart. 11, 104, 1.—
    (β).
    Connected with a noun:

    ite hac simul heri damnigeruli, foras gerones, Bonorum hamaxagogae,

    carriers out, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 1.—
    (γ).
    Post-class. with gen., or like a preposition with the acc.: ea namque tabes, si foras corporis prospiravit, out of the body, ektos tou sômatos, App. Mag. p. 306, 11:

    extra urbem et foras portam,

    outside of, without, Hier. in Matt. 27, 33; so,

    foras exteriorem partem,

    Vulg. Ezech. 47, 2:

    usque foras civitatem,

    id. Act. 21, 5.—
    2.
    For foris, abroad:

    foras cenare,

    Petr. 30.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > foras

  • 57 pellis

        pellis is, f    a skin, hide, felt, pelt: rugosa (ranae), Ph.: caprina: pelles pro velis, Cs.: fulvique insternor pelle leonis, V.: deformem pro cute pellem aspice, Iu.—Prov.: Detrahere pellem, i. e. to expose one's real nature, H.: Introrsum turpis, speciosus pelle decorā, with a showy outside, H.: in propriā pelle quiescere, to rest contented, H.—Tanned hide, leather, skin: ruptā calceus alter Pelle patet, Iu.: pecore compulso pellium nomine, to obtain leather (for shields): pes in pelle natet, in the shoe, O.—In the phrase, sub pellibus (because the winter tents were covered with skins), in winter tents, in camp, C., Cs.—A leathern sandal-tie, shoe-latchet, H.
    * * *
    skin, hide; pelt

    Latin-English dictionary > pellis

  • 58 prōvincia

        prōvincia ae, f    an office, duty, pursuit, charge, business, province: dura, T.: sibi provinciam depoposcit, ut me trucidaret.—A public office, appointment, charge, commission, administration, employment, command: urbana: cui classis provincia evenerat, L.: Aquilio Hernici provincia evenit, i. e. were assigned, L.: ut alteri consulum Italia bellumque cum Hannibale provincia esset, sphere of action, L.: quasi provincias atomis dare, methods of action.—Esp., the government of a territory outside of Italy by one who had served as magistrate in Rome, provincial government, territorial administration, command in the name of the Roman people: in quibus (locis) provinciam administras: numerum annorum provinciis prorogavit: provinciae rudis: provinciam deposuit, resigned: consularis, governed by an ex-consul.—A territory governed by a magistrate from Rome, province: Sicilia prima omnium provincia est appellata: provincia Syria: in provinciam cum imperio proficisci.
    * * *
    province; office; duty; command

    Latin-English dictionary > prōvincia

  • 59 crusta

    crusta, ae, f. [cf. crudus], the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark, etc.
    I.
    In gen.:

    luti,

    Lucr. 6, 626; cf.

    soli,

    Dig. 39, 2, 9:

    panis,

    Plin. 19, 8, 53, § 168:

    glandis,

    id. 15, 28, 34, § 112:

    piscium,

    id. 9, 28, 44, § 83:

    locustarum,

    id. 9, 30, 50, § 95:

    ulcerum,

    the scab, Cels. 5, 9; cf. id. 5, 10: fluminis, a covering or crust of ice, Verg. G. 3, 360 et saep.—
    II.
    In partic., t. t. of plastic art, inlaid, chased, or embossed work on walls or vessels, plasterwork, stucco-work, mosaic work:

    parietis,

    Plin. 35, 12, 45, § 154; cf. id. 36, 6, 7, § 48:

    quae (vasa) probarant, eis crustae aut emblemata detrahebantur,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Plin. 36, 6, 6, § 47; 36, 6, 7, § 48:

    capaces Heliadum crustae,

    Juv. 5, 38; Dig. 34, 2, 32, § 1.—
    * B.
    Trop.: non est ista solida et sincera felicitas; crusta est et quidem tenuis, plaster- or outside-work, Sen. Prov. 6, 3; cf. tectorium.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > crusta

  • 60 profanum

    prŏfānus, a, um, adj. [pro - fanum; prop. before the temple, i. e. outside of it; hence, opp. to the temple as a sacred object], unholy, not sacred, common, profane.
    I.
    Lit.: profanum quod non est sacrum, Plautus: Sacrum an profanum habeas parvi penditur, Paul. ex Fest. p. 228 Müll.; cf.:

    profanum est, quod fani religione non tenetur,

    Fest. p. 253 ib.: Trebatius profanum id proprie dici ait, quod ex religioso vel sacro [p. 1457] in hominum usum proprietatem conversum est, Macr. S. 3, 3, 2:

    loci consecrati an profani,

    Cic. Part. 10, 36;

    opp. sacrum,

    Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 27 cum omnia illā victoriā suā profana fecisset, Cic. Verr 2, 4, 55, § 122:

    res profanae et usu pollutae,

    Tac. A. 13, 57:

    flamma,

    Ov. F. 6, 440:

    usus,

    Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 135.—Of persons: procul o, procul este, profani, Conclamat vates, ye uninitiated, Verg A. 6, 258:

    Cereris ritus vulgare profanis, Ov A. A. 2, 601 profanum vulgus,

    Hor. C. 3, 1, 1: vulgus, Gell. N A. praef. fin. —
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Wicked, impious ( poet.):

    mens profana, Ov M 2, 833: verba,

    id. Tr. 3, 5, 48:

    odia,

    Stat. Th. 1, 1: profanus Phorbas, Ov M. 11, 413 sit spes fallendi, miscebis sacra profanis, Hor Ep. 1, 16, 54.— Subst. prŏfānum, i, n., wickedness, impiety (post-Aug.):

    civilium bellorum profano,

    Plin. 16, 4, 3, § 7.—
    B.
    Unlearned, ignorant (post-class.); with gen.:

    litterarum profani (opp.: doctrina initiati),

    Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 18; Min. Fel. Oct. 5:

    qui profani sunt a sacramento veritatis,

    strangers to, Lact. 2, 15, 2:

    a veritate,

    id. 2, 16, 13; 7, 24, 10.—
    C.
    Ill-boding ( poet.):

    profanus bubo, Ov M 6, 431 avis,

    id. ib. 5, 543.— Hence, adv.: prŏfānē, wickedly, profanely (post-class.);

    illudere,

    Lact. 6, 23, 10:

    de divinitate disputare,

    Min. Fel. Oct. 8.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > profanum

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