-
21 center
центр; пункт; пост; узел; середина; научпо-иселсдовагсльскпй центр, НИЦ; выводить на середину; арт. корректировать; центрировать;air C3 center — центр руководства, управления и связи ВВС
general supply (commodity) center — центр [пункт] снабжения предметами общего предназначения
hard launch (operations) control center — ркт. центр [пункт] управления пуском, защищенный от (поражающих факторов) ЯВ
launch (operations) control center — ркт. пункт управления стартового комплекса [пуском ракет]
tactical fighter weapons (employment development) center — центр разработки способов боевого применения оружия истребителей ТА
— all-sources intelligence center— C center— combat control center— educational center— logistical operations center— logistics services center— operational center— secured communications center— skill development center -
22 MDC
1) Общая лексика: Management Development Committee (SEIC)2) Компьютерная техника: MDT Digitizing Card, Message Digest Code, Mobile Data Computer3) Военный термин: Mega Damage Counters, Military Destroyer Class, Missile Development Center, Mobile Data Center, machinability data center, main display console, maintenance data collection, manual direction center, master direction center, master display controller, material distribution center, message distribution center, meteorological data collection, mild detonating cord, mine destruction charge, mine distribution canister, miniature detonating cord, miss distance calculator, missile direction center, mission direction center, mission duty cycle, movement designator code, multiple drone control5) Шутливое выражение: Missouri Department Of Communism6) Химия: Methylene Dichloride7) Юридический термин: Metropolitan Detention Center, Military District Court, Most Dangerous Corner8) Бухгалтерия: Miscellaneous Debits And Credits9) Ветеринария: Milk Development Council11) Телекоммуникации: Monthly Demand Charge12) Сокращение: Maintenance Data Centre (UK Royal Air Force), Major Distribution Centre, Materiel Distribution Center (Topeka, KS), McDonnell Douglas Corp. (USA), Military Discipline Code (South Africa), Mine Data Centre, Radio set control group (Spain), miniaturized digital computer, more developed country, motor direct-connected, Metropolitan District Commission (Mass State Agency), Maintenance Data Centre, Maintenance Dependency Chart, Movement for Democratic Change13) Физиология: Major Diagnostic Category, Minimum detectable concentration14) Вычислительная техника: Meta Data Coalition, Message conversion system directory Component (MCS)15) Нефть: major dull characteristics, monel drill collars, сбор данных о техническом обслуживании (maintenance data collection), технологическая схема последовательности работ по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance dependency chart), центр сбора данных о техническом обслуживании (maintenance data center)16) Пищевая промышленность: Macrophage Derived Chemokine17) Воздухоплавание: McDonnell Douglas Corporation18) Фирменный знак: Michigan Drywall And Ceiling, Morphos Developer Connection19) Сетевые технологии: Maintenance Domain Controller, Multi-Device Controller, контроллер нескольких периферийных устройств20) Автоматика: McDonnel-Douglas Corporation21) Океанография: Mini Drift Chamber22) Химическое оружие: Material decontamination chamber23) Безопасность: Message Digest Cipher, manipulation detection code, modification detection code24) Расширение файла: Materials Distribution Center25) Маркетология: Million Dollar Club, Клуб Долларовых Миллионеров26) Фантастика Mega Damage Capacity27) Здравоохранение: Medicines Development Centre, Multidisciplinary Clinic28) Правительство: Metropolitan District Commission29) NYSE. M D C Holdings, Inc.31) Базы данных: Mapped Diagnostic Context -
23 mDC
1) Общая лексика: Management Development Committee (SEIC)2) Компьютерная техника: MDT Digitizing Card, Message Digest Code, Mobile Data Computer3) Военный термин: Mega Damage Counters, Military Destroyer Class, Missile Development Center, Mobile Data Center, machinability data center, main display console, maintenance data collection, manual direction center, master direction center, master display controller, material distribution center, message distribution center, meteorological data collection, mild detonating cord, mine destruction charge, mine distribution canister, miniature detonating cord, miss distance calculator, missile direction center, mission direction center, mission duty cycle, movement designator code, multiple drone control5) Шутливое выражение: Missouri Department Of Communism6) Химия: Methylene Dichloride7) Юридический термин: Metropolitan Detention Center, Military District Court, Most Dangerous Corner8) Бухгалтерия: Miscellaneous Debits And Credits9) Ветеринария: Milk Development Council11) Телекоммуникации: Monthly Demand Charge12) Сокращение: Maintenance Data Centre (UK Royal Air Force), Major Distribution Centre, Materiel Distribution Center (Topeka, KS), McDonnell Douglas Corp. (USA), Military Discipline Code (South Africa), Mine Data Centre, Radio set control group (Spain), miniaturized digital computer, more developed country, motor direct-connected, Metropolitan District Commission (Mass State Agency), Maintenance Data Centre, Maintenance Dependency Chart, Movement for Democratic Change13) Физиология: Major Diagnostic Category, Minimum detectable concentration14) Вычислительная техника: Meta Data Coalition, Message conversion system directory Component (MCS)15) Нефть: major dull characteristics, monel drill collars, сбор данных о техническом обслуживании (maintenance data collection), технологическая схема последовательности работ по техническому обслуживанию (maintenance dependency chart), центр сбора данных о техническом обслуживании (maintenance data center)16) Пищевая промышленность: Macrophage Derived Chemokine17) Воздухоплавание: McDonnell Douglas Corporation18) Фирменный знак: Michigan Drywall And Ceiling, Morphos Developer Connection19) Сетевые технологии: Maintenance Domain Controller, Multi-Device Controller, контроллер нескольких периферийных устройств20) Автоматика: McDonnel-Douglas Corporation21) Океанография: Mini Drift Chamber22) Химическое оружие: Material decontamination chamber23) Безопасность: Message Digest Cipher, manipulation detection code, modification detection code24) Расширение файла: Materials Distribution Center25) Маркетология: Million Dollar Club, Клуб Долларовых Миллионеров26) Фантастика Mega Damage Capacity27) Здравоохранение: Medicines Development Centre, Multidisciplinary Clinic28) Правительство: Metropolitan District Commission29) NYSE. M D C Holdings, Inc.31) Базы данных: Mapped Diagnostic Context -
24 command
командование (организационная единица, лица руководящего состава), управление; соединение; объединение; группа войск; военный округ; команда, приказание; превосходство; контроль; топ. превышение; командовать; управлять; подавать командыData Services (and Administrative) Systems command — командование [управление] статистических (и административно-управленческих) информационных систем
major command, NATO forces — верховное [стратегическое] командование ОВС НАТО
UN command,Rear — командование тыла сил ООН
US Army Forces, Readiness command — СВ командования войск готовности ВС США
— RAF Transportation command— vest command in -
25 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
26 grupo
m.1 group (conjunto).en grupo in a groupgrupo ecologista environmental groupgrupo de estudio study groupgrupo de música pop pop groupgrupo de presión (politics) pressure group, lobbygrupo de riesgo group at riskgrupo de rock rock group2 group of people, bevy, circle, group.* * *1 group2 TÉCNICA unit, set\en grupo together, en massegrupo electrógeno power plantgrupo sanguíneo blood group* * *noun m.1) group2) band•* * *SM1) [gen] group; (=equipo) team; [de árboles] cluster, clumpgrupo de contacto — (Pol) contact group
grupo de estafas — (Policía) fraud squad
grupo de estupefacientes — (Policía) drug squad
grupo de homicidios — (Policía) murder squad
grupo de investigación — research team, team of researchers
grupo de presión — pressure group, special interest group (EEUU)
2) (Elec, Téc) unit, plant; (=montaje) assemblygrupo electrógeno, grupo generador — generating set, power plant
3) Cono Sur (=trampa) trick, con ** * *a) (de personas, empresas, países) group; ( de árboles) clumpen grupo — <salir/trabajar> in a group/in groups
b) (Mús) tbgrupo musical — group, band
* * *= aggregate, bank, batch [batches, -pl.], body, class, cluster, clutch, congeries, grouping, pack, cohort, camp, set, group, gang, bunch, corps, band, class group, combine, constituent group, collective, ensemble, bevy, line-up, cluster, segment, pod, order, mob.Ex. The result of this is to provide a distinct class number for an aggregate of subjects which are adjacent in the UDC schedule order.Ex. A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.Ex. A KWIC index is based upon the 'keywords' in the titles of the batch of documents to be indexed.Ex. The main body of criticism centred upon the treatment of nonbook materials.Ex. The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.Ex. The local system is designed to be flexible enough to meet the needs of a single library or those of a library cluster.Ex. This approach does tend to lead to small clutches of periodicals on a given subject.Ex. To be sure, it still has its congeries of mills and factories, its grimy huddle of frame dwellings and congested tenements, its stark, jagged skyline, but its old face is gradually changing.Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.Ex. The notched cards, representing relevant documents, will drop off the needle and fall from the bulk of the pack.Ex. This article examines the views of librarians held by a number of faculty cohorts.Ex. This is a situation much debated between the two camps of those who would give everyone what he wants and those who would give each reader only the things of some constructive value.Ex. SELECT retrieves records containing the search term or terms you specify and stores them in sets.Ex. The groups continue, however, to keep alive their heritages through festivals and cultural activities.Ex. In the 1920s and 1930s more than 1 million books were being loaned each year to members as far afield as the most isolated settlers' gangs working on distant branch lines.Ex. They are a very impatient bunch, however: knowing themselves what the technology can do, they can get a little short with obstructionists who raise non-technical objections.Ex. Quality abstracting services take pride in their corps of abstractors.Ex. In recent years a band of disciples has grown up in India, and has contributed to the revision and expansion of the schedules.Ex. If the panel members represent class groups, they must canvass for suggestions.Ex. 158 public organisations with very diverse computer machinery formed a combine to develop an application which would make the database available on the organisations' different computer systems. = 158 instituciones públicas con equipos informáticos muy diversos crearon un grupo para desarrollar una aplicación que hiciera que la base de datos estuviese disponible en sus diferentes sistemas informáticos.Ex. Different constituent groups tend to rate aspects of the library quite differently.Ex. These collectives are at present seeking compensation for copies made of copyrighted material based on the nature, volume and use of copies made.Ex. DIANE is the name that has been given to the ensemble of available information services.Ex. It contains a bevy of fearsomely feisty female archetypes removed from domestic obligations and toughened in the brutal setting of prison life.Ex. The title of the article is 'The information market: a line-up of competitors'.Ex. Various other methods of obtaining clusters have been described, including the use of fuzzy sets, but these are beyond the scope of this book.Ex. No such constraints exist where online display is anticipated, since only one segment at a time is displayed.Ex. The large pod of about 75 narwhals milled around the bay in the summer feeding grounds.Ex. The taxonomic subclass of acari (mites and ticks) comprises tens of thousands of species, grouped in many families and several orders.Ex. In the afternoon quite a few of our mob decided that they would prefer to spend a bit of time lazing about in the water and soaking up a few rays.----* admitir a Alguien en un grupo = adopt + Nombre + into the fold.* análisis de grupo = cohort analysis.* atacar en grupo = swarm.* camaradería de grupo = group ride.* cena de grupo = dinner party.* cena en grupo = group dinner, dinner party.* como grupo = collectively.* crear un grupo = set up + group.* debate de grupo = group discussion.* debate en grupo = group discussion.* división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.* empresa de nuestro grupo = sister company, sister organisation.* empresa de un grupo = operating company.* en algunos grupos = in some quarters.* en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.* enano del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.* en muchos grupos = in many quarters.* en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.* entre grupos sociales = intergroup.* entrevista en grupo = group interview.* formación de grupos de presión = lobbying representation.* formar un grupo = set up + group.* formar un grupo de presión = form + lobby.* G7 (Grupo de los Siete), el = G7 (Group of Seven), the.* gran grupo = constellation.* grupo activista = faction group.* grupo al Algo que va dirigido = target group.* grupo alimenticio = food group.* grupo asesor = advisory group.* Grupo Asesor sobre Redes (NAG) = Network Advisory Group (NAG).* grupo chantajista = extortion racket.* grupo cívico = civic group.* grupo consultivo = advisory group.* grupo coordinador = steering group.* grupo cultural = cultural group.* grupo de acción ciudadana = citizen action group, community action group.* grupo de amigos = clan of friends.* grupo de amigos y conocidos = social network.* grupo de apoyo = interest group, support group.* grupo de autoayuda = self-help group, self-help group, self-help group.* grupo de cantantes femenino = girl band.* grupo de cantantes masculino = boy band.* grupo de ciudadanos desatentido = unserved, the.* grupo de consumidores = consumer group.* grupo de control = control group.* grupo de datos = data set [dataset].* grupo de debate = discussion group, focus group, discussion list, electronic forum, panel discussion, panel debate.* grupo de dirección = management.* grupo de discusión = discussion group.* grupo de edad = age bracket, age group [age-group].* grupo de empresas = business group.* grupo de estanterías = stack, stack range.* grupo de estudio = study circle.* grupo de expertos = cadre, brains trust, group of experts, network, think tank.* grupo defensor = interest group.* grupo de gestión = management team.* grupo de incondicionales, el = hard core, the.* grupo de intelectuales = intelligentsia.* grupo de interés = focus group, interest group.* grupo de investigación = research group.* Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).* grupo de la oposición = opposition group.* grupo de los 20 = G-20.* grupo de los ocho, el = G8, the.* grupo del proyecto = project team.* grupo de negociación = bargaining unit.* grupo de normalización = standards group.* grupo de opinión = focus group.* grupo de personas o cosas de la misma edad o categoría = peer group.* grupo de poder = power group.* grupo de presión = lobby group, pressure group, lobbyist.* grupo de protección a menores = Shelter group.* grupo de protección ciudadana = civic trust group.* grupo de recursos = clump.* grupo de referencia = reference group.* grupo de representantes = focus group.* grupo de rock = rock group.* grupo de seguidores = fandom.* grupo de términos de búsqueda relacionados = search hedge, subject hedge.* grupo de trabajo = study group, study team, task force, working party, task group, research group, working group, project team.* Grupo de Trabajo de Ingeniería de Internet (IETF) = Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).* grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.* Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la Asociaci = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).* grupo de tres = threesome.* grupo de usuarios = user group, users' group, population served.* grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.* grupo disidente = splinter group, splinter party.* grupo dominante = dominant group.* grupo eléctrico = power unit, electrical generator, power generator.* grupo electrógeno = electrical generator, power unit, power generator.* grupo especial = special interest group.* grupo específico = niche.* grupo etario = age bracket.* grupo étnico = ethnic group, racial group, cultural group.* grupo experimental = experimental group.* grupo extremista = extremist group.* grupo incondicional, el = hard core, the.* grupo influyente = force.* grupo instrumental = ensemble.* grupo integrante = constituent group.* grupo interdisciplinar = cross-functional team.* grupo intérprete = executant body.* grupo marginado = deprived group, marginalised group.* grupo marginal = disadvantaged community, marginalised group.* grupo mayoritario = majority group.* grupo mínimo relacionado = minimum zone cohort.* grupo minoritario = minority group.* grupo mixto = cross-functional team.* grupo musical en directo = live band.* grupo político = political group.* grupo principal de usuarios = primary user group.* grupo profesional = occupational group.* grupo racial = racial group.* grupo racista = hate group.* grupo referente = reference group.* grupo religioso = denominational body, religious group.* grupos = quarters.* grupo sanguíneo = blood group, blood type.* grupos de diez = tens of.* grupo según edad = age group [age-group].* grupo social = community group, social group.* grupo supervisor = steering group.* grupo temáticamente afín = subject-related group.* grupo terrorista = terrorist group.* más débil del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.* obra para grupo instrumental = ensemble work.* pensamiento de grupo = groupthink.* perfil de grupo = group profile.* por grupos = in batches.* presión del grupo = peer pressure.* relativo a un grupo = group-related.* reunión de grupo = group meeting.* RLG (Grupo de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = RLG (Research Libraries Group).* rodear en grupo = swarm.* SDI por grupos = group SDI.* sentimiento de grupo = togetherness.* sesión de grupo = group session.* tarifa de grupo = group rate.* técnica de grupo nominal = nominal group technique.* terapia de grupo = group therapy.* trabajar en grupo = team.* trabajar en grupo (con) = team up (with).* una grupo impreciso de = a cloud of.* un grupo aferrado de = a hard core of.* un grupo cada vez mayor de = a growing body of.* un grupo de = a set of, a bunch of, a crop of, a pool of, a cadre of, a cluster of, a galaxy of, a clutch of, a company of.* un grupo de gente variada = a cast of people.* un grupo incondicional de = a hard core of.* un grupo variado de = a collection of.* violación en grupo = gang rape.* * *a) (de personas, empresas, países) group; ( de árboles) clumpen grupo — <salir/trabajar> in a group/in groups
b) (Mús) tbgrupo musical — group, band
* * *= aggregate, bank, batch [batches, -pl.], body, class, cluster, clutch, congeries, grouping, pack, cohort, camp, set, group, gang, bunch, corps, band, class group, combine, constituent group, collective, ensemble, bevy, line-up, cluster, segment, pod, order, mob.Ex: The result of this is to provide a distinct class number for an aggregate of subjects which are adjacent in the UDC schedule order.
Ex: A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.Ex: A KWIC index is based upon the 'keywords' in the titles of the batch of documents to be indexed.Ex: The main body of criticism centred upon the treatment of nonbook materials.Ex: The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.Ex: The local system is designed to be flexible enough to meet the needs of a single library or those of a library cluster.Ex: This approach does tend to lead to small clutches of periodicals on a given subject.Ex: To be sure, it still has its congeries of mills and factories, its grimy huddle of frame dwellings and congested tenements, its stark, jagged skyline, but its old face is gradually changing.Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.Ex: The notched cards, representing relevant documents, will drop off the needle and fall from the bulk of the pack.Ex: This article examines the views of librarians held by a number of faculty cohorts.Ex: This is a situation much debated between the two camps of those who would give everyone what he wants and those who would give each reader only the things of some constructive value.Ex: SELECT retrieves records containing the search term or terms you specify and stores them in sets.Ex: The groups continue, however, to keep alive their heritages through festivals and cultural activities.Ex: In the 1920s and 1930s more than 1 million books were being loaned each year to members as far afield as the most isolated settlers' gangs working on distant branch lines.Ex: They are a very impatient bunch, however: knowing themselves what the technology can do, they can get a little short with obstructionists who raise non-technical objections.Ex: Quality abstracting services take pride in their corps of abstractors.Ex: In recent years a band of disciples has grown up in India, and has contributed to the revision and expansion of the schedules.Ex: If the panel members represent class groups, they must canvass for suggestions.Ex: 158 public organisations with very diverse computer machinery formed a combine to develop an application which would make the database available on the organisations' different computer systems. = 158 instituciones públicas con equipos informáticos muy diversos crearon un grupo para desarrollar una aplicación que hiciera que la base de datos estuviese disponible en sus diferentes sistemas informáticos.Ex: Different constituent groups tend to rate aspects of the library quite differently.Ex: These collectives are at present seeking compensation for copies made of copyrighted material based on the nature, volume and use of copies made.Ex: DIANE is the name that has been given to the ensemble of available information services.Ex: It contains a bevy of fearsomely feisty female archetypes removed from domestic obligations and toughened in the brutal setting of prison life.Ex: The title of the article is 'The information market: a line-up of competitors'.Ex: Various other methods of obtaining clusters have been described, including the use of fuzzy sets, but these are beyond the scope of this book.Ex: No such constraints exist where online display is anticipated, since only one segment at a time is displayed.Ex: The large pod of about 75 narwhals milled around the bay in the summer feeding grounds.Ex: The taxonomic subclass of acari (mites and ticks) comprises tens of thousands of species, grouped in many families and several orders.Ex: In the afternoon quite a few of our mob decided that they would prefer to spend a bit of time lazing about in the water and soaking up a few rays.* admitir a Alguien en un grupo = adopt + Nombre + into the fold.* análisis de grupo = cohort analysis.* atacar en grupo = swarm.* camaradería de grupo = group ride.* cena de grupo = dinner party.* cena en grupo = group dinner, dinner party.* como grupo = collectively.* crear un grupo = set up + group.* debate de grupo = group discussion.* debate en grupo = group discussion.* división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.* empresa de nuestro grupo = sister company, sister organisation.* empresa de un grupo = operating company.* en algunos grupos = in some quarters.* en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.* enano del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.* en muchos grupos = in many quarters.* en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.* entre grupos sociales = intergroup.* entrevista en grupo = group interview.* formación de grupos de presión = lobbying representation.* formar un grupo = set up + group.* formar un grupo de presión = form + lobby.* G7 (Grupo de los Siete), el = G7 (Group of Seven), the.* gran grupo = constellation.* grupo activista = faction group.* grupo al Algo que va dirigido = target group.* grupo alimenticio = food group.* grupo asesor = advisory group.* Grupo Asesor sobre Redes (NAG) = Network Advisory Group (NAG).* grupo chantajista = extortion racket.* grupo cívico = civic group.* grupo consultivo = advisory group.* grupo coordinador = steering group.* grupo cultural = cultural group.* grupo de acción ciudadana = citizen action group, community action group.* grupo de amigos = clan of friends.* grupo de amigos y conocidos = social network.* grupo de apoyo = interest group, support group.* grupo de autoayuda = self-help group, self-help group, self-help group.* grupo de cantantes femenino = girl band.* grupo de cantantes masculino = boy band.* grupo de ciudadanos desatentido = unserved, the.* grupo de consumidores = consumer group.* grupo de control = control group.* grupo de datos = data set [dataset].* grupo de debate = discussion group, focus group, discussion list, electronic forum, panel discussion, panel debate.* grupo de dirección = management.* grupo de discusión = discussion group.* grupo de edad = age bracket, age group [age-group].* grupo de empresas = business group.* grupo de estanterías = stack, stack range.* grupo de estudio = study circle.* grupo de expertos = cadre, brains trust, group of experts, network, think tank.* grupo defensor = interest group.* grupo de gestión = management team.* grupo de incondicionales, el = hard core, the.* grupo de intelectuales = intelligentsia.* grupo de interés = focus group, interest group.* grupo de investigación = research group.* Grupo de Investigación sobre la Clasificación (CRG) = Classification Research Group (CRG).* grupo de la oposición = opposition group.* grupo de los 20 = G-20.* grupo de los ocho, el = G8, the.* grupo del proyecto = project team.* grupo de negociación = bargaining unit.* grupo de normalización = standards group.* grupo de opinión = focus group.* grupo de personas o cosas de la misma edad o categoría = peer group.* grupo de poder = power group.* grupo de presión = lobby group, pressure group, lobbyist.* grupo de protección a menores = Shelter group.* grupo de protección ciudadana = civic trust group.* grupo de recursos = clump.* grupo de referencia = reference group.* grupo de representantes = focus group.* grupo de rock = rock group.* grupo de seguidores = fandom.* grupo de términos de búsqueda relacionados = search hedge, subject hedge.* grupo de trabajo = study group, study team, task force, working party, task group, research group, working group, project team.* Grupo de Trabajo de Ingeniería de Internet (IETF) = Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).* grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.* Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la Asociaci = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).* grupo de tres = threesome.* grupo de usuarios = user group, users' group, population served.* grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.* grupo disidente = splinter group, splinter party.* grupo dominante = dominant group.* grupo eléctrico = power unit, electrical generator, power generator.* grupo electrógeno = electrical generator, power unit, power generator.* grupo especial = special interest group.* grupo específico = niche.* grupo etario = age bracket.* grupo étnico = ethnic group, racial group, cultural group.* grupo experimental = experimental group.* grupo extremista = extremist group.* grupo incondicional, el = hard core, the.* grupo influyente = force.* grupo instrumental = ensemble.* grupo integrante = constituent group.* grupo interdisciplinar = cross-functional team.* grupo intérprete = executant body.* grupo marginado = deprived group, marginalised group.* grupo marginal = disadvantaged community, marginalised group.* grupo mayoritario = majority group.* grupo mínimo relacionado = minimum zone cohort.* grupo minoritario = minority group.* grupo mixto = cross-functional team.* grupo musical en directo = live band.* grupo político = political group.* grupo principal de usuarios = primary user group.* grupo profesional = occupational group.* grupo racial = racial group.* grupo racista = hate group.* grupo referente = reference group.* grupo religioso = denominational body, religious group.* grupos = quarters.* grupo sanguíneo = blood group, blood type.* grupos de diez = tens of.* grupo según edad = age group [age-group].* grupo social = community group, social group.* grupo supervisor = steering group.* grupo temáticamente afín = subject-related group.* grupo terrorista = terrorist group.* más débil del grupo, el = runt of the litter, the.* obra para grupo instrumental = ensemble work.* pensamiento de grupo = groupthink.* perfil de grupo = group profile.* por grupos = in batches.* presión del grupo = peer pressure.* relativo a un grupo = group-related.* reunión de grupo = group meeting.* RLG (Grupo de Bibliotecas de Investigación) = RLG (Research Libraries Group).* rodear en grupo = swarm.* SDI por grupos = group SDI.* sentimiento de grupo = togetherness.* sesión de grupo = group session.* tarifa de grupo = group rate.* técnica de grupo nominal = nominal group technique.* terapia de grupo = group therapy.* trabajar en grupo = team.* trabajar en grupo (con) = team up (with).* una grupo impreciso de = a cloud of.* un grupo aferrado de = a hard core of.* un grupo cada vez mayor de = a growing body of.* un grupo de = a set of, a bunch of, a crop of, a pool of, a cadre of, a cluster of, a galaxy of, a clutch of, a company of.* un grupo de gente variada = a cast of people.* un grupo incondicional de = a hard core of.* un grupo variado de = a collection of.* violación en grupo = gang rape.* * *Alos grupos sociales marginados marginalized social groupsun grupo de casas a group o cluster of housesse dividieron en grupos de (a) cuatro they split into groups of fouren grupo ‹salir/trabajar› in a group/in groups2 ( Mús) tbgrupo musical group, band3 ( Quím) groupCompuestos:support groupadvisory group, think tankconstruction consortiumcontrol groupconsortiumhotel chain● grupo de interés or presiónpressure groupjazz group o bandinternet forumpress consortium( Pol) Group of Eightnewsgroupworking partyuser groupgenerator● grupo fónico/tónicophonic/tonic grouptarget group( frml); peer groupparliamentary groupblood grouptener el grupo sanguíneo Rh or Rhesus positivo/negativo to be Rhesus positive/negative¿qué grupo sanguíneo tiene? what blood group are you?tengo el grupo sanguíneo A/AB/B positivo/negativo I'm blood group A/AB/B positive/negativecontrol group* * *
grupo sustantivo masculino
( de árboles) clump;
grupos sociales social groups;
de grupo ‹terapia/trabajo› group ( before n);
en grupo ‹salir/trabajar› in a group/in groupsb) (Mús) tb
grupo sustantivo masculino
1 g roup: no queda sangre del groupo B+, there is no B+ blood left
tiene mi grupo sanguíneo, he has the same blood group as I do
grupo de trabajo, working party
terapia de grupo, group therapy
2 Mús group, band
3 Elec grupo electrógeno, power generator o electric generating set
' grupo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aparato
- argot
- beatería
- cada
- clase
- comando
- componente
- conjunta
- conjunto
- contra
- cuerpo
- delirio
- descolgarse
- desfilar
- dirigirse
- disolver
- disolverse
- dispersar
- dispersarse
- ecologista
- entrada
- equipo
- escolta
- estamento
- exclusión
- figurar
- fuerza
- GEO
- guerrilla
- incorporarse
- iniciar
- jerga
- junta
- manifestarse
- maquinaria
- mayoría
- minoritaria
- minoritario
- ninguna
- ninguno
- núcleo
- nutrido-a
- panel
- paquete
- patrulla
- pertenencia
- pesar
- piña
- readmitir
- relevo
English:
address
- army
- back
- band
- bear down on
- blood group
- body
- bracket
- breakaway
- bunch
- camp
- chain gang
- class
- cliquey
- clump
- cluster
- collection
- collective
- combine
- come under
- commission
- contra
- crowd
- demo
- dense
- drummer
- dynamics
- fervent
- flagship
- flock
- foursome
- fraternity
- frenzied
- gather
- group
- guard
- heterogeneous
- homogeneous
- huddle
- inbred
- Ivy League
- join
- knot
- lead
- leadership
- lobby
- make up
- manager
- manageress
- motley
* * *grupo nm1. [conjunto] group;[de árboles] cluster;grupo (de empresas) (corporate) group;en grupo in a group;el grupo de cabeza [en carrera] the leading groupPol grupo de contacto contact group; Econ grupo de control control group; Informát grupo de discusión discussion group;grupo ecologista environmental group;grupo de edad age group;grupo empresarial (business) group o combine;grupo de estudio study group;Pol grupo mixto = independent MPs and MPs from minor parties in Spanish parliament; Informát grupo de noticias newsgroup;el grupo de los ocho (grandes) the G8 countries;grupo parlamentario parliamentary group;Pol grupo de presión pressure group, lobby;grupo de riesgo group at risk;UE Grupo de Sabios Committee of Wise Men;grupo sanguíneo blood group;el grupo de los siete (grandes) the G7 countries;Informát grupo de usuarios user group2. [de músicos] group, band3. Tec unit, setElec grupo electrógeno generator4. Quím groupgrupo fónico phonic group;grupo nominal noun phrase;grupo de palabras word group;grupo vocálico vowel cluster* * *m group;en grupos in groups* * *grupo nm: group* * *grupo n group -
27 principal
adj.1 main, principal.lo principal es… the main thing is…puerta principal front door2 chief, big-league, blue-chip, boss.m.first floor (British), second floor (United States) (plant).* * *► adjetivo1 main, chief1 (piso) first floor, US second floor* * *adj.1) principal2) main3) foremost4) major* * *1. ADJ1) (=más importante) [gen] principal, main; [crítico, adversario] foremost; [piso] first, second (EEUU)2) [persona, autoridad] illustrious2. SM1) (=persona) head, chief, principal2) (Econ) principal, capital3) (Teat) dress circle4) (=piso) first floor, second floor (EEUU)* * *Iadjetivo <entrada/carretera/calle> mainel papel principal — the main part o leading role
IIlo principal es que... — the main thing is that...
a) (Fin) principal, capitalb) (en teatro, cine) dress circle, mezzanine (AmE)* * *= capital, chief, dominant, essential, foremost, leading, main, major, primary, principal, top, key, lead, premier, overriding, prime, staple, number one, top-of-mind, cardinal, master.Ex. Following internal discussion, it was agreed that a new library should be given the University's top priority in any forthcoming capital building project.Ex. This section reviews the chief factors that must be taken into account in selecting an appropriate software package.Ex. English is the dominant language for the dissemination of information.Ex. The preceding chapter has introduced the essential characteristics of bibliographic descriptions.Ex. Foremost among those recommendations was one pertaining to the development of a UNIMARC format for authorities.Ex. In addition to her reputation as a leading expert in information control, Phyllis Richmond is another of ISAD's official reviewers of the AACR2's draft.Ex. The main rule, however, is do not have loose cables hanging all over the place -- not only is it unsightly but also extremely dangerous.Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.Ex. The primary components in this area are place of publication, publisher's name and date of publication (that is, the date of edition).Ex. If responsibility is shared between mor than three persons or corporate bodies (and no principal author is indicated), then entry is made under the title.Ex. ISI's indexes let you locate research in the world's top journals by citation, title word, author, institution, or journal.Ex. This meeting brought together representatives of the key organizations in the community.Ex. The United Nations declared 1990 as International Literacy Year (ILY) with Unesco designated as the lead agency for ILY.Ex. It is the country's premier research library for the natural sciences, engineering, technology and industrial property.Ex. Consequently, the overriding demand made by the academic community is bibliographical in nature.Ex. For instance, my sporting goods store is on the ground level and to the right -- prime mall location.Ex. UK libraries and the BBC Continuing Education have the same staple customer group.Ex. Eyestrain is the number one complaint of computer users.Ex. Computer security is a top-of-mind subject for both IT managers and their corporate bosses.Ex. To underestimate your enemy is committing the cardinal mistake and often the last you'll make!.Ex. The great significance of a fully developed network will be that it will relieve libraries of the necessity of maintaining their own copies of the master data base.----* actividad principal = core activity.* actor principal = lead character, leading man.* actor principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.* administrador principal = top administrator.* apartarse de los caminos principales = go + off-road.* asesor principal = senior adviser, senior consultant.* calle principal, la = high street, the, main street, the.* carretera principal = major road.* comida principal = main meal.* consejero principal = senior adviser, senior consultant.* director principal = senior director.* dormitorio principal = master bedroom, master suite.* el principal = the number one.* en la corriente principal de = in the mainstream of.* en la tendencia principal de = in the mainstream of.* frase que recoge el tema principal del artículo = topic sentence.* fuente principal de información = chief source of information.* guía principal = guiding principle.* la cosa principal = the number one thing.* la parte principal de = the bulk of.* motivo principal = prime cause.* papel principal = title role.* parte principal del texto = meat of the text.* personaje principal = lead character.* personaje principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.* plato principal = entrée, main entrée.* ponencia principal = keynote presentation.* primero y principal = first and foremost.* principal razón = prime cause.* principal sospechoso = leading suspect.* principal sostén de la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].* programa principal = Core Programme.* protagonista principal = centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], lead character.* protagonista principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.* recurso principal = primary resource.* semiprincipal = semi-main.* ser lo principal de = be at the core of, be at the heart of.* * *Iadjetivo <entrada/carretera/calle> mainel papel principal — the main part o leading role
IIlo principal es que... — the main thing is that...
a) (Fin) principal, capitalb) (en teatro, cine) dress circle, mezzanine (AmE)* * *= capital, chief, dominant, essential, foremost, leading, main, major, primary, principal, top, key, lead, premier, overriding, prime, staple, number one, top-of-mind, cardinal, master.Ex: Following internal discussion, it was agreed that a new library should be given the University's top priority in any forthcoming capital building project.
Ex: This section reviews the chief factors that must be taken into account in selecting an appropriate software package.Ex: English is the dominant language for the dissemination of information.Ex: The preceding chapter has introduced the essential characteristics of bibliographic descriptions.Ex: Foremost among those recommendations was one pertaining to the development of a UNIMARC format for authorities.Ex: In addition to her reputation as a leading expert in information control, Phyllis Richmond is another of ISAD's official reviewers of the AACR2's draft.Ex: The main rule, however, is do not have loose cables hanging all over the place -- not only is it unsightly but also extremely dangerous.Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.Ex: The primary components in this area are place of publication, publisher's name and date of publication (that is, the date of edition).Ex: If responsibility is shared between mor than three persons or corporate bodies (and no principal author is indicated), then entry is made under the title.Ex: ISI's indexes let you locate research in the world's top journals by citation, title word, author, institution, or journal.Ex: This meeting brought together representatives of the key organizations in the community.Ex: The United Nations declared 1990 as International Literacy Year (ILY) with Unesco designated as the lead agency for ILY.Ex: It is the country's premier research library for the natural sciences, engineering, technology and industrial property.Ex: Consequently, the overriding demand made by the academic community is bibliographical in nature.Ex: For instance, my sporting goods store is on the ground level and to the right -- prime mall location.Ex: UK libraries and the BBC Continuing Education have the same staple customer group.Ex: Eyestrain is the number one complaint of computer users.Ex: Computer security is a top-of-mind subject for both IT managers and their corporate bosses.Ex: To underestimate your enemy is committing the cardinal mistake and often the last you'll make!.Ex: The great significance of a fully developed network will be that it will relieve libraries of the necessity of maintaining their own copies of the master data base.* actividad principal = core activity.* actor principal = lead character, leading man.* actor principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.* administrador principal = top administrator.* apartarse de los caminos principales = go + off-road.* asesor principal = senior adviser, senior consultant.* calle principal, la = high street, the, main street, the.* carretera principal = major road.* comida principal = main meal.* consejero principal = senior adviser, senior consultant.* director principal = senior director.* dormitorio principal = master bedroom, master suite.* el principal = the number one.* en la corriente principal de = in the mainstream of.* en la tendencia principal de = in the mainstream of.* frase que recoge el tema principal del artículo = topic sentence.* fuente principal de información = chief source of information.* guía principal = guiding principle.* la cosa principal = the number one thing.* la parte principal de = the bulk of.* motivo principal = prime cause.* papel principal = title role.* parte principal del texto = meat of the text.* personaje principal = lead character.* personaje principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.* plato principal = entrée, main entrée.* ponencia principal = keynote presentation.* primero y principal = first and foremost.* principal razón = prime cause.* principal sospechoso = leading suspect.* principal sostén de la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].* programa principal = Core Programme.* protagonista principal = centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], lead character.* protagonista principal, el = main character, the, main actor, the.* recurso principal = primary resource.* semiprincipal = semi-main.* ser lo principal de = be at the core of, be at the heart of.* * *‹entrada› main; ‹carretera/calle› mainel papel principal lo hacía Azucena Romero the main part o leading role was played by Azucena Romeroel personaje principal se suicida al final the main character commits suicide at the endlo principal es que no se hizo daño the main thing is that he didn't hurt himselflo principal es la salud there's nothing more important than your health1 ( Fin) principal, capital* * *
principal adjetivo
main;
‹ papel› leading ( before n);◊ lo principal es que… the main thing is that…
principal adjetivo main, principal
' principal' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
central
- constreñir
- dirección
- director
- directora
- eclipsar
- maestra
- maestro
- mayor
- nudo
- puerta
- requerir
- sita
- sito
- soler
- subdirector
- subdirectora
- mayordomo
- mayoritario
- plato
- portón
- protagonista
English:
already
- anchor
- attraction
- averse
- bed
- body
- bomb
- bread-and-butter
- by
- central
- chief
- dash
- deputy
- dinner
- do
- enjoy
- flagship
- foremost
- head
- high
- high road
- imagine
- irony
- lead
- lead off from
- lead story
- leading
- leading lady
- leading man
- main
- mainland
- mainstay
- master
- mind
- objective
- on
- opposed
- premier
- primary
- prime
- principal
- road
- runaway
- title role
- trunk road
- upstage
- course
- limb
- major
- rat
* * *♦ adj1. [más importante] main, principal;me han dado el papel principal de la obra de teatro I've been given the leading o lead role in the play;puerta principal front door;lo principal the main thing2. [oración] main♦ nm1. [piso] Br first floor, US second floor2. Fin principal* * *I adj main, principal;lo principal the main o most important thingII m second floor, Brfirst floor* * *principal adj1) : main, principal2) : foremost, leadingprincipal nm: capital, principal* * *principal1 adj mainprincipal2 n first floor -
28 mayor
adj.1 bigger.2 grown-up (adulto).cuando sea mayor when I grow upser mayor de edad to be an adult3 older (no joven).una mujer mayor an older womanser muy mayor to be very old4 main (principal) (plaza, calle, palo).5 major, main, chief, leading.f. & m.1 major (military).2 head.* * *► adjetivo3 (de edad) mature, elderly4 (adulto) grown-up■ ya eres mayor, así que defiéndete tú solo you are old enough to stand up for yourself now5 (principal) main6 MÚSICA major1 MILITAR major1 (adultos) grown-ups, adults; (antepasados) ancestors► nombre masculino,nombre femenino el/la mayor1 (entre varios) the oldest; (entre hermanos, hijos) the eldest, the oldest\al por mayor wholesalehacerse mayor to grow upno ir/pasar a mayores not to come to anything, not to be anything seriousser mayor de edad to be of agecalle mayor high street, US main street* * *1. noun mf. 2. adj.1) main, major2) bigger, biggest3) larger, largest4) greater, greatest5) elder, oldest•* * *1. ADJ1) [comparativo]a) (=más grande)necesitamos una habitación mayor — we need a bigger o larger room
un mayor número de visitantes — a larger o greater number of visitors, more visitors
son temas de mayor importancia — they are more important issues, they are issues of greater importance
•
la mayor parte de los ciudadanos — most citizens•
ser mayor que algo, mi casa es mayor que la suya — my house is bigger o larger than hisb) (=de más edad) olderes mi hermana mayor — she's my older o elder sister
•
mayor que algn — older than sbvivió con un hombre muchos años mayor que ella — she lived with a man many years her senior, she lived with a man who was several years older than her
2) [superlativo]a) (=más grande)esta es la mayor iglesia del mundo — this is the biggest o largest church in the world
su mayor problema — his biggest o greatest problem
su mayor enemigo — his biggest o greatest enemy
viven en la mayor miseria — they live in the greatest o utmost poverty
hacer algo con el mayor cuidado — to do sth with the greatest o utmost care
b) (=de más edad) oldestmi hijo (el) mayor — my oldest o eldest son
3) (=principal) [plaza, mástil] main; [altar, misa] highcolegio 1), libro 2)calle mayor — high street, main street (EEUU)
4) (=adulto) grown-up, adultlas personas mayores — grown-ups, adults
•
hacerse mayor — to grow up5) (=de edad avanzada) old, elderly6) (=jefe) head antes de s7) (Mús) major2. SMF1) (=adulto) grown-up, adultlos mayores se fueron a una fiesta — the grown-ups o adults went to a party
mayor de edad — adult, person who is legally of age
2) (=anciano)¡más respeto con los mayores! — be more respectful to your elders (and betters)!
3) LAm (Mil) major3.SM•
al por mayor — wholesalerepartir golpes al por mayor — to throw punches left, right and centre
* * *I1)a) ( comparativo de grande)un número mayor que 40 — a number bigger o greater than 40
b) ( superlativo de grande)tienen el mayor número de accidentes — they have the greatest o highest number of accidents
su mayor preocupación — her greatest o biggest worry
a la mayor brevedad posible — (Corresp) as soon as possible o (frml) at your earliest convenience
la mayor parte de los estudiantes — most students, the majority of students
2) ( en edad)a) ( comparativo) older¿tienes hermanos mayores? — do you have any older o elder brothers or sisters?
b) ( superlativo)es la mayor de las dos — she is the older o elder of the two
mi hijo mayor — my eldest o oldest son
c) ( anciano) elderlyd) ( adulto)hay que respetar a las personas mayores — you should treat adults o (colloq) grown-ups with respect
ser mayor de edad — (Der) to be of age
soy mayor de edad y haré lo que quiera — I'm over 18 (o 21 etc) and I'll do as I please
sin mayores contratiempos — without any serious o major hitches
no pasar or llegar a mayores: tuvo un novio, pero el asunto no pasó a mayores she had a boyfriend, but it didn't come to anything; afortunadamente la cosa no llegó a mayores — fortunately it was nothing serious
4) ( en nombres) ( principal) mainCalle Mayor — Main Street ( in US), High Street ( in UK)
5) (Mús) major6) (Com)IImasculino y femenino1) ( adulto) adult, grown-up (colloq)mis/tus mayores — my/your elders
2) mayor masculino (AmL) (Mil) major* * *I1)a) ( comparativo de grande)un número mayor que 40 — a number bigger o greater than 40
b) ( superlativo de grande)tienen el mayor número de accidentes — they have the greatest o highest number of accidents
su mayor preocupación — her greatest o biggest worry
a la mayor brevedad posible — (Corresp) as soon as possible o (frml) at your earliest convenience
la mayor parte de los estudiantes — most students, the majority of students
2) ( en edad)a) ( comparativo) older¿tienes hermanos mayores? — do you have any older o elder brothers or sisters?
b) ( superlativo)es la mayor de las dos — she is the older o elder of the two
mi hijo mayor — my eldest o oldest son
c) ( anciano) elderlyd) ( adulto)hay que respetar a las personas mayores — you should treat adults o (colloq) grown-ups with respect
ser mayor de edad — (Der) to be of age
soy mayor de edad y haré lo que quiera — I'm over 18 (o 21 etc) and I'll do as I please
sin mayores contratiempos — without any serious o major hitches
no pasar or llegar a mayores: tuvo un novio, pero el asunto no pasó a mayores she had a boyfriend, but it didn't come to anything; afortunadamente la cosa no llegó a mayores — fortunately it was nothing serious
4) ( en nombres) ( principal) mainCalle Mayor — Main Street ( in US), High Street ( in UK)
5) (Mús) major6) (Com)IImasculino y femenino1) ( adulto) adult, grown-up (colloq)mis/tus mayores — my/your elders
2) mayor masculino (AmL) (Mil) major* * *mayor11 = senior, elderly, eldest.Nota: Referido a edad.Ex: If we instruct it to ponder this question more leisurely, it will quickly try the user's patience with digressions concerning the less illustrious senior MOZART, LEOPOLD.
Ex: To the general public 'the female librarian is still angular, elderly, acidulous and terrifying', to use Geoffrey Langley's words, 'and a male librarian is impossible under any hypothesis'.Ex: When her eldest son developed a glaucoma she became aware of the lack of suitable books.* apto para mayores de 13 años o menores acompañados = PG-13.* asistencia social para los mayores = elderly care, elder care [eldercare].* centro de día para mayores = day centre for the elderly.* cuidado de los mayores = kinkeeping.* cuidados de los mayores = elderly care, elder care [eldercare].* cuidados para personas mayores = elderly care, elder care [eldercare].* familiar que cuida de los mayores = kinkeeper.* gente mayor = elderly people.* hombre mayor = elderly man.* mayor de 25 años = mature adult.* mayores, los = elderly, the.* muy mayor = over the hill.* pesonas mayores = elderly people.* ser mayor = be older.mayor22 = largest, greater, heightened, increased.Ex: Together they constitute the world's largest data base.
Ex: The likelihood of data transmission errors is greater, however, and it is not recommended for constant use.Ex: The heightened level of community awareness has led some local authorities to take the initiative and to become information disseminators in their own right.Ex: Information networks are critical tools to ensure the exchange, transfer, and use of information which will facilitate the increased quality and quantity of agricultural production.* admitir un número de reservas mayor a las plazas existentes = overbook.* alcanzar mayores cotas = rise to + greater heights.* al por mayor = in bulk.* cada vez en mayor grado = ever-increasing.* cada vez mayor = escalating, ever-growing, ever-increasing, expanded, growing, increasing, mounting, rising, spiralling [spiraling, -USA], deepening, rapidly growing, expanding, constantly rising, swelling, ever larger [ever-larger], galloping, steadily rising, steadily growing, mushrooming, ever greater, rapidly expanding, ever-widening, burgeoning, heightening.* cada vez mucho mayor = fast-increasing, exploding.* calle mayor, la = main street, the.* causa de fuerza mayor = act of God.* colegio mayor = residence hall, dormitory [dorm, -abbr.], student residence.* comprar al por mayor = buy + in bulk.* con el mayor cuidado = with utmost care.* con el mayor secreto = a veil of secrecy.* con mayor detalle = in greater detail.* con mayor profundidad = in most detail, in more detail.* con un mayor nivel educativo = better educated [better-educated].* dar mayor importancia a = give + pride of place to.* demasiado mayor en relación con Algo = overage.* demasiado mayor para su curso = overage for grade.* de mayor edad = senior.* de mayor o menor importancia = great and small.* desajuste cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.* descuento por compra al por mayor = bulk deal, bulk rate, bulk rate discount.* diferencia cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.* distanciamiento cada vez mayor entre... y, = widening gap between... and, widening of the gap beween.... and.* durante la mayor parte de = for much of.* durante la mayor parte del año = for the best part of the year.* en caso de fuerza mayor = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.* en el mayor secreto = a veil of secrecy.* en la mayor parte de = in the majority of.* en mayor grado = to a greater degree, a fortiori, to a greater extent, to a larger degree, to a larger extent.* en mayor medida = to a greater extent, to a greater degree, a fortiori, to a larger degree, to a larger extent.* en mayor o menor grado = to a greater or lesser degree.* en mayor o menor medida = to a greater or lesser extent.* en su mayor parte = largely, mostly, for the most part.* en un número cada vez mayor = in increasing numbers.* fuerza mayor = force majeure.* hora de mayor demanda = peak time.* importancia cada vez mayor = growing importance, growing significance.* interés cada vez mayor = growing interest.* jefe del estado mayor = Chief of Staff.* la mayor parte de = the majority of, the main bulk of, the lion's share of.* la mayor parte de las veces = more often than not.* la proporción mayor de = the lion's share of.* libro de mayor venta = bestseller [best seller/best-seller].* material de tamaño mayor de lo normal = outsize material.* mayor + Nombre = longer + Nombre.* mayor rendimiento = efficiencies of scale.* mucho mayor = far greater, far larger, very much greater.* obtener el mayor rendimiento posible = maximise + opportunities.* para mayor información sobre = for details of.* para mayor información véase + Nombre = see + Nombre + for further details.* para mayor inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.* período de mayor demanda = peak time.* precio al por mayor = block rate, wholesale price, bulk rate.* precio especial por compra al por mayor = bulk deal.* preocupación cada vez mayor (por) = growing concern (about).* problema cada vez mayor = growing problem.* problemas cada vez mayores = mounting problems.* programación televisiva de mayor audiencia = prime time television.* programa de mayor audiencia = prime time programme, prime time show.* sacar el mayor partido al dinero de uno = get + the most for + Posesivo + money.* sacar mayor partido a = squeeze + more life out of.* sacar mayor provecho = stretch + further.* separación cada vez mayor entre... y = widening gap between... and.* ser el que con mayor frecuencia = be (the) most likely to.* símbolo de mayor-que (>) = greater-than sign (>), greater-than symbol (>), right angled bracket (>).* suministro al por mayor = bulk supply.* tonto de marca mayor = prize idiot.* una mayor variedad de = a wider canvas of.* una necesidad cada vez mayor = a growing need.* un conjunto cada vez mayor de = a growing body of.* un grupo cada vez mayor de = a growing body of.* un número cada vez mayor = growing numbers.* un número cada vez mayor de = a growing number of, a growing body of.* vender al por mayor = sell + in bulk, wholesale.* venta al por mayor = wholesaling, wholesale.* * *Apueden volar a mayor altura they can fly at a greater heightestas tablas le dan mayor amplitud a la falda these pleats make the skirt fullerun material de mayor flexibilidad a more flexible materialen otros países el índice de mortalidad infantil es aún mayor in other countries the infant mortality rate is even higheresto podría reportar beneficios aún mayores this could bring even greater benefitsmayor QUE algo:una superficie cuatro veces mayor que la de nuestro país a surface area four times greater than that of our countrycualquier número mayor que 40 any number above 40 o greater than 40 o higher than 40X > Z ( Mat) (read as: equis es mayor que zeta) X > Z (léase: x is greater than z)el mayor país de América Latina the biggest country in Latin Americael mayor número de accidentes de Europa the greatest o highest number of accidents in Europeésa ha sido siempre su mayor preocupación that has always been her greatest worryle ruego lo envíe a la mayor brevedad posible ( Corresp) please send it as soon as possible o ( frml) at your earliest conveniencela mayor parte de los argentinos most Argentinians, the majority of Argentinians1 (comparativo) older¿tienes hermanos mayores? do you have any older o elder brothers or sisters?mayor QUE algn older THAN sbsoy dos meses mayor que tú I am two months older than you2(superlativo): ¿quién de los dos es el mayor? who is the older o elder of the two?éste es mi hijo mayor this is my eldest o oldest sonel mayor de todos los residentes the oldest of all the residents3 (viejo) elderlyya es muy mayor y no puede valerse sola she's very old o ( colloq) she's getting on and she can't manage on her own4(adulto): no se les habla así a las personas mayores you shouldn't talk to adults o grown-ups like thatcuando sea mayor quiero ser bombero when I grow up I want to be a firemanvamos, que ya eres mayorcito para estar haciendo esas cosas come on, you're a bit old to be doing things like thatcuando sea mayor de edad ( Der) when he reaches the age of majoritysoy mayor de edad y haré lo que quiera I'm over 18 ( o 21 etc) and I'll do as I pleaseC ( en frases negativas)(grande): no creo que esto requiera mayores explicaciones I don't think this needs much in the way of explanationno tengo mayor interés en el tema I'm not particularly interested in o I don't have any great interest in the subjectla noticia no me produjo mayor inquietud the news did not worry me particularly o undulyse llevó a cabo sin mayores contratiempos it was carried out without any serious o major hitchesno pasar or llegar a mayores: tuvo un pretendiente, pero la cosa no pasó a mayores she had a boyfriend, but it didn't come to anything o but nothing came of ithubo una pelea pero no llegó a mayores there was a fight but it was nothing seriousE ( Mús) majorF ( Com):(al) por mayor wholesale[ S ] venta sólo (al) por mayor wholesale onlylos compran (al) por mayor they buy them wholesalehubo problemas (al) por mayor there were innumerable problemsA1(adulto): no te metas en las conversaciones de los mayores don't interrupt when the adults o grown-ups are talkingcada niño debe ir acompañado de un mayor each child must be accompanied by an adultmis/tus mayores my/your eldersCompuesto:masculine and feminine person who is legally of age o who has reached the age of majorityB* * *
mayor adjetivo
1a) ( comparativo de
‹ beneficio› greater;
a mayor escala on a larger scale;
un número mayor que 40 a number greater than 40b) ( superlativo de◊ grande): el mayor número de accidentes the greatest o highest number of accidents;
su mayor preocupación her greatest o biggest worry;
a la mayor brevedad posible as soon as possible;
la mayor parte de los estudiantes most students, the majority of students
2 ( en edad)
mayor que algn older than sbb) ( superlativo):◊ es la mayor de las dos she is the older o elder of the two;
mi hijo mayor my eldest o oldest son
d) ( adulto):
cuando sea mayor when I grow up;
ser mayor de edad (Der) to be of age;
soy mayor de edad y haré lo que quiera I'm over 18 (o 21 etc) and I'll do as I please
3 ( en nombres) ( principal) main;
4 (Mús) major
5 (Com):
■ sustantivo masculino y femenino ( adulto) adult, grown-up (colloq);
mis/tus mayores my/your elders;
mayor de edad person who is legally of age
mayor
I adjetivo
1 (comparativo de tamaño) larger, bigger: necesitas una talla mayor, you need a larger size
(superlativo) largest, biggest: ésa es la mayor, that is the biggest one
2 (comparativo de grado) greater: su capacidad es mayor que la mía, his capacity is greater than mine
la ciudad no tiene mayor atractivo, the town isn't particularly appealing
(superlativo) greatest: ésa es la mayor tontería que he oído nunca, that is the most absurd thing I've ever heard
3 (comparativo de edad) older: es mayor que tu madre, she is older than your mother
(superlativo) oldest
el mayor de los tres, the oldest one 4 está muy mayor, (crecido, maduro) he's quite grown-up
(anciano) he looks old
ser mayor de edad, to be of age
(maduro) old: es un hombre mayor, he's an old man
eres mayor para entenderlo, you are old enough to understand it
5 (principal) major, main: tu mayor responsabilidad es su educación, the thing that's most important to you is her education; la calle mayor, the main street
6 Mús major
7 Com al por mayor, wholesale
II sustantivo masculino
1 Mil major 2 mayores, (adultos) grownups, adults
(ancianos) elders
♦ Locuciones: al por mayor, wholesale
ir/pasar a mayores, to become serious: discutió con su marido, pero el asunto no pasó a mayores, she had an argument with her husband but they soon forgot about it
' mayor' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abundar
- adicta
- adicto
- afán
- alcalde
- alcaldía
- almacén
- amable
- brevedad
- burgomaestre
- calle
- caza
- colegio
- confluencia
- desarrollar
- edad
- engrandecer
- escaparate
- estado
- Excemo.
- Excmo.
- fuerza
- gruesa
- grueso
- hacer
- hacerse
- inri
- obra
- osa
- palo
- persona
- plana
- polemizar
- predilección
- re
- safari
- salir
- sol
- teniente
- vender
- venta
- abuelo
- ama
- anhelo
- atractivo
- audiencia
- cazar
- ciudad
- compás
- de
English:
act
- address
- adult
- big
- bomb
- bulk
- capacity
- cash-and-carry
- claw back
- densely
- dipper
- dormitory
- elaborate
- elder
- eldest
- few
- frisky
- grow up
- growing
- high street
- hill
- inquest
- lion
- little
- main
- major
- mayor
- mostly
- much
- nominee
- often
- old
- outflow
- outweigh
- over
- part
- perpendicular
- residence
- senior
- sergeant major
- spur
- staff
- trade price
- utmost
- wholesale
- wholesale trade
- wholesaler
- worship
- abject
- cash
* * *♦ adj1. [comparativo] [en tamaño] bigger ( que than); [en edad] older ( que than); [en importancia] greater ( que than); [en número] higher ( que than);este puente es mayor que el otro this bridge is bigger than the other one;mi hermana mayor my older sister;es ocho años mayor que yo she's eight years older than me;un mayor número de víctimas a higher number of victims;una mayor tasa de inflación a higher rate of inflation;en mayor o menor grado to a greater or lesser extent;no creo que tenga mayor interés I don't think it's particularly interesting;no te preocupes, no tiene mayor importancia don't worry, it's not (all) that important;subsidios para parados mayores de cuarenta y cinco años benefits for unemployed people (of) over forty-five;la mayor parte de most of, the majority of;la mayor parte de los británicos piensa que… most British people o the majority of British people think that…;Matmayor que greater than2. [superlativo][en edad] the oldest…; [en importancia] the greatest…; [en número] the highest…;el/la mayor… [en tamaño] the biggest…;la mayor de las islas the biggest island, the biggest of the islands;la mayor crisis que se recuerda the biggest crisis in living memory;el mayor de todos nosotros/de la clase the oldest of all of us/in the class;el mayor de los dos hermanos the older of the two brothers;vive en la mayor de las pobrezas he lives in the most abject poverty3. [más] further, more;para mayor información solicite nuestro catálogo for further o more details, send for our catalogue4. [adulto] grown-up;cuando sea mayor when I grow up;hacerse mayor to grow up;ser mayor de edad to be an adult5. [no joven] older;[anciano] elderly;una mujer ya mayor an older woman;ser muy mayor to be very old;hay que escuchar a las personas mayores you should listen to older people;la gente mayor, las personas mayores [los ancianos] the elderly6. [principal] major, main;la plaza mayor the main square;la calle mayor the main street;el palo mayor the main mast7. Mús major;en do mayor in C majorun almacén de venta al por mayor a wholesaler's♦ nmfel/la mayor [hijo, hermano] the eldest;mayores [adultos] grown-ups;[antepasados] ancestors, forefathers;es una película/revista para mayores it's an adult movie o Br film/magazine;respeta a tus mayores you should respect your elders;♦ nmMil major* * *I adjmayor que greater than, larger than;ser mayor de edad be an adult;ser (muy) mayor be (very) elderly;mayor que older than2 sup:biggest; en importancia the greatest;los mayores the adults;la mayor parte the majority3 MÚS tono, modomajor;4 COM:al por mayor wholesaleII m MIL major:ir opasar a mayores get serious* * *mayor adj3) : grown-up, mature4) : main, major5)mayor de edad : of (legal) age6)al por mayor orpor mayor : wholesalemayor nmf1) : major (in the military)2) : adult* * *mayor1 adj1. (que tiene más edad) older2. (más grande) bigger3. (él de más edad) oldest4. (anciano) old / elderly5. (adulto) grown up6. (principal) mainmayor2 n1. (que tiene más años) oldest¿cuántos años tiene el mayor? how old is the oldest?2. (adulto) grown upde mayor when I grow up / when you grow up etc. -
29 structure
структура (1. строение; внутренняя организация 2. схема; система; конструкция 3. интегральная структура; интегральная схема 4. форма; вид) || образовывать структуру; структурировать; организовывать || структурный- air-isolation monolithic structure
- antiasperomagnetic structure
- antiferromagnetic structure
- array structure
- asperomagnetic structure
- asymmetric-chevron bubble propagating structure
- backward-wave structure
- band structure
- base-centered structure
- beam-lead structure
- bias-pin resonator structure
- biperiodic structure
- BIST structure
- block structure
- branch control structure
- bubble array structure
- bubble-domain array structure
- bucket-brigade structure
- built-in self-test structure
- built-in self-testing structure
- buried-collector structure
- BW structure
- canted magnetic structure
- CCD structure
- cell structure
- charge-coupled-device structure
- charge-sloshing structure
- charge-transfer structure
- chevron layer structure
- cholesteric structure
- class structure
- close-packed structure
- cluster spin glass structure
- collinear structure
- comb structure
- commensurate magnetic structure
- complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor structure
- computing structure
- conceptual structure
- cone magnetic structure
- contiguous data structure
- continuous slow-wave structure
- control structure
- coordination structure
- coplanar-electrode structure
- crystal structure
- cubic structure
- current-induced magnetic-flux structure
- data structure
- decision structure
- deep structure
- dendrite structure
- diamagnetic structure
- dielectric-anisotropic electrooptic crystal sandwich structure
- dielectric-isolated structure
- directory structure
- disordered structure
- dissipative structure
- distributed data structure
- domain structure
- domain-wall structure
- double-drift structure
- dual-base structure
- electronic band structure
- endohedral structure
- energy-band structure
- epitaxial structure
- extended-interaction structure
- face-centered structure
- FAMOS structure
- fan magnetic structure
- feed-backward lattice structure
- feed-forward lattice structure
- ferrimagnetic spiral structure
- ferrimagnetic structure
- ferromagnetic spiral structure
- ferromagnetic structure
- file structure
- fine structure
- flat antiferromagnetic spiral structure
- floating-gate avalanche-injection MOS structure
- forward-wave structure
- fractal structure
- generic structure
- graded-base structure
- graphic data structure
- gross crystal structure
- guard-ring structure
- half-disk bubble propagating structure
- Hamiltonian structure
- helicoidal magnetic structure
- heterodesmic structure
- heterojunction structure
- hexagonal structure
- hill-and-valley structure
- homodesmic structure
- honeycomb domain structure
- honeycomb structure
- hybrid ferromagnet-semiconductor structure
- hyperfine structure
- I2-PLASA structure
- ideal spin glass structure
- IF-THEN-ELSE structure
- incommensurate magnetic structure
- integrated-circuit structure
- intellectual structure
- interdigital structure
- interdigitated structure
- internally striped planar structure
- intracell charge-transfer structure
- inverted structure
- ion-implanted planar mesa structure
- ion-implanted structure
- island structure
- isomorphic structures
- iteration control structure
- junction-isolated structure
- ladder-line slow-wave structure
- lag structure
- lateral complementary-transistor structure
- lattice structure
- leapfrog multi-feedback structure
- light-guiding structure
- line injecting structure
- linear structure
- local periodic structure
- logic control structure
- logic structure
- log-periodic structure
- long-periodic magnetic structure
- loop structure
- LP structure
- lyotropic structure
- major-minor loop memory structure
- MAS structure
- meander-line slow-wave structure
- merged structure
- mesa structure
- mesh structure
- metal-alumina-semiconductor structure
- metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor structure
- metal-insulator-metal structure
- metal-insulator-metal-insulator-metal structure
- metal-insulator-metal-insulator-semiconductor structure
- metal-insulator-oxide-semiconductor structure
- metal-insulator-semiconductor annular structure
- metal-insulator-semiconductor structure
- metal-insulator-semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor structure
- metal-nitride-oxide-semiconductor structure
- metal-nitride-semiconductor structure
- metal-oxide-metal structure
- metal-oxide-semiconductor structure
- metal-oxide-silicon structure
- metal-silicon nitride-silicon oxide-silicon structure
- metal-thick oxide-nitride-silicon structure
- metal-thick oxide-silicon structure
- MFS structure
- microwave structure
- mictomagnetic structure
- MIM structure
- MIMIM structure
- MIMIS structure
- MIOS structure
- MIS annular structure
- MIS structure
- MISIS structure
- MNOS structure
- MNS structure
- modular structure
- modulated magnetic structure
- modulated structure
- molecular structure
- monoclinic structure
- monolithic structure
- MOS structure
- MQW structure
- MSNSOS structure
- multidomain structure
- multiemitter structure
- multijunction structure
- multilevel structure
- multilevel-metallized structure
- multimode structure
- multiple-base structure
- multiple-junction structure
- multipole structure
- multiquantum-well structure
- n on p structure
- n on p substrate structure
- narrow-gap structure
- nematic structure
- nested structure
- n-i-p-i structure
- noncollinear structure
- non-contiguous data structure
- nonuniform-base structure
- n-p-n structure
- object structure
- one-element failure permissible structure
- optical-waveguide structure
- ordered structure
- organizational structure
- orthorhombic structure
- overlapping-gate structure
- overlay structure
- p on n structure
- p on n substrate structure
- paramagnetic structure
- percolation structure
- periodic domain structure
- periodic magnetic focusing structure
- periodic permanent-magnet structure
- perovskite structure
- phase slip structure
- photoconductor-elastomer structure
- planar structure
- plane-injection structure
- p-n structure
- p-n-i-p structure
- pnotojunction structure
- p-n-p structure
- polycrystalline structure
- position-dependent zone structure
- PPM structure
- program structure
- p-si-n structure
- punch-through structure
- radar absorbing structure
- Read structure
- rearrangeable multistage structure
- record structure
- redundant structure
- reflexive structure
- relational structure
- rhombohedral structure
- RM structure
- sandwich structure
- sectorial structure of crystal
- selection structure
- self-referent structure
- self-similar structure
- semiconductor-metal-semiconductor structure
- sequence structure
- sequential data structure
- signal structure
- silicon-on-insulated substrate structure
- silicon-on-insulator structure
- silicon-on-spinel structure
- simple cubic structure
- simple spiral magnetic structure
- slowing structure
- slow-wave propagation structure
- slow-wave structure
- smectic structure
- SMS structure
- social structure
- space-antenna support structure
- sperimagnetic structure
- speromagnetic structure
- spin structure
- spin-screw structure
- spiral magnetic structure
- spiral structure
- staggered-electrode structure
- standard buried-collector structure
- star structure
- stripe domain structure
- structure of management information
- sub-band structure
- supercritically doped structure
- superlattice structure
- surface structure
- symbol structure
- tape helix slow-wave structure
- technical structure
- tesselation structure
- test structure
- tetragonal structure
- T-I-bar structure
- transverse-tape slow-wave structure
- tree structure
- triclinic structure
- trigonal structure
- twin structure
- two-element failure permissible structure
- two-sleeve spiral magnetic structure
- umbrella magnetic structure
- undercut mesa structure
- uniform-base structure
- unipolar structure
- vertical p-n-p structure
- V-groove metal-oxide-semiconductor structure
- volume-centered structure
- vortex structure
- wide-gap structure
- Y-bar structure
- Y-I-bar structure
- zig-zag line slow-wave structureThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > structure
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30 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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31 MRC
1) Компьютерная техника: Minimum Of Rows And Columns2) Медицина: Совет медицинских исследований (Medical Research Council)3) Военный термин: Major Regional Conflict, Major Regional Contingencies, Map Reference Code, Materiel Release Confirmation, Medical Research Council, Medical Reserve Corps, Meteorological Research Committee, Militarized Reconfigurable Computer, Military Region Command, Military Representatives Committee, Military Revolutionary Council, Mississippi River Commission, Motorized Rifle Company, maintenance and repair cycle, maintenance requirement card, major regional commander, material redistribution center, material release confirmation, material requirements committee, military reform caucus, morning readiness check, movement report center4) Техника: maintenance repair card, maintenance repair code, manpower requirements change, mid remote control, mobile radio communications5) Химия: Monoid Ring Completion, Multi Resistant Coating6) Математика: Multi Resolution Curves, Центр математических исследований (Великобритания)7) Метеорология: Muddy Rain Conditions8) Бухгалтерия: Monthly Recurring Charge9) Страхование: Multiple Reporting Currencies10) Ветеринария: Meat Research Corporation (Australia)11) Оптика: minimum resolvable contrast12) Радио: Milwaukee Repeater Club13) Телекоммуникации: Monthly Recurring Charges14) Сокращение: Chamberlain MRC (manufacturer of USPS equipment), Mail Recovery Center (dead letter offices in St. Paul MN and Atlanta GA), Major Regional Conflict / Contingencies, Market Research Council, Mathematics Research Center, Message-based Reliable Channel, Microwave Radio Corp. (USA), major retail centre15) Университет: Mount Royal College16) Вычислительная техника: magneto resistive cluster17) Нефть: карточка-заявка на техническое обслуживание (maintenance requirement card), контроль надёжности в процессе производства (manufacturing reliability control)18) Иммунология: Mutant Research Centre19) Биохимия: Mouse Erythrocytes20) Космонавтика: Mekong River Commission (official title: Committee for Coordination of Investigations of the Lower Mekong Basin)21) Фирменный знак: Model Rectifier Corp, Model Rectifier Corporation22) СМИ: Media Resource Center23) Деловая лексика: Modern Rate Of Change24) Нефтепромысловый: (Maximum Reservoir Contact) максимальный контакт с резервуаром (концепция многозабойных скважин с широкоохватным воздействием на пласт)25) Сетевые технологии: mesh router components, компоненты маршрутизатора узлов сети26) Автоматика: manufacturing resource control27) Контроль качества: manufacturing reliability control28) Океанография: Marine Research Corporation29) Химическое оружие: multi-round container, multiple round container30) Расширение файла: Bibliographic data (Machine-Readable Cataloging records)31) Общественная организация: Medical Research Charities, Membership Renewal Credit32) Правительство: Municipal Regional County33) НАСА: Mid Roll Change -
32 MC
1) Компьютерная техника: Manual Compression, Memory Card, Micro Compact, Modular Computing, Multimedia Card2) Спорт: Marathon Concept3) Латинский язык: Medium Coeli4) Военный термин: Joint Military Intelligence College, Maintenance Console, Maneuver Control, Marine Corps, Master Chief, Materiel Command, Midnight Commander, Military Claimant, Military Code, Military Cross, Missile Command, Mission Critical, Mobility Corridor, Morale Check, Morse code, Multi-Channel MC&G Mapping, Charting and Geodesy, Munitions Command, machine carbine, main channel, maintenance center, maintenance code, maintenance cycle, major component, manual control, mapping camera, master commandant, material central, material code, material committee, material control, materiel center, maximum concealable, medical center, medical certificate, medium capacity, message center, metal case, military channels, military characteristics, military college, military community, military construction, military coordination, military correspondent, missile carrier, missile channel, missile checkout, missile code, missile compartment, missile container, missile control, missile crew, mission capable, mission control, mobile communications, mobile control, mode change, mode code, monitoring and control, mortar carrier, motor carrier, motor convoy, motorcar, motorcycle, movement center, movement control, muzzle cap, Military Committee (NATO), Megacycles (superseded by megahertz), modular charge5) Техника: Minuteman computer, Mitsubishi Corporation, machine committee, magnetic course, main circulator, main condenser, maintenance check, maintenance complexity, manual clock, marked capacity, medico-surgical, medium-curing, memory controller, metal clad, metal clad switchgear, metric carat, military computer, minutes charged, miscellaneous data, monitoring center, mud-cut, multichannel voice-frequency telegraphy6) Сельское хозяйство: medico-chirurgical7) Шутливое выражение: Mad Cashier, Mistress Of Chaos8) Химия: Molten Carbonate9) Математика: марковская цепь (Markov chain), метод Монте-Карло10) Метеорология: Meteorological Codes11) Железнодорожный термин: Maine Coast Railroad Corporation12) Юридический термин: Major Case, Male Caller, Move The Crowd13) Экономика: предельные издержки (marginal cost)14) Бухгалтерия: Marketing Cost, Master Card, предельная стоимость капитала (marginal cost of capital), Master Charge (now called MasterCard), добавочная себестоимость (производства дополнительной единицы продукции)15) Автомобильный термин: mixture control16) Грубое выражение: Marketing Crap17) Музыка: Mad Catz, My Computer, аудиокассета, эм-си (Microphone Controller; Master of Ceremony - исполнитель вокала в хип-хоп культуре)18) Политика: Macau19) Психология: multiple choice20) Телекоммуникации: Make Call, main cross-connect, Main Cross-Connect (DEC)21) Сокращение: Mail Centre (UK, 2006), Marine Corps (USA), Master Controller, Master of Ceremonies, Medical Corps, Medium Case bomb, Member of Congress, Missile Center, Missile Controller, Mission Computer, Mission-Capable, Monaco, Motivate The Crowd, Multiply-Convolve, main computer, main coolant, maintenance costs, manhole cover, medicine cabinet, momentary contact, motor chain, multichip, multiple contact, Morning Call (daily, USA), Machine Check, Marginal costs, Master Clock, Master Control, Miniature Camera, Minister Councillor, Multi Channel, Multiple Compartments22) Театр: Music Cinema23) Текстиль: Mini Cutouts24) Университет: Main Campus25) Физика: Magnetic Coil26) Физиология: Mad Cow27) Электроника: Meter Coupled, Microphone Controller, Middle Carbonate, Motorcycle Club, Multipoint Controller28) Вычислительная техника: magnetic core29) Нефть: Ministry of Construction, mud cut, загрязнённый буровым раствором (mud-cut), метрический карат (metric carat), проверка технического состояния (maintenance check)30) Биохимия: Mast Cells31) Банковское дело: кредит по операциям с маржей (marginal credit)32) Организация производства: получение разрешений, разрешения должны быть получены, разрешения получены33) Транспорт: Marine Commercial, Motor Coach, Moved Centerline, Mystery Car34) Силикатное производство: magnesia-chrome35) Фирменный знак: M Care, McCoy, Merciless Creations, Mystic Crystals36) Реклама: ведущий37) СМИ: Main Character, Media Card, Micro Cassette, Movie Clip, Multimedia Content38) Деловая лексика: Marginal Cost, Mic Controller, market capitalisation39) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Main Contractor, Mechanical Completion40) Образование: Men's Club41) Инвестиции: marginal credit42) Сетевые технологии: Motorola Corp., Multi Computer43) Полимеры: marginal check, medium curing, moisture content44) Программирование: Master Clear45) Автоматика: machining center, magnetic card46) Контроль качества: Monte Carlo (method)47) Океанография: Maritime Commission48) Сахалин Ю: marshalling cabinet49) Расширение файла: M3CG intermediate language file (Modula-3), Manual Chapter (NRC Inspection Manual)50) SAP.тех. код поиска51) Нефть и газ: manual call point, medium pressure steam condensate, motor control block, завершение механической части52) Военно-политический термин: Military Committee53) Электротехника: making capacity, mercury contact, metal-clad, multiple contacts54) Фармация: (масс-спектрометрия) МS (http://www.bioinformatix.ru/metabolomika/metabolomika-i-metabonomika-sovremennyie-tehnologii-toksilogicheskih-issledovaniy-chast-3.html)55) Hi-Fi. moving coil56) Должность: Mastered The Craft, Microsoft Certified, Music Composer57) Чат: Microphone Commando58) Правительство: Motor City59) НАСА: Mars Crosser60) Программное обеспечение: Master Copy61) Хобби: Music Cards -
33 Mc
1) Компьютерная техника: Manual Compression, Memory Card, Micro Compact, Modular Computing, Multimedia Card2) Спорт: Marathon Concept3) Латинский язык: Medium Coeli4) Военный термин: Joint Military Intelligence College, Maintenance Console, Maneuver Control, Marine Corps, Master Chief, Materiel Command, Midnight Commander, Military Claimant, Military Code, Military Cross, Missile Command, Mission Critical, Mobility Corridor, Morale Check, Morse code, Multi-Channel MC&G Mapping, Charting and Geodesy, Munitions Command, machine carbine, main channel, maintenance center, maintenance code, maintenance cycle, major component, manual control, mapping camera, master commandant, material central, material code, material committee, material control, materiel center, maximum concealable, medical center, medical certificate, medium capacity, message center, metal case, military channels, military characteristics, military college, military community, military construction, military coordination, military correspondent, missile carrier, missile channel, missile checkout, missile code, missile compartment, missile container, missile control, missile crew, mission capable, mission control, mobile communications, mobile control, mode change, mode code, monitoring and control, mortar carrier, motor carrier, motor convoy, motorcar, motorcycle, movement center, movement control, muzzle cap, Military Committee (NATO), Megacycles (superseded by megahertz), modular charge5) Техника: Minuteman computer, Mitsubishi Corporation, machine committee, magnetic course, main circulator, main condenser, maintenance check, maintenance complexity, manual clock, marked capacity, medico-surgical, medium-curing, memory controller, metal clad, metal clad switchgear, metric carat, military computer, minutes charged, miscellaneous data, monitoring center, mud-cut, multichannel voice-frequency telegraphy6) Сельское хозяйство: medico-chirurgical7) Шутливое выражение: Mad Cashier, Mistress Of Chaos8) Химия: Molten Carbonate9) Математика: марковская цепь (Markov chain), метод Монте-Карло10) Метеорология: Meteorological Codes11) Железнодорожный термин: Maine Coast Railroad Corporation12) Юридический термин: Major Case, Male Caller, Move The Crowd13) Экономика: предельные издержки (marginal cost)14) Бухгалтерия: Marketing Cost, Master Card, предельная стоимость капитала (marginal cost of capital), Master Charge (now called MasterCard), добавочная себестоимость (производства дополнительной единицы продукции)15) Автомобильный термин: mixture control16) Грубое выражение: Marketing Crap17) Музыка: Mad Catz, My Computer, аудиокассета, эм-си (Microphone Controller; Master of Ceremony - исполнитель вокала в хип-хоп культуре)18) Политика: Macau19) Психология: multiple choice20) Телекоммуникации: Make Call, main cross-connect, Main Cross-Connect (DEC)21) Сокращение: Mail Centre (UK, 2006), Marine Corps (USA), Master Controller, Master of Ceremonies, Medical Corps, Medium Case bomb, Member of Congress, Missile Center, Missile Controller, Mission Computer, Mission-Capable, Monaco, Motivate The Crowd, Multiply-Convolve, main computer, main coolant, maintenance costs, manhole cover, medicine cabinet, momentary contact, motor chain, multichip, multiple contact, Morning Call (daily, USA), Machine Check, Marginal costs, Master Clock, Master Control, Miniature Camera, Minister Councillor, Multi Channel, Multiple Compartments22) Театр: Music Cinema23) Текстиль: Mini Cutouts24) Университет: Main Campus25) Физика: Magnetic Coil26) Физиология: Mad Cow27) Электроника: Meter Coupled, Microphone Controller, Middle Carbonate, Motorcycle Club, Multipoint Controller28) Вычислительная техника: magnetic core29) Нефть: Ministry of Construction, mud cut, загрязнённый буровым раствором (mud-cut), метрический карат (metric carat), проверка технического состояния (maintenance check)30) Биохимия: Mast Cells31) Банковское дело: кредит по операциям с маржей (marginal credit)32) Организация производства: получение разрешений, разрешения должны быть получены, разрешения получены33) Транспорт: Marine Commercial, Motor Coach, Moved Centerline, Mystery Car34) Силикатное производство: magnesia-chrome35) Фирменный знак: M Care, McCoy, Merciless Creations, Mystic Crystals36) Реклама: ведущий37) СМИ: Main Character, Media Card, Micro Cassette, Movie Clip, Multimedia Content38) Деловая лексика: Marginal Cost, Mic Controller, market capitalisation39) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Main Contractor, Mechanical Completion40) Образование: Men's Club41) Инвестиции: marginal credit42) Сетевые технологии: Motorola Corp., Multi Computer43) Полимеры: marginal check, medium curing, moisture content44) Программирование: Master Clear45) Автоматика: machining center, magnetic card46) Контроль качества: Monte Carlo (method)47) Океанография: Maritime Commission48) Сахалин Ю: marshalling cabinet49) Расширение файла: M3CG intermediate language file (Modula-3), Manual Chapter (NRC Inspection Manual)50) SAP.тех. код поиска51) Нефть и газ: manual call point, medium pressure steam condensate, motor control block, завершение механической части52) Военно-политический термин: Military Committee53) Электротехника: making capacity, mercury contact, metal-clad, multiple contacts54) Фармация: (масс-спектрометрия) МS (http://www.bioinformatix.ru/metabolomika/metabolomika-i-metabonomika-sovremennyie-tehnologii-toksilogicheskih-issledovaniy-chast-3.html)55) Hi-Fi. moving coil56) Должность: Mastered The Craft, Microsoft Certified, Music Composer57) Чат: Microphone Commando58) Правительство: Motor City59) НАСА: Mars Crosser60) Программное обеспечение: Master Copy61) Хобби: Music Cards -
34 mC
1) Компьютерная техника: Manual Compression, Memory Card, Micro Compact, Modular Computing, Multimedia Card2) Спорт: Marathon Concept3) Латинский язык: Medium Coeli4) Военный термин: Joint Military Intelligence College, Maintenance Console, Maneuver Control, Marine Corps, Master Chief, Materiel Command, Midnight Commander, Military Claimant, Military Code, Military Cross, Missile Command, Mission Critical, Mobility Corridor, Morale Check, Morse code, Multi-Channel MC&G Mapping, Charting and Geodesy, Munitions Command, machine carbine, main channel, maintenance center, maintenance code, maintenance cycle, major component, manual control, mapping camera, master commandant, material central, material code, material committee, material control, materiel center, maximum concealable, medical center, medical certificate, medium capacity, message center, metal case, military channels, military characteristics, military college, military community, military construction, military coordination, military correspondent, missile carrier, missile channel, missile checkout, missile code, missile compartment, missile container, missile control, missile crew, mission capable, mission control, mobile communications, mobile control, mode change, mode code, monitoring and control, mortar carrier, motor carrier, motor convoy, motorcar, motorcycle, movement center, movement control, muzzle cap, Military Committee (NATO), Megacycles (superseded by megahertz), modular charge5) Техника: Minuteman computer, Mitsubishi Corporation, machine committee, magnetic course, main circulator, main condenser, maintenance check, maintenance complexity, manual clock, marked capacity, medico-surgical, medium-curing, memory controller, metal clad, metal clad switchgear, metric carat, military computer, minutes charged, miscellaneous data, monitoring center, mud-cut, multichannel voice-frequency telegraphy6) Сельское хозяйство: medico-chirurgical7) Шутливое выражение: Mad Cashier, Mistress Of Chaos8) Химия: Molten Carbonate9) Математика: марковская цепь (Markov chain), метод Монте-Карло10) Метеорология: Meteorological Codes11) Железнодорожный термин: Maine Coast Railroad Corporation12) Юридический термин: Major Case, Male Caller, Move The Crowd13) Экономика: предельные издержки (marginal cost)14) Бухгалтерия: Marketing Cost, Master Card, предельная стоимость капитала (marginal cost of capital), Master Charge (now called MasterCard), добавочная себестоимость (производства дополнительной единицы продукции)15) Автомобильный термин: mixture control16) Грубое выражение: Marketing Crap17) Музыка: Mad Catz, My Computer, аудиокассета, эм-си (Microphone Controller; Master of Ceremony - исполнитель вокала в хип-хоп культуре)18) Политика: Macau19) Психология: multiple choice20) Телекоммуникации: Make Call, main cross-connect, Main Cross-Connect (DEC)21) Сокращение: Mail Centre (UK, 2006), Marine Corps (USA), Master Controller, Master of Ceremonies, Medical Corps, Medium Case bomb, Member of Congress, Missile Center, Missile Controller, Mission Computer, Mission-Capable, Monaco, Motivate The Crowd, Multiply-Convolve, main computer, main coolant, maintenance costs, manhole cover, medicine cabinet, momentary contact, motor chain, multichip, multiple contact, Morning Call (daily, USA), Machine Check, Marginal costs, Master Clock, Master Control, Miniature Camera, Minister Councillor, Multi Channel, Multiple Compartments22) Театр: Music Cinema23) Текстиль: Mini Cutouts24) Университет: Main Campus25) Физика: Magnetic Coil26) Физиология: Mad Cow27) Электроника: Meter Coupled, Microphone Controller, Middle Carbonate, Motorcycle Club, Multipoint Controller28) Вычислительная техника: magnetic core29) Нефть: Ministry of Construction, mud cut, загрязнённый буровым раствором (mud-cut), метрический карат (metric carat), проверка технического состояния (maintenance check)30) Биохимия: Mast Cells31) Банковское дело: кредит по операциям с маржей (marginal credit)32) Организация производства: получение разрешений, разрешения должны быть получены, разрешения получены33) Транспорт: Marine Commercial, Motor Coach, Moved Centerline, Mystery Car34) Силикатное производство: magnesia-chrome35) Фирменный знак: M Care, McCoy, Merciless Creations, Mystic Crystals36) Реклама: ведущий37) СМИ: Main Character, Media Card, Micro Cassette, Movie Clip, Multimedia Content38) Деловая лексика: Marginal Cost, Mic Controller, market capitalisation39) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Main Contractor, Mechanical Completion40) Образование: Men's Club41) Инвестиции: marginal credit42) Сетевые технологии: Motorola Corp., Multi Computer43) Полимеры: marginal check, medium curing, moisture content44) Программирование: Master Clear45) Автоматика: machining center, magnetic card46) Контроль качества: Monte Carlo (method)47) Океанография: Maritime Commission48) Сахалин Ю: marshalling cabinet49) Расширение файла: M3CG intermediate language file (Modula-3), Manual Chapter (NRC Inspection Manual)50) SAP.тех. код поиска51) Нефть и газ: manual call point, medium pressure steam condensate, motor control block, завершение механической части52) Военно-политический термин: Military Committee53) Электротехника: making capacity, mercury contact, metal-clad, multiple contacts54) Фармация: (масс-спектрометрия) МS (http://www.bioinformatix.ru/metabolomika/metabolomika-i-metabonomika-sovremennyie-tehnologii-toksilogicheskih-issledovaniy-chast-3.html)55) Hi-Fi. moving coil56) Должность: Mastered The Craft, Microsoft Certified, Music Composer57) Чат: Microphone Commando58) Правительство: Motor City59) НАСА: Mars Crosser60) Программное обеспечение: Master Copy61) Хобби: Music Cards -
35 mc
1) Компьютерная техника: Manual Compression, Memory Card, Micro Compact, Modular Computing, Multimedia Card2) Спорт: Marathon Concept3) Латинский язык: Medium Coeli4) Военный термин: Joint Military Intelligence College, Maintenance Console, Maneuver Control, Marine Corps, Master Chief, Materiel Command, Midnight Commander, Military Claimant, Military Code, Military Cross, Missile Command, Mission Critical, Mobility Corridor, Morale Check, Morse code, Multi-Channel MC&G Mapping, Charting and Geodesy, Munitions Command, machine carbine, main channel, maintenance center, maintenance code, maintenance cycle, major component, manual control, mapping camera, master commandant, material central, material code, material committee, material control, materiel center, maximum concealable, medical center, medical certificate, medium capacity, message center, metal case, military channels, military characteristics, military college, military community, military construction, military coordination, military correspondent, missile carrier, missile channel, missile checkout, missile code, missile compartment, missile container, missile control, missile crew, mission capable, mission control, mobile communications, mobile control, mode change, mode code, monitoring and control, mortar carrier, motor carrier, motor convoy, motorcar, motorcycle, movement center, movement control, muzzle cap, Military Committee (NATO), Megacycles (superseded by megahertz), modular charge5) Техника: Minuteman computer, Mitsubishi Corporation, machine committee, magnetic course, main circulator, main condenser, maintenance check, maintenance complexity, manual clock, marked capacity, medico-surgical, medium-curing, memory controller, metal clad, metal clad switchgear, metric carat, military computer, minutes charged, miscellaneous data, monitoring center, mud-cut, multichannel voice-frequency telegraphy6) Сельское хозяйство: medico-chirurgical7) Шутливое выражение: Mad Cashier, Mistress Of Chaos8) Химия: Molten Carbonate9) Математика: марковская цепь (Markov chain), метод Монте-Карло10) Метеорология: Meteorological Codes11) Железнодорожный термин: Maine Coast Railroad Corporation12) Юридический термин: Major Case, Male Caller, Move The Crowd13) Экономика: предельные издержки (marginal cost)14) Бухгалтерия: Marketing Cost, Master Card, предельная стоимость капитала (marginal cost of capital), Master Charge (now called MasterCard), добавочная себестоимость (производства дополнительной единицы продукции)15) Автомобильный термин: mixture control16) Грубое выражение: Marketing Crap17) Музыка: Mad Catz, My Computer, аудиокассета, эм-си (Microphone Controller; Master of Ceremony - исполнитель вокала в хип-хоп культуре)18) Политика: Macau19) Психология: multiple choice20) Телекоммуникации: Make Call, main cross-connect, Main Cross-Connect (DEC)21) Сокращение: Mail Centre (UK, 2006), Marine Corps (USA), Master Controller, Master of Ceremonies, Medical Corps, Medium Case bomb, Member of Congress, Missile Center, Missile Controller, Mission Computer, Mission-Capable, Monaco, Motivate The Crowd, Multiply-Convolve, main computer, main coolant, maintenance costs, manhole cover, medicine cabinet, momentary contact, motor chain, multichip, multiple contact, Morning Call (daily, USA), Machine Check, Marginal costs, Master Clock, Master Control, Miniature Camera, Minister Councillor, Multi Channel, Multiple Compartments22) Театр: Music Cinema23) Текстиль: Mini Cutouts24) Университет: Main Campus25) Физика: Magnetic Coil26) Физиология: Mad Cow27) Электроника: Meter Coupled, Microphone Controller, Middle Carbonate, Motorcycle Club, Multipoint Controller28) Вычислительная техника: magnetic core29) Нефть: Ministry of Construction, mud cut, загрязнённый буровым раствором (mud-cut), метрический карат (metric carat), проверка технического состояния (maintenance check)30) Биохимия: Mast Cells31) Банковское дело: кредит по операциям с маржей (marginal credit)32) Организация производства: получение разрешений, разрешения должны быть получены, разрешения получены33) Транспорт: Marine Commercial, Motor Coach, Moved Centerline, Mystery Car34) Силикатное производство: magnesia-chrome35) Фирменный знак: M Care, McCoy, Merciless Creations, Mystic Crystals36) Реклама: ведущий37) СМИ: Main Character, Media Card, Micro Cassette, Movie Clip, Multimedia Content38) Деловая лексика: Marginal Cost, Mic Controller, market capitalisation39) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Main Contractor, Mechanical Completion40) Образование: Men's Club41) Инвестиции: marginal credit42) Сетевые технологии: Motorola Corp., Multi Computer43) Полимеры: marginal check, medium curing, moisture content44) Программирование: Master Clear45) Автоматика: machining center, magnetic card46) Контроль качества: Monte Carlo (method)47) Океанография: Maritime Commission48) Сахалин Ю: marshalling cabinet49) Расширение файла: M3CG intermediate language file (Modula-3), Manual Chapter (NRC Inspection Manual)50) SAP.тех. код поиска51) Нефть и газ: manual call point, medium pressure steam condensate, motor control block, завершение механической части52) Военно-политический термин: Military Committee53) Электротехника: making capacity, mercury contact, metal-clad, multiple contacts54) Фармация: (масс-спектрометрия) МS (http://www.bioinformatix.ru/metabolomika/metabolomika-i-metabonomika-sovremennyie-tehnologii-toksilogicheskih-issledovaniy-chast-3.html)55) Hi-Fi. moving coil56) Должность: Mastered The Craft, Microsoft Certified, Music Composer57) Чат: Microphone Commando58) Правительство: Motor City59) НАСА: Mars Crosser60) Программное обеспечение: Master Copy61) Хобби: Music Cards -
36 station
станция; пункт; пост; радиостанция; место ( по боевому расчету) ; позиция; точка подвески ( вооружения на самолете) ; место в строю (ЛА) ; место службы; место дислокации; ркт. кабина; Бр. авиационная станция [база]; размещать, базировать; ставить на местоairborne (communications) relay station — воздушная радиорелейная станция [пункт]
— alternate master station— data-relaying station— fueling station— gasoline service station— launching station -
37 station
1) станция; пункт; пост2) терминал; абонентский пульт3) устройство; блок•- accepting station
- access station
- aerodynamic broadcast station
- affiliated station
- airborne decameter radio station
- Alcatel station
- all-mine telephone station
- amplifying station
- analog switching station
- analog-digital station
- analytical photogrammetric station
- automatic trunk station
- background station
- backhaul station
- backlogged station
- balanced station
- base station
- base-airborne station
- base-radio station
- BB-switching back-to-back station
- BB-switching end terminal station
- BB-switching n-way branching station
- beacon station
- boat-radio station
- booster station
- broadcasting node station
- broadcasting station
- broadcasting-satellite space station
- buffer station
- callers-telephone station
- car-subscriber station
- CB station
- central fire-alarm station
- central station
- central-searching station
- channel station
- channel-attached station
- civil band station
- class-A station
- class-B station
- class-C station
- class-D station
- coastal Earth station
- coastal station
- coastal terrestrial radio station
- commercial radio station
- communication relay station
- compact hand station
- computerized data exchange station
- container terrestrial station
- control station
- control-measuring station
- converted-base station
- crossing station
- data station
- data-transmission station
- destination station
- digital communication station
- digital photogrammetic station
- digital switching station
- digital terminal station
- display station
- diving telephone station
- drift station
- Earth station
- electronic mobile station
- emergency frequency station
- emergency-position indicating radiobeacon station
- emergency-radio station
- exchange-service station
- feeder-amplifier station
- fifth generation radio station
- fifth-class mobile station
- first-class mobile station
- fixed control station
- fixed station
- fixed-frequency station
- fixed-microwave auxiliary station
- FM-broadcasting station
- forwarding station
- four-course radio-range station
- fourth class mobile station
- fourth-generation radio station
- gate station
- graphic station
- ground station
- ground wireless station
- head wagon radio station
- head-end station
- heavy mobile station
- helicopter radio station
- hydroacoustic station
- IF drop insertion station
- IF repeating branching station
- IF repeating through station
- IF repeating TV drop insertion station
- image station
- industrial-communication station
- inquiry station
- integrated station
- intercom station
- interfered radio station
- interferencing radio station
- intermediate station
- intradepartment-communication center station
- land mobile station
- land station
- life-raft radio station
- light-weight mobile station
- line station
- line waterside USB-station
- line-network station
- locomotive radio station
- loudspeaking-communication station
- low-power television frequency station
- magnetic-tape station
- main station
- major relay station
- managing-radio station
- manual-trunk station
- master station
- media command station
- media control station
- meter-band station
- microwave repeating station
- microwave station
- minor-relay station
- mobile-Earth station
- mobile-radio station
- mobile-television station
- mobile-tropospheric station
- movable radio station
- multiband station
- municipal radio station
- network station
- newsroom station
- nodal coastal radio station
- nodal-communication station
- nonmagnetic diving station
- nonserviced repeater station
- on-board station
- operative-communication station
- passive station
- physical station
- piezoelectric batteryless station
- pipeline control USB-station
- play station
- pole-mounted station
- portable radio station
- portable relay station
- primary station
- priority mobile station
- rack-mounted station
- radio station
- radio-beacon monitor station
- radio-beacon station
- radiodirection-finder station
- radio-positioning land station
- radio-positioning mobile station
- radio-range station
- radiosonde station
- radiotelegraph station
- radiotelephone station
- railway radio station
- reading station
- readout station
- receiving-earth station
- regenerating station
- relay station
- remote feeding station
- remote forwarding station
- remote monitoring station
- repeater station
- reserve terrestrial radio station
- retransmitting station
- road station
- rural-subscriber station
- satellite station
- second class mobile station
- secondary station
- sectional communication center station
- semistationary terrestrial station
- sensing station
- serviced station
- serviced-repeater station
- ship-Earth station
- ship-radio station
- six-channel relay transmission station
- slave station
- solar radio station
- source station
- spark-safe radio station
- standard frequency-and-time signal station
- state radio station
- state relay station
- stationary relay station
- stationary station
- stationary terrestrial station
- subcontrol station
- subscriber station
- subscription station
- supervised station
- switching station
- tail wagon radio station
- telecode communication station
- telegraph station
- telemetering station
- telephone-and-telegraph station
- television pickup station
- temporary fire communiation station
- terminal communication station
- terminal exchange station
- terminal network station
- terminal telegraph station
- terrestrial ship radio station
- terrestrial station
- terrestrial terminal station
- terrestrial-coastal station
- third class mobile station
- three-wire diving station
- toll station
- train communication station
- transfer station
- transmitting Earth station
- transport station
- transportable earth station
- tributary station
- tropospheric communication station
- trunk telephone station
- TV-transmitting station
- ultra-short-band station
- underground terminal station
- unified diving station
- unmanned station
- USB-station
- user station
- videotex station
- wall-mounted station
- working stationEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > station
-
38 key
[̈ɪki:]activate key вчт. пусковая кнопка key муз. ключ; тональность; major (minor) key мажорный (минорный) тон; all in the same key монотонно, однообразно alphabetic key вчт. буквенная клавиша arrow key вчт. клавиша со стрелкой arrow key вчт. клавиша управления курсором ascending key вчт. возрастающий ключ auxiliary key вчт. вторичный ключ backspace key вчт. клавиша возврата на одну позицию break key вчт. клавиша прерывания built-in key вчт. встроенный ключ cancel key вчт. клавиша сброса carriage return key вчт. клавиша возврата каретки chained key вчт. сцепленный ключ character key вчт. клавиша знака check key вчт. клавиша контрольного рестарта программы clear key вчт. клавиша гашения coding key вчт. ключ кодирования compound key вчт. составной ключ concatenated key вчт. сцепленный ключ confirmation key вчт. ключ подтверждения control key вчт. управляющая клавиша cursor control key вчт. клавиша управления курсором cursor movement key вчт. клавиша управления курсором data-base key вчт. ключ базы данных dead key вчт. слепая клавиша descending key вчт. убывающий ключ distribution key код распределения down arrow key вчт. клавиша "стрелка вниз" editing key вчт. клавиша редактирования encription key вчт. ключ шифрования entity key вчт. объектный ключ erase key вчт. клавиша стирания escape key вчт. клавиша выхода external key вчт. внешний ключ extra key вчт. дополнительный ключ key ключ; false key отмычка fast key вчт. клавиша быстрого перемещения курсора foreign key вчт. внешний ключ function key вчт. функциональная клавиша generic control key вчт. общая управляющая клавиша generic key вчт. общий ключ golden (или silver) key взятка, подкуп; the power of the keys папская власть; to have (или to get) the key of the street шутл. остаться на ночь без крова; быть выставленным за дверь halt key вчт. клавиша останова golden (или silver) key взятка, подкуп; the power of the keys папская власть; to have (или to get) the key of the street шутл. остаться на ночь без крова; быть выставленным за дверь to hold the keys (of smth.) держать (что-л.) в своих руках, держать (что-л.) под контролем hot key вчт. функциональная клавиша initiate key вчт. пусковая кнопка interrupt key вчт. кнопка прерывания key важный key ведущий key тех. заклинивать; закреплять шпонкой (часто key in, key on) key запирать на ключ key использовать условные обозначения (в объявлениях) key клавиша; pl клавиатура (рояля, пишущей машинки и т. п.) key вчт. клавиша key тех. клин; шпонка; чека key эл. ключ; кнопка; рычажный переключатель; telegraph key телеграфный ключ key муз. ключ; тональность; major (minor) key мажорный (минорный) тон; all in the same key монотонно, однообразно key ключ, код key ключ, разгадка (к решению вопроса и т. п.) key ключ; false key отмычка key ключ key вчт. ключевой key ключевой key кнопка key муз. настраивать (тж. key up) key attr. основной, ключевой; ведущий, командный; главный; key industries ведущие отрасли промышленности; key positions командные позиции; key problem основная, узловая проблема; key actor амер. ведущий актер key основной key основной принцип key полигр. основной принцип key отмель, риф key вчт. переключатель key подстрочный перевод; сборник решений задач; ключ к упражнениям key приводить в соответствие key тел., радио. работать ключом key жив. тон, оттенок (о краске) key тон, высота голоса; to speak in a high (low) key громко (тихо) разговаривать key указание к решению key attr. основной, ключевой; ведущий, командный; главный; key industries ведущие отрасли промышленности; key positions командные позиции; key problem основная, узловая проблема; key actor амер. ведущий актер key in вчт. печатать key attr. основной, ключевой; ведущий, командный; главный; key industries ведущие отрасли промышленности; key positions командные позиции; key problem основная, узловая проблема; key actor амер. ведущий актер key line амер. заголовок в одну строку key man опытный специалист key man амер. телеграфист key man человек, занимающий ведущий пост, играющий важнейшую роль (в политике, промышленности) key map контурная карта key money дополнительная плата, взимаемая при продлении срока аренды; въездная плата при аренде квартиры key off вчт. выключать key off вчт. выключить key on вчт. включать key on вчт. включить key out вчт. выключать key out вчт. выключить key pattern меандр pattern: key key вчт. комбинация клавиш key point воен. важный (в тактическом отношении) пункт key attr. основной, ключевой; ведущий, командный; главный; key industries ведущие отрасли промышленности; key positions командные позиции; key problem основная, узловая проблема; key actor амер. ведущий актер key attr. основной, ключевой; ведущий, командный; главный; key industries ведущие отрасли промышленности; key positions командные позиции; key problem основная, узловая проблема; key actor амер. ведущий актер key up возбуждать, взвинчивать (кого-л.) key up повышать (спрос и т. п.) key up придавать решимость, смелость labeled key вчт. маркироавнная клавиша left arrow key вчт. клавиша движения курсора влево load key вчт. кнопка ввода locate key вчт. установочная клавиша key муз. ключ; тональность; major (minor) key мажорный (минорный) тон; all in the same key монотонно, однообразно major key вчт. главный ключ memory key вчт. ключ памяти mouse key вчт. кнопка мыши nonpresent key вчт. отсутствующий ключ nonunique key вчт. неуникальный ключ pass key вчт. пароль golden (или silver) key взятка, подкуп; the power of the keys папская власть; to have (или to get) the key of the street шутл. остаться на ночь без крова; быть выставленным за дверь press any key вчт. нажмите любую клавишу press key вчт. нажмите клавишу primary key вчт. первичный ключ privacy key вчт. ключ секретности programmed key вчт. программируемая клавиша protection key вчт. ключ защиты relation key вчт. ключ отношения repeat-action key клавиша повторения операции reset key вчт. клавиша перезагрузки return key вчт. клавиша возврат каретки right arrow key вчт. клавиша движения курсора вправо screen labeled key вчт. виртуальная клавиша search key вчт. ключ поиска secondary key вчт. вторичный ключ security key comp. защитная кнопка sequencing key вчт. ключ упорядочения shift key вчт. клавиша регистра shift lock key вчт. клавиша переключения регистра signaling key вчт. сигнальная клавиша skeleton key отмычка soft key вчт. программируемая клавиша sort key вчт. ключ сортировки sorting key вчт. ключ сортировки source key вчт. сходный ключ space key comp. клавиша пробела key тон, высота голоса; to speak in a high (low) key громко (тихо) разговаривать start key вчт. пусковая клавиша stop key вчт. кнопка останова storage key вчт. ключ памяти storage protection key вчт. ключ защиты памяти switch key вчт. переключатель system key вчт. системный ключ system utility key вчт. служебная системная клавиша tabulator key вчт. клавиша табуляции key эл. ключ; кнопка; рычажный переключатель; telegraph key телеграфный ключ unique key вчт. уникальный ключ unlabeled key вчт. слепая клавиша unmatched key вчт. несогласованный ключ up arrow key вчт. клавиша движения курсора вверх write key вчт. ключ записи -
39 contribución
f.1 contribution, donation, aid, help.2 tax, cessment, tribute, impost.* * *1 contribution2 (impuesto) tax\poner a contribución to use, draw oncontribución territorial land taxcontribución urbana rates plural* * *noun f.* * *SF1) (=colaboración) contributionsu contribución a la victoria — his contribution to the victory, his part in the victory
poner a contribución — to make use of, put to use
2) (Econ) taxpl contribuciones taxes, taxation singexento de contribuciones — tax-free, tax-exempt (EEUU)
* * *femenino (colaboración, donación) contribution; (Fisco) tax* * *= contribution, contribution, paper, pooling, rate, submission, addition, tribute.Ex. A further contribution to the international bibliographical control of serials was the CONSER Project (Conversion of Serials).Ex. The major difference is that a periodical index relates to a number of issues and to contributions from a number of different authors.Ex. In particular, a data base may be concerned to list separately individual periodical articles and single papers in conference proceedings.Ex. In this area members of co-operatives have benefited greatly from the general pooling of expertise.Ex. There will be special rates for additional services such as SDI or document delivery.Ex. Most commercial abstracting services rely upon the refereeing procedure applied to the original document in order to eliminate insignificant and inaccurate submissions.Ex. The inheritance from the master becomes, not only his additions to the world's record, but for his disciples the entire scaffolding by which they were erected.Ex. In this case, after collecting tributes from places that could be reached by sea, the commander of the expedition marched inland.----* contribución a la investigación = research contribution.* contribución a un debate = input to a debate.* contribución de ideas = input of ideas.* contribución municipal = council tax, local rates, real estate tax, real estate property tax.* contribución urbana = local tax rates, tax rates, local rates, local taxes, council tax, tax rates, real estate tax, real estate property tax.* devolución de la contribución municipal = rates rebate.* hacer una contribución = make + a contribution.* identificación bibliográfica y de copyright de la contribución = catch line.* presentar una contribución = present + contribution.* recabar + contribución = solicit + contribution.* * *femenino (colaboración, donación) contribution; (Fisco) tax* * *= contribution, contribution, paper, pooling, rate, submission, addition, tribute.Ex: A further contribution to the international bibliographical control of serials was the CONSER Project (Conversion of Serials).
Ex: The major difference is that a periodical index relates to a number of issues and to contributions from a number of different authors.Ex: In particular, a data base may be concerned to list separately individual periodical articles and single papers in conference proceedings.Ex: In this area members of co-operatives have benefited greatly from the general pooling of expertise.Ex: There will be special rates for additional services such as SDI or document delivery.Ex: Most commercial abstracting services rely upon the refereeing procedure applied to the original document in order to eliminate insignificant and inaccurate submissions.Ex: The inheritance from the master becomes, not only his additions to the world's record, but for his disciples the entire scaffolding by which they were erected.Ex: In this case, after collecting tributes from places that could be reached by sea, the commander of the expedition marched inland.* contribución a la investigación = research contribution.* contribución a un debate = input to a debate.* contribución de ideas = input of ideas.* contribución municipal = council tax, local rates, real estate tax, real estate property tax.* contribución urbana = local tax rates, tax rates, local rates, local taxes, council tax, tax rates, real estate tax, real estate property tax.* devolución de la contribución municipal = rates rebate.* hacer una contribución = make + a contribution.* identificación bibliográfica y de copyright de la contribución = catch line.* presentar una contribución = present + contribution.* recabar + contribución = solicit + contribution.* * *1 (colaboración) contribution2 (donación) donation, contribution3 ( Fisco) taxCompuestos:local property tax, ≈ council tax ( in UK)* * *
contribución sustantivo femenino (colaboración, donación) contribution;
(Fisco) tax
contribución sustantivo femenino
1 (participación) contribution
2 (impuesto) tax
' contribución' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aportación
- coperacha
- excepcional
- extraordinario
English:
contribution
- rate
- council
- toward
* * *contribución nf1. [aporte] contribution2. [impuesto] tax;contribución directa/indirecta direct/indirect tax;contribuciones taxes, taxation;exento de contribuciones tax-exemptcontribución urbana = tax for local services, Br ≈ council tax* * *f1 contribution2 ( impuesto) tax* * ** * *contribución n contribution -
40 conveniencia
f.1 usefulness.2 convenience.sólo mira su conveniencia he only looks after his own interests* * *1 (utilidad) usefulness■ ya veo la conveniencia de tener aire condicionado I can see the usefulness of having air-conditioning2 (oportunidad) suitability, advisability3 (provecho) interest, benefit4 (convenio) agreement\faltar a las conveniencias not to keep social conventionsconveniencias sociales social conventionsmatrimonio de conveniencia marriage of convenience* * *noun f.* * *SF1) (=utilidad) [de una acción] advisabilityinsistió en la conveniencia de adelantar las elecciones — she insisted on the advisability of bringing forward the election
ser de la conveniencia de algn — to be convenient to sb, suit sb
2) (=provecho propio)por conveniencia: lo hace por conveniencia — he does it because it suits him o because it's in his own interest(s)
bandera 1), matrimonio 1), pabellón 7)te lo digo por tu conveniencia — I'm telling you for your own sake o in your own interests
4) † (=acuerdo) agreement5) † (=puesto) domestic post, job as a servant* * *1) (interés, provecho)se casó por conveniencia — he made o it was a marriage of convenience
2) (de proyecto, acción) advisability* * *= adequacy, advisability, convenience, desirability, expediency, suitability, fitness, desirableness, cosiness [coziness, -USA], reasonability.Ex. A critical abstract normally comments the adequacy of experimentation and survey methodology.Ex. He convinced our new president to have the board discuss the advisability of programming at all, especially since we had a film showing last month that drew only three people.Ex. Ironically, the most dangerous bias exists because of the usefulness and convenience of books themselves.Ex. Many people working on code revision and a lot of our catalogers are well aware of the desirability of getting catalog data distributed speedily.Ex. And we have all of the ingredients for the creation of an atmosphere in which the proponents of expediency could couch their arguments in terms of cost effectiveness.Ex. The features which contribute to UDC's suitability for detailed indexing are particularly valued in special libraries.Ex. In evaluating the fitness of certain items for inclusion or exclusion in bibliographies it could, indeed, be argued that 'control' could be thought of as a repressive, censoring, device.Ex. Its title deserves giving in full: 'The desirableness of establishing personal intercourse and relations between librarians and readers in popular libraries'.Ex. The 1st impression of cosiness is dispelled on closer examination, which reveals gross overcrowding in staff working areas.Ex. A major objective of this project was also to demonstrate both the possibility and the reasonability of using handheld technology = Además, uno de los principales objetivos de este proyecto fue demostrar la posibilidad y la conveniencia de utilizar tecnología portátil para simplificar y normalizar el proceso de recogida de datos.----* matrimonio de conveniencia = marriage of convenience.* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.* * *1) (interés, provecho)se casó por conveniencia — he made o it was a marriage of convenience
2) (de proyecto, acción) advisability* * *= adequacy, advisability, convenience, desirability, expediency, suitability, fitness, desirableness, cosiness [coziness, -USA], reasonability.Ex: A critical abstract normally comments the adequacy of experimentation and survey methodology.
Ex: He convinced our new president to have the board discuss the advisability of programming at all, especially since we had a film showing last month that drew only three people.Ex: Ironically, the most dangerous bias exists because of the usefulness and convenience of books themselves.Ex: Many people working on code revision and a lot of our catalogers are well aware of the desirability of getting catalog data distributed speedily.Ex: And we have all of the ingredients for the creation of an atmosphere in which the proponents of expediency could couch their arguments in terms of cost effectiveness.Ex: The features which contribute to UDC's suitability for detailed indexing are particularly valued in special libraries.Ex: In evaluating the fitness of certain items for inclusion or exclusion in bibliographies it could, indeed, be argued that 'control' could be thought of as a repressive, censoring, device.Ex: Its title deserves giving in full: 'The desirableness of establishing personal intercourse and relations between librarians and readers in popular libraries'.Ex: The 1st impression of cosiness is dispelled on closer examination, which reveals gross overcrowding in staff working areas.Ex: A major objective of this project was also to demonstrate both the possibility and the reasonability of using handheld technology = Además, uno de los principales objetivos de este proyecto fue demostrar la posibilidad y la conveniencia de utilizar tecnología portátil para simplificar y normalizar el proceso de recogida de datos.* matrimonio de conveniencia = marriage of convenience.* por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.* * *A(interés, provecho): sólo piensa en su conveniencia personal he only thinks of his own interestste hizo el favor por conveniencia she only did you the favor because it was in her own interestse casó por conveniencia he made o it was a marriage of convenienceCompuesto:fpl social conventions (pl)B (de un proyecto, una acción) advisability* * *
conveniencia sustantivo femeninoa) (interés, provecho):
lo hizo por conveniencia she only did it because it was in her own interest;
se casó por conveniencia it was a marriage of convenience
c) (de proyecto, acción) advisability
conveniencia sustantivo femenino
1 (interés) benefit
2 (provecho) advisability, convenience
' conveniencia' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
discusión
- haber
- polemizar
- comodidad
English:
convenience
- handiness
- marriage
- wisdom
* * *conveniencia nf1. [utilidad] usefulness;[oportunidad] suitability2. [interés] convenience;sólo mira su conveniencia he only looks after his own interests;un matrimonio de conveniencia a marriage of convenience* * *f2:hacer algo por conveniencia to do sth in one’s own interest;matrimonio de conveniencia marriage of convenience* * *conveniencia nf1) : convenience2) : fitness, suitability, advisability
См. также в других словарях:
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