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in+support+of+his+theories

  • 1 in support of his theories

    in support of his theories
    em defesa de suas teorias.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > in support of his theories

  • 2 support

    [sə'po:t] 1. verb
    1) (to bear the weight of, or hold upright, in place etc: That chair won't support him / his weight; He limped home, supported by a friend on either side of him.) apoiar
    2) (to give help, or approval to: He has always supported our cause; His family supported him in his decision.) apoiar
    3) (to provide evidence for the truth of: New discoveries have been made that support his theory; The second witness supported the statement of the first one.) confirmar
    4) (to supply with the means of living: He has a wife and four children to support.) sustentar
    2. noun
    1) (the act of supporting or state of being supported: That type of shoe doesn't give the foot much support; The plan was cancelled because of lack of support; Her job is the family's only means of support; I would like to say a word or two in support of his proposal.) apoio
    2) (something that supports: One of the supports of the bridge collapsed.) suporte
    •
    - supporting
    * * *
    sup.port
    [səp'ɔ:t] n 1 assistência, ajuda, auxílio, amparo, apoio. 2 manutenção, subsistência, sustento. 3 Archit suporte, apoio, esteio, espeque, base. he gives support to his sister / ele sustenta sua irmã. 4 Phot tripé. 5 Mil proteção, assistência, defesa. 6 arrimo. she is the only support of her parents / ela é o único arrimo de seus pais. • vt 1 sustentar, suportar, escorar. 2 fortalecer, encorajar, ajudar, auxiliar. 3 manter, sustentar, cuidar. 4 favorecer, defender, apoiar. 5 advogar, justificar, defender, patrocinar. 6 provar, verificar, afirmar, substanciar, confirmar. 7 Mil proteger, dar assistência (em combate). 8 sofrer, tolerar, agüentar. 9 assistir, atender. 10 representar (papel) com sucesso. in support of his theories em defesa de suas teorias. moral support apoio moral. to strongly support apoiar muito alguém. to support someone in apoiar alguém em, concordar com alguém para. with my support com meu auxílio.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > support

  • 3 sostegno

    "support;
    Abstützung;
    sustencao"
    * * *
    m support
    a sostegno di in support of
    * * *
    sostegno s.m. support, prop (anche fig.): un sostegno teneva in piedi il muro, a support (o prop) kept the wall standing; questo muro ha bisogno di un sostegno, this wall needs to be propped up; struttura di sostegno, supporting framework; parlò in sostegno delle sue teorie, he spoke in support of his theories; sostegno morale, moral support; tu sei il sostegno della tua famiglia, you are the support of your family; ho avuto il sostegno dei miei colleghi, I had the backing of my colleagues; il governo riceve il sostegno della maggioranza, the government receives the support of the majority // insegnante di sostegno, remedial teacher (o assistant teacher for handicapped children) // (econ.): sostegno dei prezzi, price support; sostegno dei prezzi agricoli, farm price support; sostegno di un'economia depressa mediante investimenti, deficit financing, (amer.) pump-priming // (fin.): sostegno ai corsi, ai tassi di cambio, pegging of prices, of exchange rates; misure di sostegno ( di una moneta), back-up measures (for a currency); la banca centrale è intervenuta a sostegno del dollaro in discesa, the central bank intervened to support the falling dollar.
    * * *
    [sos'teɲү]
    sostantivo maschile
    1) (supporto) support, prop
    2) fig. support, prop, backing
    3) scol.
    * * *
    sostegno
    /sos'teŋŋo/
    sostantivo m.
     1 (supporto) support, prop; muro di sostegno retaining wall; reggersi agli appositi -i hold on to the hand supports
     2 fig. support, prop, backing; sostegno morale moral support; avete il mio sostegno my support lies with you; essere il sostegno della famiglia to be the breadwinner o wage earner; a sostegno di in support of
     3 scol. corso di sostegno remedial lessons; insegnante di sostegno learning support teacher.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > sostegno

  • 4 sustentar

    v.
    1 to support.
    sustenta a toda la familia con su salario he supports his entire family on his salary
    Las columnas sustentan a las paredes The columns support the walls.
    2 to defend (defender) (argumento, teoría).
    3 to hold, to believe in, to sustain, to uphold.
    Ellos sustentan sus creencias They uphold their beliefs.
    La comida sustenta a los chicos The food sustains the boys.
    4 to substantiate, to bear out, to provide evidence for, to support.
    Sus acciones sustentan el caso His actions provide evidence for the case.
    * * *
    1 (familia etc) to maintain, support, sustain
    2 (sostener) to hold up, support
    3 (teoría, opinión) to support, defend
    1 (alimentarse) to sustain oneself, live (de, on)
    2 (sostenerse) to support oneself
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=sujetar) to hold up, support, bear the weight of
    2) (=alimentar) to sustain, nourish
    3) [+ familia, hijos] to support, maintain
    4) [+ esperanzas] to sustain, keep alive
    5) [+ idea, teoría] to maintain, uphold
    6) (Ecología) to sustain
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < peso> to support
    b) <persona/familia> to support, maintain
    2) <opinión/teoría> to hold, maintain; <moral/esperanza> to sustain, keep up
    2.
    sustentarse v pron
    a) ( mantenerse) to support oneself

    sustentarse DE or CON algo — to sustain oneself with something, to subsist on something

    * * *
    = support, sustain, underpin.
    Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex. Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex. This process is underpinned by a patient-based information system which is timely, accessible and credible to all participants.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < peso> to support
    b) <persona/familia> to support, maintain
    2) <opinión/teoría> to hold, maintain; <moral/esperanza> to sustain, keep up
    2.
    sustentarse v pron
    a) ( mantenerse) to support oneself

    sustentarse DE or CON algo — to sustain oneself with something, to subsist on something

    * * *
    = support, sustain, underpin.

    Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.

    Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex: This process is underpinned by a patient-based information system which is timely, accessible and credible to all participants.

    * * *
    sustentar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ‹persona/familia› to support, maintain
    B
    1 ‹opinión/teoría› to hold, maintain
    2 ‹moral/esperanza› to sustain, keep up
    1 (mantenerse) to support oneself
    2 (alimentarse) sustentarse DE or CON algo to sustain oneself WITH sth, to subsist ON sth
    * * *

    sustentar ( conjugate sustentar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹ peso› to support

    b) ‹persona/familia› to support, maintain

    sustentar verbo transitivo
    1 (mantener) to support, maintain: gana lo suficiente para sustentar a la familia, she earns enough to support her family
    2 (una opinión, una teoría) to uphold, maintain
    3 (sujetar, soportar un peso) to support, hold up
    ' sustentar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    mantener
    - sostener
    English:
    sustain
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [sostener, mantener] to support;
    sustenta a toda la familia con su salario he supports his entire family on his salary
    2. [defender] [argumento, teoría] to defend;
    [opinión] to hold, to subscribe to
    3. [apoyar] to base;
    sustenta sus teorías en una premisa errónea his theories are founded on a false premise
    * * *
    v/t
    1 sustain
    2 familia support
    3 opinión maintain
    * * *
    1) : to support, to hold up
    2) : to sustain, to nourish
    3) : to maintain, to hold (an opinion)

    Spanish-English dictionary > sustentar

  • 5 espaldarazo

    m.
    1 blow to the back.
    eso le dio el espaldarazo (definitivo) that finally earned her widespread recognition
    2 support, backing, active support of a cause or principle, advocacy.
    * * *
    1 (golpe) slap on the back
    2 figurado accolade
    * * *
    * * *
    masculino ( reconocimiento) recognition
    * * *
    masculino ( reconocimiento) recognition
    * * *
    recognition
    la película que le dio el espaldarazo definitivo the movie which earned him recognition as a top film star ( o director etc)
    * * *

    espaldarazo sustantivo masculino
    1 (reconocimiento) rocognition: el premio Nobel fue un espaldarazo a sus teorías, the Nobel prize served as recognition of his theories
    2 (ayuda) backing, support: el préstamo fue un espaldarazo para sacar a flote a la empresa, the loan provided backing to keep the company afloat
    * * *
    1. [reconocimiento] recognition;
    eso le dio el espaldarazo (definitivo) that finally gained her widespread recognition
    2. Hist [para armar caballero] tap on the shoulder [with a sword]
    * * *
    m
    1 slap on the back
    2 ( reconocimiento) recognition;
    dar el espaldarazo a alguien fig give s.o. support
    * * *
    1) : recognition, support
    2) : slap on the back

    Spanish-English dictionary > espaldarazo

  • 6 Kegel, Karl

    [br]
    b. 19 May 1876 Magdeburg, Germany
    d. 5 March 1959 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
    [br]
    German professor of mining who established the mining of lignite as a discipline in the science of mining.
    [br]
    Within the long tradition of celebrated teachers at the Mining Academy in Freiberg, Kegel can be considered as probably the last professor teaching the science of mining who was able to cover all the different disciplines. As was the case with a number of his predecessors, he was able to combine theoretical research work with the teaching of students and to support his theories with the practical experience of industry. He has apprenticed at the Mansfeld copper mines, went to the School of Mines at Eisleben (1896–8), worked as an engineer with various mining companies and thereafter became a scholar of the Berlin Mining Academy (1901–4). For twelve years he taught at the Bochum School of Mining until, in 1918, he was appointed Professor of Mining at Freiberg. There, one year later, as a new approach, he introduced lectures on brown-coal mining and mineral economics. He remained Professor at Freiberg until his first retirement in 1941, although he was active again between 1945 and 1951.
    In 1924 Kegel took over a department at the State Research Institute for Brown Coal in Freiberg which he extended into the Institute for Briquetting. In this field his main achievement lies in the initially questioned theory that producing briquettes from lignite is a molecular process rather than the result of bituminous factors. This perception, among others, led Rammler to produce coke from lignite in 1951. Kegel's merits result from having established all the aspects of mining and using lignite as an independent subdiscipline of mining science, based on substantial theories and an innovative understanding of applied technologies.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1941, Bergmännische Gebirgsmechanik, Halle (Saale). 1948, Brikettierung der Braunkohle, Halle (Saale).
    1953, Lehrbuch des Braunkohlentagebaus, Halle (Saale).
    Further Reading
    E.Kroker, "Karl Kegel", Neue deutsche Biographie, Vol. XI, p. 394 (a reliable short account).
    Bergakademie Freiberg (ed.), 1976, Karl Kegel 1876–1959. Festschrift aus Anlaß seines
    100. Geburtstages, Leipzig (contains substantial biographical information).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Kegel, Karl

  • 7 tesis

    f. s.&pl.
    1 thesis.
    2 tenet, opinion.
    * * *
    1 thesis
    2 (opinión) view, theory
    \
    sostener una tesis to maintain a theory
    tesis doctoral doctoral thesis
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF INV
    1) (Univ) thesis

    tesis doctoral — doctoral thesis, doctoral dissertation (EEUU), PhD thesis

    2) (Fil) thesis
    3) (=teoría)
    * * *
    a) (Educ, Fil) thesis
    b) ( opinión)
    * * *
    = dissertation, thesis [theses, -pl.], claim.
    Ex. The bibliographic data bases allow the searcher to retrieve references to work that has appeared in documents such as journal articles, conference papers, books, dissertations, patents and technical reports.
    Ex. A thesis is a document which reports the author's research and findings and which is submitted by him in support of his candidature for a degree or professional qualification.
    Ex. The final justification is to be found in the claim that SLIS provide a form of information education that is not provided elsewhere.
    ----
    * apoyar una tesis = give + weight to the claim that.
    * defensa de tesis = dissertation defence, thesis defence.
    * director de tesis = PhD supervisor, dissertation adviser, dissertation supervisor, thesis supervisor, thesis adviser, research supervisor.
    * dirigir una tesis = supervise + dissertation, supervise + thesis.
    * tesis de máster = master's dissertation, master's thesis.
    * tesis doctoral = doctoral dissertation, PhD dissertation, Phd thesis (Ph.D. thesis), doctoral thesis.
    * * *
    a) (Educ, Fil) thesis
    b) ( opinión)
    * * *
    = dissertation, thesis [theses, -pl.], claim.

    Ex: The bibliographic data bases allow the searcher to retrieve references to work that has appeared in documents such as journal articles, conference papers, books, dissertations, patents and technical reports.

    Ex: A thesis is a document which reports the author's research and findings and which is submitted by him in support of his candidature for a degree or professional qualification.
    Ex: The final justification is to be found in the claim that SLIS provide a form of information education that is not provided elsewhere.
    * apoyar una tesis = give + weight to the claim that.
    * defensa de tesis = dissertation defence, thesis defence.
    * director de tesis = PhD supervisor, dissertation adviser, dissertation supervisor, thesis supervisor, thesis adviser, research supervisor.
    * dirigir una tesis = supervise + dissertation, supervise + thesis.
    * tesis de máster = master's dissertation, master's thesis.
    * tesis doctoral = doctoral dissertation, PhD dissertation, Phd thesis (Ph.D. thesis), doctoral thesis.

    * * *
    (pl tesis)
    1 ( Educ) thesis
    2
    (opinión): los dos sostienen la misma tesis they are both of the same opinion, they both hold the same view
    esto confirma la tesis inicial de la policía this confirms the police's initial theory
    3 ( Fil) thesis
    Compuesto:
    doctoral thesis
    * * *

     

    tesis sustantivo femenino (pl
    ◊ tesis)

    a) (Educ, Fil) thesis;


    b) ( opinión):


    esto confirma la tesis inicial this confirms the initial theory
    tesis f inv
    1 (opinión) theory: según tu tesis, todos estamos acomplejados, in your view, everybody has a complex
    las tesis liberales, liberal theories
    2 Univ thesis
    ' tesis' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    laguna
    - tema
    - verde
    - completo
    - consistente
    - dirigir
    - folio
    - insostenible
    - leer
    English:
    abstract
    - argue
    - dissertation
    - thesis
    - plod
    * * *
    tesis nf inv
    1. [teoría, idea] view, thesis;
    defiende la tesis de que… he holds the view that…;
    es una tesis muy interesante that's a very interesting theory;
    novela de tesis novel with a message, didactic novel
    2. Filosofía thesis;
    tesis, antítesis y síntesis thesis, antithesis and synthesis
    3. Educ thesis;
    leer la tesis ≈ to have one's viva (voce), US to defend one's dissertation
    tesis doctoral doctoral o PhD thesis
    * * *
    f inv thesis
    * * *
    tesis nfs & pl
    : thesis

    Spanish-English dictionary > tesis

  • 8 nieodparcie

    adv. 1. (przemożnie) [pociągać, wabić] irresistibly; magnetically przen.
    - nieodparcie komiczny irresistibly funny
    - nieodparcie atrakcyjna kobieta an irresistibly alluring woman
    - świat teatru pociągał go nieodparcie the world of theatre drew him like a magnet
    - nieodparcie nasuwające się skojarzenia unavoidable associations
    - senność/znużenie ogarnia go nieodparcie sleepiness/weariness is overwhelming him
    2. (niezaprzeczalnie) [uzasadniać, udowadniać] irrefutably
    - nieodparcie przekonujące dowody/logiczne wnioski irrefutably convincing evidence/logical conclusions
    - argumentował nieodparcie swoje teorie he gave irrefutable arguments to support his theories
    - trwał nieodparcie przy swoich przekonaniach he held firmly to his convictions
    * * *
    adv.
    irresistibly.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > nieodparcie

  • 9 Cros, Charles

    [br]
    b. 1842 France
    d. 1888
    [br]
    French doctor, painter and man of letters who pioneered research into colour photography.
    [br]
    A man of considerable intellect, Cros occupied himself with studies of topics as diverse as Sanskrit and the synthesis of precious stones. He was in particular interested in the possibility of colour photography, and deposited an account of his theories in a sealed envelope with the Académie des Sciences on 2 December 1867, with instructions that it should be opened in 1876. Learning of a forthcoming presentation on colour photography by Ducos du Hauron at the Société Française de Photographie, he arranged for the contents of his communication to be published on 25 February 1869 in Les Mondes. At the Société's meeting on 7 May 1869, Cros's letter was read and samples of colour photography from Ducos du Hauron were shown. Both had arrived at similar conclusions: that colour photography was possible with the analysis of colours using negatives exposed through red, green and blue filters, as demonstrated by Clerk Maxwell in 1861. These records could be reproduced by combining positive images produced in blue-green, magenta and yellow pigments or dyes. Cros and Ducos du Hauron had discovered the principle of subtractive colour photography, which is used in the late twentieth century. In 1878 Cros designed the Chromometre, a device for measuring colours by mixing red, green and blue light, and described the device in a paper to the Société Française de Photographie on 10 January 1879. With suitable modification, the device could be used as a viewer for colour photographs, combining red, green and blue positives. In 1880 he patented the principle of imbibition printing, in which dye taken up by a gelatine relief image could be transferred to another support. This principle, which he called hydrotypie, readily made possible the production of three-colour subtractive photographic prints.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.S.Friedman, 1944, History of Colour Photography, Boston. Gert Koshofer, 1981, Farbefotografie, Vol. I, Munich.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Cros, Charles

  • 10 espaldarazo

    espaldarazo sustantivo masculino
    1 (reconocimiento) rocognition: el premio Nobel fue un espaldarazo a sus teorías, the Nobel prize served as recognition of his theories
    2 (ayuda) backing, support: el préstamo fue un espaldarazo para sacar a flote a la empresa, the loan provided backing to keep the company afloat

    English-spanish dictionary > espaldarazo

  • 11 respaldar

    m.
    1 backrest, seat back, seatback.
    El respaldar de la silla es muy duro The chair's backrest is too hard.
    2 bed rest.
    v.
    1 to back, to support.
    varios intelectuales respaldan la candidatura del escritor several intellectuals are backing o supporting the writer as a candidate
    el descubrimiento respalda su teoría the discovery backs up o supports his theory
    Ellos respaldan la calidad They back the quality.
    Ellos respaldan las evidencias They provide proof for the evidence.
    2 to buttress, to prop, to uphold, to reinforce.
    Ellos respaldan las paredes They buttress the walls.
    * * *
    1 to support, back (up)
    1 to lean back (en, on)
    2 (apoyarse) to lean (en, on)
    * * *
    verb
    to back, support
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ documento] to endorse
    2) (=apoyar) to back, support
    3) (Inform) to support
    4) (=garantizar) to guarantee
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < persona> ( apoyar) to support, back; ( en discusión) to back... up
    b) <propuesta/plan> to support, back

    respaldado por la experiencia — backed by o with the backing of experience

    2) ( endosar) < documento> to endorse
    2.
    respaldarse v pron
    1) ( en sillón) to sit back; (contra árbol, pared) to lean back
    2) ( depender)
    * * *
    = back, give + weight to, lend + weight to, support, underpin, back + Nombre + up, buttress, add + weight to, add + Posesivo + weight to, back into, stand by.
    Ex. Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.
    Ex. The resulting compromise in the overall design principles followed is, therefore, likely to give greater weight to these conventional needs.
    Ex. They can bring into relief differing conditions in member countries and they often lend weight to arguments for or against various policy options.
    Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex. This process is underpinned by a patient-based information system which is timely, accessible and credible to all participants.
    Ex. Often they use rather fancy words, such as 'theoretical models' or 'constructs' or 'paradigms' to describe what are, very frequently, no more than hypothetical ideas or categorisations which have little empirical evidence to back them up.
    Ex. Authors were often buttressed in their novel writing by other pieces of freelance writing.
    Ex. Measurement of library activities can provide the evidence to erase misconceptions and add weight to those aspects of service that present a more powerful image = La medición de las actividades bibliotecarias puede proporcionar las pruebas necesarias para erradicar falsas ideas y apoyar aquellos aspectos del servicio que presentan una mejor imagen de la biblioteca.
    Ex. But the unions were able to add their weight to the authority of the parliamentary investigators in bringing the worst excesses of unregulated apprenticeship and of working conditions under control = No obstante, los sindicatos pudieron reforzar la autoridad de los investigadores parlamentarios para controlar los peores excesos que se cometían en el aprendizaje de un oficio y las condiciones laborales sin regularizar.
    Ex. To the best of my knowledge, most of the big research libraries backed into the world of media = Según mi opinión, la mayoría de las bibliotecas académicas apostaron por adquirir todo tipo de soporte.
    Ex. It's hard to believe she stands by a man who gets his kicks out of beating her black and blue everynight.
    ----
    * estar respaldado por Alguien = have + Nombre + behind + Pronombre.
    * respaldar Algo = lend + authority to.
    * respaldar el argumento de uno = back up + story.
    * respaldar una conclusión = support + conclusion.
    * respaldar una opinión = buttress + claim, support + view.
    * respaldar un argumento = back + Posesivo + argument, buttress + argument, buttress + Posesivo + case.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < persona> ( apoyar) to support, back; ( en discusión) to back... up
    b) <propuesta/plan> to support, back

    respaldado por la experiencia — backed by o with the backing of experience

    2) ( endosar) < documento> to endorse
    2.
    respaldarse v pron
    1) ( en sillón) to sit back; (contra árbol, pared) to lean back
    2) ( depender)
    * * *
    = back, give + weight to, lend + weight to, support, underpin, back + Nombre + up, buttress, add + weight to, add + Posesivo + weight to, back into, stand by.

    Ex: Co-operative, carefully planned and financed internationally backed efforts have been the keynote of more recent activity.

    Ex: The resulting compromise in the overall design principles followed is, therefore, likely to give greater weight to these conventional needs.
    Ex: They can bring into relief differing conditions in member countries and they often lend weight to arguments for or against various policy options.
    Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex: This process is underpinned by a patient-based information system which is timely, accessible and credible to all participants.
    Ex: Often they use rather fancy words, such as 'theoretical models' or 'constructs' or 'paradigms' to describe what are, very frequently, no more than hypothetical ideas or categorisations which have little empirical evidence to back them up.
    Ex: Authors were often buttressed in their novel writing by other pieces of freelance writing.
    Ex: Measurement of library activities can provide the evidence to erase misconceptions and add weight to those aspects of service that present a more powerful image = La medición de las actividades bibliotecarias puede proporcionar las pruebas necesarias para erradicar falsas ideas y apoyar aquellos aspectos del servicio que presentan una mejor imagen de la biblioteca.
    Ex: But the unions were able to add their weight to the authority of the parliamentary investigators in bringing the worst excesses of unregulated apprenticeship and of working conditions under control = No obstante, los sindicatos pudieron reforzar la autoridad de los investigadores parlamentarios para controlar los peores excesos que se cometían en el aprendizaje de un oficio y las condiciones laborales sin regularizar.
    Ex: To the best of my knowledge, most of the big research libraries backed into the world of media = Según mi opinión, la mayoría de las bibliotecas académicas apostaron por adquirir todo tipo de soporte.
    Ex: It's hard to believe she stands by a man who gets his kicks out of beating her black and blue everynight.
    * estar respaldado por Alguien = have + Nombre + behind + Pronombre.
    * respaldar Algo = lend + authority to.
    * respaldar el argumento de uno = back up + story.
    * respaldar una conclusión = support + conclusion.
    * respaldar una opinión = buttress + claim, support + view.
    * respaldar un argumento = back + Posesivo + argument, buttress + argument, buttress + Posesivo + case.

    * * *
    back
    respaldar2 [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹persona› (apoyar) to support, back; (en una discusión) to back … up
    2 ‹propuesta/plan› to support, back, endorse
    la moneda está respaldada por las reservas del banco central the currency is backed o supported by the reserves of the central bank
    un producto respaldado por 100 años de experiencia a product backed by o with the backing of 100 years' experience
    B (endosar) ‹documento› to endorse
    A (en un sillón) to sit back; (contra un árbol, una pared) to lean back
    B (apoyarse) respaldarse EN algo/algn:
    se respalda mucho en sus padres he leans heavily on his parents (for support)
    siguen respaldándose en las mismas teorías they are still basing their arguments/case on the same theories
    * * *

     

    respaldar ( conjugate respaldar) verbo transitivo ‹ persona› ( apoyar) to support, back;
    ( en discusión) to back up;
    ‹propuesta/plan› to support, back;
    ‹versión/teoría› to support, back up
    respaldar verbo transitivo to support, back: nadie respaldó su proyecto, nobody backed her project
    ' respaldar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    fiar
    - apoyar
    English:
    back
    - endorse
    - support
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [proyecto, empresa] to back, to support;
    varios intelectuales respaldan la candidatura del escritor several intellectuals are backing o supporting the writer as a candidate
    2. [tesis] to back up, to support;
    el descubrimiento respalda su teoría the discovery backs up o supports his theory
    * * *
    v/t back, support
    * * *
    : to back, to support, to endorse
    * * *
    respaldar vb to back / to support

    Spanish-English dictionary > respaldar

  • 12 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 13 confirmar

    v.
    1 to confirm.
    Ella confirmó los rumores She confirmed the rumors.
    Ella confirmó el ataque She confirmed the attack.
    María confirmó a pesar de la carta Mary confirmed despite the letter.
    2 to ratify, to confirm, to approve, to affirm.
    María confirmó su asistencia Mary ratified her attendance.
    3 to confirm to, to prove to.
    María confirmó hacer de madrina Mary confirmed to act as godmother.
    * * *
    1 to confirm
    1 to be confirmed
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ noticia, rumor, temor] to confirm

    según confirmaron fuentes policiales — as police sources confirmed, according to police sources

    2) [+ vuelo, cita] to confirm
    3) (=reafirmar) [+ sentencia] to confirm
    4) (Rel) to confirm
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) <noticia/vuelo> to confirm
    2) (Relig) to confirm
    * * *
    = bear out, confirm, endorse, ratify, reaffirm, substantiate, validate, add + confirmation to, underpin, uphold, speak to, vindicate, affirm.
    Ex. This instruction bears out the earlier statement that the identification of concepts is related to the subject undergoing indexing.
    Ex. The sheer bulk of the headings and the complexity of references structures is sufficient to confirm that a more systematic approach might prove fruitful.
    Ex. These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.
    Ex. The measurement of success or otherwise of these ideas can unfortunately only be ratified once the library has been in use for some considerable time.
    Ex. Coates started his study of citation order by noting Kaiser's theories of Concrete-Process and reaffirmed this aspect of Kaiser's work.
    Ex. It can be substantiated that in switching over to new technologies we often have not done this kind of linkage.
    Ex. The records will be validated by the Library of Congress and the National Library of Canada and regularly included in the MARC Distribution Service for the benefit of libraries that are not members of OCLC.
    Ex. In these statements, Carnegie added strong confirmation to the librarian's long-held elitist views.
    Ex. This process is underpinned by a patient-based information system which is timely, accessible and credible to all participants.
    Ex. The stereotype of the serious novel 'collecting dust on the shelf' was not upheld by research.
    Ex. These reasons speak to the duties and enduring mores of the professoriate.
    Ex. The relevance to a local library situation of British Library Lending Division data on periodical usage is vindicated.
    Ex. This move has probably affirmed the future of DC.
    ----
    * confirmar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * confirmar las dudas = fulfil + doubts.
    * confirmar que se está en lo cierto = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * confirmar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * confirmar una hipótesis = support + hypothesis, validate + hypothesis.
    * confirmar una observación = bear out + point.
    * confirmar una sospecha = confirm + suspicion.
    * excepciones que confirman la regla = exceptions to prove the rule.
    * por confirmar = to be confirmed.
    * ser la excepción que confirma la regla = be the exception rather than the rule.
    * sin confirmar = unconfirmed, unvalidated, to be confirmed.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) <noticia/vuelo> to confirm
    2) (Relig) to confirm
    * * *
    = bear out, confirm, endorse, ratify, reaffirm, substantiate, validate, add + confirmation to, underpin, uphold, speak to, vindicate, affirm.

    Ex: This instruction bears out the earlier statement that the identification of concepts is related to the subject undergoing indexing.

    Ex: The sheer bulk of the headings and the complexity of references structures is sufficient to confirm that a more systematic approach might prove fruitful.
    Ex: These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.
    Ex: The measurement of success or otherwise of these ideas can unfortunately only be ratified once the library has been in use for some considerable time.
    Ex: Coates started his study of citation order by noting Kaiser's theories of Concrete-Process and reaffirmed this aspect of Kaiser's work.
    Ex: It can be substantiated that in switching over to new technologies we often have not done this kind of linkage.
    Ex: The records will be validated by the Library of Congress and the National Library of Canada and regularly included in the MARC Distribution Service for the benefit of libraries that are not members of OCLC.
    Ex: In these statements, Carnegie added strong confirmation to the librarian's long-held elitist views.
    Ex: This process is underpinned by a patient-based information system which is timely, accessible and credible to all participants.
    Ex: The stereotype of the serious novel 'collecting dust on the shelf' was not upheld by research.
    Ex: These reasons speak to the duties and enduring mores of the professoriate.
    Ex: The relevance to a local library situation of British Library Lending Division data on periodical usage is vindicated.
    Ex: This move has probably affirmed the future of DC.
    * confirmar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * confirmar las dudas = fulfil + doubts.
    * confirmar que se está en lo cierto = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * confirmar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.
    * confirmar una hipótesis = support + hypothesis, validate + hypothesis.
    * confirmar una observación = bear out + point.
    * confirmar una sospecha = confirm + suspicion.
    * excepciones que confirman la regla = exceptions to prove the rule.
    * por confirmar = to be confirmed.
    * ser la excepción que confirma la regla = be the exception rather than the rule.
    * sin confirmar = unconfirmed, unvalidated, to be confirmed.

    * * *
    confirmar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹noticia/sospecha› to confirm
    es la excepción que confirma la regla it's the exception that proves the rule
    2 ‹vuelo/regreso› to confirm
    fue confirmado como director he was confirmed as the new director
    3 (en una idea, opinión) to confirm
    esto me confirma en mis temores this confirms my fears
    B ( Relig) to confirm
    * * *

     

    confirmar ( conjugate confirmar) verbo transitivo
    to confirm;

    confirmar verbo transitivo to confirm
    ♦ Locuciones: la excepción confirma la regla, the exception proves the rule

    ' confirmar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sancionar
    - comprobar
    - venir
    English:
    bear out
    - confirm
    - corroborate
    - diagnosis
    - so
    - validate
    - bear
    - substantiate
    - support
    - up
    - verify
    - vindicate
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [noticia, sospecha] to confirm;
    esto sólo confirma mis sospechas this simply confirms my suspicions
    2. [billete, reserva] to confirm;
    el ministro ha sido confirmado en el cargo the minister has been confirmed in his post
    3. Rel to confirm
    * * *
    v/t confirm
    * * *
    : to confirm, to substantiate
    * * *
    confirmar vb to confirm

    Spanish-English dictionary > confirmar

  • 14 limitar

    v.
    1 to limit, to restrict.
    han limitado la velocidad máxima a cuarenta por hora they've restricted the speed limit to forty kilometers an hour
    este sueldo tan bajo me limita mucho I can't do very much on such a low salary
    Ricardo limitó las reglas Richard limited the rules.
    El médico limitó al paciente The doctor limited the patient.
    2 to mark out (terreno).
    3 to set out, to define (atribuciones, derechos).
    4 to border.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to limit
    1 to border with
    \
    limitarse a + inf to restrict oneself to + gerund, do no more than + inf
    * * *
    verb
    to restrict, limit
    * * *
    1.
    VT (=restringir) to limit, restrict

    nos han limitado el número de visitas — they have limited o restricted the number of visits we can have

    2.
    VI
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <funciones/derechos> to limit, restrict
    2. 3.
    limitarse v pron

    limitarse a algo: el problema no se limita únicamente a las ciudades the problem is not just confined o limited to cities; me limité a repetir lo que tú habías dicho I just repeated what you'd said; limítate a hacerlo — just do it

    * * *
    = bound, confine, constrain, limit, reduce, restrict, tie down, restrain, circumscribe, disable, box in, narrow down, border, fetter, hem + Nombre + in.
    Ex. Word is a character string bounded by spaces or other chosen characters.
    Ex. Until the mid nineteenth century the concept of authorship was confined to personal authors.
    Ex. Model II sees the process in terms of the system forcing or constraining the user to deviate from the 'real' problem.
    Ex. This limits the need for libraries to reclassify, but also restricts the revision of the Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme.
    Ex. The disadvantage of inversion of words is that inversion or indirect word order reduces predictability of form of headings.
    Ex. This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.
    Ex. There are many able people still tied down with the routine 'running' of their libraries.
    Ex. Use of the legal data bases is partly restrained by cost considerations, partly by the fact that their coverage is not exhaustive and partly by the reserved attitude of the legal profession and the judiciary.
    Ex. Traditional theories of management circumscribe the extent of employee participation in decision making.
    Ex. There are socializing factors which further disable those children who lack such basic support.
    Ex. What is important is that agencies face few barriers to disseminating information on the Web quickly rather than being boxed in by standardization requirements = Lo que es importante es que las agencias se encuentran pocas trabas para diseminar información en la web de una forma rápida más que verse restringidas por cuestiones de normalización.
    Ex. By specifying the fields to be searched, the user can narrow down the search in a very convenient way.
    Ex. The Pacific Rim encompasses an enormous geographical area composed of all of the nations bordering the Pacific Ocean, east and west, from the Bering Straits to Antarctica.
    Ex. Faculty tenure is designed to allow the scholar to proceed with his investigation without being fettered with concerns arising from loss of job and salary.
    Ex. The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    ----
    * limitar búsqueda = limit + search.
    * limitar con = border on.
    * limitar el debate a = keep + discussion + grounded on.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <funciones/derechos> to limit, restrict
    2. 3.
    limitarse v pron

    limitarse a algo: el problema no se limita únicamente a las ciudades the problem is not just confined o limited to cities; me limité a repetir lo que tú habías dicho I just repeated what you'd said; limítate a hacerlo — just do it

    * * *
    = bound, confine, constrain, limit, reduce, restrict, tie down, restrain, circumscribe, disable, box in, narrow down, border, fetter, hem + Nombre + in.

    Ex: Word is a character string bounded by spaces or other chosen characters.

    Ex: Until the mid nineteenth century the concept of authorship was confined to personal authors.
    Ex: Model II sees the process in terms of the system forcing or constraining the user to deviate from the 'real' problem.
    Ex: This limits the need for libraries to reclassify, but also restricts the revision of the Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme.
    Ex: The disadvantage of inversion of words is that inversion or indirect word order reduces predictability of form of headings.
    Ex: This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.
    Ex: There are many able people still tied down with the routine 'running' of their libraries.
    Ex: Use of the legal data bases is partly restrained by cost considerations, partly by the fact that their coverage is not exhaustive and partly by the reserved attitude of the legal profession and the judiciary.
    Ex: Traditional theories of management circumscribe the extent of employee participation in decision making.
    Ex: There are socializing factors which further disable those children who lack such basic support.
    Ex: What is important is that agencies face few barriers to disseminating information on the Web quickly rather than being boxed in by standardization requirements = Lo que es importante es que las agencias se encuentran pocas trabas para diseminar información en la web de una forma rápida más que verse restringidas por cuestiones de normalización.
    Ex: By specifying the fields to be searched, the user can narrow down the search in a very convenient way.
    Ex: The Pacific Rim encompasses an enormous geographical area composed of all of the nations bordering the Pacific Ocean, east and west, from the Bering Straits to Antarctica.
    Ex: Faculty tenure is designed to allow the scholar to proceed with his investigation without being fettered with concerns arising from loss of job and salary.
    Ex: The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.
    * limitar búsqueda = limit + search.
    * limitar con = border on.
    * limitar el debate a = keep + discussion + grounded on.

    * * *
    limitar [A1 ]
    vt
    ‹funciones/derechos/influencia› to limit, restrict
    las disposiciones que limitan la tenencia de armas de fuego the regulations which restrict o limit the possession of firearms
    es necesario limitar su campo de acción restrictions o limits must be placed on his freedom of action
    habrá que limitar el número de intervenciones it will be necessary to limit o restrict the number of speakers
    le han limitado las salidas a dos días por semana he's restricted to going out twice a week
    ■ limitar
    vi
    limitar CON algo to border ON sth
    España limita al oeste con Portugal Spain borders on o is bounded by Portugal to the west, Spain shares a border with Portugal in the west
    limitarse A algo:
    yo me limité a repetir lo que tú me habías dicho I just repeated o all I did was repeat what you'd said to me
    no hizo ningún comentario, se limitó a observar he didn't say anything, he merely o just stood watching
    limítate a hacer lo que te ordenan just confine yourself to o keep to what you've been told to do
    el problema no se limita únicamente a las grandes ciudades the problem is not just confined o limited to big cities
    tiene que limitarse a su sueldo she has to live within her means
    * * *

    limitar ( conjugate limitar) verbo transitivo ‹funciones/derechos› to limit, restrict
    verbo intransitivo limitar con algo [país/finca] to border on sth
    limitarse verbo pronominal:
    ◊ el problema no se limita a las ciudades the problem is not confined o limited to cities;

    me limité a repetir lo dicho I just repeated what was said
    limitar
    I verbo transitivo to limit, restrict: tengo que limitar mis gastos, I have to limit my spending
    II verbo intransitivo to border: limita al norte con Francia, at North it borders on France

    ' limitar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    constreñir
    - tapiar
    - lindar
    English:
    border on
    - confine
    - limit
    - narrow down
    - restrict
    - border
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [restringir] to limit, to restrict;
    quieren limitar el poder del presidente they want to limit o restrict the president's power;
    han limitado la velocidad máxima a cuarenta por hora they've restricted the speed limit to forty kilometres an hour;
    este sueldo tan bajo me limita mucho I can't do very much on such a low salary
    2. [terreno] to mark out;
    limitaron el terreno con una cerca they fenced off the land
    ♦ vi
    to border ( con on);
    limita al norte con Venezuela it borders on Venezuela to the north
    * * *
    I v/t limit; ( restringir) limit, restrict
    II v/i
    :
    limitar con border on
    * * *
    restringir: to limit, to restrict
    limitar con : to border on
    * * *
    1. (restringir) to limit
    2. (tener frontera) to border
    España limita con Francia Spain borders on France / Spain has a border with France

    Spanish-English dictionary > limitar

  • 15 غير

    غَيْر \ another: a different one: We’ll go there another time. If this hat does not fit, try another. besides: as well as: I have two brothers besides John.. other: (in comparisons) different: He likes French cigarettes and won’t smoke any other kind. This side is dry; the other side is wet. I can’t do it now; I have other things to do. short of: less than; other than: Nothing short of a new government will save the country. un-: giving an opposite sense: ‘Unlikely’ means ‘not likely’. \ See Also آخر (آخَر)‏ \ غَيْرُ أَجْوَف \ solid: not hollow: without holes: a solid rubber ball. \ See Also صلب (صُلْب)‏ \ غَيْرُ أَكيد \ faint: (of thoughts and feelings) weak; uncertain: I haven’t the faintest idea where she is. uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ See Also ضعيف (ضَعِيف)، غير مؤكّد \ غَيْرُ أمْلَس \ rough: not smooth: a rough road; a rough surface. \ غَيْرُ آمن \ insecure: not safe; not supported or able to support other things: Be careful of that door - the lock is very insecure. \ غَيْرُ أُمِّيّ \ literate: able to read and write. \ غَيْرَ أنَّ \ but: yet: He came but she did not. I need food but I have no money to buy any. She is thin but strong. only: but: She wanted to buy it, only she had no money. \ غَيْرُ أهل للثّقة \ suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ بالِغ \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ بهيج \ dull: (of weather or colour) not clean or bright; cloudy: a dull day; a dull blue. \ غَيْرُ جاهز للعَمَل \ out of training: not in good condition. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ plain: (of people) not good-looking: He was a nice boy, but rather plain and not very clever. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ homely: (of people, faces, etc.) not goodlooking. \ See Also جذاب (جذّاب)‏ \ غَيْرُ حادّ \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. \ غَيْرُ حَذِر \ unwary: (esp. as a noun with the) careless; not looking out for danger or deceit: ‘Easy’ questions in an exam are often a trap for the unwary (or for unwary people). \ غَيْرُ حقيقي \ unreal: imaginary; not related to facts. \ غَيْرُ دقيق \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ ذلك \ else: other (together with the first one); besides: Who else came? Did you look anywhere else, or only under the bed?, other (instead of the first one); instead Let’s talk about something else. Peter was ill, so someone else came. If there’s no coffee, what else can I drink?. otherwise: differently: I thought it was true, but they thought otherwise. \ غَيْرُ رَسْمِيّ \ informal: without ceremony or special dress: The prince paid an informal visit to the town. private: not official; not concerning one’s work; concerning one’s home and family: In his private life, the actor is rather quiet, although in the play he is loud and angry. \ غَيْرُ سَارّ \ bad, worse, worst: (of news, weather, etc.) unpleasant. \ غَيْرُ سالِك \ impassable: (of roads) unfit for use; blocked (by snow, mud, etc.). \ غَيْرُ سَكران \ sober: not under the control of alcohol; not drunk: A car driver ought to be sober. \ غَيْرُ سليمة \ broken, break: (of language) incorrectly spoken by a foreigner: broken English. \ غَيْرُ شَرْعِيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. illegitimate: (of a child) born to a mother who is not married. \ غَيْرُ شريف \ crooked: dishonest. \ غَيْرُ شَفّاف \ opaque: not allowing light to pass through it: opaque glass. \ غَيْرُ صافٍ \ gross: (of figures or amounts) whole, before subtracting anything; the opposite of net: Your gross pay is the amount before tax is paid. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح للاستعمال \ out of order: not working: I couldn’t ring you up yesterday because our telephone was out of order. \ غَيْرُ صالح للأَكل \ inedible: not fit to eat. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح لِلْعَمَل \ out of action: not working; out of order: This telephone is out of action. \ غَيْرُ صِحّي \ insanitary: so dirty that health is put at risk: an insanitary kitchen. \ غَيْرُ صحيح \ false: wrong; incorrect: a false idea. \ غَيْرُ صَحيح \ unsound: not in good condition, not satisfactory: unsound teeth; an unsound explanation. \ See Also سَليم \ غَيْرُ ضَارّ \ harmless: causing no harm; gentle: A lamb is a harmless creature. Is this insect poison harmless to people?. \ غَيْرُ ضروريّ \ needless: useless; unnecessary (trouble, expense etc.). \ غَيْرُ طاهر \ impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ طَبيعِيّ \ artificial: adj. (of teeth, light, silk, etc.) not natural; made by man. False: not natural: false teeth. weird: very strange. \ غَيْرُ عَادِيّ \ abnormal: different from what is natural or usual: It is abnormal to have only 3 fingers on one hand. exceptional: unusual: That book is an exeptional one. It was an exceptionally hot summer. peculiar: unusual strange. remarkable: surprising; unusual and worth noticing: a remarkable change; a remarkably goodlooking child. unusual: not usual; strange. \ غَيْرُ عالِم بِـ \ ignorant of: not having heard about (a particular thing): I was ignorant of his plans. \ غَيْرُ عَمَليّ \ theoretical: adj. of theories; not learned from experience; supposed; not proved: I have only a theoretical knowledge of cooking from reading cookery books. \ غَيْرُ فَعّال \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ قابل للتصديق (غير معقول)‏ \ incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable: an incredible story. \ غَيْرُ قادِر \ incapable: not able to do sth.; not having the power or nature to do sth.: flowers are incapable of growing without light. She is incapable of being unkind to people. \ غَيْرُ قادِر على الحركة \ numb: having no feeling: My fingers were numb with cold. \ غَيْرُ قانونيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. wrongful: unjust; unlawful: wrongful imprisonment. \ غَيْرُ كافٍ \ insufficient: not enough (in power, ability, etc.): insufficient knowledge; insufficient food. lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. scanty: (of a supply, of clothing, etc.) very small; not enough: He was too scantily dressed to keep warm. \ غَيْرُ كامِل \ incomplete: not complete; not perfect: This piece of work is incomplete - please finish it. His explanation is incomplete - it doesn’t explain all the facts. \ غَيْرُ كَثِيف \ sparse: thinly scattered: sparse hair; sparse grass. \ غَيْرُ كُفْء \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ لائق \ beneath sb.’s dignity: unsuitable for sb. to do: It was beneath the teacher’s dignity to sweep the classroom. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. \ غَيْرُ لَبِق \ awkward: (of manner or movement) showing difficulty; not skilful: He is too awkward on his feet to be a dancer. tactless: showing no understanding or skill in dealing with others: a tactless person; a tactless statement. \ غَيْرُ مُؤَدَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. \ غَيْرُ مُؤذٍ \ innocent: harmless: innocent amusements. \ غَيْرُ مؤكَّد \ uncertain: not certain; doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ غَيْرُ مُؤلم \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ مأْلوف \ queer: strange, unusually and not understood: a queer noise. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَأْهول \ desert: (of an island) with nobody living on it. wild: (of plants, creatures, land, etc.) in a natural state, not under the control of man. \ غَيْرُ مُبَاشِر \ indirect: not straight or directly joined to; meaning something which is not directly said: an indirect road; the indirect result of an action; an indirect answer. \ غَيْرُ مُبَالٍ \ indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مَبْتُوت بأمْرِه \ pending: (of a doubtful matter, esp. in court) not yet settled. \ غَيْرُ مُبْهَم \ definite: certain; clear: a definite promise; a definite plan of action. \ غَيْرُ متأكِّد \ in doubt: uncertain: When in doubt, ask your father. \ غَيْرُ مُتَجَانِس \ odd: mixed; different from each other: a boxful of odd tools; two odd shoes (not a pair). \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَرِّك \ stationary: not moving: a stationary vehicle. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَفِّظ \ outspoken: (of sb. or his speech) saying just what one thinks, although it may annoy some people. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَمِّس \ cool: unfriendly; They gave us rather a cool welcome. \ غَيْرُ متحمّس لِـ \ half-hearted: not eager; showing little effort or interest: He made a half-hearted attempt at the work. \ غَيْرُ مُتَرَابِط \ scrappy: made of scraps; incomplete; badly arranged: a scrappy meal; a scrappy report. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل \ intermittent: repeatedly stopping and starting; not continuous: intermittent rain. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل بِـ \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُتَطَرِّف \ moderate: reasonable (in size or amount; in one’s customs or opinions, etc.); neither too big nor too small; neither too much nor too little: moderate prices; moderate political aims. \ غَيْرُ مُتقَن \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ مُتْقَن (للشيء أو العمل)‏ \ sloppy: (of a person) lacking effort or spirit; weakly lazy; (of a substance) wet and loose: a sloppy piece of work; a sloppy paste. \ غَيْرُ مُتَكَلّف \ homely: simple and friendly; making one feel at home: This little hotel has a homely feeling. \ غَيْرُ مُتَمدِّن (إنسان)‏ \ savage: old use sb. living in an undeveloped society, seen as fierce and wild and likely to attack strangers. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَازِن \ top-heavy: so heavy at the top that it is likely to fall over: a top heavy load. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَافر \ out of stock: not in stock. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَقَّع \ abrupt: (of movement, change, etc.) sudden and unexpected: an abrupt change of plan. unexpected: not expected; surprising that one did not think would happen: an unexpected present; something quite unexpected. \ غَيْرُ مُجْدٍ \ vain: useless; unsuccessful: a vain attempt. ineffective: not able to produce the desired effect: This medicine is quite ineffective. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَرِف \ amateur: one who works or plays for pleasure, not for money: an amateur actor. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَمَل \ improbable: not likely to happen: That is an improbable idea. intolerable: (of heat, annoyance, rudeness, etc.) more than one can bear. \ غَيْرُ مُحَدَّد \ indefinite: adj. not clear; not fixed in time: indefinite ideas; at an indefinite date. \ غَيْرُ مَحْدُود \ infinite: endless; not measurable: I have infinite faith in his abilities. This is infinitely better than that. The infinite space of the sky. whole-hearted: full, unlimited, eager and willing: His plan had their whole-hearted support. \ غَيْرُ مُدْرِك \ unaware: not knowing: I was unaware of all the facts. He was unaware of the danger he was in. \ غَيْرُ مَرْئيّ \ invisible: unable to be seen: The sun remained invisible behind the heavy clouds. unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُرَاعٍ لشُعور الآخرين \ thoughtless: careless; not troubling about the future or about other people: a thoughtless waste of money; thoughtless cruelty. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has came undone. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ loose: not tied; not contained in sth.: The sweets were sold loose, not packed in tins. \ See Also مقيد (مُقيَّد)‏ \ غَيْرُ مُرْتاح \ uneasy: anxious, uncomfortable. \ غَيْرُ مُرَتَّب \ dishevelled: (of a person’s appearance, esp. hair) untidy. \ غَيْرُ مُرَكَّز \ watery: like water; containing too much water: watery milk. weak: (of liquids like tea or coffee) lacking taste or strength, because of too much water or milk. \ غَيْرُ مُريح \ inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. uncomfortable: not comfortable: This chair is very uncomfortable. I’m very uncomfortable in it. \ غَيْرُ مَسْؤُول \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَحَبّ \ unpleasant: not pleasing or enjoyable; (of people) wanting to quarrel; unkind: What an unpleasant smell! The heat of summer can be very unpleasant. That man was rather unpleasant to me. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَخْدَم \ obsolete: no longer used; out of date: an obsolete word; an obsolete custom. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَعْمَل \ archaic: very old; (esp. of words) no longer used. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَوٍ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. rugged: rough and rocky: a rugged coast; rugged cliffs. \ غَيْرُ مُسْرَج \ bareback: (in riding horses, etc.) without a proper leather seat: The boys rode bareback. \ غَيْرُ مُسْكِر (للشَّراب)‏ \ soft: (of drinks) not alcoholic. \ غَيْرُ مَشْرُوع \ foul: (in sport) disobeying the rules: Foul play. The whistle was blown for a foul. \ غَيْرُ مشغول \ free: not busy; not in use: If you’re free this evening, let’s go to the cinema. Is this seat free?. \ غَيْرُ مُصابٍ بِأَذى \ intact: not touched; not damaged or broken; complete: The box was broken but the contents were intact. \ غَيْرُ مَصْقول \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. coarse: (of people and their manners) rough; rude: a coarse fellow; a coarse laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُصَنَّع \ crude: in its natural state: crude oil. \ غَيْرُ مَصْنُوع \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has come undone. \ See Also منجز (مُنْجَز)‏ \ غَيْرُ مطبوخ \ raw: uncooked: raw meat. \ غَيْرُ مُطْلَق \ relative: comparative: the relative values of gold and iron. \ غَيْرُ مُعَدّ \ rambling: (of speeches, stories, etc.) not planned; wandering aimlessly: He wrote a long rambling letter about his troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُعَشَّق \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ مُعَقَّد \ simple: plain; not fine or grand: We lead a simple life in the country. \ See Also منمق (مُنَمَّق)، متكلف (مُتَكَلَّف)‏ \ غَيْرُ مَعْقُول \ absurd: not at all sensible; foolish: The singer’s absurd clothes made us laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُغَطّى \ naked: not protected by a cover: naked sword; a naked light (whose flame is therefore dangerous). \ غَيْرُ مُفيد \ useless: worthless; fulfilling no purpose; without effect. \ غَيْرُ مَقْرُوء \ illegible: difficult or impossible to read (because the letters or figures cannot be clearly seen). \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ open: not limited: The next race is open to children of any age. It’s an open race. \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ wanton: carelessly uncontrolled;with no good reason; wild or playful, with bad resutls: Wanton behaviour causes wanton damage. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرِث \ careless: not taking care: Careless drivers cause accidents. indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرَث بِه \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُلائِم \ adverse: unfavourable: an adverse report; adverse winds that delay sailing. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. \ غَيْرُ مُمطِر \ dry: not wet; with no rain; with no water: a dry cloth; dry weather; a dry river. \ غَيْرُ ممكِن \ impossible: not possible. \ غَيْرُ مُمَيّز \ indiscriminate: not choosing carefully: He invited people indiscriminately to his party. \ غَيْرُ مناسب \ wrong: not correct; mistaken; unsuitable: That’s the wrong answer, and the wrong way to do it. She came in the wrong clothes for riding. \ See Also ملائم (مُلائِم)‏ \ غَيْرُ مُنْطَبِق على \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُنَظَّم \ random: not planned, not regular: random visits to the city. \ See Also غَيْر مُخَطَّط \ غَيْرُ مَنْظُور \ unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُهْتَمّ به \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُهَذَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَوْثوق \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ مُوجِع \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ موجُود \ lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. \ غَيْرُ مَوْصُول بالمُحَرِّك \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ ناضج \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ نِظاميّ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. \ غَيْرُ نَقِيّ \ cloudy: (of liquids) not clear. impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ واثِق \ uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. \ غَيْرُ واثِق من نفْسه \ insecure: feeling afraid and not sure of oneself: He’s a very insecure person, and so he always thinks other people don’t like him. \ غَيْرُ واضِح \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. vague: not clearly seen or expressed or understood; (of people) having no clear ideas: She made a vague statement. He’s rather vague about his duties. \ غَيْرُ واقعي \ fictitious: imagined; not a fact; not true: a fictitious character in a book. \ غَيْرُ وِدّي \ icy: (of a voice or manner) very cold; very unfriendly. cold: unfriendly: a cold welcome; a cold heart.

    Arabic-English dictionary > غير

  • 16 ratificar

    v.
    to ratify.
    María confirmó su asistencia Mary ratified her attendance.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 to ratify
    1 to be confirmed, be ratified
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT [+ tratado] to ratify; [+ noticia] to confirm; [+ opinión] to support

    ratificar que... — to confirm that...

    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <tratado/contrato> to ratify; < persona> ( en un puesto) to confirm; < noticia> to confirm
    2.
    ratificarse v pron
    * * *
    = endorse, ratify, reaffirm, enshrine, revalidate, ditto, reconfirm, affirm.
    Ex. These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.
    Ex. The measurement of success or otherwise of these ideas can unfortunately only be ratified once the library has been in use for some considerable time.
    Ex. Coates started his study of citation order by noting Kaiser's theories of Concrete-Process and reaffirmed this aspect of Kaiser's work.
    Ex. While much remains to be done, the right of every member of the public to see official documents is enshrined in law.
    Ex. After analysis of the data and revision of the taxonomy, it was revalidated and fine tuned in a second experiment = Tras el análisis de los resultados y la revisión de la taxonomía, ésta fue <b> ratificada</b> en un segundo experimento.
    Ex. I received mine yesterday and I'll ditto the fact that they look very professional.
    Ex. Findings reconfirm that library collections contribute significantly to prestige of universities.
    Ex. This move has probably affirmed the future of DC.
    ----
    * ratificar una constitución = ratify + constitution.
    * ratificar un acuerdo = ratify + convention.
    * ratificar un tratado = ratify + treaty.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <tratado/contrato> to ratify; < persona> ( en un puesto) to confirm; < noticia> to confirm
    2.
    ratificarse v pron
    * * *
    = endorse, ratify, reaffirm, enshrine, revalidate, ditto, reconfirm, affirm.

    Ex: These rules follow a general trend in filing practices in endorsing the 'file-as-is' principle outlined below.

    Ex: The measurement of success or otherwise of these ideas can unfortunately only be ratified once the library has been in use for some considerable time.
    Ex: Coates started his study of citation order by noting Kaiser's theories of Concrete-Process and reaffirmed this aspect of Kaiser's work.
    Ex: While much remains to be done, the right of every member of the public to see official documents is enshrined in law.
    Ex: After analysis of the data and revision of the taxonomy, it was revalidated and fine tuned in a second experiment = Tras el análisis de los resultados y la revisión de la taxonomía, ésta fue <b> ratificada</b> en un segundo experimento.
    Ex: I received mine yesterday and I'll ditto the fact that they look very professional.
    Ex: Findings reconfirm that library collections contribute significantly to prestige of universities.
    Ex: This move has probably affirmed the future of DC.
    * ratificar una constitución = ratify + constitution.
    * ratificar un acuerdo = ratify + convention.
    * ratificar un tratado = ratify + treaty.

    * * *
    ratificar [A2 ]
    vt
    1 ‹tratado/contrato› to ratify
    2 ‹persona› (en un puesto) to confirm
    3 ‹noticia› to confirm
    ratificarse EN algo to reaffirm sth
    * * *

    ratificar ( conjugate ratificar) verbo transitivo ‹tratado/contrato› to ratify;
    ‹ persona› ( en un puesto) to confirm;
    ‹ noticia› to confirm
    ratificar vtr (un tratado) to ratify
    (una decisión, opinión) to confirm
    ' ratificar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    refrendar
    English:
    confirm
    - ratify
    - uphold
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    [anuncio, declaraciones] to confirm; [convenio] to ratify
    * * *
    v/t POL ratify
    * * *
    ratificar {72} vt
    1) : to ratify
    2) : to confirm

    Spanish-English dictionary > ratificar

  • 17 Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi

    [br]
    b. 1 June 1796 Paris, France
    d. 24 August 1831 Paris, France
    [br]
    French laid the foundations for modern thermodynamics through his book Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu when he stated that the efficiency of an engine depended on the working substance and the temperature drop between the incoming and outgoing steam.
    [br]
    Sadi was the eldest son of Lazare Carnot, who was prominent as one of Napoleon's military and civil advisers. Sadi was born in the Palais du Petit Luxembourg and grew up during the Napoleonic wars. He was tutored by his father until in 1812, at the minimum age of 16, he entered the Ecole Polytechnique to study stress analysis, mechanics, descriptive geometry and chemistry. He organized the students to fight against the allies at Vincennes in 1814. He left the Polytechnique that October and went to the Ecole du Génie at Metz as a student second lieutenant. While there, he wrote several scientific papers, but on the Restoration in 1815 he was regarded with suspicion because of the support his father had given Napoleon. In 1816, on completion of his studies, Sadi became a second lieutenant in the Metz engineering regiment and spent his time in garrison duty, drawing up plans of fortifications. He seized the chance to escape from this dull routine in 1819 through an appointment to the army general staff corps in Paris, where he took leave of absence on half pay and began further courses of study at the Sorbonne, Collège de France, Ecole des Mines and the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. He was inter-ested in industrial development, political economy, tax reform and the fine arts.
    It was not until 1821 that he began to concentrate on the steam-engine, and he soon proposed his early form of the Carnot cycle. He sought to find a general solution to cover all types of steam-engine, and reduced their operation to three basic stages: an isothermal expansion as the steam entered the cylinder; an adiabatic expansion; and an isothermal compression in the condenser. In 1824 he published his Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, which was well received at the time but quickly forgotten. In it he accepted the caloric theory of heat but pointed out the impossibility of perpetual motion. His main contribution to a correct understanding of a heat engine, however, lay in his suggestion that power can be produced only where there exists a temperature difference due "not to an actual consumption of caloric but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body". He used the analogy of a water-wheel with the water falling around its circumference. He proposed the true Carnot cycle with the addition of a final adiabatic compression in which motive power was con sumed to heat the gas to its original incoming temperature and so closed the cycle. He realized the importance of beginning with the temperature of the fire and not the steam in the boiler. These ideas were not taken up in the study of thermodynartiics until after Sadi's death when B.P.E.Clapeyron discovered his book in 1834.
    In 1824 Sadi was recalled to military service as a staff captain, but he resigned in 1828 to devote his time to physics and economics. He continued his work on steam-engines and began to develop a kinetic theory of heat. In 1831 he was investigating the physical properties of gases and vapours, especially the relationship between temperature and pressure. In June 1832 he contracted scarlet fever, which was followed by "brain fever". He made a partial recovery, but that August he fell victim to a cholera epidemic to which he quickly succumbed.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1824, Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu; pub. 1960, trans. R.H.Thurston, New York: Dover Publications; pub. 1978, trans. Robert Fox, Paris (full biographical accounts are provided in the introductions of the translated editions).
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1971, Vol. III, New York: C.Scribner's Sons. T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.
    Black.
    Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.
    D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, from Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann (discusses Carnot's theories of heat).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi

  • 18 ♦ theory

    ♦ theory /ˈɵɪərɪ/
    n. [uc]
    1 teoria: the theory and practice of navigation, la teoria e la pratica della navigazione
    2 teoria; dottrina; tesi: the atomic theory, la teoria atomica; (biol.) the theory of evolution, la teoria dell'evoluzione; (econ.) the theories of value, le teorie del valore; (polit.) conspiracy theory, teoria del complotto; to formulate a theory, formulare una teoria; to support a theory, confermare una teoria
    3 (fam.) idea; opinione: Have you any theory as to who could have done it?, hai qualche idea di chi avrebbe potuto farlo?; It's one of his pet theories, è una delle sue idee fisse; è uno dei suoi pallini
    4 (mat.) teoria: theory of equations, teoria delle equazioni
    ● theory of signs, teoria dei segni linguistici; semiologia; semiotica □ in theory, in teoria; teoricamente.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ theory

  • 19 air

    I
    1. [eə] n
    1. воздух; атмосфера

    stale [fresh, foul, night, winter] air - затхлый [свежий, спёртый, ночной, зимний] воздух

    air current - воздушное течение, воздушный поток, поток воздуха; ветер

    in the (open) air - на (открытом) воздухе, под открытым небом

    to take the air - подышать свежим воздухом; прогуляться [см. тж. 2, 1) и 8]

    exposed to air - находящийся на воздухе, подвергающийся воздействию атмосферы

    2. 1) воздушное пространство; воздух, небо ( как сфера действия авиации)

    by air - а) самолётом; б) авиапочтой

    to take the air - взлететь, оторваться от земли; взмыть [см. тж. 1 и 8]

    to command the air - господствовать в воздухе /в небе/

    2) преим. воен. авиация
    3. (the air) эфир

    on the air - (передаваемый) по радио или телевидению: передаваемый в эфир

    to be on the air - а) передаваться /транслироваться/ по радио или телевидению; б) выступать по радио или телевидению; the President will be on the air tonight - президент выступит по радио /по телевидению/ сегодня вечером

    to go on the air - а) выступать по радио; б) передаваться по радио

    off the air - а) не передаваемый но радио или телевидению, не передаваемый в эфир; б) окончившийся ( о радио- и телепередаче)

    we'll be off the air until 19 hours - объявляется перерыв до 19 часов; наши передачи возобновятся в 19 часов

    4. 1) атмосфера, обстановка

    friendly [hostile] air - дружеская [враждебная] обстановка

    to clear the air - разрядить атмосферу /обстановку/

    2) характер, манера, дух

    his early work bore an air of freshness and originality - его ранние работы /произведения/ отличались свежестью и оригинальностью

    5. лёгкий ветерок, дуновение; бриз

    light air - мор. маловетрие, тихий ветер ( 1 балл)

    6. 1) вид, выражение лица; манеры

    with a decisive [businesslike, pathetic, belligerent] air - с решительным [деловым, жалким, воинственным] видом

    there was an air of mystery about him - в нём было что-то загадочное, его окружала какая-то тайна

    2) обыкн. pl важничанье, важный вид; жеманство

    (too many) airs and graces - манерность, жеманство

    to give oneself /to put on, to assume, to acquire/ airs - важничать, держаться высокомерно, напускать на себя важность; изображать важную персону

    7. муз.
    1) мотив, мелодия, напев

    stirring [plaintive, mournful] air - волнующая [жалобная, печальная] мелодия

    2) партия сопрано или дисканта
    3) ария; соло
    8. гласность, известность

    to take air - стать общеизвестным, получить огласку [см. тж. 1 и 2, 1)]

    to give air to a plan [to a view, to an opinion] - предать гласности /подвергнуть обсуждению, сделать общеизвестным/ план [точку зрения, мнение]

    9. авиапочтовая марка

    ♢ to vanish /to melt/ into thin air - бесследно исчезнуть

    out of thin air - а) неконкретно, смутно, неясно, нечётко, туманно, расплывчато; б) из ничего, из ниоткуда; ≅ (высосать) из пальца

    to be in the air - а) носиться в воздухе, распространяться; циркулировать; rumours are in the air - ходят слухи; ≅ слухом земля полнится; б) = to be up in the air

    to be up in the air - а) быть /находиться/ в неопределённом положении, «висеть в воздухе»

    the contract is still up in the air - неизвестно, будет ли заключён контракт; заключение контракта ещё висит в воздухе; б) огорчаться, беспокоиться, тревожиться; сердиться, гневаться; быть взволнованным

    to keep smb. in the air - держать кого-л. в состоянии неизвестности

    to walk /to tread/ on air - ≅ быть на седьмом небе, ног под собой не чуять ( от радости)

    to get the air - амер. прост. а) получить отставку ( у девушки); б) быть выгнанным, уволенным с работы, со службы и т. п.

    to give smb. the air(s) - амер. прост. а) дать отставку (возлюбленному, жениху); прекратить с кем-л. отношения; б) уволить, выгнать с работы, со службы; дать расчёт

    to give smth. the air - отмахнуться от чего-л., не принять во внимание что-л.

    he gives the air to opinions he does not agree with - он сбрасывает со счетов мнения, с которыми он не согласен

    to beat the air см. beat1 III ♢

    to fish in the air - заниматься бесполезной работой; ≅ толочь воду в ступе

    2. [eə] a
    1. 1) воздушный

    air drainage - с.-х. воздушный дренаж

    2) наполненный воздухом

    air bubble - а) метал. пузырь ( в отливке); раковина; б) тех. воздушный пузырёк ( в уровне)

    2. пневматический, воздушный

    air bearing - тех. пневматический подшипник

    3. 1) авиационный, воздушный; лётный

    air bombardment - воздушная бомбардировка, воздушный налёт

    air superiority [supremacy] - превосходство [абсолютное превосходство] в воздухе

    air ammunition [support] - авиационные боеприпасы [-ая поддержка]

    air warning - воен. а) служба воздушного наблюдения, оповещения и связи; б) сигнал воздушной тревоги

    air formation - воен. лётный строй

    air navigation - аэронавигация, самолётовождение

    air interception - воен. перехват самолётов противника

    air objective - воен. объект воздушного нападения

    air observation - воен. воздушное наблюдение

    air priority - амер. воен. очерёдность перевозки по воздуху

    2) связанный с ВВС

    Air Ministry - министерство ВВС (в Великобритании до 1964 г.)

    Air Staff - штаб военно-воздушных сил; штаб авиационного соединения

    3. [eə] v
    1. проветривать, вентилировать
    2. сушить, просушивать

    to air the bedding - выставить на солнце /сушить/ постельные принадлежности

    3. 1) выставлять напоказ; заявлять во всеуслышание, провозглашать

    to air one's opinions [one's theories] - пространно излагать своё мнение [свои теории]

    to air one's knowledge - выставлять напоказ свою образованность; щеголять эрудицией

    he constantly airs his stupidity - он постоянно демонстрирует свою глупость

    2) обсуждать, «вентилировать»
    4. выгуливать, выводить на прогулку, на свежий воздух
    5. разг. передавать в эфир; транслировать по радио или телевидению; вещать

    to air a program - передавать какую-л. программу

    II [eə] a шотл.
    ранний; прежний

    НБАРС > air

  • 20 aplicación

    f.
    1 application, program, software, application software.
    2 application, utilization, use, implementation.
    3 administration, application, dosification, dosing.
    4 application form, form, application.
    5 diligence, attention, studiousness, application.
    6 appliqué, decoration, trimming.
    7 application, use of a physical means.
    * * *
    1 (gen) application
    2 (adorno) appliqué
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) diligence, dedication
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=uso externo) (tb Med) use, application frm
    2) (=puesta en práctica) [de acuerdo, impuesto, medida] implementation, application; [de método] implementation; [de sanción, castigo] imposition

    en aplicación de la ley 9/1968 — in accordance with law 9/1968

    3) (=dedicación) application

    le falta aplicación en el estudio — he doesn't apply himself enough to his studies, le lacks application in his studies frm

    4) (=aplique) (Cos) appliqué

    una puerta con hermosas aplicaciones de metal — (Téc) a door with beautiful metalwork overlay

    5) pl aplicaciones (=usos) (Téc) uses, applications; (Com, Inform) applications
    6) Bol, Col, Ven (=solicitud) application
    * * *
    1)
    a) (frml) ( de crema) application (frml); (de pintura, barniz) coat, application (frml)
    b) (frml) ( de sanción) imposition; (de técnica, método) application; (de plan, medida) implementation

    en este caso será de aplicación el artículo 12 — (frml) in this case article 12 shall apply (frml)

    2) ( uso práctico) application, use
    3) (esfuerzo, dedicación) application
    4) (Andes) ( solicitud) application
    * * *
    1)
    a) (frml) ( de crema) application (frml); (de pintura, barniz) coat, application (frml)
    b) (frml) ( de sanción) imposition; (de técnica, método) application; (de plan, medida) implementation

    en este caso será de aplicación el artículo 12 — (frml) in this case article 12 shall apply (frml)

    2) ( uso práctico) application, use
    3) (esfuerzo, dedicación) application
    4) (Andes) ( solicitud) application
    * * *
    aplicación1
    1 = application, enforcement, take-up, uptake, operationalisation [operationalization, -USA], enablement.

    Ex: The most appropriate type of abstract must be chosen in accordance with the requirements of each individual application.

    Ex: These are less tangible, more dependent upon personal motivation and inclination, and not amenable to enforcement through institutional policies.
    Ex: One of the reasons for the relatively slow take-up of microcomputers in libraries in the Philippines is the problem caused by the multitude of languages used in the island group.
    Ex: The project is investigating the factors which promote or inhibit the uptake of computers in primary schools.
    Ex: Theories and models from the behavioural sciences offer a sound basis for understanding the problems with conceptualization and operationalization of user satisfaction.
    Ex: The aim was that the edge would come from leveraging its knowledge assets, ie the leadership and expertise of its worldwide work force, through information technology enablement.
    * adaptar a una aplicación concreta = harness.
    * adaptarse a una aplicación = suit + application.
    * ámbito de aplicación = field of application.
    * aplicación a tareas bibliotecarias = library application.
    * aplicación práctica = application, practical application.
    * área de aplicación comercial = niche.
    * campo de aplicación = field of application, scope of application, field of practice, area of application.
    * de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.
    * de aplicación general = general-purpose, of general application.
    * encontrar aplicación práctica = find + application.
    * hacerse a medida de una aplicación práctica concreta = tailor to + application.
    * mala aplicación = misapplication.
    * orientado hacia una aplicación práctica concreta = application-oriented.
    * relación de aplicación = bias relation.
    * según la aplicación de reglas = rule-governed.

    aplicación2
    2 = industry, diligence.

    Ex: In fact, the terms of the contrast are highly ambivalent: order vs. anarchy, liberty vs. despotism, or industry vs. sloth, and also dissimulation vs. honesty.

    Ex: If these guidelines are not adhered to with due care and diligence, financial damage to the library can result = Si no se siguen estas directrices con el debido cuidado y atención, el resultado puede ser que la biblioteca sufra daños económicos.
    * con aplicación = industriously, studiously.

    aplicación3
    3 = software system, software program, app [application].

    Ex: READS is a software system designed to run on a local area network (LAN) file server and accessed by multiple workstation.

    Ex: In the Internet, a client is a software program that is used to contact and obtain data from a server software program on another computer, often across a great distance.
    Ex: I am sick and tired of how Win 2000 runs DOS apps, but I need Windows for other reasons.
    * aplicación comercial = commercial application, business application.
    * aplicación de código abierto = open source software.
    * aplicación didáctica = courseware.
    * aplicaciones = toolbox [tool box].
    * aplicaciones comerciales = proprietary software, commercial software.
    * aplicaciones ofimáticas = office software.
    * aplicaciones para la información = information solutions.
    * aplicación filtro = filtering software.
    * aplicación informática = application(s) program(me), application(s) software, computer application.
    * aplicación multimedia = multimedia application.
    * aplicación web = Web application.
    * apoyo técnico de aplicaciones informáticas = software support.
    * dedicado a una aplicación específica = dedicated.
    * desarrollo de aplicaciones = software development, application development.
    * productor de aplicaciones informáticas = application(s) developer.
    * programa de montaje de aplicaciones = software packager.
    * programador de aplicaciones bibliotecarias = library software developer.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( frml) (de crema, pomada) application ( frml); (de pintura, barniz) coat, application ( frml)
    le hicieron aplicaciones de cobalto he was given o he had radiotherapy
    2 (de una pena, sanción) imposition; (de una técnica, un método) application; (de un plan, una medida) implementation
    en este caso será de aplicación el artículo 12 ( frml); in this case article 12 shall apply ( frml)
    la aplicación de los métodos audiovisuales en la enseñanza de idiomas the use of audiovisual techniques in language teaching
    B (uso práctico) application, use
    las aplicaciones pacíficas de la energía nuclear the applications o uses of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes
    C (esfuerzo, dedicación) application aplicación A algo application TO sth
    su aplicación al estudio the application she shows/has shown to her studies
    D ( Com, Inf) application
    paquete de aplicaciones applications package
    Compuesto:
    software application
    E ( Andes) (solicitud) application
    F aplicaciones fpl (en costura) appliqué work
    * * *

     

    aplicación sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (frml) ( de crema) application (frml);

    (de pintura, barniz) coat, application (frml)

    (de técnica, método) application;
    (de plan, medida) implementation
    2 ( uso práctico) application, use
    3 (Col, Ven) ( solicitud) application
    4 (Inf) application
    aplicación sustantivo femenino application
    ' aplicación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    práctica
    - uso
    - ámbito
    - diligencia
    English:
    app
    - application
    - enforcement
    - industry
    - studiously
    - studiousness
    * * *
    1. [de técnica, teoría] application;
    [de plan] implementation; [de sanciones] imposition;
    una ley de aplicación inmediata a law that will take immediate effect;
    exigen la aplicación del acuerdo de paz they are demanding that the peace agreement should be implemented
    2. [de pomada, vendaje, pintura] application
    3. [uso] application, use;
    las aplicaciones de la energía hidroeléctrica the different applications o uses of hydroelectric power
    4. [al estudio] application;
    su aplicación al trabajo the application she shows in her work
    5. [adorno] appliqué
    6. Informát application
    7. Mat map, function
    8. Andes [solicitud] application
    * * *
    f application
    * * *
    1) : application
    2) : diligence, dedication
    * * *
    aplicación n application

    Spanish-English dictionary > aplicación

См. также в других словарях:

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