in+a+troublesome

arduus, a, um, adj. [akin to ARDÔ, arsô = to water, to cherish; aldainô = to make grow; aldêeis = growing; alo, altus, q. v.; 1. ad-oleo, ad-olesco; related to arbor, arbutus as eruthros, Germ. roth, Engl. red, is related to ruber; Ardea was perh. so called from its lofty situation; cf. Arduenna], high, elevated, lofty, steep (syn.: altus, celsus, sublimis).

Lit.: Pergama ardua, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

aether,

Ov. M. 1, 151:

sidera,

id. ib. 1, 730:

cedrus,

id. Am. 1, 14, 12:

cervix equi,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 89:

et campo sese arduus infert (Turnus),

Verg. A. 9, 53.—Also in prose in Gell.:

supercilia,

i. e. proudly elevated, Gell. 4, 1, 1:

confragosus atque arduus clivis,

steep, Varr. R. R. 1, 18, 4:

ascensus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23:

arduus ac difficilis ascensus,

Liv. 25, 13:

ardua et aspera et confragosa via,

id. 44. 3: via alta atque ardua, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37:

mons,

Ov. M. 1, 316:

Tmolus,

id. ib. 11, 150 al.—Hence, subst.: arduum, i, n., a steep place, a steep:

Ardua dum metuunt, amittunt vera viaï,

Lucr. 1, 659:

in ardua montis Ite,

Ov. M. 8, 692:

ardua terrarum,

Verg. A. 5, 695:

per arduum scandere,

Hor. C. 2, 19, 21:

in arduo,

Tac. A. 2, 47:

in arduis ponet nidum suum,

Vulg. Job, 39, 27:

ardua Alpium,

Tac. H. 4, 70:

castellorum,

id. A. 11, 9:

ingressi sunt ardua,

Vulg. Jer. 4, 29. —

Trop.

That is difficult to reach or attain, difficult, laborious, hard, arduous:

magnum opus omnino et arduum conamur,

Cic. Or. 10, 33:

rerum arduarum ac difficilium perpessio,

id. Inv. 2, 54; so id. Leg. 1, 13:

id arduum factu erat,

Liv. 8, 16; Tac. A. 4, 4:

victoria,

Ov. M. 14, 453:

virtus,

Hor. C. 3, 24, 44:

nil mortalibus arduum est,

id. ib. 1, 3, 37.— Subst.:

nec fuit in arduo societas,

Tac. A. 12, 15.—

Troublesome, unpleasant:

in primis arduum videtur res gestas scribere,

Sall. C. 3, 2, upon which Gellius remarks: Arduum Sallustius non pro difficili tantum, sed pro eo quoque ponit, quod Graeci chalepon appellant:

quod est cum difficile tum molestum quoque et incommodum et intractabile,

Gell. 4, 15:

quam arduum onus,

Tac. A. 1, 11.—

Of fortune, difficult, adverse, inauspicious:

aequam memento rebus in arduis Servare mentem,

in adversity, Hor. C. 2, 3, 1.

► Comp. arduior: iter longius arduiusque erat, Cato ap. Prisc. p. 600 P.— Sup. arduissimus: asperrimo atque arduissimo aditu, Cato ap. Prisc. p. 600 P.; cf.: assiduus, egregius, industrius, perpetuus, and Rudd. I. p. 180, n. 58.— Adv. not used.

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

asper, ĕra, ĕrum, adj. (aspra = aspera, Enn. ap. App. Mag. p. 299, but Vahl. ad Enn. p. 166 reads spissa instead of aspra:

aspris = asperis,

Verg. A. 2, 379;

aspro = aspero,

Pall. Insit. 67) [etym. dub.; Doed. foll. by Hinter connects it with aspairô, to struggle, to resist; Corssen, Ausspr. II. p. 593, regards asper (i. e. ab spe) as the proper opposite of prosper (i. e. pro spe); thus asper originally meant hopeless, desperate; v. also id. ib. II. p. 870; cf. the use of res asperae as the opposite of res prosperae]; as affecting the sense of touch, rough, uneven (opp. lēvis or lenis; syn.: scaber, acutus, insuavis, acerbus, amarus, mordax, durus).

1.. Lit.:

lingua aspera tactu,

Lucr. 6, 1150; cf. Verg. G. 3, 508; Ov. M. 7, 556; Luc. 4, 325:

mixta aspera levibus,

Lucr. 2, 471:

in locis (spectatur) plani an montuosi, leves an asperi,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 36: Quid judicant sensus? dulce, amarum;

lene, asperum,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 36:

tumulus asperi (sc. saxibus) soli,

Liv. 25, 36: saxa, Enn. ap. Cic. Pis. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37; Pac. ap. Mar. Vict. p. 2522 P.; Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 10, 23; Lucr. 4, 147; Ov. M. 6, 76; cf.

Leucas,

Luc. 1, 42:

loca,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42, and Vulg. Act. 27, 29:

viae asperae,

ib. Bar. 4, 26:

vallis aspera,

ib. Deut. 21, 4 et saep.: unda, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2:

glacies,

Verg. E. 10, 49:

hiems,

Ov. M. 11, 490; Claud. ap. Prob. Cons. 270: Phasis, i. e. frozen, ice-bound, Prob. ap. Rufin. I. 375;

and of climate: aspera caelo Germania,

harsh, severe, Tac. G. 2: arteria. the windpipe (v. arteria), Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; Cels. 4, 1.—Of raised work (i. e. bas-relief, etc., as being rough), as in Gr. trachus (cf. exaspero):

aspera signis Pocula,

Verg. A. 9, 263:

Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis,

id. ib. 5, 267:

signis exstantibus asper Antiquus crater,

Ov. M. 12, 235 (cf.:

stantem extra pocula caprum,

Juv. 1, 76):

Summus inaurato crater erat asper acantho,

Ov. M. 13, 701:

aspera pocula,

Prop. 2, 6, 17:

ebur,

Sen. Hippol. 899:

balteus,

Val. Fl. 5, 578:

cingula bacis,

Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 89; cf. Drak. ad Sil. 11, 279:

nummus,

not worn smooth, new, Suet. Ner. 44; cf. Sen. Ep. 19:

mare,

agitated by a storm, rough, tempestuous, Liv. 37, 16.—Of things that have a rough, thorny, prickly exterior:

barba,

Tib. 1, 8, 32:

sentes,

Verg. A. 2, 379:

rubus,

id. E. 3, 89:

mucro,

Luc. 7, 139 (cf. Tac. A. 15, 54: pugionem vetustate obtusum asperari saxo jussit; v. aspero).—

Meton., of food: He. Asper meus victus sanest. Er. Sentisne essitas? He. My fare is very rough. Er. Do you feed on brambles? Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 85; cf. id. ib. 3, 1, 37; also of a cough producing hoarseness:

quas (fauces) aspera vexat Assidue tussis,

Mart. 11, 86, 1.—

Subst.: aspĕrum, i, n., an uneven, rough place:

latens in asperis radix,

Hor. Epod. 5, 67:

aspera maris,

Tac. A. 4, 6:

propter aspera et confragosa,

Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 53:

per aspera et devia,

Suet. Tib. 60:

erunt aspera in vias planas,

Vulg. Isa. 40, 4; ib. Luc. 3, 5.—Also in the sup. absol.:

asperrimo hiemis Ticinum usque progressus,

Tac. A. 3, 5.—

Transf.

Of taste, rough, harsh, sour, bitter, brackish, acrid, pungent:

asperum, Pater, hoc (vinum) est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 49:

asper sapor maris,

Plin. 2, 100, 104, § 222: allium asperi saporis;

quo plures nuclei fuere, hoc est asperius,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 111:

asperrimum piper,

id. 12, 7, 14, § 27:

acetum quam asperrimum,

id. 20, 9, 39, § 97.—

Of sound, rough, harsh, grating, etc.:

(pronuntiationis genus) lene, asperum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216.—Hence a poet. epithet of the letter R ( also called littera canina), Ov. F. 5, 481.—In rhetoric, rough, rugged, irregular: quidam praefractam et asperam compositionem probant;

virilem putant et fortem, quae aurem inaequalitate percutiat,

Sen. Ep. 114; cf. Cic. Or. 16, 53:

duram potius atque asperam compositionem malim esse quam effeminatam et enervem,

Quint. 9, 4, 142. And in gram., spiritus asper, the h sound, the aspirate, Prisc. p. 572 P.—

Of smell, sharp, pungent:

herba odoris asperi,

Plin. 27, 8, 41, § 64.—

Trop.

a.. Of moral qualities, rough, harsh, hard, violent, unkind, rude (cf.: acerbus, acer, and Wagner ad Verg. A. 1, 14):

quos naturā putes asperos atque omnibus iniquos,

Cic. Planc. 16, 40:

orator truculentus, asper, maledicus,

id. Brut. 34, 129:

aspera Juno,

Verg. A. 1, 279:

juvenis monitoribus asper,

Hor. A. P. 163:

patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad condicionem pacis,

Liv. 22, 59; cf. id. 2, 27:

rebus non asper egenis,

Verg. A. 8, 365:

cladibus asper,

exasperated, Ov. M. 14, 485:

asperaque est illi difficilisque Venus,

unfriendly, Tib. 1, 9, 20; cf. id. 1, 6, 2:

(Galatea) acrior igni, Asperior tribulis, fetā truculentior ursā,

Ov. M. 13, 803:

Quam aspera est nimium sapientia indoctis hominibus,

Vulg. Eccli. 6, 21:

asper contemptor divom Mezentius,

Verg. A. 7, 647:

aspera Pholoe,

coy, Hor. C. 1, 33, 6.—Of a harsh, austere, rigid view of life, or manner of living:

accessit istuc doctrina (sc. Stoicorum) non moderata nec mitis, sed paulo asperior et durior quam aut veritas aut natura patiatur,

Cic. Mur. 29:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores et oratione et verbis,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78 (v. asperitas, II. A.):

(Cato) asperi animi et linguae acerbae et immodice liberae fuit, sed rigidae innocentiae,

Liv. 39, 40:

(Karthago) studiis asperrima belli,

Verg. A. 1, 14, ubi v. Wagner:

Camilla aspera,

id. ib. 11, 664; cf.:

gens laboribus et bellis asperrima,

Just. 2, 3:

virgo aspera,

i. e. Diana, Sen. Med. 87.—

Of animals, wild, savage, fierce:

(anguis) asper siti atque exterritus aestu,

Verg. G. 3, 434:

bos aspera cornu, i. e. minax,

id. ib. 3, 57; cf. Hor. Epod. 6, 11:

ille (lupus) asper Saevit,

Verg. A. 9, 62:

lupus dulcedine sanguinis asper,

Ov. M. 11, 402:

ille (leo) asper retro redit,

Verg. A. 9, 794:

tigris aspera,

Hor. C. 1, 23, 9; 3, 2, 10:

(equus) asper frena pati,

Sil. 3, 387.—

Of things, rough, harsh, troublesome, adverse, calamitous, cruel, etc. (most freq. in the poets):

in periculis et asperis temporibus,

Cic. Balb. 9: qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, Sall. C. 10, 2: mala res, spes multo asperior, ( our) circumstances are bad, ( our) prospects still worse, id. ib. 20, 13:

venatus,

Verg. A. 8, 318:

bellum,

Sall. J. 48, 1; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 7:

pugna,

Verg. A. 11, 635; 12, 124:

fata,

id. ib. 6, 882:

odia,

id. ib. 2, 96.— Absol.:

multa aspera,

Prop. 1, 18, 13; Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 21 al.—Of discourse, severe, abusive:

asperioribus facetiis perstringere aliquem,

Cic. Planc. 14; Tac. A. 15, 68:

verba,

Tib. 4, 4, 14; Ov. P. 2, 6, 8; Vulg. Psa. 90, 3:

vox,

Curt. 7, 1.— Adv.

Old form asperĭter, roughly, harshly: cubare, Naev. ap. Non. p. 513, 21; Plaut. ap. Prisc. p. 1010 P.—

Class. form aspĕrē (in fig. signif.), roughly, harshly, severely, vehemently, etc.

Transf.:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; Quint. 6, 5, 5:

dicere,

id. 2, 8, 15:

syllabae aspere coëuntes,

id. 1, 1, 37.—

Trop.:

aspere accipere aliquid,

Tac. A. 4, 31:

aspere et acerbe accusare aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 6:

aspere agere aliquid,

Liv. 3, 50:

aspere et ferociter et libere dicta,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33; Quint. 6, 3, 28:

aspere et vehementer loqui,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227: ne quid aspere loquaris, * Vulg. Gen. 31, 24.— Comp.:

asperius loqui aliquid,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 227:

asperius scribere de aliquo,

id. Att. 9, 15.— Sup.:

asperrime loqui in aliquem,

Cic. Att. 2, 22, 5:

asperrime pati aliquid,

Sen. Ira, 3, 37, 1:

asperrime saevire in aliquem,

Vell. 2, 7.

Asper, eri, m.

A cognomen of L. Trebonius:

L. Trebonius... insectandis patribus, unde Aspero etiam inditum est cognomen, tribunatum gessit,

Liv. 3, 65, 4. —

Asper, Aspri (Prob. p. 201 Keil), m., a Latin grammarian, two of whose treatises have come down to us; v. Teuffel, Rom. Lit. § 474, 4.

austērus, a, um, adj. (auster, Scrib. Comp. 188; sup. austerrimus, Messala, Corv. Progen. Aug. 5), = austêros.

A.. Lit, of taste, harsh, sour, tart (not before the Aug. per.;

syn.: acer, acerbus, tristis, severus, molestus): vinum nigrum,

Cels. 3, 24:

austerior gustus,

Col. 12, 12, 2:

herba austero sapore,

Plin. 25, 5, 20, § 45:

vinum austerissimum,

Scrib. Comp. 142.—

Transf.

Of smell, pungent:

balsami sucus: odore austerus,

Plin. 12, 25, 54, § 120.—

Of color, deep, dark:

sunt autem colores austeri aut floridi,

Plin. 35, 6, 12, § 30.— Comp.:

(pictor) austerior colore et in austeritate jucundior,

Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 134.—

Trop.

Severe, rigid, strict, stern, austere (opp. mol lis, facilis, lenis;

scarcely before Cic.): illo austero more ac modo,

Cic. Cael. 14, 33; id. de Or. 3, 25, 98:

austerior et gravior esse potuisset,

id. Pis. 29, 71:

Nec gravis austeri poena cavenda viri,

Prop. 4, 13, 24:

homo austerus es,

Vulg. Luc. 19, 21; 19, 22.—Of discourse, severe, grave, serious:

ita sit noLis ornatus et suavis orator, ut suavitatem habeat austeram et solidam, non dulcem atque decoctam (the epithet borrowed from wine),

that he may have a severe and solid, not a luscious and effeminate sweetness, Cic. de Or. 3, 26, 103:

austera poëmata,

Hor. A. P. 342:

oratio,

Quint. 9, 4, 128 Spald.—Of style in statuary:

genus,

Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 66.—

As the opp. of kind, pleasant, severe, gloomy, sad, troublesome, hard, irksome (so first after the beginning of the Aug. per.):

labor,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 12:

Quaelibet austeras de me ferat urna tabellas,

Prop. 5, 11, 49:

aeger omnem austeram curationem recusans,

Plin. 24, 7, 28, § 43.— Adv.:

austērē, acc. to II., rigidly, austerely, severely: agit mecum austere et Stoice Cato, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— Comp.: cum aliquo austerius agere, * Vulg. 2 Macc. 14, 30.

dē-fungor, functus ( infin. pass. parag. defungier, Ter. Phorm. 5, 9, 32), 3, v. dep., to have done with, to acquit one's self of, to discharge an affair or an obligation (esp. an unwelcome, unpleasant one), to perform, finish (class.).

With abl.:

aliquo studio,

Lucr. 4, 963: tam vili munere orationis, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24:

omni populari concitatione,

Cic. Sest. 34, 74:

periculis,

id. Rosc. Am. 8; Verg. A. 6, 83:

tribus decumis pro una,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 16: hoc mendacio, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1 fin.:

imperio regis,

Liv. 1, 4:

proelio,

id. 1, 25; cf.

bello,

id. 25, 35:

consulis fato,

id. 10, 29; cf.:

fatalibus malis,

Suet. Ner. 40:

plurimorum morbis, perpaucis funeribus,

Liv. 4, 52:

poena,

id. 2, 35; 29, 21:

laboribus,

Hor. Od. 3, 24, 15; Ov. F. 6, 541 et saep.; esp. of the finishing of this (troublesome) life ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

vitā,

to die, Verg. G. 4, 475; id. A. 6, 306; Curt. 5, 5, 13:

suis temporibus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 22;

but, sua morte,

Suet. Caes. 89:

honesta morte,

Curt. 5, 25, 11; 8, 7, 5:

terrā,

Ov. M. 9, 254; cf. the foll. — Poet., with inanimate subjects:

defunctum bello barbiton,

discharged from the warfare of love, Hor. Od. 3, 26, 3.—

Absol.:

nec adversus illos mercede defungor,

nor do I discharge my obligation by the payment, Sen. Ben. 6, 16, 1: defunctus jam sum, now I am quit, i. e. safe, out of danger, Ter. Eun. prol. 15 Ruhnk.; cf. id. Ad. 3, 4, 63; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 32; Ov. M. 2, 9, 24.— To depart, die (not ante Aug.; cf.

supra): dicitur prius esse defunctus,

Quint. 5, 5, 2; Tac. A. 15, 22 fin.; Suet. Aug. 99:

honesta morte,

Curt. 5, 8, 11;

hence, defunctus, = mortuus,

deceased, defunct, Ov. Am. 1, 8, 108; Tac. A. 1, 1; 1, 7; Quint. 4, 1, 28; 5, 14, 15; Suet. Caes. 6; id. Aug. 8; 61; Vulg. Matth. 9. 18.— Plur.: defuncti, m., the dead, Sen. ad. Marc. 13, 2; id. Polyb. 9, 2; id. Ep. 63, 5; Plin. 2, 7, 5, § 27; 2, 68, 68, § 175 al. et saep.

dif-fĭcĭlis, e (old form difficul, like facul, famul, simul, etc., Varr. ap. Non. 111, 25), adj. [facilis; hence, far from easy to do, to accomplish, to bear, etc.; v. facilis], hard, difficult, troublesome (very freq. and class.).

In gen.:

nulla est tam facilis res, quin difficilis siet, quom invitus facias,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 6, 1; cf. Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 20; and:

sacrorum diligentiam difficilem, apparatum perfacilem esse voluit,

Cic. Rep. 2, 14 Mos.:

quae facilia ex difficillimis animi magnitudo redegerat,

Caes. B. G. 2, 27, fin.:

quam graves, quam difficiles plerisque videntur calamitatum societates!

Cic. Lael. 17 fin.:

res arduae ac difficiles,

id. Inv. 2, 54, 163; cf. id. Or. 10; id. Tusc. 3, 34 fin.; Plin. 17, 4, 3, § 28:

contortae res et difficiles,

Cic. de Or. 1, 58 fin.:

quam scopuloso difficilique in loco verser,

id. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35; cf.:

in locos difficiles abire,

Sall. J. 87 fin. Kritz.:

iter angustum et difficile,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6; id. B. C. 1, 65, 3:

valles,

id. ib. 1, 68, 2:

difficili et arduo ascensu,

id. ib. 3, 34; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23:

difficilis atque impedita palus,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19:

transitus,

id. ib. 6, 7, 5:

aditus,

id. ib. 7, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 56:

tempus anni difficillimum,

Caes. B. C. 1, 48, 5:

difficili rei publicae tempore,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 21:

difficillimo reip. tempore,

id. Phil. 5, 13, 36; cf. id. Caecin. 4, 11:

difficilioribus usi tempestatibus,

Caes. B. C. 3, 15, 4:

partus,

Plin. 24, 5, 13, § 22:

urina,

id. 23, 9, 83, § 165:

venter,

id. 22, 13, 15, §

33 et saep.: (Macer et Lucretius) alter humilis, alter difficilis,

Quint. 10, 1, 87 Frotsch.:

nimium difficile est reperiri amicum,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 20;

so with a subjectclause,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 6; Lucr. 1, 138; Cic. Lael. 6, 22; 8, 26; 10, 33 et saep.; Caes. B. G. 1, 14, 2; 7, 58, 2; id. B. C. 1, 50 fin. et saep.; cf.:

difficile ad fidem est in tam antiqua re, quot pugnaverint ceciderintve exacto affirmare numero,

Liv. 3, 5, 12:

difficile est longum subito deponere amorem,

Cat. 77, 13.—Prov.:

difficile est, crimen non prodere vultu,

Ov. M. 2, 447:

difficile est, tristi fingere mente jocum,

Tib. 3, 7, 2:

(rebus) difficilibus ad eloquendum,

Cic. Off. 1, 35, 126:

ad percipiendum,

Quint. 8 prooem. § 4.—With supin.:

difficile factu est,

Cic. Rep. 1, 43; so,

factu,

id. Off. 1, 21, 71; id. N. D. 3, 1; id. Univ. 11:

dictu,

id. Lael. 3, 12; 7, 23; id. Fam. 1, 7, 2:

aditu (locus),

Sall. J. 91 fin. Kritz.—With dat.:

fructus difficilis concoctioni,

Plin. 23, 8, 79, § 151.—With gerund.:

in difficili esse,

Liv. 3, 65, 11; cf.:

in facili esse,

id. 3, 8, 9; so,

in difficili rem esse,

Cels. 5, 26 fin.:

ille casus in difficili est, si, etc.,

Dig. 28, 2, 29, § 15.

In partic., of character, hard to manage or to please, obstinate, captious, morose, surly:

difficiles ac morosi,

Cic. Or. 29 fin.; cf. id. Fin. 1, 18, 61; Att. ap. Non. 407, 25; Hor. S. 2, 5, 90; id. A. P. 173:

senex,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 24; cf.:

moderati nec difficiles nec inhumani senes,

Cic. de Sen. 3, 7:

sunt morosi et anxii et iracundi et difficiles senes,

id. ib. 18, 65:

avunculus difficillimā naturā,

Nep. Att. 5; cf.:

difficili bile tumet jecur,

Hor. C. 1, 13, 4: parens in liberos difficilis, Att. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

Penelopen difficilem procis,

Hor. C. 3, 10, 11:

vocanti,

id. ib. 3, 7, 32:

Gradivo,

Ov. A. A. 2, 566:

precibus,

id. P. 2, 2, 20.— Trop.:

terrae,

intractable, Verg. G. 2, 179. —Prov.:

difficilem oportet aurem habere ad crimina,

deaf, inaccessible, Pub. Syr. 133 (Rib.).— Adv., in three forms (but the use of the adv. is mostly avoided by the best authors, difficile est taking its place, v. supra).

diffĭcĭlē, with difficulty (perh. not ante-Aug.), Vell. 2, 63, 3; Plin. 11, 18, 19, § 62; 27, 12, 94, § 120; Suet. Gramm. 11; Just. 27, 3, 2; Pall. Jan. 7; Tert. Apol. 48.—

diffĭculter, with difficulty (the usual form), Caes. B. C. 1, 62; Sall. C. 14, 5; Liv. 1, 52, 4; 42, 54, 3; Tac. A. 12, 35; Suet. Claud. 41; Quint. 1, 3, 3 al.—

diffĭcĭl-ĭter, with difficulty (rare), Cic. Ac. 2, 16, 49 and 50; Col. 5, 3, 1; 5, 7, 1; Lact. Mort. Pers. 9, 7.—

Comp.:

difficilius,

Caes. B. G. 7, 58; Quint. 1, 12, 8; 11, 2, 28; Plin. 22, 21, 28, § 56; Suet. Caes. 29; id. Ner. 43 al.—

Sup.:

difficillime,

Cic. Lael. 17, 64; Plin. 16, 33, 60, § 139; 19, 7, 35, § 117 al.

dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.

Lit.

Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:

et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,

Lucr. 2, 449; so,

silex,

Verg. A. 6, 471:

ferrum,

Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:

cautes,

Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:

bipennes,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:

ligones,

id. Epod. 5, 30:

aratrum,

id. S. 1, 1, 28:

compes,

id. Epod. 4, 4:

pellis,

Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:

arva,

id. ib. 2, 341; cf.

cutis,

Ov. M. 8, 805:

alvus,

Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.

muria,

saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:

dumeta,

i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:

gallina,

tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:

fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,

Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:

ladanum durissimum tactu,

Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:

durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,

Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.

E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—

Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—

Transf.

As affecting the sense of taste:

vinum, opp. suavis,

hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:

sapor Bacchi,

Verg. G. 4, 102:

acetum,

Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—

As affecting the ear:

vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):

aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,

Quint. 8, 6, 62:

consonantes,

id. 11, 3, 35:

syllabae,

id. 12, 10, 30:

verba,

id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:

compositio,

id. 9, 4, 142.

Trop.

Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:

Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:

Attilius poëta durissimus,

id. Att. 14, 20, 3:

C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,

id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:

pictor durus in coloribus,

Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:

terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,

id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—

But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):

fortes et duri Spartiatae,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:

Ligures, durum in armis genus,

Liv. 27, 48:

durum genus experiensque laborum,

hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:

unde homines nati, durum genus,

Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):

gens dura atque aspera cultu,

a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:

genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,

Lucr. 5, 926:

Dardanidae,

Verg. A. 3, 94:

Hannibal,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:

Iberia,

id. ib. 4, 14, 50:

vindemiator,

id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:

ilia messorum,

id. Epod. 3, 4:

juvenci,

Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —

Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:

quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,

Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:

quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,

id. Arch. 8:

neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,

id. Lael. 13 fin.;

ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,

Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:

satis pater durus fui,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:

Varius qui est habitus judex durior,

Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,

Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):

duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,

Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:

quid nos dura refugimus aetas?

id. ib. 1, 35, 34:

ōs durum,

shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:

cor,

Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—

Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:

opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,

servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.

lex,

Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:

condicio,

Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:

provincia,

Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.

partes,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:

dolor,

Lucr. 3, 460:

labor,

id. 5, 1272:

subvectiones,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

venatus,

Ov. M. 4, 307:

dura cultu et aspera plaga,

Liv. 45, 30 fin.:

durissimo tempore anni,

Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:

morbum acrem ac durum,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.

valetudo,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:

dolores,

Verg. A. 5, 5:

frigus,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:

fames,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:

pauperies,

id. C. 4, 9, 49:

causa,

Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:

nomen (opp. molle),

Cic. Off. 1, 12:

verbum,

id. Brut. 79, 274:

propositio,

Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.

ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,

Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:

siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:

ego dura tuli,

Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:

hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,

if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.

(Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:

juga premunt duriter colla (boum),

Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:

durius,

Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —

(Acc. to II. A.-C.)

Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:

membra moventes Duriter,

Lucr. 5, 1401:

duriter,

Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:

dure,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—

Hardily, rigorously, austerely:

vitam parce ac duriter agebat,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—

Harshly, roughly, sternly:

quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,

Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:

duriter,

Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—

Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately:

durius cadentibus rebus,

Suet. Tib. 14 fin.

dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.

Lit.

Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:

et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,

Lucr. 2, 449; so,

silex,

Verg. A. 6, 471:

ferrum,

Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:

cautes,

Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:

bipennes,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:

ligones,

id. Epod. 5, 30:

aratrum,

id. S. 1, 1, 28:

compes,

id. Epod. 4, 4:

pellis,

Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:

arva,

id. ib. 2, 341; cf.

cutis,

Ov. M. 8, 805:

alvus,

Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.

muria,

saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:

dumeta,

i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:

gallina,

tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:

fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,

Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:

ladanum durissimum tactu,

Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:

durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,

Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.

E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—

Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—

Transf.

As affecting the sense of taste:

vinum, opp. suavis,

hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:

sapor Bacchi,

Verg. G. 4, 102:

acetum,

Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—

As affecting the ear:

vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):

aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,

Quint. 8, 6, 62:

consonantes,

id. 11, 3, 35:

syllabae,

id. 12, 10, 30:

verba,

id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:

compositio,

id. 9, 4, 142.

Trop.

Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:

Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:

Attilius poëta durissimus,

id. Att. 14, 20, 3:

C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,

id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:

pictor durus in coloribus,

Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:

terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,

id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—

But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):

fortes et duri Spartiatae,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:

Ligures, durum in armis genus,

Liv. 27, 48:

durum genus experiensque laborum,

hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:

unde homines nati, durum genus,

Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):

gens dura atque aspera cultu,

a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:

genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,

Lucr. 5, 926:

Dardanidae,

Verg. A. 3, 94:

Hannibal,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:

Iberia,

id. ib. 4, 14, 50:

vindemiator,

id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:

ilia messorum,

id. Epod. 3, 4:

juvenci,

Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —

Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:

quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,

Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:

quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,

id. Arch. 8:

neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,

id. Lael. 13 fin.;

ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,

Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:

satis pater durus fui,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:

Varius qui est habitus judex durior,

Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,

Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):

duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,

Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:

quid nos dura refugimus aetas?

id. ib. 1, 35, 34:

ōs durum,

shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:

cor,

Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—

Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:

opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,

servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.

lex,

Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:

condicio,

Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:

provincia,

Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.

partes,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:

dolor,

Lucr. 3, 460:

labor,

id. 5, 1272:

subvectiones,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

venatus,

Ov. M. 4, 307:

dura cultu et aspera plaga,

Liv. 45, 30 fin.:

durissimo tempore anni,

Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:

morbum acrem ac durum,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.

valetudo,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:

dolores,

Verg. A. 5, 5:

frigus,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:

fames,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:

pauperies,

id. C. 4, 9, 49:

causa,

Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:

nomen (opp. molle),

Cic. Off. 1, 12:

verbum,

id. Brut. 79, 274:

propositio,

Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.

ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,

Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:

siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:

ego dura tuli,

Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:

hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,

if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.

(Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:

juga premunt duriter colla (boum),

Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:

durius,

Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —

(Acc. to II. A.-C.)

Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:

membra moventes Duriter,

Lucr. 5, 1401:

duriter,

Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:

dure,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—

Hardily, rigorously, austerely:

vitam parce ac duriter agebat,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—

Harshly, roughly, sternly:

quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,

Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:

duriter,

Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—

Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately:

durius cadentibus rebus,

Suet. Tib. 14 fin.

dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.

Lit.

Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:

et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,

Lucr. 2, 449; so,

silex,

Verg. A. 6, 471:

ferrum,

Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:

cautes,

Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:

bipennes,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:

ligones,

id. Epod. 5, 30:

aratrum,

id. S. 1, 1, 28:

compes,

id. Epod. 4, 4:

pellis,

Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:

arva,

id. ib. 2, 341; cf.

cutis,

Ov. M. 8, 805:

alvus,

Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.

muria,

saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:

dumeta,

i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:

gallina,

tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:

fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,

Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:

ladanum durissimum tactu,

Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:

durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,

Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.

E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—

Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—

Transf.

As affecting the sense of taste:

vinum, opp. suavis,

hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:

sapor Bacchi,

Verg. G. 4, 102:

acetum,

Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—

As affecting the ear:

vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):

aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,

Quint. 8, 6, 62:

consonantes,

id. 11, 3, 35:

syllabae,

id. 12, 10, 30:

verba,

id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:

compositio,

id. 9, 4, 142.

Trop.

Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:

Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:

(Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:

Attilius poëta durissimus,

id. Att. 14, 20, 3:

C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,

id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:

pictor durus in coloribus,

Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:

terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,

id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—

But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):

fortes et duri Spartiatae,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:

Ligures, durum in armis genus,

Liv. 27, 48:

durum genus experiensque laborum,

hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:

unde homines nati, durum genus,

Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):

gens dura atque aspera cultu,

a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:

genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,

Lucr. 5, 926:

Dardanidae,

Verg. A. 3, 94:

Hannibal,

Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:

Iberia,

id. ib. 4, 14, 50:

vindemiator,

id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:

ilia messorum,

id. Epod. 3, 4:

juvenci,

Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —

Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:

quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,

Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:

quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,

id. Arch. 8:

neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,

id. Lael. 13 fin.;

ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,

Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:

satis pater durus fui,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:

Varius qui est habitus judex durior,

Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,

Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):

duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,

Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:

quid nos dura refugimus aetas?

id. ib. 1, 35, 34:

ōs durum,

shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:

cor,

Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—

Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:

opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,

servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.

lex,

Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:

condicio,

Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:

provincia,

Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.

partes,

id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:

dolor,

Lucr. 3, 460:

labor,

id. 5, 1272:

subvectiones,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

venatus,

Ov. M. 4, 307:

dura cultu et aspera plaga,

Liv. 45, 30 fin.:

durissimo tempore anni,

Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:

morbum acrem ac durum,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.

valetudo,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:

dolores,

Verg. A. 5, 5:

frigus,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:

fames,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:

pauperies,

id. C. 4, 9, 49:

causa,

Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:

nomen (opp. molle),

Cic. Off. 1, 12:

verbum,

id. Brut. 79, 274:

propositio,

Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.

ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,

Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:

siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:

ego dura tuli,

Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:

hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,

if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.

(Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:

juga premunt duriter colla (boum),

Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:

durius,

Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —

(Acc. to II. A.-C.)

Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:

membra moventes Duriter,

Lucr. 5, 1401:

duriter,

Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:

dure,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—

Hardily, rigorously, austerely:

vitam parce ac duriter agebat,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—

Harshly, roughly, sternly:

quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,

Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:

duriter,

Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—

Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately:

durius cadentibus rebus,

Suet. Tib. 14 fin.

grăvis, e, adj. [Sanscr. gurus (root gar-); Gr. barus, heavy; gravis, for gar-uis; cf. also Brutus]. With respect to weight, heavy, weighty, ponderous, burdensome; or pass., loaded, laden, burdened (opp. levis, light; in most of its significations corresp. to the Gr. barus; cf. onerosus, onerarius).

Lit. Absol. or with abl.

In gen.: imber et ignis, spiritus et gravis terra, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 37 Müll.; so,

tellus,

Ov. M. 7, 355:

corpora,

Lucr. 2, 225 sq.; cf. id. 5, 450 sq.:

limus,

id. 5, 496:

in eo etiam cavillatus est, aestate grave esse aureum amiculum, hieme frigidum,

Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 83:

navigia,

Caes. B. G. 5, 8, 4; cf.:

tot ora navium gravi Rostrata duci pondere,

Hor. Epod. 4, 17:

cum gravius dorso (aselli) subiit onus,

id. S. 1, 9, 21:

sarcina,

id. Ep. 1, 13, 6: inflexi grave robur aratri, Verg. G. 1, 162:

cujus (tibicinae) Ad strepitum salias terrae gravis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 26: terra, burdened (by the heavy body), Ov. M. 12, 118:

naves hostilibus spoliis graves,

heavily laden, Liv. 29, 35, 5; cf.:

agmen grave praedā,

id. 21, 5, 8;

for which also simply: grave agmen,

id. 31, 39, 2:

miles,

heavy-armed, Tac. A. 12, 35:

gravis aere dextra,

Verg. E. 1, 36:

cum fatalis equus saltu super ardua venit Pergama et armatum peditem gravis attulit alvo,

i. e. filled, full, id. A. 6, 516 (an imitation of Maximo saltu superavit Gravidus armatis equus, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2; v. gravidus, II. b):

graves imbre nubes,

Liv. 28, 15, 11:

graves fructu vites,

Quint. 8, 3, 8:

gravis vinculis,

Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 10.—

In partic.

With respect to value or number, heavy, great. So, aes grave, heavy money, money of the oldest standard, in which an as weighed a full pound: grave aes dictum a pondere, quia deni asses, singuli pondo libras, efficiebant denarium, etc., Paul. ex Fest. p. 98 Müll.:

et quia nondum argentum signatum erat, aes grave plaustris quidam (ex patribus) ad aerarium convehentes, etc.,

Liv. 4, 60, 6; 10, 46, 5; 22, 33, 2 et saep.:

populus Romanus ne argento quidem signato ante Pyrrhum regem devictum usus est: librales appendebantur asses. Quare aeris gravis poena dicta,

Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 42: argentum, i. e. uncoined = rude:

placet argentum grave rustici patris sine ullo opere et nomine artificis,

Sen. Tranq. 1, 4:

notavit aliquos, quod pecunias levioribus usuris mutuati graviore fenore collocassent,

at a higher rate, Suet. Aug. 39; cf.:

in graviore annona,

id. ib. 25: grave pretium, a high price, Sall. Fragm. ap. Non. 314, 25.—With respect to number: graves pavonum greges, great or numerous flocks, Varr. ap. Non. 314, 31. —

For the usual gravidus, with young, pregnant ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

regina sacerdos Marte gravis,

Verg. A. 1, 274; cf.

uterus (shortly after: gravidus tumet venter),

Ov. M. 10, 495:

balaenae utero graves (shortly before, gravidae),

Plin. 9, 6, 5, § 13.—

Transf.

Of hearing or sound, deep, grave, low, bass (opp. acutus, treble):

vocem ab acutissimo sono usque ad gravissimum sonum recipiunt,

Cic. de Or. 1, 59, 251; cf. id. ib. 3, 57, 216:

qui (sonus) acuta cum gravibus temperans, varios aequabiliter concentus efficit,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

vox,

Quint. 11, 3, 17; 42: sonus, 2, 8, 15; 5, 10, 125; 11, 3, 41; Ov. M. 12, 203:

tenor,

Quint. 1, 5, 26:

syllaba,

i. e. unaccented, id. 1, 5, 22 sq.; 12, 10, 33.—

Of smell or flavor, strong, unpleasant, offensive:

an gravis hirsutis cubet hircus in alis,

rank, Hor. Epod. 12, 5:

chelydri,

Verg. G. 3, 415:

ellebori,

id. ib. 3, 451:

odor calthae,

strong, Plin. 21, 6, 15, § 28; cf.:

herba odore suaviter gravi,

id. 25, 9, 70, § 118; cf.

117: habrotonum odore jucunde gravi floret,

id. 21, 10, 34, § 60: absynthium ut bibam gravem, i. e. bitter, Varr. ap. Non. 19, 27, and 314, 14.—

Of the state of the body or health, gross, indigestible, unwholesome, noxious, severe; sick:

(Cleanthes) negat ullum esse cibum tam gravem, quin is die et nocte concoquatur,

Cic. N. D. 2, 9, 24; so,

genera cibi graviora,

Cels. 2, 18:

gravissima bubula (caro),

id. ib.:

pisces gravissimi,

id. ib.:

neque ex salubri loco in gravem, neque ex gravi in salubrem transitus satis tutus est,

id. 1, 3; cf.:

solum caelumque juxta grave,

Tac. H. 5, 7:

solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra,

Verg. E. 10, 75:

anni tempore gravissimo et caloribus maximis,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 16, 1; cf.:

gravis auctumnus in Apulia circumque Brundisium ex saluberrimis Galliae et Hispaniae regionibus, omnem exercitum valetudine tentaverat,

Caes. B. C. 3, 2 fin.:

grave tempus et forte annus pestilens erat urbi agrisque,

Liv. 3, 6, 1; cf. also id. 3, 8, 1:

aestas,

Verg. G. 2, 377:

morbo gravis,

sick, id. ib. 3, 95; cf.:

gravis vulnere,

Liv. 21, 48, 4:

aetate et viribus gravior,

id. 2, 19, 6:

gravior de vulnere,

Val. Fl. 6, 65:

non insueta graves tentabunt pabula fetas,

sick, feeble, Verg. E. 1, 50; so absol.:

aut abit in somnum gravis,

heavy, languid, Lucr. 3, 1066.

Trop.

In a bad sense, heavy, burdensome, oppressive, troublesome, grievous, painful, hard, harsh, severe, disagreeable, unpleasant (syn.: molestus, difficilis, arduus): qui labores morte finisset graves, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 115:

quod numquam tibi senectutem gravem esse senserim... quibus nihil est in ipsis opis ad bene beateque vivendum, iis omnis aetas gravis est,

Cic. de Sen. 2, 4; cf.:

onus officii,

id. Rosc. Am. 38, 112; id. Rep. 1, 23:

et facilior et minus aliis gravis aut molesta vita est otiosorum,

id. Off. 1, 21, 70; id. Rep. 1, 4:

miserior graviorque fortuna,

Caes. B. G. 1, 32, 4:

haec si gravia aut acerba videantur, multo illa gravius aestimare debere, etc.,

id. ib. 7, 14 fin.:

velim si tibi grave non erit, me certiorem facias,

Cic. Fam. 13, 73, 2:

grave est homini pudenti petere aliquid magnum,

id. Fam. 2, 6, 1; id. Att. 1, 5, 4:

est in populum Romanum grave, non posse, etc.,

id. Balb. 7, 24:

verbum gravius,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 58, § 134:

ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret... quod si quid ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20, 1 and 4:

gravissimum supplicium,

id. ib. 1, 31, 15:

habemus senatusconsultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

edictum,

Liv. 29, 21, 5:

gravioribus bellis,

Cic. Rep. 1, 40:

gravis esse alicui,

id. Fam. 13, 76, 2; cf.:

adversarius imperii,

id. Off. 3, 22, 86:

gravior hostis,

Liv. 10, 18, 6:

senes ad ludum adolescentium descendant, ne sint iis odiosi et graves,

Cic. Rep. 1, 43:

gravis popularibus esse coepit,

Liv. 44, 30, 5.—Prov.:

gravis malae conscientiae lux est,

Sen. Ep. 122.—

In a good sense, weighty, important, grave; with respect to character, of weight or authority, eminent, venerable, great:

numquam erit alienis gravis, qui suis se concinnat levem,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 58:

quod apud omnes leve et infirmum est, id apud judicem grave et sanctum esse ducetur?

Cic. Rosc. Com. 2, 6:

ea (honestas) certe omni pondere gravior habenda est quam reliqua omnia,

id. Off. 3, 8, 35; id. Deiot. 2, 5:

cum gravibus seriisque rebus satisfecerimus,

id. ib. 1, 29, 103:

auctoritas clarissimi viri et in rei publicae maximis gravissimisque causis cogniti,

id. Fam. 5, 12, 7; cf. causa, Lucil. ap. Non. 315, 31; Quint. 1, 2, 3; Caes. B. C. 1, 44, 4:

gravius erit tuum unum verbum ad eam rem, quam centum mea,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 107:

ut potentia senatus atque auctoritas minueretur: quae tamen gravis et magna remanebat,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

sententiis non tam gravibus et severis quam concinnis et venustis,

id. Brut. 95, 325:

gravior oratio,

id. de Or. 2, 56, 227:

nihil sibi gravius esse faciendum, quam ut, etc.,

id. Clu. 6, 16:

inceptis gravibus et magna professis,

Hor. A. P. 14:

exemplum grave praebet ales, etc.,

id. C. 4, 11, 26:

non tulit ullos haec civitas aut gloria clariores, aut auctoritate graviores, aut humanitate politiores,

Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154:

et esse et videri omnium gravissimus et severissimus,

id. ib. 2, 56, 228:

homo prudens et gravis,

id. ib. 1, 9, 38:

neque oratio abhorrens a persona hominis gravissimi,

id. Rep. 1, 15 fin.:

auctor,

id. Pis. 6, 14:

testis,

id. Fam. 2, 2:

non idem apud graves viros, quod leviores (decet),

Quint. 11, 1, 45:

vir bonus et gravis,

id. 11, 3, 184:

gravissimi sapientiae magistri,

id. 12, 1, 36:

tum pietate gravem ac meritis si forte virum quem Conspexere,

Verg. A. 1, 151:

gravissima civitas,

Cic. Rep. 1, 3:

gravem atque opulentam civitatem vineis et pluteis cepit,

an important city, Liv. 34, 17, 12.— Hence, adv.: grăvĭter.

Weightily, heavily, ponderously (very rare):

aëra per purum graviter simulacra feruntur,

Lucr. 4, 302; cf.:

graviter cadere,

id. 1, 741; Ov. P. 1, 7, 49.—

Transf.

Of tones, deeply:

natura fert, ut extrema ex altera parte graviter, ex altera autem acute sonent,

Cic. Rep. 6, 18; Lucr. 4, 543.—Far more freq.,

Vehemently, strongly, violently:

graviter crepuerunt fores,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 52; so,

spirantibus flabris,

Lucr. 6, 428; Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 2:

pertentat tremor terras,

Lucr. 6, 287:

ferire aliquem,

Verg. A. 12, 295:

conquassari omnia,

Lucr. 5, 105; cf.:

quae gravissime afflictae erant naves,

Caes. B. G. 4, 31, 2.—

Trop.

Vehemently, violently, deeply, severely; harshly, unpleasantly, disagreeably:

graviter aegrotare,

Cic. Off. 1, 10, 32:

se habere,

id. Att. 7, 2, 3:

neque is sum, qui gravissime ex vobis mortis periculo terrear,

Caes. B. G. 5, 30, 2:

gravissime dolere,

id. ib. 5, 54 fin.:

quem ego amarem graviter,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 87; cf.: placere occoepit graviter, postquam est mortua, [p. 829] Caecil. ap. Non. 314, 19:

tibi edepol iratus sum graviter,

Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 2:

cives gravissime dissentientes,

Cic. Phil. 12, 11, 27:

si me meis civibus injuria suspectum tam graviter atque offensum viderem,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 17:

graviter angi,

id. Lael. 3, 10:

tulit hoc commune dedecus jam familiae graviter filius,

with chagrin, vexation, id. Clu. 6, 16; cf.:

graviter et acerbe aliquid ferre,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 152:

graviter accipere aliquid,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 211; Tac. A. 13, 36; cf.:

adolescentulus saepe eadem et graviter audiendo victus est,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 62:

nolo in illum gravius dicere,

more harshly, id. Ad. 1, 2, 60; cf.:

de amplissimis viris gravissime acerbissimeque decernitur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 4; id. B. G. 3, 16, 4; cf.

also: severe et graviter et prisce agere,

Cic. Cael. 14, 33:

ut non gravius accepturi viderentur, si nuntiarentur omnibus eo loco mortem oppetendam esse,

more sorrowfully, Liv. 9, 4, 6.—

In an impressive or dignified manner, impressively, gravely, seriously, with propriety or dignity:

his de rebus tantis tamque atrocibus neque satis me commode dicere neque satis graviter conqueri neque satis libere vociferari posse intelligo. Nam commoditati ingenium, gravitati aetas, libertati tempora sunt impedimento,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 4, 9:

(Scipio) utrumque egit graviter,

with dignity, id. Lael. 21, 77:

res gestas narrare graviter,

id. Or. 9, 30; cf.:

locum graviter et copiose tractare,

id. Fin. 4, 2, 5.

impĕdĭo ( inp-), īvi or ĭi, ītum, 4 (in tmesi:

inque peditur, inque pediri, inque peditus, etc.,

Lucr. 6, 394; 3, 484; 4, 562; 1149), v. a. [in-pes; cf. compedes; lit., to entangle the feet; hence, in gen.], to entangle, ensnare, to shackle, hamper, hinder, hold fast (cf.: praepedio, implico, illigo, irretio, illaqueo).

Lit. (rare):

impediunt teneros vincula nulla pedes,

Ov. F. 1, 410; cf.:

et illis crura quoque impediit,

id. M. 12, 392:

ipsus illic sese jam impedivit in plagas,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 11:

in qua (silva) retentis impeditus (cervus) cornibus,

Phaedr. 1, 12, 10:

impedita cassibus dama,

Mart. 3, 58, 28; cf.: reti impedit Pisces, ensnares, Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 17; Veg. Vet. 1, 10.—

Transf., in gen., to clasp, encircle, embrace (mostly poet.):

narrare parantem Impedit amplexu,

Ov. M. 2, 433:

nunc decet aut viridi nitidum caput impedire myrto Aut flore,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 9:

crines (vitta),

Tib. 1, 6, 67; Ov. Am. 3, 6, 56:

cornua sertis,

id. M. 2, 868:

remos (hederae),

id. ib. 3, 664:

medium crus pellibus,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 27:

equos frenis,

to bridle, Ov. F. 2, 736:

ingentem clipeum informant... septenosque orbibus orbes Impediunt,

surround, encircle each other, Verg. A. 8, 447:

orbes orbibus,

id. ib. 5, 585:

plana novo munimenti genere (with saepire),

Curt. 6, 5; cf.:

Antiochus, castris positis, munitionibus insuper saltum impediebat,

rendered difficult of access, Liv. 36, 16, 1.—

Trop.

To entangle, embarrass (class.):

impeditum in ea (re amatoria) expedivi animum meum,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 17; cf.:

sapientis est, cum stultitia sua impeditus sit, quoquo modo possit se expedire,

Cic. Rab. Post. 9, 24:

ipse te impedies, ipse tua defensione implicabere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 44:

qui me et se hisce impedivit nuptiis,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 2:

dum alios servat, se impedivit interim,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 37:

tot me impediunt curae,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 25:

mentem dolore,

Cic. Cael. 24, 60.—

Transf. (causa pro effectu), to hinder, detain, obstruct, check, prevent, impede (so most freq.; cf.: inhibeo, prohibeo, interdico, veto); constr. with acc., ab, in aliqua re, or the simple abl., ne, quin, quominus, the inf., or absol.; very rarely with dat.

With the simple acc.:

me quotidie aliud ex alio impedit: sed si me expediero, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 9, 19, 2:

suis studiis sic impediuntur, ut, etc.... discendi enim studio impediti,

id. Off. 1, 9, 28; cf.:

aetate et morbo impeditus,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 63: religione impediri, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 3:

ne forte qua re impediar atque alliger,

Cic. Att. 8, 16, 1.—With inanim:

or abstr. objects: sinistra impedita,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25, 3:

mea dubitatio aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur aut certe tardare,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5, 1:

iter,

id. Lael. 20, 75:

navigationem (Corus),

Caes. B. G. 5, 7, 3:

magnas utilitates amicorum,

Cic. Lael. 20, 75:

res magnas,

id. ib.; cf.:

belli rationem prope jam explicatam perturbare atque impedire,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35 fin.: quod si corporis gravioribus morbis vitae jucunditas impeditur;

quanto magis animi morbis impediri necesse est?

id. Fin. 1, 18, 59.—

With ab or in aliqua re or the simple abl.:

sibi non fuisse dubium, a re publica bene gerenda impediri,

Cic. Balb. 20, 47; cf.:

ab delectatione omni negotiis impedimur,

id. Mur. 19, 39; so,

aliquem a suo munere,

id. Rep. 5, 3:

aliquem ab opere,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 180:

aliquem a vero bonoque,

Sall. J. 30, 2:

non oportere sese a populo Romano in suo jure impediri,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 2:

quem dignitas fugā impediverat,

Tac. A. 1, 39.—

With ne, quin, quominus. —With ne:

id in hac disputatione de fato casus quidam, ne facerem, impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1; id. Sull. 33, 92.—With quin:

ut nulla re impedirer, quin, si vellem, mihi esset integrum,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 6; Auct. Her. 3, 1, 1.— With quominus:

nec aetas impedit, quominus agri colendi studia teneamus,

Cic. de Sen. 17, 60; id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

quaerere, quae sit tanta formido, quae tot ac tantos viros impediat, quominus, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 2, 5; id. Fam. 3, 7, 3; 13, 5, 1; id. Att. 3, 22, 1; 13, 25, 2.—

With inf.:

quid est igitur, quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare? etc.,

Cic. Off. 2, 2, 8:

me impedit pudor ab aliquo haec exquirere,

id. de Or. 1, 35, 163:

ne qua mora ignaros pubemque educere castris Impediat,

Verg. A. 11, 21; Ov. P. 1, 1, 21.—

With dat. (in analogy to impedimento esse): novitati non impedit vetus consuetudo, is no hinderance, = obstat (cf. the context), Varr. L. L. 9, § 20 Müll.: inpediat tibi, ne, etc., Schol. Juv. 14, 49.—

Absol.:

omnia removentur, quae obstant et impediunt,

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:

ut omnia quae impediant, vincat intentio,

Quint. 10, 3, 28; 12, 10, 55:

de rebus ipsis utere tuo judicio—nihil enim impedio,

Cic. Off. 1, 1, 2; id. Rep. 1, 13: quem video, nisi rei publicae tempora impedient, Euporiston, id. Att. 7, 1, 7; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 55.—Hence, impĕdītus ( inp-), a, um, P. a., hindered, [p. 898] embarrassed, obstructed, encumbered, burdened, impeded.

Of persons:

neque nunc quomodo me expeditum ex impedito faciam, jam consilium placet,

Plaut. Epid. 1, 1, 87: inermos armati, impeditos expediti interficiunt, encumbered with baggage, Sisenn. ap. Non. 58, 8; cf.:

impeditis hostibus propter ea quae ferebant onera,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 2:

agmen,

Liv. 43, 23, 1:

itinere impediti,

Caes. B. C. 3, 75, 3:

nostri si ab illis initium transeundi (fluminis) fieret, ut impeditos aggrederentur,

i. e. embarrassed with the difficulties of crossing, id. B. G. 2, 9, 1; 1, 12, 3; 2, 10, 2;

2, 23, 1 et saep.: malis domesticis impediti,

Cic. Sest. 45, 97:

viden me consiliis tuis miserum impeditum esse?

Ter. And. 3, 5, 11.— Comp.: quod, si durior accidisset casus, impeditiores fore videbantur, Auct. B. Alex. 14 fin. —

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

hostem impedito atque iniquo loco tenetis,

difficult of passage, Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 4; cf.:

silvae,

id. ib. 5, 21, 3:

saltus impeditos gravis armis miles timere potest,

Liv. 9, 19, 16:

vineae nexu traducum,

Tac. H. 2, 25:

navigationem impeditam (esse) propter inscientiam locorum,

troublesome, Caes. B. G. 3, 9, 4:

impedito animo,

i. e. engaged, busy, Cic. Leg. 1, 3, 8:

omnium impeditis animis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 7, 5:

tempora rei publicae,

Cic. Pis. 1, 3:

dies tristi omine infames et impediti,

Gell. 4, 9, 5:

disceptatio,

Liv. 37, 54, 7:

oratio fit longa et impedita,

Quint. 8, 6, 42:

bellum (with arduum),

Tac. A. 4, 46:

cum victoribus nihil impeditum arbitrarentur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 28, 1:

tu rem impeditam et perditam restituas,

intricate and hopeless, Ter. And. 3, 5, 13.— Comp.:

longius impeditioribus locis secuti,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28 fin.; so,

saltus artior et impeditior,

Liv. 9, 2, 8; 7, 21, 8.— Sup.:

silvae undique impeditissimae,

i. e. exceedingly difficult to pass, Hirt. B. G. 8, 18, 1:

itinera,

Caes. B. C. 3, 77, 2:

quid horum non impeditissimum? vestitus an vehiculum an comes?

exceedingly embarrassing, a great encumbrance, Cic. Mil. 20, 54.

importūnus ( inp-), a, um, adj. [from porto, qs. not conducive, not proper; opp. opportunus; hence], unfit, unsuitable, inconvenient (cf.: molestus, intempestivus, praeposterus).

In gen. (rare):

num importunum tempus in tanto otio?

Cic. de Or. 2, 5, 20 B. and K. (al. inopportunum):

aggeribus turribusque et aliis machinationibus locus inportunus,

Sall. J. 92, 7:

importuna locorum,

Sil. 3, 540; cf.:

Armeniam petunt, id temporis importunam, quia hiems occipiebat,

Tac. A. 12, 12: etenim est in eo loco sedes huic nostro non importuna sermoni, Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 5, 18:

vi quidem regere patriam aut parentis importunum est,

Sall. J. 3, 2.—

ln partic., pregn.

Troublesome, grievous, distressing, dangerous (rare):

quom illi inportunam tempestatem conciet,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 3, 8:

neque alius importunior acutiorque morbus est,

Cels. 4, 3:

pauperies,

Hor. C. 3, 16, 37:

Caphareus,

stormy, Ov. M. 14, 481.—

With respect to character, indecorous, unmannerly, uncivil, rude, morose, harsh, churlish, cruel, savage (class.; syn.: crudelis, immanis; opp. clemens).

Of living beings:

tam enim esse clemens tyrannus quam rex importunus potest,

Cic. Rep. 1, 33:

importunus atque amens tyrannus,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 40, § 103:

crudelis atque importuna mulier,

id. Clu. 63, 177:

tam importunus tamque crudelis,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 35:

crudelissimus atque importunissimus tyrannus,

Liv. 29, 17, 20:

uxor importuna atque incommoda,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 47:

senex,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 23:

importunissimus hostis,

Cic. Cat. 2, 6, 12:

decemviri,

Liv. 5, 2, 8:

plebeii quam fuerint importuni, vides,

Cic. Fam. 9, 21 fin.:

locutores,

Gell. 1, 15, 1:

dives et importunus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 185:

eripiet curule cui volet importunus ebur,

id. ib. 1, 6, 54:

volucres,

Verg. G. 1, 470; Hor. S. 1, 8, 6; cf.:

ales (bubo), i. e. infausta,

Verg. A. 12, 864.—

Of things:

immanis atque importuna natura,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 3, § 8:

libidines,

id. ib. 2, 4, 50, §

111: clades civitatis,

id. Brut. 97, 332:

mors,

Ov. Am. 3, 9, 19:

sitis famesque argenti,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 23:

importuna atque audax argutia,

Gell. 3, 1, 6. — Adv.: importunē ( inp-), unsuitably, unseasonably; rudely, violently:

confidere suis testibus et importune insistere,

Cic. Ac. 2, 25, 80:

repetere,

Dig. 13, 6, 17:

immittere versum de Pyrrho,

Gell. 10, 16, 18:

vexare civitates tyrannica crudelitate,

Just. 42, 1.— Comp.:

insultare veritati,

Lact. 5, 2. — Sup.:

facere,

Gell. 20, 6, 14.

imprŏbĭtas ( inpr-), ātis, f. [improbus], badness, wickedness, depravity, dishonesty, improbity (freq. and class.):

cum te alicujus improbitas perversitasque commoverit,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 13, 38:

amicorum neglectio improbitatem coarguit,

id. Mur. 4, 9; id. Att. 1, 16, 7:

in hac causa improbitatem et gratiam cum inopia et veritate contendere,

id. Quint. 27, 84; id. Brut. 62, 224:

cum me improbitatis patrocinium suscipere vultis,

id. Rep. 3, 5:

judici invisa est,

Quint. 6, 4, 15:

cordis humani,

Plin. 2, 23, 21, § 87; Ov. A. A. 1, 676:

prodiga corruptoris,

Juv. 10, 305:

illo admirabilis aevo,

i. e. rare, id. 13, 53.—

Transf., of bad, troublesome animals, impudence, boldness, audacity:

simiae Dodoneae,

Cic. Div. 2, 32, 69:

muscae,

Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 28:

alitum semina depascentium,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 116.

in-festus, a, um, adj. [2. in-festus for fenstus, from fendo; whence defendo, infensus], made unsafe, disturbed, molested, infested; unquiet, unsafe (class.; cf. infensus).

Lit.:

via excursionibus barbarorum infesta,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 2, 4:

iter,

id. Phil. 12, 10:

civitas,

Liv. 3, 24:

omnia infesta serpentibus,

Sall. J. 89:

sua tuta omnia, infesta hostium (omnia),

Liv. 2, 49:

vita,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 11:

infestum agrum reddere,

to make unsafe, Liv. 2, 11:

mare infestum habere,

to disturb, render insecure, Cic. Att. 16, 1:

infestam habere Macedoniam,

Liv. 26, 24.— Comp.:

infestior salus,

Cic. Planc. 1:

senectus,

Liv. 1, 47. — Sup.:

infestissima pars Ciliciae,

Cic. Fam. 2, 10, 3.—

Transf., act., that renders unsafe, that acts in a hostile manner, hostile, inimical, troublesome, dangerous: irrupit in Galliam, quam sibi armis animisque infestam inimicamque cognovit, Cic. Phil. 10, 10, 21:

provincia huic victoriae maxime infesta,

id. Lig. 8, 24:

gens infestissima nomini Romano,

Sall. C. 52:

pestis infesta rei publicae,

Cic. Cat. 1, 5:

infestus in cognatos,

Auct. Her. 4, 40, 52:

exercitu infesto in agrum Sabinum profecti,

Liv. 2, 36; cf.:

infestis signis impetum facere,

Caes. B. C. 3, 93;

so freq.: infestis signis,

Cic. Font. 16; Caes. B. G. 6, 7; 7, 52; Liv. 2, 30 al.:

infestis pilis procurrere,

Caes. B. C. 3, 93:

infestis pilis proturbare,

Tac. H. 1, 31 fin.:

infesto spiculo aliquem petere,

Liv. 2, 20:

infesta tela ferre,

Verg. A. 5, 582:

infestis oculis conspici,

Cic. Cat. 1, 7, 17:

infesta virtutibus tempora,

Tac. Agr. 2:

scelus,

Cic. Clu. 66, 188:

atque inimicus clamor,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 5:

animo infestissimo aliquem intueri,

id. ib. 2, 5, 55:

bellum,

Liv. 9, 12:

missus morbus infesto a numine,

Juv. 13, 231.—Hence, adv.: infestē, hostilely, violently, outrageously:

quae illi infeste in nos fecerint,

Liv. 26, 13, 7; Vell. 2, 45, 3. — Comp., Liv. 2, 55; 8, 33; 28, 29.— Sup., Cic. Quint. 21 (with inimicissime), Quint. 11, 8, 10.

impĕdĭo ( inp-), īvi or ĭi, ītum, 4 (in tmesi:

inque peditur, inque pediri, inque peditus, etc.,

Lucr. 6, 394; 3, 484; 4, 562; 1149), v. a. [in-pes; cf. compedes; lit., to entangle the feet; hence, in gen.], to entangle, ensnare, to shackle, hamper, hinder, hold fast (cf.: praepedio, implico, illigo, irretio, illaqueo).

Lit. (rare):

impediunt teneros vincula nulla pedes,

Ov. F. 1, 410; cf.:

et illis crura quoque impediit,

id. M. 12, 392:

ipsus illic sese jam impedivit in plagas,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 11:

in qua (silva) retentis impeditus (cervus) cornibus,

Phaedr. 1, 12, 10:

impedita cassibus dama,

Mart. 3, 58, 28; cf.: reti impedit Pisces, ensnares, Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 17; Veg. Vet. 1, 10.—

Transf., in gen., to clasp, encircle, embrace (mostly poet.):

narrare parantem Impedit amplexu,

Ov. M. 2, 433:

nunc decet aut viridi nitidum caput impedire myrto Aut flore,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 9:

crines (vitta),

Tib. 1, 6, 67; Ov. Am. 3, 6, 56:

cornua sertis,

id. M. 2, 868:

remos (hederae),

id. ib. 3, 664:

medium crus pellibus,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 27:

equos frenis,

to bridle, Ov. F. 2, 736:

ingentem clipeum informant... septenosque orbibus orbes Impediunt,

surround, encircle each other, Verg. A. 8, 447:

orbes orbibus,

id. ib. 5, 585:

plana novo munimenti genere (with saepire),

Curt. 6, 5; cf.:

Antiochus, castris positis, munitionibus insuper saltum impediebat,

rendered difficult of access, Liv. 36, 16, 1.—

Trop.

To entangle, embarrass (class.):

impeditum in ea (re amatoria) expedivi animum meum,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 17; cf.:

sapientis est, cum stultitia sua impeditus sit, quoquo modo possit se expedire,

Cic. Rab. Post. 9, 24:

ipse te impedies, ipse tua defensione implicabere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 44:

qui me et se hisce impedivit nuptiis,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 2:

dum alios servat, se impedivit interim,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 37:

tot me impediunt curae,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 25:

mentem dolore,

Cic. Cael. 24, 60.—

Transf. (causa pro effectu), to hinder, detain, obstruct, check, prevent, impede (so most freq.; cf.: inhibeo, prohibeo, interdico, veto); constr. with acc., ab, in aliqua re, or the simple abl., ne, quin, quominus, the inf., or absol.; very rarely with dat.

With the simple acc.:

me quotidie aliud ex alio impedit: sed si me expediero, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 9, 19, 2:

suis studiis sic impediuntur, ut, etc.... discendi enim studio impediti,

id. Off. 1, 9, 28; cf.:

aetate et morbo impeditus,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 63: religione impediri, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 3:

ne forte qua re impediar atque alliger,

Cic. Att. 8, 16, 1.—With inanim:

or abstr. objects: sinistra impedita,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25, 3:

mea dubitatio aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur aut certe tardare,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5, 1:

iter,

id. Lael. 20, 75:

navigationem (Corus),

Caes. B. G. 5, 7, 3:

magnas utilitates amicorum,

Cic. Lael. 20, 75:

res magnas,

id. ib.; cf.:

belli rationem prope jam explicatam perturbare atque impedire,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35 fin.: quod si corporis gravioribus morbis vitae jucunditas impeditur;

quanto magis animi morbis impediri necesse est?

id. Fin. 1, 18, 59.—

With ab or in aliqua re or the simple abl.:

sibi non fuisse dubium, a re publica bene gerenda impediri,

Cic. Balb. 20, 47; cf.:

ab delectatione omni negotiis impedimur,

id. Mur. 19, 39; so,

aliquem a suo munere,

id. Rep. 5, 3:

aliquem ab opere,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 180:

aliquem a vero bonoque,

Sall. J. 30, 2:

non oportere sese a populo Romano in suo jure impediri,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 2:

quem dignitas fugā impediverat,

Tac. A. 1, 39.—

With ne, quin, quominus. —With ne:

id in hac disputatione de fato casus quidam, ne facerem, impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1; id. Sull. 33, 92.—With quin:

ut nulla re impedirer, quin, si vellem, mihi esset integrum,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 6; Auct. Her. 3, 1, 1.— With quominus:

nec aetas impedit, quominus agri colendi studia teneamus,

Cic. de Sen. 17, 60; id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

quaerere, quae sit tanta formido, quae tot ac tantos viros impediat, quominus, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 2, 5; id. Fam. 3, 7, 3; 13, 5, 1; id. Att. 3, 22, 1; 13, 25, 2.—

With inf.:

quid est igitur, quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare? etc.,

Cic. Off. 2, 2, 8:

me impedit pudor ab aliquo haec exquirere,

id. de Or. 1, 35, 163:

ne qua mora ignaros pubemque educere castris Impediat,

Verg. A. 11, 21; Ov. P. 1, 1, 21.—

With dat. (in analogy to impedimento esse): novitati non impedit vetus consuetudo, is no hinderance, = obstat (cf. the context), Varr. L. L. 9, § 20 Müll.: inpediat tibi, ne, etc., Schol. Juv. 14, 49.—

Absol.:

omnia removentur, quae obstant et impediunt,

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:

ut omnia quae impediant, vincat intentio,

Quint. 10, 3, 28; 12, 10, 55:

de rebus ipsis utere tuo judicio—nihil enim impedio,

Cic. Off. 1, 1, 2; id. Rep. 1, 13: quem video, nisi rei publicae tempora impedient, Euporiston, id. Att. 7, 1, 7; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 55.—Hence, impĕdītus ( inp-), a, um, P. a., hindered, [p. 898] embarrassed, obstructed, encumbered, burdened, impeded.

Of persons:

neque nunc quomodo me expeditum ex impedito faciam, jam consilium placet,

Plaut. Epid. 1, 1, 87: inermos armati, impeditos expediti interficiunt, encumbered with baggage, Sisenn. ap. Non. 58, 8; cf.:

impeditis hostibus propter ea quae ferebant onera,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 2:

agmen,

Liv. 43, 23, 1:

itinere impediti,

Caes. B. C. 3, 75, 3:

nostri si ab illis initium transeundi (fluminis) fieret, ut impeditos aggrederentur,

i. e. embarrassed with the difficulties of crossing, id. B. G. 2, 9, 1; 1, 12, 3; 2, 10, 2;

2, 23, 1 et saep.: malis domesticis impediti,

Cic. Sest. 45, 97:

viden me consiliis tuis miserum impeditum esse?

Ter. And. 3, 5, 11.— Comp.: quod, si durior accidisset casus, impeditiores fore videbantur, Auct. B. Alex. 14 fin. —

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

hostem impedito atque iniquo loco tenetis,

difficult of passage, Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 4; cf.:

silvae,

id. ib. 5, 21, 3:

saltus impeditos gravis armis miles timere potest,

Liv. 9, 19, 16:

vineae nexu traducum,

Tac. H. 2, 25:

navigationem impeditam (esse) propter inscientiam locorum,

troublesome, Caes. B. G. 3, 9, 4:

impedito animo,

i. e. engaged, busy, Cic. Leg. 1, 3, 8:

omnium impeditis animis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 7, 5:

tempora rei publicae,

Cic. Pis. 1, 3:

dies tristi omine infames et impediti,

Gell. 4, 9, 5:

disceptatio,

Liv. 37, 54, 7:

oratio fit longa et impedita,

Quint. 8, 6, 42:

bellum (with arduum),

Tac. A. 4, 46:

cum victoribus nihil impeditum arbitrarentur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 28, 1:

tu rem impeditam et perditam restituas,

intricate and hopeless, Ter. And. 3, 5, 13.— Comp.:

longius impeditioribus locis secuti,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28 fin.; so,

saltus artior et impeditior,

Liv. 9, 2, 8; 7, 21, 8.— Sup.:

silvae undique impeditissimae,

i. e. exceedingly difficult to pass, Hirt. B. G. 8, 18, 1:

itinera,

Caes. B. C. 3, 77, 2:

quid horum non impeditissimum? vestitus an vehiculum an comes?

exceedingly embarrassing, a great encumbrance, Cic. Mil. 20, 54.

impĕdĭo ( inp-), īvi or ĭi, ītum, 4 (in tmesi:

inque peditur, inque pediri, inque peditus, etc.,

Lucr. 6, 394; 3, 484; 4, 562; 1149), v. a. [in-pes; cf. compedes; lit., to entangle the feet; hence, in gen.], to entangle, ensnare, to shackle, hamper, hinder, hold fast (cf.: praepedio, implico, illigo, irretio, illaqueo).

Lit. (rare):

impediunt teneros vincula nulla pedes,

Ov. F. 1, 410; cf.:

et illis crura quoque impediit,

id. M. 12, 392:

ipsus illic sese jam impedivit in plagas,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 11:

in qua (silva) retentis impeditus (cervus) cornibus,

Phaedr. 1, 12, 10:

impedita cassibus dama,

Mart. 3, 58, 28; cf.: reti impedit Pisces, ensnares, Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 17; Veg. Vet. 1, 10.—

Transf., in gen., to clasp, encircle, embrace (mostly poet.):

narrare parantem Impedit amplexu,

Ov. M. 2, 433:

nunc decet aut viridi nitidum caput impedire myrto Aut flore,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 9:

crines (vitta),

Tib. 1, 6, 67; Ov. Am. 3, 6, 56:

cornua sertis,

id. M. 2, 868:

remos (hederae),

id. ib. 3, 664:

medium crus pellibus,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 27:

equos frenis,

to bridle, Ov. F. 2, 736:

ingentem clipeum informant... septenosque orbibus orbes Impediunt,

surround, encircle each other, Verg. A. 8, 447:

orbes orbibus,

id. ib. 5, 585:

plana novo munimenti genere (with saepire),

Curt. 6, 5; cf.:

Antiochus, castris positis, munitionibus insuper saltum impediebat,

rendered difficult of access, Liv. 36, 16, 1.—

Trop.

To entangle, embarrass (class.):

impeditum in ea (re amatoria) expedivi animum meum,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 17; cf.:

sapientis est, cum stultitia sua impeditus sit, quoquo modo possit se expedire,

Cic. Rab. Post. 9, 24:

ipse te impedies, ipse tua defensione implicabere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 44:

qui me et se hisce impedivit nuptiis,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 2:

dum alios servat, se impedivit interim,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 37:

tot me impediunt curae,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 25:

mentem dolore,

Cic. Cael. 24, 60.—

Transf. (causa pro effectu), to hinder, detain, obstruct, check, prevent, impede (so most freq.; cf.: inhibeo, prohibeo, interdico, veto); constr. with acc., ab, in aliqua re, or the simple abl., ne, quin, quominus, the inf., or absol.; very rarely with dat.

With the simple acc.:

me quotidie aliud ex alio impedit: sed si me expediero, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 9, 19, 2:

suis studiis sic impediuntur, ut, etc.... discendi enim studio impediti,

id. Off. 1, 9, 28; cf.:

aetate et morbo impeditus,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 63: religione impediri, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 3:

ne forte qua re impediar atque alliger,

Cic. Att. 8, 16, 1.—With inanim:

or abstr. objects: sinistra impedita,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25, 3:

mea dubitatio aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur aut certe tardare,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5, 1:

iter,

id. Lael. 20, 75:

navigationem (Corus),

Caes. B. G. 5, 7, 3:

magnas utilitates amicorum,

Cic. Lael. 20, 75:

res magnas,

id. ib.; cf.:

belli rationem prope jam explicatam perturbare atque impedire,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35 fin.: quod si corporis gravioribus morbis vitae jucunditas impeditur;

quanto magis animi morbis impediri necesse est?

id. Fin. 1, 18, 59.—

With ab or in aliqua re or the simple abl.:

sibi non fuisse dubium, a re publica bene gerenda impediri,

Cic. Balb. 20, 47; cf.:

ab delectatione omni negotiis impedimur,

id. Mur. 19, 39; so,

aliquem a suo munere,

id. Rep. 5, 3:

aliquem ab opere,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 180:

aliquem a vero bonoque,

Sall. J. 30, 2:

non oportere sese a populo Romano in suo jure impediri,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 2:

quem dignitas fugā impediverat,

Tac. A. 1, 39.—

With ne, quin, quominus. —With ne:

id in hac disputatione de fato casus quidam, ne facerem, impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1; id. Sull. 33, 92.—With quin:

ut nulla re impedirer, quin, si vellem, mihi esset integrum,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 6; Auct. Her. 3, 1, 1.— With quominus:

nec aetas impedit, quominus agri colendi studia teneamus,

Cic. de Sen. 17, 60; id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

quaerere, quae sit tanta formido, quae tot ac tantos viros impediat, quominus, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 2, 5; id. Fam. 3, 7, 3; 13, 5, 1; id. Att. 3, 22, 1; 13, 25, 2.—

With inf.:

quid est igitur, quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare? etc.,

Cic. Off. 2, 2, 8:

me impedit pudor ab aliquo haec exquirere,

id. de Or. 1, 35, 163:

ne qua mora ignaros pubemque educere castris Impediat,

Verg. A. 11, 21; Ov. P. 1, 1, 21.—

With dat. (in analogy to impedimento esse): novitati non impedit vetus consuetudo, is no hinderance, = obstat (cf. the context), Varr. L. L. 9, § 20 Müll.: inpediat tibi, ne, etc., Schol. Juv. 14, 49.—

Absol.:

omnia removentur, quae obstant et impediunt,

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:

ut omnia quae impediant, vincat intentio,

Quint. 10, 3, 28; 12, 10, 55:

de rebus ipsis utere tuo judicio—nihil enim impedio,

Cic. Off. 1, 1, 2; id. Rep. 1, 13: quem video, nisi rei publicae tempora impedient, Euporiston, id. Att. 7, 1, 7; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 55.—Hence, impĕdītus ( inp-), a, um, P. a., hindered, [p. 898] embarrassed, obstructed, encumbered, burdened, impeded.

Of persons:

neque nunc quomodo me expeditum ex impedito faciam, jam consilium placet,

Plaut. Epid. 1, 1, 87: inermos armati, impeditos expediti interficiunt, encumbered with baggage, Sisenn. ap. Non. 58, 8; cf.:

impeditis hostibus propter ea quae ferebant onera,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 2:

agmen,

Liv. 43, 23, 1:

itinere impediti,

Caes. B. C. 3, 75, 3:

nostri si ab illis initium transeundi (fluminis) fieret, ut impeditos aggrederentur,

i. e. embarrassed with the difficulties of crossing, id. B. G. 2, 9, 1; 1, 12, 3; 2, 10, 2;

2, 23, 1 et saep.: malis domesticis impediti,

Cic. Sest. 45, 97:

viden me consiliis tuis miserum impeditum esse?

Ter. And. 3, 5, 11.— Comp.: quod, si durior accidisset casus, impeditiores fore videbantur, Auct. B. Alex. 14 fin. —

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

hostem impedito atque iniquo loco tenetis,

difficult of passage, Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 4; cf.:

silvae,

id. ib. 5, 21, 3:

saltus impeditos gravis armis miles timere potest,

Liv. 9, 19, 16:

vineae nexu traducum,

Tac. H. 2, 25:

navigationem impeditam (esse) propter inscientiam locorum,

troublesome, Caes. B. G. 3, 9, 4:

impedito animo,

i. e. engaged, busy, Cic. Leg. 1, 3, 8:

omnium impeditis animis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 7, 5:

tempora rei publicae,

Cic. Pis. 1, 3:

dies tristi omine infames et impediti,

Gell. 4, 9, 5:

disceptatio,

Liv. 37, 54, 7:

oratio fit longa et impedita,

Quint. 8, 6, 42:

bellum (with arduum),

Tac. A. 4, 46:

cum victoribus nihil impeditum arbitrarentur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 28, 1:

tu rem impeditam et perditam restituas,

intricate and hopeless, Ter. And. 3, 5, 13.— Comp.:

longius impeditioribus locis secuti,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28 fin.; so,

saltus artior et impeditior,

Liv. 9, 2, 8; 7, 21, 8.— Sup.:

silvae undique impeditissimae,

i. e. exceedingly difficult to pass, Hirt. B. G. 8, 18, 1:

itinera,

Caes. B. C. 3, 77, 2:

quid horum non impeditissimum? vestitus an vehiculum an comes?

exceedingly embarrassing, a great encumbrance, Cic. Mil. 20, 54.

importūnus ( inp-), a, um, adj. [from porto, qs. not conducive, not proper; opp. opportunus; hence], unfit, unsuitable, inconvenient (cf.: molestus, intempestivus, praeposterus).

In gen. (rare):

num importunum tempus in tanto otio?

Cic. de Or. 2, 5, 20 B. and K. (al. inopportunum):

aggeribus turribusque et aliis machinationibus locus inportunus,

Sall. J. 92, 7:

importuna locorum,

Sil. 3, 540; cf.:

Armeniam petunt, id temporis importunam, quia hiems occipiebat,

Tac. A. 12, 12: etenim est in eo loco sedes huic nostro non importuna sermoni, Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 5, 18:

vi quidem regere patriam aut parentis importunum est,

Sall. J. 3, 2.—

ln partic., pregn.

Troublesome, grievous, distressing, dangerous (rare):

quom illi inportunam tempestatem conciet,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 3, 8:

neque alius importunior acutiorque morbus est,

Cels. 4, 3:

pauperies,

Hor. C. 3, 16, 37:

Caphareus,

stormy, Ov. M. 14, 481.—

With respect to character, indecorous, unmannerly, uncivil, rude, morose, harsh, churlish, cruel, savage (class.; syn.: crudelis, immanis; opp. clemens).

Of living beings:

tam enim esse clemens tyrannus quam rex importunus potest,

Cic. Rep. 1, 33:

importunus atque amens tyrannus,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 40, § 103:

crudelis atque importuna mulier,

id. Clu. 63, 177:

tam importunus tamque crudelis,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 35:

crudelissimus atque importunissimus tyrannus,

Liv. 29, 17, 20:

uxor importuna atque incommoda,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 47:

senex,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 23:

importunissimus hostis,

Cic. Cat. 2, 6, 12:

decemviri,

Liv. 5, 2, 8:

plebeii quam fuerint importuni, vides,

Cic. Fam. 9, 21 fin.:

locutores,

Gell. 1, 15, 1:

dives et importunus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 185:

eripiet curule cui volet importunus ebur,

id. ib. 1, 6, 54:

volucres,

Verg. G. 1, 470; Hor. S. 1, 8, 6; cf.:

ales (bubo), i. e. infausta,

Verg. A. 12, 864.—

Of things:

immanis atque importuna natura,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 3, § 8:

libidines,

id. ib. 2, 4, 50, §

111: clades civitatis,

id. Brut. 97, 332:

mors,

Ov. Am. 3, 9, 19:

sitis famesque argenti,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 23:

importuna atque audax argutia,

Gell. 3, 1, 6. — Adv.: importunē ( inp-), unsuitably, unseasonably; rudely, violently:

confidere suis testibus et importune insistere,

Cic. Ac. 2, 25, 80:

repetere,

Dig. 13, 6, 17:

immittere versum de Pyrrho,

Gell. 10, 16, 18:

vexare civitates tyrannica crudelitate,

Just. 42, 1.— Comp.:

insultare veritati,

Lact. 5, 2. — Sup.:

facere,

Gell. 20, 6, 14.

imprŏbĭtas ( inpr-), ātis, f. [improbus], badness, wickedness, depravity, dishonesty, improbity (freq. and class.):

cum te alicujus improbitas perversitasque commoverit,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 13, 38:

amicorum neglectio improbitatem coarguit,

id. Mur. 4, 9; id. Att. 1, 16, 7:

in hac causa improbitatem et gratiam cum inopia et veritate contendere,

id. Quint. 27, 84; id. Brut. 62, 224:

cum me improbitatis patrocinium suscipere vultis,

id. Rep. 3, 5:

judici invisa est,

Quint. 6, 4, 15:

cordis humani,

Plin. 2, 23, 21, § 87; Ov. A. A. 1, 676:

prodiga corruptoris,

Juv. 10, 305:

illo admirabilis aevo,

i. e. rare, id. 13, 53.—

Transf., of bad, troublesome animals, impudence, boldness, audacity:

simiae Dodoneae,

Cic. Div. 2, 32, 69:

muscae,

Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 28:

alitum semina depascentium,

id. 19, 6, 34, § 116.