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i+have+my+doubts+about+that

  • 41 doubt

    [daut] 1. гл.
    1) сомневаться, быть неуверенным (в чём-л.), считать маловероятным

    I never doubted that she would come. — Я всегда был уверен, что она придёт.

    'Do you think England will win?' - 'I doubt it.' — "Как ты думаешь, англичане выиграют?" - "Сомневаюсь."

    2) сомневаться, не доверять, не верить
    Syn:
    3) уст. бояться, страшиться
    Syn:
    fear 2.
    4) уст. подозревать
    Syn:
    2. сущ.
    сомнение, колебание, нерешительность; неопределённость, неясность

    gnawing / nagging doubts — мучительные сомнения

    deep / serious / strong doubts — глубокие сомнения

    reasonable doubts about smth. — законные сомнения (по поводу чего-л.)

    to dispel / resolve doubts — рассеивать сомнения

    to express / voice (a) doubt — выражать сомнения

    to feel / entertain / harbor doubts about smth. — сомневаться по поводу чего-л.

    to make / have doubt — сомневаться

    to make no doubt — не сомневаться; быть уверенным

    doubts appear / arise — сомнения появляются, возникают

    without (a) doubt, no doubt — несомненно, без сомнения

    beyond / without a shadow of a doubt — без тени сомнения

    There were still some lingering doubts in my mind. — У меня ещё оставались некоторые сомнения.

    Syn:
    Ant:
    ••

    to give smb. the benefit of the doubt — поверить кому-л. на слово

    Англо-русский современный словарь > doubt

  • 42 mind

    A n
    1 (centre of thought, feelings) esprit m, tête f ; a healthy mind un esprit sain ; peace of mind tranquillité d'esprit ; it's all in the mind c'est tout dans la tête ○ ; to cross sb's mind venir à l'esprit de qn ; it never crossed my mind that… ça ne m'est jamais venu à l'esprit que…, ça ne m'a jamais effleuré l'esprit que… ; what was in the judge's mind? qu'est-ce que le juge avait en tête? ; at the back of my mind I had my doubts au fond de moi j'avais des doutes ; my mind was full of suspicion j'avais des soupçons sur tout ; that's a load ou weight off my mind ça me soulage beaucoup ; to be clear in one's mind about/that… être sûr de/que… ; to build up an image in one's mind of sb/sth se faire une image de qn/qch ; to feel easy in one's mind about sth se sentir rassuré quant à qch ; to have something on one's mind être préoccupé ; to set one's mind on doing sth décider de faire qch ; to set sb's mind at rest rassurer qn ; nothing could be further from my mind loin de moi cette pensée ;
    2 ( brain) esprit m, intelligence f ; with the mind of a two-year-old avec l'intelligence d'un enfant de deux ans ; to have a very good mind être très intelligent ; he has a fine legal mind c'est un brillant juriste ; the right calibre of mind for the job les qualités intellectuelles pour cet emploi ; it's a case of mind over matter c'est la victoire de l'esprit sur la matière ;
    3 ( way of thinking) esprit m ; to have a logical/analytic mind avoir l'esprit logique/d'analyse ; the criminal mind l'esprit criminel ; to read sb's mind lire dans les pensées de qn ;
    4 ( opinion) avis m ; to be of one mind être du même avis ; to my mind ○ à mon avis ; to make up one's mind about/to do se décider à propos de/à faire ; my mind's made up je suis décidé ; to change one's mind about sth changer d'avis sur qch ; I've changed my mind about him-he's really quite nice j'ai changé d'avis à son sujet-en fait il est assez gentil ; to keep an open mind about sth ne pas avoir de préjugés sur qch ; to know one's own mind avoir des idées bien à soi ; to speak one's mind dire ce qu'on a à dire ;
    5 ( attention) esprit m ; sorry, my mind is elsewhere pardon, j'ai l'esprit ailleurs ; to let one's mind wander laisser son esprit s'égarer ; to concentrate ou keep one's mind on sth se concentrer sur ; to give ou put one's mind to sth accorder son attention à qch ; she can work very fast when she puts her mind to it elle peut travailler très vite quand elle se concentre ; to take sb's mind off sth distraire qn de qch ; to turn one's mind to sth se mettre à penser à qch ;
    6 ( memory) esprit m ; to come to mind venir à l'esprit ; I can't get him out of my mind je n'arrive pas à l'oublier ; try to put it out of your mind essaie de ne plus y penser ; my mind's a blank j'ai un trou de mémoire ; it went right ou clean ou completely out of my mind cela m'est complètement sorti de la tête ; to bring sth to mind rappeler qch à qn ; to call sth to mind se remémorer qch ;
    7 ( sanity) raison f ; her mind is going elle n'a plus toute sa raison ; are you out of your mind ○ ? tu es fou/folle ○ ? ; I was going out of my mind with worry j'étais fou/folle d'inquiétude ; nobody in their right mind would do such a thing quelqu'un de normal ne ferait jamais cela ; to be of sound mind† Jur jouir de toutes ses facultés mentales ;
    8 ( person as intellectual) esprit m ; all the great minds of the 17th century tous les grands esprits du dix-septième siècle.
    B in mind adv phr I bought it with you in mind je l'ai acheté en pensant à toi ; I have something in mind for this evening j'ai une idée pour ce soir ; with holidays/the future in mind en prévision des vacances/de l'avenir ; with this in mind,… avec cette idée en tête,… ; what kind of present did you have in mind? est-ce que vous avez une idée du genre de cadeau que vous voulez offrir? ; to have it in mind to do sth avoir l'intention de faire qch ; to put sb in mind of sb/sth rappeler qn/qch à qn.
    C vtr
    1 ( pay attention to) faire attention à [hazard] ; surveiller [manners, language] ; mind what the teacher tells you fais attention à ce que le professeur te dit ; mind your head/the step attention à la tête/à la marche ; mind you don't drink/he doesn't drink fais attention à ne pas boire/à ce qu'il ne boive pas ; don't mind them! ne fais pas attention à eux! ; carry on, don't mind me gen continuez, ne faites pas attention à moi ; iron allez-y, ne vous gênez pas! ; mind how you go GB faites bien attention à vous ; it's a secret, mind ○ c'est un secret, n'oublie pas ; mind you ○ , it won't be easy remarque, ce ne sera pas facile ;
    2 ( object to) I don' t mind the cold/her husband le froid/son mari ne me dérange pas ; I don't mind cats, but I prefer dogs je n'ai rien contre les chats, mais je préfère les chiens ; I don't mind having a try ça ne me dérangerait pas d'essayer ; ‘do you mind if I bring him?’-‘no, I don't mind’ ‘est-ce que ça te dérange si je viens avec lui?’-‘bien sûr que non’ ; ‘do you want to go today or tomorrow?’-‘I don't mind’ ‘tu veux y aller aujourd'hui ou demain?’-‘ça m'est égal’ ; they were late, not that I minded, but still… ils étaient en retard, non que cela m'ait dérangé, mais tout de même… ; I don't mind who comes peut venir qui veut ; she doesn't mind where he sleeps/when he turns up hum pour elle, il peut dormir où il veut/arriver quand il veut ; will they mind us being late? est-ce qu'ils seront fâchés si nous sommes en retard? ; would you mind keeping my seat for me/opening the window? est-ce que ça vous ennuierait de garder ma place/d'ouvrir la fenêtre? ; would you mind accompanying me to the station? ( said by policeman) je vous demanderai de bien vouloir me suivre au commissariat ; I don't mind telling you, I was frightened je peux te dire que j'ai eu peur ; I think you were a bit rude, if you don't mind my saying so pour être franc, je trouve que tu as été un peu impoli ; if you don't mind my asking… si ce n'est pas une question indiscrète… ; ‘like a cigarette?’-‘don't mind if I do’ ○ ‘une cigarette?’-‘c'est pas de refus’ ○ ; I wouldn't mind a glass of wine je prendrais volontiers un verre de vin ; if you don't mind si cela ne vous fait rien also iron ;
    3 ( care) se soucier de ; he minds what you think of him il se soucie de ce que tu penses de lui ; do you mind! iron non mais! ; never mind ( don't worry) ne t'en fais pas ; ( it doesn't matter) peu importe ; never you mind ○ ! ( don't worry) ne t'en fais pas ; ( to nosy person) cela ne te regarde pas ○ ! ; never mind all that now laissons tomber tout cela pour l'instant ; never mind who/what/when etc… peu importe qui/ce que/quand etc… ; never mind complaining… GB ce n'est pas la peine de te plaindre… ; he can't afford an apartment, never mind a big house il ne peut pas se permettre un appartement encore moins une grande maison ;
    4 ( look after) s'occuper de [animal, children] ; tenir [shop].
    great minds think alike les grands esprits se rencontrent ; if you've a mind to si le cœur vous en dit ; to see sth in one's mind's eye imaginer qch ; mind your own business ○ ! occupe-toi de tes affaires ○ ! ; I gave him a piece of my mind ○ ! je lui ai dit ma façon de penser! ; to have a good mind ou half a mind to do GB avoir bien envie de faire ; to have a mind of one's own savoir ce qu'on veut ; to have no mind to do ne pas avoir le cœur de faire ; to be bored out of one's mind s'ennuyer à mourir ; travel broadens the mind les voyages enrichissent l'esprit ; ⇒ two.
    ■ mind out faire attention ; mind out or you'll fall fais attention à ne pas tomber ; mind out of the way ○ ! dégage ○ !

    Big English-French dictionary > mind

  • 43 on

    on
    ❢ When on is used as a straightforward preposition expressing position ( on the beach, on the table) it is generally translated by sur: sur la plage, sur la table ; on it is translated by dessus: there's a table over there, put the key on it = il y a une table là-bas, mets la clé dessus.on is often used in verb combinations in English ( depend on, rely on, cotton on etc). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (depend, rely, cotton etc).
    If you have doubts about how to translate a phrase or expression beginning with on ( on demand, on impulse, on top etc) consult the appropriate noun or other entry (demand, impulse, top etc).
    This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as dates, islands, rivers etc. Many of these use the preposition on.
    For examples of the above and further uses of on, see the entry below.
    A prep
    1 ( position) sur ; on the table/the pavement sur la table/le trottoir ; on the coast/the lake sur la côte/le lac ; on top of the piano sur le piano ; on the wall/ceiling/blackboard au mur/plafond/tableau noir ; on the floor par terre ; there's a stain on it il y a une tache dessus ; to live on Park Avenue habiter Park Avenue ; it's on Carson Road c'est sur Carson Road ; on the M4 motorway sur l'autoroute M4 ; a studio on Avenue Montaigne un studio Avenue Montaigne ; the paintings on the wall les tableaux qui sont au mur ; accidents on and off the piste des accidents sur la piste et en dehors ; to climb/leap on to sth grimper/sauter sur qch ; ⇒ get, hang, jump, pin, sew, tie ;
    2 (indicating attachment, contact) to hang sth on a nail accrocher qch à un clou ; on a string au bout d'une or attaché à une ficelle ; to put a hand on sb's shoulder mettre la main sur l'épaule de qn ; to punch sb on the nose/on the chin donner un coup dans le nez/sur le menton de qn ; ⇒ hit, pat, slap ;
    3 ( on or about one's person) I've got no small change on me je n'ai pas de monnaie sur moi ; have you got the keys on you? est-ce que tu as les clés (sur toi)? ; to have a ring on one's finger avoir une bague au doigt ; the finger with the ring on it le doigt qui porte la bague ; a girl with sandals on her feet une fille avec des sandales aux pieds ; to have a smile/to have a frown on one's face sourire/froncer les sourcils ;
    4 (about, on the subject of) sur ; a book/a programme on Africa un livre/une émission sur l'Afrique ; information on the new tax des renseignements sur le nouvel impôt ; to read Freud on dreams lire ce que Freud a écrit sur les rêves ; have you heard him on electoral reform? est-ce que tu l'as entendu parler de la réforme électorale? ; we're on fractions in maths en maths, nous en sommes aux fractions ;
    5 (employed, active) to be on faire partie de [team] ; être membre de [board, committee, council] ; to be on the Gazette travailler pour la Gazette ; a job on the railways un travail dans les chemins de fer ; there's a bouncer on the door il y a un videur à la porte ; there are 20 staff on this project il y a 20 personnes qui travaillent sur ce projet ;
    6 ( in expressions of time) on 22 February le 22 février ; on Friday vendredi ; on Saturdays le samedi ; on the night of 15 May la nuit du 15 mai ; on or about the 23rd vers le 23 ; on sunny days quand il fait beau ; on Christmas Day le jour de Noël ; on your birthday le jour de ton anniversaire ; ⇒ dot, hour ;
    7 ( immediately after) on his arrival à son arrivée ; on the death of his wife à la mort de sa femme ; on hearing the truth she… quand elle a appris la vérité, elle… ; on reaching London he… quand il est arrivé à Londres, il… ;
    8 (taking, using) to be on tablets/steroids/heroin prendre des médicaments/des stéroïdes/de l'héroïne ; to be on drugs se droguer ; to be on 40 (cigarettes) a day fumer 40 cigarettes par jour ; to be on a bottle of whisky a day boire une bouteille de whisky par jour ; ⇒ antibiotic, pill, tranquillizer ;
    9 ( powered by) to work ou run on batteries marcher à piles, fonctionner sur piles ; to run on electricity être électrique ;
    10 ( indicating support) sur ; to stand on one leg se tenir sur un pied ; to lie on one's back s'allonger sur le dos ; put it on its side pose-le sur le côté ;
    11 ( indicating a medium) on TV/the radio à la télé/radio ; I heard it on the news j'ai entendu ça au journal ; on video/cassette en vidéo/cassette ; on disk/computer sur disquette/ordinateur ; on channel four sur la quatrième chaîne ; to play sth on the piano jouer qch au piano ; with Lou Luciano on drums avec Lou Luciano à la batterie ;
    12 (income, amount of money) to be on £20,000 a year gagner 20 000 livres sterling par an ; to be on a salary ou income of £15,000 gagner 15 000 livres sterling ; he's on more than me il gagne plus que moi ; to be on a low income avoir un bas salaire ; ⇒ dole, grant, live, overtime ;
    13 (paid for by, at the expense of) this round is on me c'est ma tournée ; have a beer on me je te paye une bière ; ⇒ credit, expenses, house ;
    14 ( repeated events) disaster on disaster désastre sur désastre ; defeat on defeat défaite sur défaite ;
    15 ( in scoring) to be on 25 points avoir 25 points ; Martin is the winner on 50 points Martin est le gagnant avec 50 points ;
    16 Turf he's got £10 on Easy Rider il a parié 10 livres sterling sur Easy Rider ; I'll have 50 dollars on Rapido je parie 50 dollars sur Rapido ; ⇒ odds ;
    17 Transp to travel on the bus/train voyager en bus/train ; to be on the plane/the train être dans l'avion/le train ; to be on the yacht être sur le yacht ; to be on one's bike être à vélo ; to leave on the first train/flight prendre le premier train/avion ; ⇒ foot, horseback.
    B adj
    1 (taking place, happening) to be on [event] avoir lieu ; is the match still on? est-ce que le match aura lieu? ; the engagement is back on again ils sont à nouveau fiancés ; while the meeting is on pendant la réunion ; there's a war/recession on il y a une guerre/récession ; I've got nothing on tonight je n'ai rien de prévu pour ce soir ; to have something on avoir quelque chose de prévu ; I've got a lot on je suis très occupé ;
    2 (being broadcast, performed, displayed) Euro-express is on tonight il y a Euro-express à la télé ce soir ; the news is on in 10 minutes le journal est dans 10 minutes ; it's on at the Rex ça passe au Rex ; there's an exhibition on at the Town Hall il y a une exposition à la mairie ; what's on? ( on TV) qu'est-ce qu'il y a à la télé? ; ( at the cinema) qu'est-ce qui passe au cinéma? ; ( at the theatre) qu'est-ce qu'il y a à l'affiche or au théâtre? ; there's nothing on il n'y a rien de bien ; Hamlet is still on Hamlet est toujours à l'affiche ;
    3 (functional, live) to be on [TV, oven, heating, light] être allumé ; [handbrake] être serré ; [dishwasher, radio, washing machine] marcher ; [hot tap, gas tap] être ouvert ; the power is on il y a du courant ; the power is back on le courant est rétabli ; the switch is in the ‘on’ position l'interrupteur est en position ‘allumé’ ; ⇒ switch on (switch), turn on (turn) ;
    4 GB ( permissible) it's just ou simply not on ( out of the question) c'est hors de question ; ( not the done thing) ça ne se fait pas ; ( unacceptable) c'est inadmissible ; it's simply not on to expect me to do that c'est inadmissible de penser que je vais faire ça ;
    5 (attached, in place) to be on [lid, top, cap] être mis ; the cap isn't properly on le couvercle est mal mis ; once the roof is on une fois le toit construit ; ⇒ put, screw.
    C adv
    1 ( on or about one's person) to have a hat/coat on porter un chapeau/manteau ; to have one's glasses on porter ses lunettes ; he's got his suit on il est en costume ; to have nothing on être nu, ne rien avoir sur le dos ; on with your coats! allez, mettez vos manteaux! ; to have make-up on être maquillé ; with sandals/slippers on en sandales/pantoufles ; ⇒ put, try ;
    2 ( ahead in time) 20 years on he was still the same 20 ans plus tard, il n'avait pas changé ; a few years on from now dans quelques années ; from that day on à partir de ce jour-là ; to be well on in years ne plus être tout jeune ; the party lasted well on into the night la soirée s'est prolongée tard dans la nuit ; ⇒ later, now ;
    3 ( further) to walk on continuer à marcher ; to walk on another 2 km faire encore 2 km ; to go on to Newcastle continuer jusqu'à Newcastle ; to go to Paris then on to Marseilles aller à Paris et de là à Marseille ; to play/work on continuer à jouer/travailler ; a little further on un peu plus loin ; ⇒ carry, go, move, press, read ;
    4 ( on stage) I'm on after the juggler je passe juste après le jongleur ; he's not on until Act II il n'entre en scène qu'au deuxième acte ; you're on! en scène!
    D on and off adv phr ( also off and on) to see sb on and off voir qn de temps en temps ; she's been working at the novel on and off for years ça fait des années que son roman est en chantier ; he lives there on and off il y habite de temps en temps ; to flash on and off clignoter.
    E on and on adv phr to go on and on [speaker] parler pendant des heures ; [lectures, speech] durer des heures ; he went ou talked on and on about the war il n'a pas arrêté de parler de la guerre ; the list goes on and on la liste n'en finit pas.
    you're on d'accord ; are you still on for tomorrow's party? c'est toujours d'accord pour la soirée de demain? ; to be always on at sb être toujours sur le dos de qn ; she's always on at me to get my hair cut elle est toujours sur mon dos pour que je me fasse couper les cheveux ; what's he on about? GB qu'est-ce qu'il raconte? ; I don't know what you're on about je ne sais pas de quoi tu parles ; he's been on to me about the lost files GB il m'a contacté à propos des dossiers perdus. ⇒ get, go, put.

    Big English-French dictionary > on

  • 44 сомневаться

    несовер. - сомневаться;
    совер. - усомниться возвр.;
    (в ком-л./чем-л.) doubt, have one's doubts (as to)
    сомнев|аться - несов.
    1. (в пр.) doubt (smb., smth.), have* doubts (about), question( smth.) ;
    ~аюсь I have my doubts;
    ~аюсь, что... I don`t believe( that)...;
    не ~ в чём-л. have* no doubts as to smth., not question smth. ;
    можете не ~! don`t worry!;

    2. (испытывать затруднения, колебания) be* in doubt.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > сомневаться

  • 45 clear

    [klɪəʳ, Am klɪr] adj
    1) ( understandable) definition, description, message klar; explanation, description also verständlich;
    ( definite) impression, similarity eindeutig;
    ( distinct) statement, stage klar, deutlich; signs deutlich;
    he wasn't very \clear er hat sich nicht sonderlich klar ausgedrückt;
    \clear instructions klare Anweisungen;
    to have \clear memories of sth ( fig) sich akk deutlich an etw akk erinnern können;
    a \clear picture ein scharfes Bild;
    to have a \clear perception of sth klare Vorstellungen von etw dat haben;
    to have a \clear understanding of sth ein klares Verständnis einer Sache haben;
    to make oneself \clear sich akk deutlich [o klar] ausdrücken;
    as \clear as a bell glockenhell, glockenrein;
    [as] \clear as day eindeutig, unmissverständlich
    2) ( obvious) klar, sicher;
    is that \clear? ist das klar?;
    it's \clear [to me] that... es ist [mir] klar, dass...;
    they have made it \clear that... sie haben es unmissverständlich klargemacht, dass...;
    Richard isn't at all \clear about what... Richard ist sich nicht im Mindesten darüber im Klaren, was...;
    it's not \clear whether... es ist nicht klar, ob...;
    he's a \clear favourite er ist ein klarer Favorit;
    he's got a \clear lead er führt eindeutig;
    a \clear case of... ein klarer Fall von...;
    a \clear majority eine klare Mehrheit;
    to be \clear that... sich dat sicher sein, dass...;
    to be \clear about sth sich dat über etw akk im Klaren sein;
    to get \clear about sth sich dat über etw akk klar werden;
    to make one's position \clear seine Haltung deutlich machen;
    to make oneself \clear [to sb] sich akk [jdm] verständlich machen;
    to make sth \clear [to sb] etw [jdm gegenüber] klar zum Ausdruck bringen;
    do I make myself \clear? habe ich mich klar ausgedrückt?;
    as \clear as day sonnenklar
    3) usu attr ( unconfused) klar;
    to keep a \clear head einen klaren Kopf bewahren;
    a \clear thinker jd, der klar denken kann
    4) ( free)
    to be \clear of sth;
    she's \clear of all suspicion sie ist frei von jeglichem Verdacht;
    to have a \clear conscience ein reines Gewissen haben
    5) ( unobstructed) passage, path frei; throat unbelegt;
    ( complete) ganz, voll; ( fig)
    could you see your way \clear to lending me some money? könntest du mir eventuell etwas Geld leihen?;
    a \clear view ein freier Blick, eine ungehinderte Aussicht
    6) ( transparent) glass durchsichtig; water, soup klar;
    as \clear as crystal kristallklar;
    that's as \clear as mud da blickt man gar nicht durch
    7) ( pure)
    \clear complexion/ skin reiner Teint/reine Haut;
    a \clear sound ein klarer Ton
    8) (bright, shining) of colours, eyes leuchtend
    9) (of weather, atmosphere) sky, day, night, air klar;
    \clear weather heiteres Wetter
    10) inv ( net) rein, netto;
    a \clear profit ein Reingewinn m
    \clear jump fehlerfreier Sprung
    the gate must be \clear of the ground das Tor darf den Boden nicht berühren;
    ... one wheel \clear of the ground... ein Rad ragte in die Luft;
    wait till we're \clear of the main road... warte, bis wir die Hauptstraße verlassen haben;
    to keep [or stay] [or steer] \clear of sb/ sth sich akk von jdm/etw fernhalten
    PHRASES:
    the coast is \clear die Luft ist rein ( fam)
    out of a \clear sky aus heiterem Himmel;
    all \clear die Luft ist rein n
    to be in the \clear außer Verdacht sein adv
    1) ( away from)
    he jumped two centimetres \clear of the bar er sprang mit einem Abstand von zwei Zentimetern über die Leiste;
    please move \clear of the edge of the platform bitte von der Bahnsteigkante zurücktreten;
    make sure you park \clear of the kerb pass auf, dass du nicht zu nah am Randstein parkst;
    stand \clear of the doors ( in underground) bitte zurücktreten;
    ( at train station) Türen schließen selbsttätig;
    to steer \clear of sth naut um etw herumsteuern;
    to steer \clear of sb jdn meiden;
    to steer \clear of a place um etw einen großen Bogen machen;
    to stand \clear [of sth] ( by moving to the side) zur Seite gehen;
    ( by moving back) zurückbleiben;
    ( remain in a distance) von etw dat entfernt bleiben;
    to be thrown \clear of sth aus etw dat herausgeschleudert werden;
    to get \clear of sth etw hinter sich dat lassen;
    to be \clear of sth etw hinter sich dat gelassen haben
    to see \clear klar sehen;
    loud and \clear klar und deutlich
    3) ( entirely)
    they got \clear away sie haben sich aus dem Staub gemacht vt
    to \clear sth etw klären
    to \clear one's head einen klaren Kopf bekommen
    to \clear sth etw beseitigen; land, snow etw räumen;
    to \clear the road die Straße frei machen [o räumen];
    to \clear sth from [or off] sth etw von etw dat wegräumen;
    to \clear one's throat sich akk räuspern;
    to \clear the way for sb to do sth es jdm ermöglichen, etw zu tun
    to \clear sth etw reinigen;
    to \clear the air ( remove dirt) die Luft reinigen;
    ( remove bad feeling) die Atmosphäre reinigen
    5) ( empty)
    to \clear sth ( of things) etw ausräumen;
    they \cleared the building in 3 minutes sie räumten das Gebäude in 3 Minuten;
    to \clear the table den Tisch abräumen
    6) ( acquit)
    to \clear sb of a crime jdn eines Verbrechens freisprechen;
    to \clear sb's name jds Namen reinwaschen
    to \clear sth etw erledigen
    8) fin
    Bill \clears $200 a week Bill macht 200 Dollar die Woche ( fam)
    to \clear a cheque einen Scheck freigeben, bestätigen, dass ein Scheck gedeckt ist;
    to \clear one's debts seine Schulden begleichen;
    to \clear a certain sum eine bestimmte Summe freigeben ( geh)
    to \clear sth über etw akk springen
    you'll have to \clear that with the boss das müssen Sie mit dem Chef klären
    to \clear sth etw genehmigen;
    to \clear a plane for take-off ein Flugzeug zum Start freigeben;
    to \clear sth with sb etw mit jdm abklären;
    to \clear sb to do sth jdm genehmigen, etw zu tun;
    to \clear customs Zollformalitäten erledigen
    to \clear the ball klären;
    to \clear the ball with one's head mit einem Kopfball klären
    PHRASES:
    to \clear the decks ( fam) klar Schiff machen ( fam) vi
    1) ( delete) löschen
    2) ( become transparent) sich akk klären
    3) ( become free of blemish) sich akk reinigen
    4) ( weather) sich akk [auf]klären;
    it's \clearing up es klart auf, es wird klar; fog, smoke sich akk auflösen;
    (go, disappear)
    to \clear [away] verschwinden
    5) fin einen Scheck freigeben

    English-German students dictionary > clear

  • 46 in

    in [ɪn]
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► When in is an element in a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in danger, weak in, look up the other word.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       a. (place) dans
    ► in it/them ( = inside it, inside them) dedans
    • our bags were stolen, and our passports were in them on nous a volé nos sacs et nos passeports étaient dedans
       b. (people, animals, plants) chez
    ► in + feminine countries, regions, islands en
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Feminine countries usually end in -e.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► en is also used with masculine countries beginning with a vowel or silent h.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► in + masculine country au
    • in Japan/Kuwait au Japon/Koweït
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Note also the following:
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► in + plural country/group of islands aux
    • in the United States aux États-Unis► in + town/island without article à
    • in Cuba à Cuba► in + masculine state/French region/county dans
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► dans is also used with islands with île in their name, and with many departments.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       d. (with time expressions) ( = in the space of) en ; ( = after) dans
       e. (month, year, season) en
    • in summer/autumn/winter en été/automne/hiver
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Look up the noun when translating such phrases as in the morning, in the end.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       f. ( = wearing) en
       g. (language, medium, material) en
    • in marble/velvet en marbre/velours
       h. (ratio) sur
       j. ( = while) en
    • in trying to save her he fell into the water himself en essayant de la sauver, il est tombé à l'eau
       a. ( = inside) à l'intérieur
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► When in means in it or in them, it is translated by y.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       b. (at home, work)
    ► to be in [person] être là
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► When in means at home, chez + pronoun can also be used.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • you're never in! tu n'es jamais chez toi !
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► to be in may require a more specific translation.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► in between + noun/pronoun entre
    • in between adventures, he finds time for... entre deux aventures, il trouve le temps de...► to be in for sth ( = be threatened with)
    • you don't know what you're in for! (inf) tu ne sais pas ce qui t'attend !
    • he's in for it! (inf) il va en prendre pour son grade ! (inf)► to be in on sth (inf) ( = know about)
    the new treatment is preferable in that... le nouveau traitement est préférable car...► to be well in with sb (inf) être dans les petits papiers de qn (inf)
    ( = fashionable) (inf) à la mode
    • it's the in thing to... c'est très à la mode de...
    ► in-built adjective [tendency] inné ; [feature, device] intégré
    ► in-house adjective [training] en entreprise adverb [train, produce] en interne
    ( = parents-in-law) beaux-parents mpl ; (others) belle-famille f
    ► in-tray noun corbeille f « arrivée »
    * * *
    Note: in is often used after verbs in English ( join in, tuck in, result in, write in etc). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (join, tuck, result, write etc)
    If you have doubts about how to translate a phrase or expression beginning with in ( in a huff, in business, in trouble etc) you should consult the appropriate noun entry (huff, business, trouble etc)
    This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as age, countries, dates, islands, months, towns and cities etc. Many of these use the preposition in. For the index to these notes
     [ɪn] 1.

    in prison/town — en prison/ville

    in the film/newspaper — dans le film/journal

    I'm in here! — je suis là!; bath, bed

    2) (inside, within) dans

    in insurance — dans les assurances; course, expert

    4) (included, involved)

    to be in on the secret — (colloq) être dans le secret

    I wasn't in on it — (colloq) je n'étais pas dans le coup (colloq)

    8) ( for) depuis

    it hasn't rained in weeks — il n'a pas plu depuis des semaines, ça fait des semaines qu'il n'a pas plu

    9) (during, because of) dans

    how do you feel in yourself? — est-ce que tu as le moral?; itself

    11) (present in, inherent in)
    12) (expressing colour, composition) en
    13) ( dressed in) en

    ‘no,’ he said in a whisper — ‘non,’ a-t-il chuchoté

    in pencil/in ink — au crayon/à l'encre

    15) ( as regards)

    rich/poor in minerals — riche/pauvre en minéraux

    16) (by)
    17) ( in superlatives) de
    19) ( in ratios)

    a gradient of 1 in 4 — une pente de 25%

    in their hundreds ou thousands — par centaines or milliers

    in old age — avec l'âge, en vieillissant

    2.
    in and out prepositional phrase
    3.
    in that conjunctional phrase dans la mesure où
    4.
    1) ( indoors)

    to ask ou invite somebody in — faire entrer quelqu'un

    2) (at home, at work)

    to be in by midnight — être rentré avant minuit; keep, stay

    3) (in prison, in hospital)
    4) ( arrived)

    the sea ou tide is in — c'est marée haute; come, get

    6) ( gathered)
    7) ( in supply)
    8) ( submitted)

    the homework has to be in tomorrow — le devoir doit être rendu demain; get, power, vote

    5.
    (colloq) adjective

    to be in —

    ••

    to have an in with somebody — US avoir ses entrées chez quelqu'un

    to have it in for somebody — (colloq) avoir quelqu'un dans le collimateur (colloq)

    you're in for it — (colloq) tu vas avoir des ennuis

    he's in for a shock/surprise — il va avoir un choc/être surpris

    English-French dictionary > in

  • 47 in

    in
    ❢ In is often used after verbs in English ( join in, tuck in, result in, write in etc). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (join, tuck, result, write etc). If you have doubts about how to translate a phrase or expression beginning with in ( in a huff, in business, in trouble etc) you should consult the appropriate noun entry (huff, business, trouble etc). This dictionary contains Usage Notes on such topics as age, countries, dates, islands, months, towns and cities etc. Many of these use the preposition in. For examples of the above and particular functions and uses of in, see the entry below.
    A prep
    1 ( expressing location or position) in Paris à Paris ; in Spain en Espagne ; in hospital/school à l'hôpital/l'école ; in prison/class/town en prison/classe/ville ; in the film/dictionary/newspaper dans le film/dictionnaire/journal ; in the garden dans le jardin, au jardin ; I'm in here! je suis là! ; ⇒ bath, bed ;
    2 (inside, within) dans ; in the box dans la boîte ; there's something in it il y a quelque chose dedans or à l'intérieur ;
    3 ( expressing a subject or field) dans ; in insurance/marketing dans les assurances/le marketing ; ⇒ course, degree, expert ;
    4 (included, involved) to be in the army être dans l'armée ; to be in politics faire de la politique ; to be in the team/group/collection faire partie de l'équipe/du groupe/de la collection ; to be in on ○ être dans [secret] ; to be in on the plan ○ être dans le coup ○ ; I wasn't in on it ○ je n'étais pas dans le coup ○ ; to be in at the finish être là à la fin ;
    5 ( in expressions of time) in May en mai ; in 1987 en 1987 ; in the night pendant la nuit ; in the twenties dans les années 20 ; at four in the morning à quatre heures du matin ; at two in the afternoon à deux heures de l'après-midi ; day in day out tous les jours (sans exception) ;
    6 ( within the space of) en ; to do sth in 10 minutes faire qch en 10 minutes ; in a matter of seconds en quelques secondes ;
    7 ( expressing the future) dans ; I'll be back in half an hour je serai de retour dans une demi-heure ;
    8 ( for) depuis ; it hasn't rained in weeks il n'a pas plu depuis des semaines, ça fait des semaines qu'il n'a pas plu ;
    9 (during, because of) dans ; in the confusion, he escaped dans la confusion, il s'est échappé ; in his hurry he forgot his keys dans sa précipitation il a oublié ses clés ;
    10 ( with reflexive pronouns) it's no bad thing in itself ce n'est pas une mauvaise chose en soi ; how do you feel in yourself? est-ce que tu as le moral? ; ⇒ itself ;
    11 (present in, inherent in) you see it in children on le rencontre chez les enfants ; it's rare in cats c'est rare chez les chats ; we lost a talented surgeon in Jim nous avons perdu un chirurgien brillant en la personne de Jim ; he hasn't got it in him to succeed il n'est pas fait pour réussir ; there's something in what he says il y a du vrai dans ce qu'il dit ;
    12 (expressing colour, composition) en ; it comes in green il existe en vert ; available in several colours disponible en plusieurs couleurs ; bags in leather and canvas des sacs en cuir et en toile ;
    13 ( dressed in) en ; in jeans/a skirt en jean/jupe ; in sandals en sandales ; dressed in black habillé en noir ;
    14 ( expressing manner or medium) in German en allemand ; in one dollar bills en billets d'un dollar ; in B flat en si bémol ; ‘no,’ he said in a whisper ‘non,’ a-t-il chuchoté ; chicken in a white wine sauce du poulet à la sauce au vin blanc ; peaches in brandy des pêches à l'eau de vie ; in pencil/in ink au crayon/à l'encre ;
    15 ( as regards) rich/poor in minerals riche/pauvre en minéraux ; deaf in one ear sourd d'une oreille ; 10 cm in length 10 cm de long ; equal in weight du même poids ;
    16 (by) in accepting en acceptant ; in doing so en faisant cela ;
    17 ( in superlatives) de ; the tallest tower in the world la plus grande tour du monde ;
    18 ( in measurements) there are 100 centimetres in a metre il y a 100 centimètres dans un mètre ; what's that in centimetres? combien ça fait en centimètres? ; have you got it in a 16? est-ce que vous l'avez en 42? ; in a smaller size dans une taille plus petite ; there's only 1 cm in it il n'y a qu'un cm de différence ; there's nothing in it ils/elles se valent ; the temperature was in the thirties il faisait dans les trente degrés ;
    19 ( in ratios) a gradient of 1 in 4 une pente de 25% ; a tax of 20 pence in the pound une taxe de 20 pence par livre sterling ; to have a one in five chance avoir une chance sur cinq ;
    20 ( in approximate amounts) in their hundreds ou thousands par centaines ; to cut/break sth in three couper/casser qch en trois ;
    21 ( expressing arrangement) in a circle en cercle ; in rows of 12 par rangées de douze ; in pairs deux par deux ; in bundles en liasses ;
    22 ( expressing age) she's in her twenties elle a une vingtaine d'années ; people in their forties les gens qui ont la quarantaine ; in old age avec l'âge, en vieillissant.
    B in and out prep phr to come in and out entrer et sortir ; he's always in and out of the house ou room il n'arrête pas d'entrer et de sortir ; to weave in and out of se faufiler entre [traffic, tables] ; to be in and out of prison all one's life passer la plus grande partie de sa vie en prison ; to be in and out of hospital a lot passer beaucoup de temps à l'hôpital.
    C in that conj phr dans la mesure où.
    D adv
    1 ( indoors) to come in entrer ; to run in entrer en courant ; to ask ou invite sb in faire entrer qn ; in with you! allez, rentrez! ;
    2 (at home, at work) to be in être là ; you're never in tu n'es jamais là ; I'm usually in by 9 am j'arrive généralement à 9 heures ; to come in two days a week venir au bureau deux jours par semaine ; to be in by midnight être rentré avant minuit ; to spend the evening in, to have an evening in passer la soirée à la maison ; ⇒ keep, stay ;
    3 (in prison, in hospital) he's in for murder il a été emprisonné pour meurtre ; she's in for a biopsy elle est entrée à l'hôpital pour une biopsie ;
    4 ( arrived) the train is in le train est en gare ; the ferry is in le ferry est à quai ; the sea ou tide is in c'est marée haute ; ⇒ come, get ;
    5 Sport ( within the boundary) the ball ou shot is in la balle est bonne ; ( batting) England is in l'équipe anglaise est à la batte ;
    6 ( gathered) the harvest is in la moisson est rentrée ;
    7 ( in supply) we don't have any in nous n'en avons pas en stock ; I should get some in tomorrow je devrais en recevoir demain ; we've got some new titles in on a reçu quelques nouveaux titres ; to get some beer/a video in aller chercher de la bière/une vidéocassette ;
    8 ( submitted) applications must be in by the 23rd les candidatures doivent être déposées avant le 23 ; the homework has to be in tomorrow le devoir doit être rendu demain ; ⇒ get, power, vote.
    E ○ adj ( fashionable) to be in, to be the in thing être à la mode ; it's the in place to eat c'est le restaurant à la mode.
    to know the ins and outs of an affair connaître une affaire dans les moindres détails ; to have an in with sb US avoir ses entrées chez qn ; to have it in for sb ○ avoir qn dans le collimateur ○ ; you're in for it ○ tu vas avoir des ennuis ; he's in for a shock/surprise il va avoir un choc/être surpris.

    Big English-French dictionary > in

  • 48 suspect

    1. noun
       a. soupçonner ( that que)
       b. ( = think likely) avoir le sentiment ( that que)
    • he'll come, I suspect il viendra, je suppose
       c. ( = have doubts about) douter de
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ✦ Lorsque suspect est un nom ou un adjectif, l'accent tombe sur la première syllabe: ˈsʌspekt, lorsque c'est un verbe, sur la seconde: səsˈpekt.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ‼|/b] [b]to suspect ≠ suspecter
    * * *
    1. ['sʌspekt]
    noun suspect/-e m/f
    2. ['sʌspekt]
    adjective [claim, person, vehicle] suspect; [item] d'authenticité douteuse; [water] douteux/-euse
    3. [sə'spekt]
    1) ( believe) soupçonner [murder, plot]

    we strongly suspect that... — nous avons de bonnes raisons de croire que...

    it isn't, I suspect, a very difficult task — ce n'est pas, à mon avis, une tâche très difficile

    2) ( doubt) douter de [truth, motives]
    4) ( have under suspicion) soupçonner [person]
    4.
    suspected past participle adjective présumé

    English-French dictionary > suspect

  • 49 plant

    1. noun
    1) (Bot.) Pflanze, die
    2) (machinery) no indef. art. Maschinen; (single complex) Anlage, die
    3) (factory) Fabrik, die; Werk, das
    4) (coll.): (undercover agent) Spitzel, der
    5) (coll.): (thing concealed) Untergeschobene, das
    2. transitive verb
    1) pflanzen; aussäen [Samen]; anlegen [Garten usw.]; anpflanzen [Beet]; bepflanzen [Land]
    2) (fix) setzen

    plant oneself — sich hinstellen od. (ugs.) aufpflanzen

    3) (in mind)

    plant an idea etc. in somebody's mind/in somebody — jemandem eine Idee usw. einimpfen (ugs.) od. (geh.) einpflanzen

    4) (coll.): (conceal) anbringen [Wanze]; legen [Bombe]
    5) (station as spy etc.) einschmuggeln
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/90158/plant_out">plant out
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (anything growing from the ground, having a stem, a root and leaves: flowering/tropical plants.) die Pflanze
    2) (industrial machinery: engineering plant.) die Anlage
    3) (a factory.) die Anlage
    2. verb
    1) (to put (something) into the ground so that it will grow: We have planted vegetables in the garden.) pflanzen
    2) (to make (a garden etc); to cause (a garden etc) to have (plants etc) growing in it: The garden was planted with shrubs; We're going to plant an orchard.) (be)pflanzen
    3) (to place heavily or firmly: He planted himself between her and the door.) sich pflanzen
    4) (to put in someone's possession, especially as false evidence: He claimed that the police had planted the weapon on his brother.) andrehen
    •
    - plantation
    - planter
    * * *
    [plɑ:nt, AM plænt]
    I. n
    1. (organism) Pflanze f
    indoor \plant Zimmerpflanze f
    2. (factory) Werk nt, Fabrik f, Betrieb m
    3. no pl (machinery) Maschinen pl, Maschinenpark m
    4. BRIT, AUS (for road-building) Baumaschinen pl
    slow — heavy \plant crossing Achtung — Baustelle
    5. usu sing (set-up)
    he insisted that the money was a \plant er bestand darauf, dass man ihm das Geld untergeschoben hatte
    the \plant kingdom das Pflanzenreich, die Flora
    \plant life die Pflanzenwelt
    III. vt
    ▪ to \plant sth
    1. (put in earth) etw pflanzen
    the garden is densely \planted der Garten ist dicht bepflanzt
    2. (lodge) etw platzieren
    he \planted a kiss on her forehead er drückte ihr einen Kuss auf die Stirn
    Foreman \planted a blow on Clay's chin Foreman platzierte einen Schlag auf Clays Kinn
    to \plant oneself on the sofa ( fam) sich akk aufs Sofa pflanzen fam
    3. (circulate) etw verbreiten
    to \plant doubts about sth Zweifel an etw dat hervorrufen [o wachrufen]
    to \plant a rumour [or AM rumor] ein Gerücht in die Welt setzen
    to \plant a story eine Geschichte in Umlauf bringen
    4. ( fam: frame) etw [heimlich] platzieren
    ▪ to \plant sth on sb jdm etw unterschieben
    to \plant a secret agent einen Geheimagenten/eine Geheimagentin einschleusen
    to \plant a bomb eine Bombe legen
    to \plant a bugging device ein Abhörgerät anbringen
    to \plant evidence falsches Beweismaterial platzieren [o fabrizieren]
    evidence was \planted on innocent people gegen unschuldige Menschen wurden belastende Beweise hervorgezaubert
    ▪ to \plant sth etw zwischenspeichern
    * * *
    [plAːnt]
    1. n
    1) (BOT) Pflanze f

    rare/tropical plants — seltene/tropische Gewächse pl

    2) no pl (= equipment) Anlagen pl; (= equipment and buildings) Produktionsanlage f; (US of school, bank) Einrichtungen pl; (= factory) Werk nt

    "heavy plant crossing" — "Baustellenverkehr"

    3) (inf: frame-up) eingeschmuggelter Gegenstand etc, der jdn kompromittieren soll, Komplott nt
    2. attr
    Pflanzen-
    3. vt
    1) plants, trees pflanzen, ein- or anpflanzen; field bepflanzen

    to plant a field with turnips/wheat — auf einem Feld Rüben anbauen or anpflanzen/Weizen anbauen or säen

    2) (= place in position) setzen; bomb legen; kiss drücken; fist pflanzen (inf); (in the ground) stick stecken; flag pflanzen

    to plant sth in sb's mind — jdm etw in den Kopf setzen, jdn auf etw (acc) bringen

    a policeman was planted at each entrance —

    he planted himself right in front of the fire (inf) she planted the children in the hall — er pflanzte sich genau vor dem Kamin auf (inf) sie stellte die Kinder im Flur ab (inf)

    3) (inf) incriminating evidence, stolen goods etc manipulieren, praktizieren; (in sb's car, home) schmuggeln; informer, spy etc (ein)schleusen

    to plant sth on sb (inf) — jdm etw unterjubeln (inf), jdm etw in die Tasche praktizieren

    * * *
    plant [plɑːnt; US plænt]
    A s
    1. BOT Pflanze f, Gewächs n:
    plant disease Pflanzenkrankheit f;
    plant extract Pflanzenextrakt m;
    plant fibrin Pflanzenfaserstoff m;
    plant kingdom Pflanzenreich n;
    plant louse Blattlaus f;
    plant pest Pflanzenschädling m;
    plant pot Br Blumentopf m
    2. BOT Setzling m, Steckling m
    3. Wachstum n:
    in plant im Wachstum befindlich;
    be in plant sich im Wachstum befinden;
    miss plant nicht aufgehen oder keimen
    4. (Betriebs-, Fabrik)Anlage f, Werk n, Fabrik f, Betrieb m:
    plant closure Betriebsstilllegung f;
    plant engineer Betriebsingenieur(in);
    plant manager Betriebsleiter m
    5. Maschinenanlage f, Aggregat n, Apparatur f:
    electric plant elektrische Anlage
    6. Betriebseinrichtung f, (Betriebs)Material n, Inventar n, Gerätschaften pl:
    plant equipment Werksausrüstung f
    7. Regeltechnik: Regelstrecke f
    8. US (Schul-, Krankenhaus- etc) Anlage(n) f(pl)
    9. Bergbau: (Schacht-, Gruben)Anlage f
    10. umg
    a) etwas Untergeschobenes, z. B. falsches Beweisstück
    b) Falle f, Schwindel m
    c) (Polizei)Spitzel m, (eingeschleuste[r]) Geheimagent(in)
    B v/t
    1. (ein-, an)pflanzen:
    plant out aus-, um-, verpflanzen;
    the time to plant primulas die Pflanzzeit für Primeln
    2. Land etc bepflanzen ( with mit)
    3. einen Garten etc anlegen
    4. eine Kolonie etc gründen
    5. eine Fischbrut aussetzen, Austern verpflanzen
    6. plant sth in sb(’s mind) fig jemandem etwas einpflanzen oder einimpfen
    7. Pfähle etc setzen, jemanden postieren, Posten etc aufstellen:
    plant o.s. in front of sb sich vor jemandem aufbauen oder aufpflanzen umg
    8. umg plant a knife in sb’s back jemandem ein Messer in den Rücken stoßen;
    plant a blow on sb’s nose jemandem einen Schlag auf die Nase verpassen;
    plant a kiss on sb’s cheek jemandem einen Kuss auf die Backe drücken
    9. umg
    a) einen Spitzel etc einschleusen
    b) eine Nachricht etc lancieren ( in the papers in die Presse)
    c) eine Bombe legen, eine Wanze etc anbringen
    d) plant sth on sb jemandem etwas unterschieben
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (Bot.) Pflanze, die
    2) (machinery) no indef. art. Maschinen; (single complex) Anlage, die
    3) (factory) Fabrik, die; Werk, das
    4) (coll.): (undercover agent) Spitzel, der
    5) (coll.): (thing concealed) Untergeschobene, das
    2. transitive verb
    1) pflanzen; aussäen [Samen]; anlegen [Garten usw.]; anpflanzen [Beet]; bepflanzen [Land]
    2) (fix) setzen

    plant oneself — sich hinstellen od. (ugs.) aufpflanzen

    plant an idea etc. in somebody's mind/in somebody — jemandem eine Idee usw. einimpfen (ugs.) od. (geh.) einpflanzen

    4) (coll.): (conceal) anbringen [Wanze]; legen [Bombe]
    5) (station as spy etc.) einschmuggeln
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (factory) n.
    Anlage -n f. n.
    Pflanze -n f. v.
    errichten v.
    gründen v.
    pflanzen v.

    English-german dictionary > plant

  • 50 thick

    [θɪk] 1. прил.
    1)
    а) толстый; полный
    б) имеющий такую-то толщину
    Syn:
    fat 2.
    в) жирный (о шрифте, почерке и т. п.)
    2)
    а) густой, частый

    Then fell thick rain. — Потом пошёл сильный (сплошной стеной) дождь.

    б) изобилующий (чем-л.), изобильный, обильный, заполненный (чем-л.)

    a town thick with conquerors — город, наводнённый завоевателями

    Syn:
    в) многочисленный, многолюдный

    Willing workers are not so thick on the ground these days. (E. Peters) — Не так уж много самоотверженных тружеников можно найти в наши дни.

    Syn:
    3)
    б) вязкий, густой

    thick gravy / soup — густой соус, суп

    Syn:
    в) тусклый; неясный, туманный ( о погоде)

    A very dull, dark thick morning. — Очень хмурое, тёмное, туманное утро.

    Syn:
    г) хриплый, сиплый, низкий ( о голосе)
    д) неразборчивый, невнятный ( о речи)

    His speech is so thick that I have great difficulty in catching what he says. (M.A. Carlyle) — Его речь настолько невнятна, что я с трудом понимаю, что он говорит.

    Syn:
    4) разг. глупый, тупой, непрошибаемый

    She's sort of thick. — Она туповата.

    They think that politicians are a rather thick lot and have no idea about the internet. — Они уверены, что политики - народ довольно ограниченный и не имеют представления об интернете.

    Syn:
    5) предик.; разг.
    а) ( thick with) близкий, неразлучный (с кем-л.)
    Syn:
    intimate I 2., familiar 1.

    He was quite thick with his pastor. — Он был довольно искренен (в беседах) со своим духовным наставником.

    6) разг. чрезмерный

    This is too thick for me. I'm cruising outa (= out of) here — Это уже слишком. Я сваливаю отсюда.

    a bit thick — чересчур, слишком

    Syn:
    7) уст. плотный, дородный, упитанный
    Syn:
    2. сущ.
    1) гуща, чаща; пекло, разгар

    Today he will again be in the thick of the action for Monaco against Marseilles. — Сегодня он снова будет в гуще событий, выступая в составе "Монако" против марсельского "Олимпика".

    The men soon found themselves in the thick of the battle. — Солдаты скоро оказались в гуще битвы.

    We are now in the thick of a Cabinet crisis. (Dunckley) — Наш правительственный кризис сейчас в самом разгаре.

    Syn:
    2) разг. тупица
    3) разг.
    а) густой напиток (сироп, портер и т. п.)
    ••

    through thick and thin — упорно, несмотря на все препятствия

    thick skin — толстая кожа, необидчивость

    3. нареч.

    The snow lay thick upon the ground. — Земля была покрыта толщей снега.

    I sliced the bread thick. — Я нарезал хлеб толстыми ломтями.

    2)
    а) густо, плотно

    A likely place for the nest is near the banks of a stream, where the bushes grow thick. — Как правило, они вьют гнёзда на берегах ручьёв, там, где растут густые кусты.

    Syn:
    б) в большом количестве, во множестве

    Doubts came thick upon him. — Его одолевали сомнения.

    Syn:
    3)
    а) неразборчиво, невнятно, заплетающимся языком
    б) хрипло, сипло, хриплым или сиплым голосом
    ••
    - lay it on thick

    Англо-русский современный словарь > thick

  • 51 as

    as [əz, stressed æz]
    alors que ⇒ 1 (a) comme ⇒ 1 (b), 2 puisque ⇒ 1 (c) que ⇒ 1 (e) en tant que ⇒ 2 contre ⇒ 4 quant à ⇒ 6 à partir de ⇒ 7, 11 comme si ⇒ 8, 13 déjà ⇒ 9 pour ainsi dire ⇒ 10 en plus, aussi ⇒ 15 (a) en plus de ⇒ 16 encore ⇒ 17
    (a) (while) alors que;
    ∎ the phone rang as I was coming in le téléphone s'est mis à sonner alors que ou au moment où j'entrais;
    ∎ I listened as she explained the plan to them je l'ai écoutée leur expliquer le projet;
    ∎ as a student, he worked part-time lorsqu'il était étudiant, il travaillait à mi-temps;
    ∎ as he advanced, I retreated (au fur et) à mesure qu'il avançait, je reculais;
    ∎ take two aspirins as needed prenez deux aspirines en cas de douleur
    (b) (like) comme, ainsi que;
    ∎ A as in Abel A comme Anatole;
    ∎ as usual comme d'habitude;
    ∎ as shown by the unemployment rate comme ou ainsi que le montre le taux de chômage;
    ∎ as is often the case comme c'est souvent le cas;
    ∎ she is a doctor, as is her sister elle est médecin comme sa sœur;
    ∎ as I told you comme je vous l'ai dit;
    ∎ as you know, the inflation rate has gone up comme vous le savez, le taux d'inflation a augmenté;
    ∎ do as you see fit faites comme bon vous semble;
    ∎ leave it as it is laissez-le tel qu'il est ou tel quel;
    ∎ to buy sth as is acheter qch en l'état;
    ∎ Military as you were! repos!;
    ∎ humorous my mistake! as you were! c'est moi qui me trompe! faites comme si je n'avais rien dit!
    (c) (since) puisque;
    ∎ let her drive, as it's her car laissez-la conduire, puisque c'est sa voiture;
    ∎ as you're the one in charge, you'd better be there étant donné que c'est vous le responsable, il faut que vous soyez là
    ∎ old as I am, I can still keep up with them malgré mon âge, j'arrive à les suivre;
    ∎ try as they might, they couldn't persuade her malgré tous leurs efforts, ils n'ont pu la convaincre;
    ∎ powerful as the president is, he cannot stop his country's disintegration quelque pouvoir qu'ait le président, il ne peut empêcher la ruine de son pays
    (e) (with 'the same', 'such')
    ∎ I had the same problems as you did j'ai eu les mêmes problèmes que toi;
    ∎ at the same time as last week à la même heure que la semaine dernière;
    ∎ such a problem as only an expert can solve un problème que seul un expert peut résoudre
    en tant que, comme;
    ∎ as her husband, he cannot testify étant son mari, il ne peut pas témoigner;
    ∎ he was dressed as a clown il était habillé en clown;
    ∎ I advised him as his friend, not as his teacher je l'ai conseillé en tant qu'ami, pas en tant que professeur;
    ∎ with Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara avec Vivien Leigh dans le rôle de Scarlett O'Hara
    ∎ (in comparisons) it's twice as big c'est deux fois plus grand;
    ∎ it costs half as much again ça coûte la moitié plus;
    ∎ as... as aussi... que;
    ∎ he's as intelligent as his brother il est aussi intelligent que son frère;
    ∎ he isn't as talented as you (are) il n'est pas aussi doué que vous;
    ∎ as often as possible aussi souvent que possible;
    ∎ not as often as I would like pas aussi souvent que je voudrais;
    ∎ they aren't as innocent as they look ils ne sont pas aussi innocents qu'ils en ont l'air;
    ∎ I worked as much for you as for me j'ai travaillé autant pour toi que pour moi
    contre;
    ∎ he received 39 votes as against the 17 for his rival il a obtenu 39 votes contre 17 pour son adversaire
    ∎ we'll buy new equipment as and when it's required nous achèterons du nouveau matériel en temps voulu ou quand ce sera nécessaire
    familiar en temps voulu□ ;
    ∎ you'll be sent the money as and when on vous enverra l'argent en temps voulu
    quant à;
    ∎ as for me, I don't intend to go pour ma part ou quant à moi, je n'ai pas l'intention d'y aller;
    ∎ as for your threats, they don't scare me in the least pour ce qui est de ou quant à vos menaces, elles ne me font pas peur du tout
    à partir de;
    ∎ as from yesterday depuis hier;
    ∎ as from tomorrow à partir de demain;
    ∎ as from next week I'll be unemployed je serai au chômage à partir de la semaine prochaine
    comme si;
    ∎ he looks as if he's drunk on dirait qu'il est soûl;
    ∎ he carried on as if nothing had happened il a continué comme si de rien n'était ou comme s'il ne s'était rien passé;
    ∎ as if aware of my look, she turned comme si elle avait senti mon regard, elle s'est retournée;
    ∎ as if by chance comme par hasard;
    ∎ he moved as if to strike him il a fait un mouvement comme pour le frapper;
    ∎ it's not as if she were my sister ce n'est quand même pas comme si c'était ma sœur;
    ∎ as if it mattered! comme si ça avait aucune importance!;
    ∎ as if I would allow it! comme si j'allais le permettre!;
    ∎ humorous as if! tu parles!;
    ∎ he said he would do it - as if! il a dit qu'il le ferait - mon œil!
    (a) (in present circumstances) les choses étant ce qu'elles sont;
    ∎ she's hoping for promotion, but as it is there's little chance of that elle espère obtenir une promotion, mais dans la situation actuelle ou les choses étant ce qu'elles sont, il est peu probable que cela arrive
    (b) (already) déjà;
    ∎ you've got enough work as it is vous avez déjà assez de travail, vous avez assez de travail comme ça;
    ∎ as it is I'm an hour late j'ai déjà une heure de retard
    pour ainsi dire
    à partir de;
    ∎ as of yesterday depuis hier;
    ∎ as of tomorrow à partir de demain;
    ∎ as of next week I'll be unemployed je serai au chômage à partir de la semaine prochaine
    (a) (properly speaking) véritablement, à proprement parler;
    ∎ it's not a contract as such, more a gentleman's agreement ce n'est pas un véritable contrat ou pas un contrat à proprement parler ou pas véritablement un contrat, mais plutôt un accord entre hommes de parole
    (b) (in itself) même, en soi;
    ∎ the place as such isn't great l'endroit même ou en soi n'est pas terrible
    (c) (in that capacity) à ce titre, en tant que tel;
    ∎ I'm his father and as such, I insist on knowing je suis son père et à ce titre j'insiste pour qu'on me mette au courant
    comme si;
    ∎ he looks as though he's drunk on dirait qu'il est soûl;
    ∎ he carried on as though nothing had happened il a continué comme si de rien n'était ou comme s'il ne s'était rien passé;
    ∎ as though aware of my look, she turned comme si elle avait senti mon regard, elle s'est retournée;
    ∎ it's not as though she were my sister ce n'est quand même pas comme si c'était ma sœur
    ∎ (regarding) to question sb as to his/her motives interroger qn sur ses motifs;
    ∎ I'm still uncertain as to the nature of the problem j'hésite encore sur la nature du problème;
    ∎ as to that quant à cela, pour cela
    (a) (in addition) en plus; (also) aussi;
    ∎ I'd like one as well j'en voudrais un aussi;
    ∎ he bought the house and the land as well il a acheté la maison et la propriété aussi;
    ∎ and then the car broke down as well! et par-dessus le marché la voiture est tombée en panne!
    ∎ you may as well tell me the truth autant me dire ou tu ferais aussi bien de me dire la vérité;
    ∎ now that we're here, we might as well stay puisque nous sommes là, autant rester;
    ∎ shall we go to the cinema? - we might as well et si on allait au cinéma? - pourquoi pas?;
    ∎ she was angry, as well she might be elle était furieuse, et ça n'est pas surprenant;
    ∎ he has a few doubts about the job, as well he might il a quelques doutes sur cet emploi, ce qui n'est guère surprenant;
    ∎ he apologized profusely - as well he should! il s'est confondu en excuses - j'espère bien!;
    ∎ perhaps I'd better leave - that might be as well peut-être vaudrait-il mieux que je m'en aille - je crois que ça vaut mieux;
    ∎ it would be as well not to break it ce serait mieux si on pouvait éviter de le casser;
    ∎ I decided not to write back - just as well really j'ai décidé de ne pas répondre - c'est mieux comme ça;
    ∎ it would be just as well if you were present il vaudrait mieux que vous soyez là;
    ∎ it's just as well he missed his flight c'est une bonne chose qu'il ait manqué l'avion
    (in addition to) en plus de;
    ∎ so she's a liar as well as a thief alors comme ça, c'est une menteuse en plus d'être une voleuse;
    ∎ Jim looks after the children as well as helping around the house Jim s'occupe des enfants en plus de participer au ménage
    encore;
    ∎ I don't have the answer as yet je n'ai pas encore la réponse;
    ∎ an as yet undisclosed sum une somme qui n'a pas encore été révélée
    ✾ Play 'As you like it' Shakespeare 'Comme il vous plaira'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > as

  • 52 doubt

    n. twijfel
    --------
    v. twijfelen, betwijfelen
    doubt1
    1  twijfel ⇒ onzekerheid, aarzeling
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   the benefit of the doubt • het voordeel van de twijfel
         be in no doubt about something • ergens zeker van zijn
         cast/throw doubt(s) (up)on • in twijfel trekken
         have one's doubts about something • ergens aan twijfelen
         beyond doubt • stellig, zonder enige twijfel
         in doubt • in onzekerheid
         without (a) doubt • ongetwijfeld
         no doubt • ongetwijfeld, zonder (enige) twijfel
         doubt (as to/about) whether, doubt if • onzekerheid of
    ————————
    doubt2
    〈 werkwoord〉
    1  twijfelen (aan) ⇒ onzeker zijn, betwijfelen
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   doubt that/whether • (be)twijfelen of

    English-Dutch dictionary > doubt

  • 53 Usage note : at

    When at is used as a straightforward preposition it is translated by à:
    at the airport
    = à l’aéroport
    at midnight
    = à minuit
    at the age of 50
    = à l’âge de 50 ans
    Remember that à + le always becomes au and
    à + les always becomes aux (au bureau, aux bureaux).
    When at means at the house, shop, etc. of, it is translated by chez:
    at Amanda’s
    = chez Amanda
    at the hairdresser’s
    = chez le coiffeur
    If you have doubts about how to translate a phrase or idiom beginning with at (at the top of, at home, at a guess etc.) you should consult the appropriate noun entry (top, home, guess etc.). This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as age, the clock, length measurement, games and sports etc. Many of these use the preposition at.
    at also often appears in English as the second element of a phrasal verb (look at, aim at, etc.). For translations, look at the appropriate verb entry (look, aim etc.).
    at is used after certain nouns, adjectives and verbs in English (her surprise at, an attempt at, annoyed at etc.). For translations, consult the appropriate noun, adjective or verb entry (surprise, attempt, annoy etc.).
    In the entry at, you will find particular usages and idiomatic expressions which do not appear elsewhere in the dictionary.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : at

  • 54 mind

    I [maɪnd]
    1) (centre of thought, feelings) mente f., animo m.

    peace of mind — serenità d'animo, tranquillità

    to cross sb.'s mind — venire in mente a qcn., passare per la mente a qcn.

    that's a load o weight off my mind mi sono liberato di un peso, mi sono tolto un pensiero; to feel easy in one's mind about sth. sentirsi tranquillo su qcs.; to have something on one's mind essere preoccupato per qualcosa; to set sb.'s mind at rest rassicurare o tranquillizzare qcn.; nothing could be further from my mind — questo pensiero non mi sfiora minimamente, non ci penso neanche

    2) (brain) mente f., intelligenza f.
    3) (way of thinking) mente f., pensiero m.

    to read sb.'s mind — leggere nella mente o nel pensiero di qcn

    4) (opinion) opinione f., parere m.

    to my mind — colloq. secondo me, per me, a mio avviso

    to make up one's mind about, to do — prendere una decisione su, decidersi di fare

    my mind's made up — ho deciso, ho preso una decisione

    to change one's mind about sth. — cambiare idea su qcs.

    to keep an open mind about sth. — non pronunciarsi su qcs., sospendere il giudizio su qcs.

    to know one's own mind — sapere quello che si vuole, avere le idee ben chiare

    to speak one's mind — parlare chiaro, parlare fuori dai denti

    5) (attention) mente f., attenzione f.

    to concentrate o keep one's mind on sth. concentrare la propria attenzione su qcs.; to give o put one's mind to sth. impegnarsi in qcs., concentrarsi su qcs.; to take sb.'s mind off sth. — distrarre o distogliere qcn. da qcs

    6) (memory) mente f., memoria f.

    it went right o clean o completely out of my mind mi era completamente passato o uscito di mente; to bring sth. to mind — ricordare o richiamare qcs., fare venire in mente qcs

    7) (sanity) mente f., senno m., testa f.

    her mind is going — sta impazzendo, sta perdendo la ragione

    are you out of your mind? — colloq. sei impazzito? sei fuori di testa?

    8) (person as intellectual) mente f., ingegno m.

    with this in mind,... — avendo questa idea,...

    to have it in mind to do sth. — avere intenzione di fare qcs.

    to put sb. in mind of sb., sth. — ricordare o rammentare qcn., qcs. a qcn

    ••

    to see sth. in one's mind's eye — vedere qcs. con l'occhio della mente

    I gave him a piece of my mind! — colloq. gliene ho dette quattro!

    to have a good mind o half a mind to do BE avere intenzione o avere una mezza idea di fare; to have a mind of one's own — avere le proprie idee, pensare con la propria testa

    II [maɪnd]
    1) (pay attention to) fare, prestare attenzione a [ hazard]; fare attenzione a, badare a [manners, language]

    mind the step — attento o (fa') attenzione al gradino

    don't mind me — non badate a me; iron. fate pure come vi pare

    I don't mind cats, but I prefer dogs — non ho nulla contro i gatti, ma preferisco i cani

    "today or tomorrow?" - "I don't mind" — "oggi o domani?" - "fa lo stesso"

    would you mind keeping my seat for me? — ti dispiace o rincresce tenermi il posto?

    if you don't mind my asking... — se posso permettermi di fare una domanda indiscreta...

    "like a cigarette?" - "don't mind if I do" — colloq. "una sigaretta?" - "certo che sì, non posso dire di no"

    do you mind! — iron. (ma) per favore!

    never mind — (don't worry) non preoccuparti, non farci caso; (it doesn't matter) non importa, non fa niente

    he can't afford an apartment, never mind a big house — non può permettersi un appartamento, figuriamoci una grande casa

    4) (look after) occuparsi di, badare a [animal, child, shop]
    •
    ••

    mind your own business! — colloq. fatti gli affari tuoi!

    * * *
    1.
    (the power by which one thinks etc; the intelligence or understanding: The child already has the mind of an adult.) mente, intelligenza
    2. verb
    1) (to look after or supervise (eg a child): mind the baby.) badare a
    2) (to be upset by; to object to: You must try not to mind when he criticizes your work.) preoccuparsi, dispiacere
    3) (to be careful of: Mind (= be careful not to trip over) the step!) fare attenzione a
    4) (to pay attention to or obey: You should mind your parents' words/advice.) obbedire a
    3. interjection
    (be careful!: Mind! There's a car coming!) (attento!)
    - - minded
    - mindful
    - mindless
    - mindlessly
    - mindlessness
    - mindreader
    - at/in the back of one's mind
    - change one's mind
    - be out of one's mind
    - do you mind!
    - have a good mind to
    - have half a mind to
    - have a mind to
    - in one's mind's eye
    - in one's right mind
    - keep one's mind on
    - know one's own mind
    - make up one's mind
    - mind one's own business
    - never mind
    - on one's mind
    - put someone in mind of
    - put in mind of
    - speak one's mind
    - take/keep one's mind off
    - to my mind
    * * *
    I [maɪnd]
    1) (centre of thought, feelings) mente f., animo m.

    peace of mind — serenità d'animo, tranquillità

    to cross sb.'s mind — venire in mente a qcn., passare per la mente a qcn.

    that's a load o weight off my mind mi sono liberato di un peso, mi sono tolto un pensiero; to feel easy in one's mind about sth. sentirsi tranquillo su qcs.; to have something on one's mind essere preoccupato per qualcosa; to set sb.'s mind at rest rassicurare o tranquillizzare qcn.; nothing could be further from my mind — questo pensiero non mi sfiora minimamente, non ci penso neanche

    2) (brain) mente f., intelligenza f.
    3) (way of thinking) mente f., pensiero m.

    to read sb.'s mind — leggere nella mente o nel pensiero di qcn

    4) (opinion) opinione f., parere m.

    to my mind — colloq. secondo me, per me, a mio avviso

    to make up one's mind about, to do — prendere una decisione su, decidersi di fare

    my mind's made up — ho deciso, ho preso una decisione

    to change one's mind about sth. — cambiare idea su qcs.

    to keep an open mind about sth. — non pronunciarsi su qcs., sospendere il giudizio su qcs.

    to know one's own mind — sapere quello che si vuole, avere le idee ben chiare

    to speak one's mind — parlare chiaro, parlare fuori dai denti

    5) (attention) mente f., attenzione f.

    to concentrate o keep one's mind on sth. concentrare la propria attenzione su qcs.; to give o put one's mind to sth. impegnarsi in qcs., concentrarsi su qcs.; to take sb.'s mind off sth. — distrarre o distogliere qcn. da qcs

    6) (memory) mente f., memoria f.

    it went right o clean o completely out of my mind mi era completamente passato o uscito di mente; to bring sth. to mind — ricordare o richiamare qcs., fare venire in mente qcs

    7) (sanity) mente f., senno m., testa f.

    her mind is going — sta impazzendo, sta perdendo la ragione

    are you out of your mind? — colloq. sei impazzito? sei fuori di testa?

    8) (person as intellectual) mente f., ingegno m.

    with this in mind,... — avendo questa idea,...

    to have it in mind to do sth. — avere intenzione di fare qcs.

    to put sb. in mind of sb., sth. — ricordare o rammentare qcn., qcs. a qcn

    ••

    to see sth. in one's mind's eye — vedere qcs. con l'occhio della mente

    I gave him a piece of my mind! — colloq. gliene ho dette quattro!

    to have a good mind o half a mind to do BE avere intenzione o avere una mezza idea di fare; to have a mind of one's own — avere le proprie idee, pensare con la propria testa

    II [maɪnd]
    1) (pay attention to) fare, prestare attenzione a [ hazard]; fare attenzione a, badare a [manners, language]

    mind the step — attento o (fa') attenzione al gradino

    don't mind me — non badate a me; iron. fate pure come vi pare

    I don't mind cats, but I prefer dogs — non ho nulla contro i gatti, ma preferisco i cani

    "today or tomorrow?" - "I don't mind" — "oggi o domani?" - "fa lo stesso"

    would you mind keeping my seat for me? — ti dispiace o rincresce tenermi il posto?

    if you don't mind my asking... — se posso permettermi di fare una domanda indiscreta...

    "like a cigarette?" - "don't mind if I do" — colloq. "una sigaretta?" - "certo che sì, non posso dire di no"

    do you mind! — iron. (ma) per favore!

    never mind — (don't worry) non preoccuparti, non farci caso; (it doesn't matter) non importa, non fa niente

    he can't afford an apartment, never mind a big house — non può permettersi un appartamento, figuriamoci una grande casa

    4) (look after) occuparsi di, badare a [animal, child, shop]
    •
    ••

    mind your own business! — colloq. fatti gli affari tuoi!

    English-Italian dictionary > mind

  • 55 understand

    1. transitive verb,

    understand something by something — etwas unter etwas (Dat.) verstehen

    2) (have heard) gehört haben

    I understand him to be a distant relation — ich glaube, er ist ein entfernter Verwandter

    3) (take as implied)

    it was understood that... — es wurde allgemein angenommen, dass...

    do I understand that...? — gehe ich recht in der Annahme, dass...? See also academic.ru/31215/give">give 1. 5); make 1. 6)

    2. intransitive verb,
    1) (have understanding) verstehen
    2) (gather, hear)

    he is, I understand, no longer here — er ist, wie ich höre, nicht mehr hier

    * * *
    1. past tense, past participle - understood; verb
    1) (to see or know the meaning of (something): I can't understand his absence; Speak slowly to foreigners so that they'll understand you.) verstehen
    2) (to know (eg a person) thoroughly: She understands children/dogs.) sich verstehen auf
    3) (to learn or realize (something), eg from information received: At first I didn't understand how ill she was; I understood that you were planning to leave today.) annehmen
    •
    - understandable
    - understanding 2. noun
    1) (the power of thinking clearly: a man of great understanding.) der Verstand
    2) (the ability to sympathize with another person's feelings: His kindness and understanding were a great comfort to her.) das Verständnis
    3) (a (state of) informal agreement: The two men have come to / reached an understanding after their disagreement.) die Einigung
    •
    - make oneself understood
    - make understood
    * * *
    under·stand
    <-stood, -stood>
    [ˌʌndəˈstænd, AM -ɚˈ-]
    I. vt
    1. (perceive meaning)
    ▪ to \understand sth/sb etw/jdn verstehen
    the pub was so noisy I couldn't \understand a word he said in der Kneipe ging es so laut zu, dass ich kein Wort von dem, was er sagte, verstehen konnte
    to \understand one another [or each other] sich akk verstehen
    to make oneself understood sich akk verständlich machen
    2. (comprehend significance)
    ▪ to \understand sb/sth jdn/etw begreifen [o verstehen]
    ▪ to \understand what/why/when/how... begreifen, was/warum/wann/wie...
    ▪ to \understand that... verstehen, dass...
    ▪ to \understand sb/sth für jdn/etw Verständnis haben
    I can \understand your feeling upset about what has happened ich kann verstehen, dass du wegen des Vorfalls betroffen bist
    ▪ to \understand sb sich akk in jdn einfühlen können
    Jack really \understands horses Jack kann wirklich mit Pferden umgehen
    5. (be informed)
    ▪ to \understand [that]... hören, dass...
    I \understand [that] you are interested in borrowing some money from us Sie sollen an einem Darlehen von uns interessiert sein
    to give sb to \understand that... jdm zu verstehen geben, dass...
    when he said 3 o'clock, I understood him to mean in the afternoon als er von 3 Uhr sprach, ging ich davon aus, dass der Nachmittag gemeint war
    a secret buyer is understood to have paid £3 million for the three pictures ein ungenannter Käufer soll 3 Millionen Pfund für die drei Bilder bezahlt haben
    as I \understand it, we either agree to a pay cut or get the sack so, wie ich es sehe, erklären wir uns entweder mit einer Gehaltskürzung einverstanden oder man setzt uns vor die Tür
    ▪ to \understand that... annehmen, dass...
    7. (be generally accepted)
    ▪ to be understood that... klar sein, dass...
    in the library it is understood that loud talking is not permissible es dürfte allgemein bekannt sein, dass lautes Sprechen in der Bibliothek nicht gestattet ist
    when Alan invites you to dinner, it's understood that it'll be more of an alcohol than a food experience wenn Alan zum Dinner einlädt, dann ist schon klar, dass der Alkohol im Mittelpunkt steht
    in this context, ‘America’ is understood to refer to the United States in diesem Kontext sind mit ‚Amerika‘ selbstverständlich die Vereinigten Staaten gemeint
    II. vi
    1. (comprehend) verstehen
    she explained again what the computer was doing but I still didn't \understand sie erklärte nochmals, was der Computer machte, aber ich kapierte immer noch nicht
    ▪ to \understand about sth/sb etw/jdn verstehen
    Jane's dad never understood about how important her singing was to her Janes Vater hat nie verstanden, wie wichtig das Singen für sie war
    ▪ to \understand from sth that... aus etw dat schließen, dass...
    ▪ to \understand from sb that... von jdm hören, dass...
    I've been promoted — so I \understand ich bin befördert worden — ich habe davon gehört
    * * *
    ["ʌndə'stnd] pret, ptp understood
    1. vt
    1) language, painting, statement, speaker verstehen; action, event, person, difficulty also begreifen

    I don't understand Russian —

    I can't understand his agreeing to do it — ich kann nicht verstehen or es ist mir unbegreiflich, warum er sich dazu bereit erklärt hat

    what do you understand by "pragmatism"? — was verstehen Sie unter "Pragmatismus"?

    2) (= comprehend sympathetically) children, people, animals, doubts, fears verstehen
    3)

    (= believe) I understand that you are going to Australia — ich höre, Sie gehen nach Australien

    I understand that you've already met her — Sie haben sich, soviel ich weiß, schon kennengelernt

    I understood (that) he was abroad/we were to have been consulted — ich dachte, er sei im Ausland/wir sollten dazu befragt werden

    am I/are we to understand that...? — soll das etwa heißen, dass...?

    as I understand it,... — soweit ich weiß,...

    did I understand him to say that...? — habe ich richtig verstanden, dass er sagte,...?

    but I understood her to say that she agreed — aber soweit ich sie verstanden habe, hat sie zugestimmt

    to give sb to understand that... — jdm zu verstehen geben, dass...

    I was given to understand that... — man hat mir bedeutet, dass...

    I understood from his speech that... — ich schloss aus seiner Rede, dass...

    4) (GRAM: supply) word sich (dat) denken, (im Stillen) ergänzen → also understood
    See:
    → also understood
    2. vi
    1) (= comprehend) verstehen

    (do you) understand? — (hast du/haben Sie das) verstanden?

    but you don't understand, I must have the money now — aber verstehen Sie doch, ich brauche das Geld jetzt!

    2)

    (= believe) so I understand — es scheint so

    he was, I understand, a widower — wie ich hörte, war er Witwer

    * * *
    A v/t
    1. verstehen:
    a) begreifen
    b) einsehen
    c) wörtlich etc auffassen
    d) (volles) Verständnis haben für:
    understand each other sich oder einander verstehen, auch zu einer Einigung gelangen;
    give sb to understand that … jemandem zu verstehen geben, dass …;
    make o.s. understood sich verständlich machen;
    do I ( oder am I to) understand that …? soll das heißen, dass …?;
    what do you understand by …? was verstehen Sie unter … (dat)?
    2. sich verstehen auf (akk), sich auskennen in (dat), wissen ( how to do sth wie man etwas macht);
    he understands horses er versteht sich auf Pferde;
    she understands children sie kann mit Kindern umgehen
    3. voraussetzen, (als sicher oder gegeben) annehmen:
    that is understood das versteht sich (von selbst);
    it is understood that … auch JUR es gilt als vereinbart, dass …; es wird davon ausgegangen, dass …;
    an understood thing eine aus- oder abgemachte Sache
    4. erfahren, hören:
    I understand that … ich hör(t)e oder man sagt(e) mir, dass …;
    I understand him to be ( oder that he is) an expert wie ich höre, ist er ein Fachmann;
    it is understood es heißt, wie verlautet
    5. (from) entnehmen (dat oder aus), schließen oder heraushören (aus):
    6. besonders LING bei sich oder sinngemäß ergänzen, hinzudenken:
    in this phrase the verb is understood in diesem Satz muss das Verb (sinngemäß) ergänzt werden
    B v/i
    1. verstehen:
    a) begreifen
    b) (volles) Verständnis haben:
    (do you) understand? verstanden?;
    he will understand er wird es oder mich etc (schon) verstehen;
    you are too young to understand du bist zu jung, um das zu verstehen
    2. Verstand haben
    3. Bescheid wissen ( about sth über eine Sache):
    not understand about nichts verstehen von
    4. hören:
    …, so I understand wie ich höre, …
    * * *
    1. transitive verb,
    2) (have heard) gehört haben

    I understand him to be a distant relation — ich glaube, er ist ein entfernter Verwandter

    it was understood that... — es wurde allgemein angenommen, dass...

    do I understand that...? — gehe ich recht in der Annahme, dass...? See also give 1. 5); make 1. 6)

    2. intransitive verb,
    2) (gather, hear)

    he is, I understand, no longer here — er ist, wie ich höre, nicht mehr hier

    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: understood)
    = begreifen v.
    einsehen v.
    fassen v.
    kapieren v.
    nachvollziehen v.
    verstehen v.

    English-german dictionary > understand

  • 56 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 57 whatever

    relative adjective, relative pronoun (any (thing(s) or amount) that: I'll lend you whatever (books) you need.) todo(s) lo(s)... que
    whatever pron lo que
    whatever happens, I'll be your friend pase lo que pase, seré tu amigo
    tr[wɒt'evəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (any) cualquiera que
    2 (at all) en absoluto
    1 (anything, all that) (todo) lo que
    3 (surprise) qué
    ■ whatever are you doing? ¿qué diablos haces?
    ■ do you want pizza or pasta? --Whatever ¿quieres pizza o pasta? --Lo que sea
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    or whatever o tal, o cosas por el estilo
    whatever next? ¡habráse visto!, ¡vaya!
    whatever [hwɑt̬'ɛvər,.hwʌt̬-] adj
    1) any: cualquier, cualquier...que
    whatever way you prefer: de cualquier manera que prefiera, como prefiera
    there's no chance whatever: no hay ninguna posibilidad
    nothing whatever: nada en absoluto
    whatever pron
    1) anything: (todo) lo que
    I'll do whatever I want: haré lo que quiera
    whatever it may be: sea lo que sea
    3) what: qué
    whatever do you mean?: ¿qué quieres decir?
    adj.rel.
    • cuanto adj.rel.
    expr.
    • cualquier expr.
    • me importa un bledo expr.
    pron.
    • cuanto pron.

    I hwɑːt'evər, wɒt'evə(r)
    1) (in questions, exclamations) qué

    whatever is she doing? — ¿qué (es lo que) está haciendo?, ¿qué diablos está haciendo? (fam)

    she resigned - whatever for? — renunció - ¿a santo de qué?

    whatever next! — ya es el colmo!, lo que nos faltaba!

    2)

    whatever you do, don't laugh! — hagas lo que hagas no te vayas a reír!

    he talked about percentiles, whatever they are — habló de percentiles, que no tengo ni idea de qué son or (fam) de lo que son

    b) ( all that)

    here's $5: buy yourself a sandwich or whatever — aquí tienes $5: cómprate un bocadillo o algo

    whatever you say — lo que tú digas, como quieras


    II

    don't give up, whatever doubts you may have — no renuncies, tengas las dudas que tengas

    if, for whatever reason, you decide not to go — si por cualquier motivo decides no ir

    all people, of whatever race or creed — todos, cualquiera sea su raza o credo

    b) ( any)

    whatever changes are necessary — los cambios que sean necesarios, cualquier cambio que sea necesario


    III
    adverb (as intensifier)

    none/nothing whatever — ninguno/nada en absoluto

    [wɒt'evǝ(r)]
    1. PRON
    1) (=no matter what)

    get it, whatever it costs — cómpralo, cueste lo que cueste

    2) (=anything that) lo que; (=everything that) todo lo que

    whatever you say — (acquiescing) lo que quieras

    "I tell you I'm ill" - "whatever you say" — iro -te digo que estoy enfermo -sí, sí or -sí, lo que tú quieras

    whatever you find — todo lo que or cualquier cosa que encuentres

    whatever do you mean? — ¿qué quieres decir?

    whatever did you do? — ¿pero qué hiciste?

    whatever did you say that for? — ¿a santo de qué dijiste eso?

    4) (=other similar things)

    you can put your pyjamas, sponge bag and whatever in here — aquí puedes guardar el pijama, el neceser y todas esas cosas

    2. ADJ
    1) (=any) cualquier; (=all) todo
    2) (=no matter what)

    whatever problems you've got, we'll help — nosotros te ayudaremos, tengas el problema que tengas

    whatever time is it? — ¿qué hora podrá ser?

    whatever help will that be? — ¿para qué servirá eso?

    3.
    ADV (with negative) en absoluto
    * * *

    I [hwɑːt'evər, wɒt'evə(r)]
    1) (in questions, exclamations) qué

    whatever is she doing? — ¿qué (es lo que) está haciendo?, ¿qué diablos está haciendo? (fam)

    she resigned - whatever for? — renunció - ¿a santo de qué?

    whatever next! — ya es el colmo!, lo que nos faltaba!

    2)

    whatever you do, don't laugh! — hagas lo que hagas no te vayas a reír!

    he talked about percentiles, whatever they are — habló de percentiles, que no tengo ni idea de qué son or (fam) de lo que son

    b) ( all that)

    here's $5: buy yourself a sandwich or whatever — aquí tienes $5: cómprate un bocadillo o algo

    whatever you say — lo que tú digas, como quieras


    II

    don't give up, whatever doubts you may have — no renuncies, tengas las dudas que tengas

    if, for whatever reason, you decide not to go — si por cualquier motivo decides no ir

    all people, of whatever race or creed — todos, cualquiera sea su raza o credo

    b) ( any)

    whatever changes are necessary — los cambios que sean necesarios, cualquier cambio que sea necesario


    III
    adverb (as intensifier)

    none/nothing whatever — ninguno/nada en absoluto

    English-spanish dictionary > whatever

  • 58 doubt

    {daut}
    I. n съмнение (about, of)
    to be in DOUBT колебая се, двоумя се
    to be in no DOUBT (about) не се съмнявам, сигурен съм (за)
    to make/have no DOUBT that не се съмнявам, че, сигурен съм, че
    when in DOUBT когато се колебаеш/съмняваш
    no DOUBT несъмнено, без съмнение, вероятно
    out of/beyond DOUBT сигурен, извън всякакво съмнение
    without DOUBT несъмнено
    II. 1. съмнявам се, не съм сигурен (и с of)
    2. съмнявам се в, нямам доверие в, подозирам, не вярвам на, ост. диал. страхувам се, боя се
    * * *
    {daut} n съмнение (about, of); to be in doubt колебая се, двоумя се(2) {daut} v 1. съмнявам се, не съм сигурен (и с of); 2. съмняв
    * * *
    усъмнявам се; съмнение; съмнявам се; боя се;
    * * *
    1. i. n съмнение (about, of) 2. ii. съмнявам се, не съм сигурен (и с of) 3. no doubt несъмнено, без съмнение, вероятно 4. out of/beyond doubt сигурен, извън всякакво съмнение 5. to be in doubt колебая се, двоумя се 6. to be in no doubt (about) не се съмнявам, сигурен съм (за) 7. to make/have no doubt that не се съмнявам, че, сигурен съм, че 8. when in doubt когато се колебаеш/съмняваш 9. without doubt несъмнено 10. съмнявам се в, нямам доверие в, подозирам, не вярвам на, ост. диал. страхувам се, боя се
    * * *
    doubt [daut] I. v 1. съмнявам се, несигурен съм (и с of; whether, it); 2. нямам доверие, подозирам, усъмнявам се в; не вярвам; 3. ост. страхувам се, боя се; II. n съмнение; to be in \doubt(s) двоумя се, не знам какво да правя; the result is still in \doubt резултатът е все още неизвестен (не се вижда, не е ясен); when in \doubt play trumps когато се съмняваш, играй коз; to have o.'s \doubts съмнявам се; no \doubt несъмнено, без съмнение; вероятно; по всяка вероятност; beyond (a) \doubt (without \doubt) несъмнено, без съмнение; to make \doubt съмнявам се; to make no \doubt уверявам се; проверявам; не се съмнявам; to settle o.'s \doubts разсейвам (разпръсквам, освобождавам се от) съмненията си; • to give a person the benefit of the \doubt оправдавам по липса на доказателства.

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > doubt

  • 59 lay

    I [leɪ] II [leɪ]
    1) [ worker] non esperto, non specializzato
    2) relig. [preacher, member] laico
    III [leɪ]
    nome pop. spreg. chiavata f., scopata f.
    IV 1. [leɪ]
    verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. laid)
    1) (place) posare, porre, mettere [object, card]; (spread out) stendere [rug, blanket, covering]; (arrange) collocare, disporre; deporre [ wreath]

    to lay hands on sth. — fig. (find) mettere mano a qcs.

    to lay hands on sb. — relig. imporre le mani su qcn

    2) (set for meal) apparecchiare, mettere [ table]
    3) (prepare) preparare [fire, plan]; gettare [basis, foundation]; tendere [ trap]
    4) (fix in place) posare [carpet, tiles, cable, mine]; costruire [railway, road]
    5) zool. deporre [ egg]
    6) fig. sporgere [charge, complaint]; muovere [ accusation]; gettare [curse, spell]

    to lay stress o emphasis on sth. — porre l'accento su qcs

    7) (bet) puntare [ money] (on su)
    8) pop. (have sex with) scopare
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. laid) [ bird] deporre le uova
    ••

    to lay a finger o hand on sb. — (beat) alzare un dito contro qcn., mettere le mani addosso a qcn

    * * *
    I 1. [lei] past tense, past participle - laid; verb
    1) (to place, set or put (down), often carefully: She laid the clothes in a drawer / on a chair; He laid down his pencil; She laid her report before the committee.)
    2) (to place in a lying position: She laid the baby on his back.)
    3) (to put in order or arrange: She went to lay the table for dinner; to lay one's plans / a trap.)
    4) (to flatten: The animal laid back its ears; The wind laid the corn flat.)
    5) (to cause to disappear or become quiet: to lay a ghost / doubts.)
    6) ((of a bird) to produce (eggs): The hen laid four eggs; My hens are laying well.)
    7) (to bet: I'll lay five pounds that you don't succeed.)
    •
    2. verb
    (to put, cut or arrange in layers: She had her hair layered by the hairdresser.) scalare; fare a strati
    - lay-by
    - layout
    - laid up
    - lay aside
    - lay bare
    - lay by
    - lay down
    - lay one's hands on
    - lay hands on
    - lay in
    - lay low
    - lay off
    - lay on
    - lay out
    - lay up
    - lay waste     II see lie II III [lei] adjective
    1) (not a member of the clergy: lay preachers.)
    2) (not an expert or a professional (in a particular subject): Doctors tend to use words that lay people don't understand.)
    •
    IV [lei] noun
    (an epic poem.)
    * * *
    I [leɪ] adj
    Rel laico (-a), secolare, (brother, sister) laico (-a), (fig: non-specialist) profano (-a)
    II [leɪ] pt
    See:
    lie II
    III [leɪ] laid pt, pp
    1. vt
    1) (put, set) mettere, posare, (carpet) stendere, (bricks) posare, (cable, pipe) installare, fare la posa di, (trail) lasciare, (subj: bird: egg) deporre, fare

    to lay the facts/one's proposals before sb — presentare i fatti/delle proposte a qn

    to be laid to rest — (euph: buried) essere sepolto (-a)

    to get laid fam! — scopare fam!

    to lay o.s. open to attack/criticism — esporsi agli attacchi/alle critiche

    to lay claim to sth — reclamare qc, accampare diritti mpl su qc

    to lay odds or a bet on sth — scommettere su qc

    2) (prepare: fire) preparare, (trap, snare) tendere, (mine) posare, piantare, (table) apparecchiare
    3) (settle: ghost) placare, esorcizzare, (doubts, fears) eliminare, dissipare
    2. vi
    (bird) fare le uova, deporre le uova
    •
    * * *
    lay (1) /leɪ/
    n.
    1 [u] disposizione; posizione; configurazione: the lay of the land, la configurazione del terreno; (fig.) la situazione attuale
    2 ( nella pesca, spec. alla balena) interessenza; partecipazione agli utili
    4 (fam.) ramo d'affari; lavoro; attività
    5 (fam.) prezzo
    6 (volg.) scopata, chiavata (volg.)
    7 (volg.) partner sessuale; (spec., anche easy lay) donna che ci sta, che la dà facilmente (volg.).
    lay (2) /leɪ/
    n.
    (letter.) lai; canzone; lamento.
    lay (3) /leɪ/
    a. attr.
    1 laico; secolare: (relig.) a lay brother, un «fratello» laico; un converso ( di monastero)
    2 incompetente; profano
    ● (leg., in Inghil.) lay judge, giudice onorario ( non di carriera); giudice di pace □ lay reader, (relig.) predicatore laico; (fig.) profano □ (relig.) lay sister, sorella laica; conversa □ lay status, laicato; condizione secolare.
    lay (4) /leɪ/
    pass. di to lie (2).
    ♦ (to) lay /leɪ/
    (pass. e p. p. laid)
    A v. t.
    1 posare; porre; mettere; mettere a posto; collocare; distendere; stendere; spalmare: He laid the keys on the desk, ha posato le chiavi sulla scrivania; to lay bricks, posare i mattoni l'uno sull'altro; to lay the foundation of st., porre (o gettare) le fondamenta di qc.; to lay a railway track, posare un binario; to lay the cloth, stendere (o mettere) la tovaglia; to lay a bomb, mettere una bomba; to lay paint [plaster], stendere la vernice [l'intonaco]
    2 deporre, fare ( uova); fare le uova: Hens lay eggs, le galline fanno le uova; Reptiles lay eggs, i rettili depongono le uova
    3 calmare; acquietare; smorzare; fugare; placare: The rain has laid the dust, la pioggia ha smorzato la polvere; to lay sb. 's doubts, fugare ogni dubbio dalla mente di q.
    4 preparare; progettare; elaborare; fare: to lay a fire, preparare (o disporre la legna, il carbone per) il fuoco; to lay one's plans carefully, preparare accuratamente i propri piani
    5 mettere innanzi a; esporre; presentare; muovere ( accuse): The lawyer laid his case before the court, l'avvocato ha presentato (o ha esposto) il caso al tribunale
    6 imporre; dare ( ordini, ecc.): to lay heavy taxes on st., imporre balzelli gravosi su qc.; to lay strict injunctions on sb., dare severi ordini a q.
    7 coprire; ricoprire; rivestire: to lay a floor with wall-to-wall carpeting, coprire un pavimento con la moquette
    8 scommettere; fare ( una scommessa); puntare: We laid a wager on who would come in first, facemmo una scommessa su chi sarebbe arrivato primo; I'll lay ten pounds that she'll be late, scommetto dieci sterline che arriverà in ritardo
    9 appianare; spianare; lisciare
    10 attribuire; ascrivere; imputare: The murder was laid to a neighbour, un vicino di casa è stato ritenuto responsabile dell'assassinio
    11 (mil.) puntare (per es., i cannoni); posare ( mine); (aeron.) sganciare ( bombe)
    13 (volg.) portarsi a letto (q.); scopare (volg.): to get laid: scopare; fare sesso
    B v. i.
    1 fare le uova: My hens are laying well now, ora le mie galline fanno molte uova
    2 (naut.) dirigersi; mettersi ( in una posizione); fare prua (su)
    ● (fig.) to lay st. at sb. 's door, dare la colpa di qc. a q. □ (fig.) aprire: to lay bare one's heart, mettere a nudo il proprio cuore □ to lay the blame for st. on sb., attribuire la colpa di qc. a q. □ (fig.) to lay sb. by the heels, imprigionare q.; incarcerare q. □ to lay claim to, avanzare una pretesa su; pretendere a: The prince laid claim to the English throne, il principe pretendeva al trono d'Inghilterra □ (leg.) to lay a claim to a right, rivendicare un diritto □ to lay a course, (naut.) seguire una rotta; (fig.) seguire una linea di condotta □ (leg., ass.) to lay damages at a certain sum, fissare una certa somma come risarcimento dei danni □ to lay eyes on, gettare l'occhio (o lo sguardo) su □ (agric.) to lay fallow, lasciare ( un terreno) a maggese □ to lay a finger on, toccare ( con intenzioni ostili): Don't you dare lay a finger on him!, non azzardarti a toccarlo neanche con un dito! □ to lay sb. flat, abbattere (o buttare a terra) q.; stendere q. (fam.) □ to lay great [little] store upon st., dare grande [scarsa] importanza a qc. □ to lay hands on oneself, uccidersi; suicidarsi □ to lay hands on sb., mettere le mani addosso a q.; (relig.) imporre le mani su q. ( per consacrarlo, ordinarlo sacerdote) □ to lay hands on st., metter le mani su qc.; impadronirsi di qc. □ (fig.) to lay heads together, mettersi insieme a discutere (o a far progetti) □ to lay a hedge, mettere a dimora una siepe □ to lay hold of (o on), afferrare (o prendere); (fig.) approfittare di, trarre vantaggio da □ to lay one's hopes on sb., riporre le proprie speranze in q. □ to lay sb. low, abbattere (o atterrare) q.; (fig.: di malattia) buttare giù q. □ to lay oneself open to attack, prestare il fianco agli attacchi □ to lay open, scoprire, esporre; svelare; tagliare, spaccare: to lay open a wound, scoprire una ferita; to lay open a plot, svelare una congiura; to lay one's cheek [arm, leg] open, prodursi uno squarcio in una guancia [un braccio, una gamba] □ (stor.) to lay siege to a castle, mettere l'assedio a un castello □ to lay a trap, [an ambush], tendere una trappola, [un'imboscata] □ ( slang autom., USA) to lay some rubber, sgommare; partire sgommando □ to lay stress (o emphasis) on st., dare un gran peso a qc. □ to lay the table, apparecchiare (la tavola): DIALOGO → - Dinner 2- Can you lay the table?, puoi apparecchiare? □ to lay st. to sb. 's charge, dare la colpa di qc. a q. □ to lay st. to heart, prendersi a cuore qc. □ (fig. eufem.) to lay sb. to rest (o to sleep), seppellire q. □ to lay waste, devastare, mettere a ferro e fuoco ( un paese, ecc.).
    NOTA D'USO: - to lay / to lie-
    * * *
    I [leɪ] II [leɪ]
    1) [ worker] non esperto, non specializzato
    2) relig. [preacher, member] laico
    III [leɪ]
    nome pop. spreg. chiavata f., scopata f.
    IV 1. [leɪ]
    verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. laid)
    1) (place) posare, porre, mettere [object, card]; (spread out) stendere [rug, blanket, covering]; (arrange) collocare, disporre; deporre [ wreath]

    to lay hands on sth. — fig. (find) mettere mano a qcs.

    to lay hands on sb. — relig. imporre le mani su qcn

    2) (set for meal) apparecchiare, mettere [ table]
    3) (prepare) preparare [fire, plan]; gettare [basis, foundation]; tendere [ trap]
    4) (fix in place) posare [carpet, tiles, cable, mine]; costruire [railway, road]
    5) zool. deporre [ egg]
    6) fig. sporgere [charge, complaint]; muovere [ accusation]; gettare [curse, spell]

    to lay stress o emphasis on sth. — porre l'accento su qcs

    7) (bet) puntare [ money] (on su)
    8) pop. (have sex with) scopare
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. laid) [ bird] deporre le uova
    ••

    to lay a finger o hand on sb. — (beat) alzare un dito contro qcn., mettere le mani addosso a qcn

    English-Italian dictionary > lay

  • 60 lay

    I adjective
    1) (Relig.) laikal; Laien[bruder, -schwester, -predigt]
    2) (inexpert) laienhaft
    II 1. transitive verb,
    1) legen, [ver]legen [Teppichboden, Rohr, Gleis, Steine, Kabel, Leitung]; legen [Parkett, Fliesen, Fundament]; anlegen [Straße, Gehsteig]; see also academic.ru/33430/hand">hand 1. 1)
    2) (fig.)

    lay one's plans/ideas before somebody — jemandem seine Pläne/Vorstellungen unterbreiten; see also blame 2.; open 1. 4)

    3) (impose) auferlegen [Verantwortung, Verpflichtung] (on Dat.)
    4) (wager)

    I'll lay you five to one that... — ich wette mit dir fünf zu eins, dass...

    lay a wager on something — eine Wette auf etwas (Akk.) abschließen; auf etwas (Akk.) wetten

    5) (prepare)

    lay the table — den Tisch decken

    lay the breakfast things — den Frühstückstisch decken

    6) (Biol.) legen [Ei]
    7) (devise) schmieden [Plan]; bannen [Geist, Gespenst]
    8) (sl.): (copulate with)

    lay a woman — eine Frau vernaschen od. aufs Kreuz legen (salopp)

    2. noun
    (sl.): (sexual partner)

    she's a good/an easy lay — sie ist gut im Bett/steigt mit jedem ins Bett (ugs.)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    III
    see lie II 2.
    * * *
    I 1. [lei] past tense, past participle - laid; verb
    1) (to place, set or put (down), often carefully: She laid the clothes in a drawer / on a chair; He laid down his pencil; She laid her report before the committee.) legen
    2) (to place in a lying position: She laid the baby on his back.) legen
    3) (to put in order or arrange: She went to lay the table for dinner; to lay one's plans / a trap.) decken, herrichten
    4) (to flatten: The animal laid back its ears; The wind laid the corn flat.) (an)legen
    5) (to cause to disappear or become quiet: to lay a ghost / doubts.) bannen
    6) ((of a bird) to produce( eggs): The hen laid four eggs; My hens are laying well.) legen
    7) (to bet: I'll lay five pounds that you don't succeed.) wetten
    •
    2. verb
    (to put, cut or arrange in layers: She had her hair layered by the hairdresser.) legen
    - layabout
    - lay-by
    - layout
    - laid up
    - lay aside
    - lay bare
    - lay by
    - lay down
    - lay one's hands on
    - lay hands on
    - lay in
    - lay low
    - lay off
    - lay on
    - lay out
    - lay up
    - lay waste     II see lie II III [lei] adjective
    1) (not a member of the clergy: lay preachers.) Laien-...
    2) (not an expert or a professional (in a particular subject): Doctors tend to use words that lay people don't understand.) laienhaft
    •
    IV [lei] noun
    (an epic poem.)
    * * *
    lay1
    [leɪ]
    adj attr, inv
    1. (not professional) laienhaft
    to the \lay mind für den Laien
    in \lay terms laienhaft
    2. (not clergy) weltlich, Laien-
    \lay preacher Laienprediger m
    lay2
    [leɪ]
    lay3
    [leɪ]
    I. n
    1. (general appearance) Lage f
    the \lay of the land ( fig) die Lage
    to ascertain [or spy out] the \lay of the land die Lage sondieren
    2. (layer) Lage f, Schicht f
    3. (fam!: sexual intercourse) Nummer f derb
    to be an easy \lay leicht zu haben sein fam
    to be a good \lay gut im Bett sein fam
    4. (period for producing eggs) Legezeit f
    ▪ to be in \lay Legezeit haben
    II. vt
    <laid, laid>
    1. (spread)
    ▪ to \lay sth on [or over] sth etw auf etw akk legen [o über etw akk breiten]
    she laid newspaper over the floor sie deckte den Fußboden mit Zeitungen ab
    ▪ to \lay sth somewhere etw irgendwohin legen
    he laid his arm along the back of the sofa er legte seinen Arm auf den Sofarücken
    \lay your coats on the bed legt eure Mäntel auf dem Bett ab
    to \lay the blame on sb ( fig) jdn für etw akk verantwortlich machen
    to \lay emphasis [or stress] on sth etw betonen
    ▪ to \lay sth etw verlegen
    to \lay bricks mauern
    to \lay a cable/carpet ein Kabel/einen Teppich verlegen
    to \lay the foundations of a building das Fundament für ein Gebäude legen
    to \lay the foundations [or basis] for sth ( fig) das Fundament zu etw dat legen
    to \lay plaster Verputz auftragen
    ▪ to \lay sth etw herrichten; bomb, fire etw legen; the table decken
    to \lay plans Pläne schmieden
    to \lay a trail eine Spur legen
    to \lay a trap [for sb] [jdm] eine Falle stellen
    5. (render)
    to \lay sth bare [or flat] etw offenlegen
    to \lay sb bare [or flat] jdn bloßstellen
    to \lay sb low BOXING ( dated) jdn außer Gefecht setzen
    to \lay sb/sth open to an attack/to criticism jdn/etw einem Angriff/der Kritik aussetzen
    to \lay sb/sth open to ridicule jdn/etw der Lächerlichkeit preisgeben
    to \lay waste the land das Land verwüsten
    6. (deposit)
    to \lay an egg ein Ei legen
    ▪ to \lay sth etw setzen [o verwetten]
    to \lay an amount on sth einen Geldbetrag auf etw akk setzen
    to \lay a bet on sth auf etw akk wetten
    to \lay sb ten to one that... mit jdm zehn zu eins darum wetten, dass...
    to \lay one's life/shirt on sth sein Leben/letztes Hemd auf etw akk verwetten
    8. (present)
    ▪ to \lay sth before sb jdm etw vorlegen, etw vor jdn bringen
    to \lay one's case before sb/sth jdm/etw sein Anliegen unterbreiten
    9. (assert)
    to \lay a charge against sb gegen jdn Anklage erheben
    to \lay claim to sth auf etw akk Anspruch erheben
    10. CARDS
    to \lay an ace/a queen ein Ass/eine Königin legen
    ▪ to \lay sb jdn umlegen sl [o derb aufs Kreuz legen]
    to get laid flachgelegt werden sl
    12.
    ▶ to \lay sth at sb's door esp BRIT, AUS jdn für etw akk verantwortlich machen
    ▶ to \lay sb's fears to rest jds Ängste zerstreuen
    ▶ to \lay [so much as] a finger [or hand] on sb jdn [auch nur] berühren
    ▶ to \lay a ghost einen [bösen] Geist beschwören [o bannen]
    ▶ to \lay the ghosts of the past Vergangenheitsbewältigung betreiben
    ▶ to \lay hands on sb Hand an jdn legen
    ▶ to \lay one's hands on sth einer S. gen habhaft werden geh
    I'll see if I can \lay my hands on a copy for you ich schau mal, ob ich eine Kopie für dich ergattern kann fam
    ▶ to \lay sth on the line etw riskieren [o aufs Spiel setzen]
    ▶ to \lay it on the line for sb ( fam) es jdm klipp und klar sagen fam
    ▶ to \lay it [or sth] on [a bit thick [or with a trowel]] etwas übertreiben [o fam zu dick auftragen]
    ▶ to \lay sb to rest ( euph) jdn zur letzten Ruhe betten euph geh
    ▶ to \lay sb's fears/suspicions to rest jdn beschwichtigen
    ▶ to \lay sth on the table (present for discussion) etw auf den Tisch [o fam aufs Tapet] bringen; AM (suspend discussion of) etw aufschieben
    III. vi
    <laid, laid>
    hen [Eier] legen
    * * *
    I [leɪ]
    n (LITER, MUS)
    Ballade f, Lied nt II
    adj
    Laien-

    lay opinion — die öffentliche Meinung, die Öffentlichkeit

    III pret See: of lie IV vb: pret, ptp laid
    1. n
    1) Lage f → land
    See:
    → land
    2) (sl)

    that's the best lay I ever had — das war die beste Nummer, die ich je gemacht habe (inf)

    2. vt
    1) (= place, put) legen (sth on sth etw auf etw acc); wreath niederlegen

    I never laid a hand on him — ich habe ihn überhaupt nicht angefasst, ich habe ihm überhaupt nichts getan

    he took all the money he could lay his hands on — er nahm alles Geld, das ihm in die Finger kam (inf)

    2) bricks, foundations, track legen; concrete gießen; cable, mains, pipes verlegen; road bauen, anlegen; carpet, lino (ver)legen
    3) (= prepare) fire herrichten; (esp Brit) table decken; mines, ambush legen; trap aufstellen; plans schmieden

    to lay the table for breakfast/lunch (esp Brit) — den Frühstücks-/Mittagstisch decken

    4) (non-material things) burden auferlegen (on sb jdm)

    to lay the blame for sth on sb/sth — jdm/einer Sache die Schuld an etw (dat) geben

    to lay responsibility for sth on sb —

    the stress which he lays on it — der Nachdruck, den er darauf legt

    5) (= bring forward) complaint vorbringen (before bei); accusation erheben

    he laid out his case before them — er trug ihnen seinen Fall vor

    6) dust binden; ghost austreiben; fear zerstreuen; doubts beseitigen
    See:
    → low
    7) eggs (hen) legen; (fish, insects) ablegen
    8) bet abschließen; money setzen

    I lay you a fiver on it! —

    I'll lay you that... — ich wette mit dir, dass...

    I'll lay you anything... — ich gehe mit dir jede Wette ein...

    9) (sl)

    he just wants to get laid — er will nur bumsen (inf)

    3. vi
    (hen) legen
    * * *
    lay1 [leı]
    A s
    1. ( besonders geografische) Lage:
    the lay of the land fig bes US die Lage (der Dinge)
    2. Schicht f, Lage f
    3. Schlag m (beim Tauwerk)
    4. Plan m
    5. umg Job m, Beschäftigung f, Tätigkeit f
    6. US
    a) Preis m
    b) (Verkaufs)Bedingungen pl
    7. sl
    a) she’s an easy lay die ist leicht zu haben, die geht mit jedem ins Bett;
    she’s a good lay sie ist gut im Bett
    b) Nummer f vulg (Geschlechtsverkehr):
    have a lay eine Nummer machen oder schieben vulg
    B v/t prät und pperf laid [leıd]
    1. legen:
    lay bricks mauern;
    lay a bridge eine Brücke schlagen;
    lay a cable ein Kabel (ver)legen;
    lay a carpet einen Teppich verlegen;
    lay troops Truppen einquartieren oder in Quartier legen (on bei);
    lay a wreath einen Kranz niederlegen (at an dat); → Verbindungen mit den entsprechenden Substantiven
    2. Eier legen: → egg1 A 1
    3. fig legen, setzen:
    lay an ambush einen Hinterhalt legen;
    lay one’s hopes on seine Hoffnungen setzen auf (akk);
    lay an offside trap SPORT eine Abseitsfalle aufbauen;
    the scene is laid in Rome der Schauplatz oder Ort der Handlung ist Rom, das Stück etc spielt in Rom;
    lay the whip to sb’s back obs jemanden auspeitschen; → stress B 1
    4. (her)richten, anordnen, den Tisch decken:
    lay the fire das Feuer (im Kamin) anlegen;
    lay lunch den Tisch zum Mittagessen decken; → place A 1
    5. belegen, auslegen ( beide:
    with mit):
    6. Farbe etc auftragen
    7. (before) vorlegen (dat), bringen (vor akk):
    lay one’s case before a commission
    8. geltend machen, erheben, vorbringen: → claim C 1, information 7 b
    9. einen Schaden etc festsetzen (at auf akk)
    10. eine Schuld etc zuschreiben, zur Last legen ( beide:
    to dat)
    11. a) eine Steuer auferlegen (on dat)
    b) eine Strafe, ein Embargo etc verhängen (on über akk)
    12. einen Plan schmieden, ersinnen
    13. a) etwas wetten
    b) setzen auf (akk)
    14. niederwerfen, -strecken, zu Boden strecken
    15. Getreide etc zu Boden drücken, umlegen (Wind etc)
    16. die Wogen etc glätten, beruhigen, besänftigen:
    the wind is laid der Wind hat sich gelegt
    17. Staub löschen
    18. einen Geist bannen, beschwören:
    lay the ghosts of the past fig Vergangenheitsbewältigung betreiben
    19. einen Stoff etc glätten, glatt pressen
    20. SCHIFF Kurs nehmen auf (akk), ansteuern
    21. MIL ein Geschütz richten
    22. sl eine Frau aufs Kreuz legen (mit einer Frau schlafen)
    C v/i
    1. (Eier) legen
    2. wetten
    3. lay about one (wild) um sich schlagen ( with mit);
    lay into sb über jemanden herfallen (auch mit Worten)
    4. lay to (energisch) an eine Sache rangehen umg
    5. lay for sl jemandem auflauern
    6. lay off umg
    a) jemanden, etwas in Ruhe lassen
    b) aufhören mit:
    lay off it! hör auf (damit)!
    7. sl liegen
    lay2 [leı] prät von lie2
    lay3 [leı] adj Laien…:
    a) REL weltlich
    b) laienhaft, nicht fachmännisch:
    to the lay mind für den Laien(verstand); → vicar 1
    lay4 [leı] s poet Lied n, Weise f
    * * *
    I adjective
    1) (Relig.) laikal; Laien[bruder, -schwester, -predigt]
    2) (inexpert) laienhaft
    II 1. transitive verb,
    1) legen, [ver]legen [Teppichboden, Rohr, Gleis, Steine, Kabel, Leitung]; legen [Parkett, Fliesen, Fundament]; anlegen [Straße, Gehsteig]; see also hand 1. 1)
    2) (fig.)

    lay one's plans/ideas before somebody — jemandem seine Pläne/Vorstellungen unterbreiten; see also blame 2.; open 1. 4)

    3) (impose) auferlegen [Verantwortung, Verpflichtung] (on Dat.)

    I'll lay you five to one that... — ich wette mit dir fünf zu eins, dass...

    lay a wager on something — eine Wette auf etwas (Akk.) abschließen; auf etwas (Akk.) wetten

    6) (Biol.) legen [Ei]
    7) (devise) schmieden [Plan]; bannen [Geist, Gespenst]
    8) (sl.): (copulate with)

    lay a woman — eine Frau vernaschen od. aufs Kreuz legen (salopp)

    2. noun
    (sl.): (sexual partner)

    she's a good/an easy lay — sie ist gut im Bett/steigt mit jedem ins Bett (ugs.)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    III
    see lie II 2.
    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: laid)
    = legen v.
    setzen v.
    stellen v.

    English-german dictionary > lay

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