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he+has+a+strong+constitution

  • 41 hierro

    m.
    1 iron (metal).
    un hierro a piece of metal
    hierro forjado/fundido wrought/cast iron
    2 blade.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: herrar.
    * * *
    1 (metal) iron
    2 (punta) head, point
    3 (marca) brand
    4 figurado (arma) steel, weapon
    1 (prisiones) chains, shackles
    \
    machacar en hierro frío to bang one's head against a brick wall
    quien a hierro mata a hierro muere he who lives by the sword, shall die by the sword
    quitarle hierro a algo to play something down
    ser de hierro to be as strong as an ox
    hierro colado cast iron
    hierro forjado wrought iron
    hierro fundido cast iron
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=metal) iron

    de hierro — iron antes de s

    hierro bruto — crude iron, pig iron

    hierro viejo — scrap iron, old iron

    fierro
    2) (=objeto) iron object; (=herramienta) tool; [de flecha, lanza] head
    3) (Agr) branding-iron
    4) (Golf) iron
    pl hierros irons
    * * *
    a) (Metal) iron

    quitar hierro a algo — to play something down

    b) (Agr) ( herramienta) branding iron; ( marca) brand
    c) (de lanza, flecha) head, tip

    el que a hierro mata, a hierro muere — he who lives by the sword, dies by the sword

    d) ( en golf) iron
    * * *
    = iron.
    Ex. Take, for instance, the title like subject statement 'Determination of magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium in the presence of iron and chromium'.
    ----
    * cortina de hierro, la = iron curtain, the.
    * de hierro = iron, ferric.
    * de hierro fundido = cast-iron.
    * Edad de Hierro, la = Iron Age, the.
    * hierro bruto = pig iron.
    * hierro caliente = hot iron.
    * hierro en bruto = pig iron.
    * hierro fundido = cast-iron.
    * hierro para dorar = hot tool.
    * mano de hierro = iron fist, iron hand.
    * mineral de hierro = iron ore.
    * minería de hierro = iron ore mining.
    * óxido de hierro = iron oxide.
    * puño de hierro = iron fist, iron hand.
    * salud de hierro = cast-iron constitution.
    * sargento de hierro = drill sergeant.
    * tornillo de hierro = metal screw.
    * voluntad de hierro = iron will, will of iron.
    * * *
    a) (Metal) iron

    quitar hierro a algo — to play something down

    b) (Agr) ( herramienta) branding iron; ( marca) brand
    c) (de lanza, flecha) head, tip

    el que a hierro mata, a hierro muere — he who lives by the sword, dies by the sword

    d) ( en golf) iron
    * * *
    = iron.

    Ex: Take, for instance, the title like subject statement 'Determination of magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium in the presence of iron and chromium'.

    * cortina de hierro, la = iron curtain, the.
    * de hierro = iron, ferric.
    * de hierro fundido = cast-iron.
    * Edad de Hierro, la = Iron Age, the.
    * hierro bruto = pig iron.
    * hierro caliente = hot iron.
    * hierro en bruto = pig iron.
    * hierro fundido = cast-iron.
    * hierro para dorar = hot tool.
    * mano de hierro = iron fist, iron hand.
    * mineral de hierro = iron ore.
    * minería de hierro = iron ore mining.
    * óxido de hierro = iron oxide.
    * puño de hierro = iron fist, iron hand.
    * salud de hierro = cast-iron constitution.
    * sargento de hierro = drill sergeant.
    * tornillo de hierro = metal screw.
    * voluntad de hierro = iron will, will of iron.

    * * *
    1 ( Metal) iron
    atrapados entre los hierros del tren trapped in the wreckage of the train
    una verja de hierro iron railings
    tiene una salud de hierro he has an iron constitution
    una voluntad de hierro an iron will, a will of iron
    quitar hierro a algo to play sth down
    2 ( Agr) (herramienta) branding iron; (marca) brand
    3 (de una lanza, flecha) head, tip
    el que a hierro mata, a hierro muere he who lives by the sword, dies by the sword
    4 (en golf) iron
    un hierro cuatro a four iron
    5 ( Ven arg) (pistola) piece ( AmE sl), shooter ( BrE sl)
    Compuestos:
    wrought iron
    ● hierro fundido or colado
    cast iron
    * * *

     

    Del verbo herrar: ( conjugate herrar)

    hierro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    herrar    
    hierro
    hierro sustantivo masculino
    a) (Metal) iron;


    hierro fundido cast iron;
    de hierro iron ( before n)
    b) (de lanza, flecha) head, tip

    c) ( en golf) iron;


    herrar verbo transitivo
    1 (poner herraduras) to shoe
    2 (marcar a hierro) to brand
    3 (un cofre, mueble) to reinforce with ironwork
    hierro sustantivo masculino
    1 (metal) iron
    una reja de hierro, an iron grille
    una dieta rica en hierro, a diet rich in iron
    2 (de lanza, flecha, etc) head, tip
    3 (señal de ganadería) brand
    ' hierro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    candente
    - férrea
    - férreo
    - fierro
    - herrar
    - oxidada
    - oxidado
    - viga
    - edad
    - fundir
    - moho
    - oxidarse
    English:
    cast-iron
    - dead
    - elaborate
    - iron
    - Iron Age
    - knuckle duster
    - mineral
    - ore
    - rule
    - brand
    - cast
    - robust
    - wrought iron
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [metal] iron;
    una valla de hierro iron railings;
    se enganchó en un hierro he got himself caught on a piece of metal;
    tener una salud de hierro to have an iron constitution;
    quitarle hierro a algo to play sth down
    hierro colado cast iron;
    hierro dulce mild steel;
    hierro forjado wrought iron;
    hierro fundido cast iron;
    hierro laminado sheet metal
    2. [de puñal] blade;
    [de flecha] point;
    quien a hierro mata a hierro muere he who lives by the sword dies by the sword
    3. [palo de golf] iron;
    un hierro del 5 a 5 iron;
    un hierro corto/largo a short/long iron
    4. [para marcar animales] branding iron
    5. Fam [arma] shooter, US piece
    * * *
    m iron;
    de hierro iron atr ;
    salud de hierro iron constitution;
    quitar hierro a algo fig downplay sth, play sth down
    * * *
    hierro nm
    1) : iron
    hierro fundido: cast iron
    2) : branding iron
    * * *
    hierro n iron

    Spanish-English dictionary > hierro

  • 42 nature

    nature [natyʀ]
    1. feminine noun
       a. ( = monde physique) la nature nature
       b. ( = caractère) nature
    • quelle petite nature tu fais ! what a weakling you are!
       c. ( = sorte) kind
    • il y a un problème -- de quelle nature ? there's a problem -- what kind of problem?
    2. invariable adjective
       a. ( = sans adjonction) [café] black ; [eau, crêpe, omelette] plain ; [thé] without milk ; [yaourt] natural ; [salade] without dressing
       b. ( = sans artifice) [personne] (inf) natural
    * * *
    natyʀ
    1.
    adjectif invariable
    1) ( sans additif) [yaourt, fromage blanc] natural; [omelette] plain; [thé] black
    2) (colloq) ( spontané) [personne] natural

    2.
    2) ( environnement) nature

    lâcher quelqu'un dans la nature — ( en pleine campagne) to leave somebody in the middle of nowhere; fig to let somebody loose

    3) ( caractère) nature

    il est anxieux de nature, il est d'une nature anxieuse — he's nervous by nature

    avoir une nature fragile/robuste — to have a delicate/strong constitution

    4) ( réalité)

    plus petit/plus vrai que nature — smaller/more real than life

    en nature — [payer] in kind

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    partir or disparaître dans la nature — (colloq) to vanish into thin air

    * * *
    natyʀ
    1. nf
    3) (= caractère) nature

    Cela n'est pas dans sa nature de critiquer. — It isn't in his nature to make criticisms.

    4) (= sorte) nature
    2. adj
    1) (sans sucre, non aromatisé) (yaourt) plain
    2) (café, thé) (= sans lait) black
    3) (= sans sucre) without sugar
    4) (personne) natural
    * * *
    A adj inv
    1 ( sans additif) [yaourt, fromage blanc] natural; [omelette] plain; [thé] black; à consommer avec du sucre ou nature to be eaten with sugar or on its own;
    2 ○( spontané) [personne] natural.
    B nf
    1 ( forces nous gouvernant) nature; laisser faire la nature to let nature take its course; les lois de la nature the laws of nature; la nature fait bien les choses the ways of nature are wonderful; le pauvre n'a pas été aidé par la nature nature didn't do the poor man any favoursGB; contre nature against nature;
    2 ( environnement) nature; une merveille de la nature a wonder of nature; les couleurs que l'on trouve dans la nature the coloursGB that are found in nature; vivre au contact de la nature to live close to nature; protection or défense de la nature protection of the environment ou the natural world; une architecture bien intégrée à la nature architecture that fits in well with the natural environment; une nature hostile/sauvage a hostile/wild environment; en pleine nature in the heart of the countryside; lâcher qn dans la nature fig ( en pleine campagne) to leave sb in the middle of nowhere, to let sb loose;
    3 ( caractère) nature; une nature généreuse a generous nature; une nature impulsive/violente an impulsive/a violent nature; de nature à faire likely to do; une découverte de nature à révolutionner la technique a discovery likely to revolutionize the world of technology; des propositions de nature à rassurer proposals likely to reassure; la vraie nature de qn sb's true ou real nature; je n'y peux rien, c'est ma nature I can't do anything about it, that's just the way I am; il est anxieux de nature, il est d'une nature anxieuse he's nervous by nature, he's naturally nervous; ce n'est pas dans ma nature de m'énerver it's not in my nature to get angry; avoir une nature fragile/robuste to have a delicate/strong constitution; cela tient à la nature même du voyage this is due to the very nature of the trip; de même nature of the same nature; des offres de toute nature offers of all kinds; un déséquilibre de nature économique et démographique an imbalance of an economic and demographical nature;
    4 ( réalité) peindre d'après nature to paint from life; plus grand/plus petit/plus vrai que nature larger/smaller/more real than life;
    5 ( objets réels) en nature aussi hum [payer, régler] in kind; avantages en nature fringe benefits.
    nature humaine human nature; nature morte Art still life.
    partir or disparaître dans la nature to vanish into thin air.
    [natyr] nom féminin
    1. [univers naturel]
    2. [campagne]
    la nature nature, the country, the countryside
    disparaître ou s'évanouir dans la nature to vanish into thin air
    3. [caractère] nature
    ce n'est pas dans sa nature it's not like him, it's not in his nature
    c'est dans la nature des choses it's in the nature of things, that's the way the world is
    4. [type de personne] type, sort
    5. [sorte] nature, type, sort
    les raisonnements de cette nature this kind of argument, arguments of this kind
    6. ART
    ————————
    [natyr] adjectif invariable
    1. [bœuf, choucroute] plain, with no trimmings
    [salade, avocat] plain, with no dressing
    2. (familier) [simple] natural
    contre nature locution adjectivale
    des sentiments/penchants contre nature unnatural feelings/leanings
    c'est contre nature it's not natural, it goes against nature
    ————————
    de nature locution adjectivale
    ————————
    de nature à locution conjonctive
    likely ou liable to
    je ne suis pas de nature à me laisser faire I'm not the kind ou type of person you can push around
    de toute nature locution adjectivale
    of all kinds ou types
    ————————
    en nature locution adverbiale
    payer en nature (sens propre & figuré) to pay in kind
    ————————
    par nature locution adverbiale
    je suis conservateur par nature I'm naturally conservative, I'm conservative by nature

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > nature

  • 43 ijzersterk

    1  iron ⇒ cast-iron
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   hij kwam met ijzersterke argumenten • he produced very strong arguments
         een ijzersterk gestel • an iron constitution
         een ijzersterke grap • a classic (joke)
         zij is ijzersterk • she has an iron constitution 〈 gezond〉; she's as strong as an ox 〈 krachtig〉

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > ijzersterk

  • 44 تركيب

    تَرْكيب \ composition: (way of) arranging or mixing different things to form a whole: The composition of this group favours the government. I like the composition of his room. constitution: the way in which sth. is made up. installation: (an act of) installing. synthesis: the combining of separate things, ideas, etc. into a complete whole. \ See Also تأليف (تَأْليف)، بناء (بِناء)، تكوين (تَكْوين)‏ \ تَرْكيب أو بُنْيَة الجِسْمِ \ constitution: the general condition of a person’s body: She is seldom ill; she has a very strong constitution.

    Arabic-English dictionary > تركيب

  • 45 организм

    м
    organism; о человеке тж constitution

    у него́ кре́пкий/осла́бленный органи́зм — he has a strong/weak constitution

    Русско-английский учебный словарь > организм

  • 46 zij is ijzersterk

    zij is ijzersterk

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > zij is ijzersterk

  • 47 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 48 solide

    solide [sɔlid]
    1. adjective
       a. ( = non liquide) solid
       b. ( = robuste) solid ; [économie] strong
       c. ( = sérieux) solid ; [argument, formation, culture, connaissances, raisons] sound
    • leur couple, c'est du solide (inf) they have a solid relationship
       d. ( = vigoureux) [personne, jambes] sturdy ; [santé, cœur] sound
       e. (intensif) [coup de poing] hefty (inf) ; [revenus] substantial
    • il a un solide appétit or coup de fourchette (inf) he has a hearty appetite
    2. masculine noun
    * * *
    sɔlid
    1.
    1) ( consistant) solid
    2) ( résistant) [maison, amitié, lien] solid; [chaussures, sac] sturdy; [lien, fixation, lame, mécanisme] strong; [position, base] firm
    3) ( vigoureux) [personne, constitution] strong; [poignée de main] firm; [cœur, poumons] strong, sound

    être solide sur ses jambes — lit, fig to be steady on one's legs

    avoir la tête solide — fig to have one's head screwed on

    4) ( sérieux) [affaire, connaissances, expérience, raisons] sound; [garanties] firm; [qualités] solid; [partenaire] dependable
    5) ( substantiel) hearty

    2.
    nom masculin
    1) Mathématique, Physique solid
    2) ( fiable)

    ce qu'il te dit, c'est du solide — what he says is sound

    4) ( durable)

    les meubles anciens, c'est du solide — antique furniture is solidly built

    * * *
    sɔlid
    1. adj
    1) (non liquide) solid
    2) (= robuste) (mur, maison, meuble) solid, sturdy, (personne) robust, sturdy
    3) (moralement) strong
    4) (connaissances, arguments) sound
    2. nm
    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( consistant) [état, corps, aliment, carburant] solid;
    2 ( résistant) [maison, échafaudage, amitié, lien, union] solid; [chaussures, sac] sturdy; [lien, fixation, lame, mécanisme] strong; [position, base] firm; la chaise/l'étagère n'est pas très solide the chair/the shelf is a bit rickety; être solide au poste to be dependable at work;
    3 ( vigoureux) [personne, constitution] strong; [poignée de main] firm; [cœur, poumons] strong, sound; être solide sur ses jambes lit, fig to be steady on one's legs; elle a les nerfs solides she's got nerves of steel; avoir la tête solide fig to have one's head screwed on; ma tête n'est plus très solide my mind is going a bit; il a un solide coup de fourchette hum he likes his food;
    4 ( sérieux) [affaire, connaissances, expérience, raisons] sound; [garanties] firm; [qualités] solid; [partenaire] dependable; elle a une solide formation en informatique she's had a sound training in computer science; ton rapport n'est pas assez solide your report isn't very convincing; il a une solide réputation d'agressivité/de raseur○ he has a reputation for being aggressive/for being a bore;
    5 ( substantiel) hearty; un solide appétit hum a hearty appetite; un solide petit déjeuner a hearty breakfast.
    B nm
    1 Math, Phys solid;
    2 ( fiable) ce qu'il te dit, c'est du solide what he says is sound, you can believe what he says; ce secteur, c'est du solide that industry is solid;
    3 ( consistant) manger du solide to eat solids; marcher sur du solide to walk on firm ground;
    4 ( durable) les meubles anciens, c'est du solide antique furniture is solidly built.
    [sɔlid] adjectif
    1. [résistant - meubles, matériel] solid, sturdy, strong ; [ - papier] tough, strong ; [ - vêtements] hard-wearing ; [ - bâtiment] solid, strong ; [ - verrou, nœud] secure
    peu solide [chaise, pont] rickety
    2. [établi, stable - formation, culture, technique] sound ; [ - entreprise] well-established ; [ - institution, argument] solid, sound ; [ - professionnalisme, réputation] solid ; [ - bases] sound, firm ; [ - amitié] firm, enduring ; [ - foi] firm, staunch ; [ - principes, qualités] staunch, sound, sterling (modificateur) ; [ - monnaie] strong, firm
    attitude empreinte d'un solide bon sens no-nonsense attitude, attitude based on sound common sense
    3. [robuste - personne, membre] sturdy, robust ; [ - santé] sound
    avoir une solide avance sur ses concurrents to enjoy a secure ou comfortable lead over one's rivals
    5. [non liquide - aliments, corps, état] solid
    6. TEXTILES [tissu] resistant
    [teinture] fast
    ————————
    [sɔlid] nom masculin
    1. [ce qui est robuste]
    les voitures suédoises, c'est du solide Swedish cars are built to last
    son dernier argument, c'est du solide! (familier) her last argument is rock solid!
    2. [sol ferme] solid ground
    3. [aliments solides] solids, solid food
    4. MATHÉMATIQUES & PHYSIQUE solid

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > solide

  • 49 schwach

    I Adj.
    1. allg. weak; Stimme: weak, faint; Hoffnung, Lächeln: faint; Motor: low-powered; Batterie: low; Puls: weak, faint; Ton, Geruch: faint; Licht: dim; schwache Ähnlichkeit slight resemblance; schwaches Anzeichen faint sign; schwacher Beifall half-hearted applause; schwache Beteiligung low ( oder poor) turnout; schwache Erinnerung faint ( oder vague, dim) recollection; schwacher Esser poor eater; das schwache Geschlecht the weaker sex; schwaches Lob faint praise; schwache Stelle weak spot; eine schwache Stunde a moment of weakness; schwacher Trost small consolation; schwacher Versuch feeble attempt; schwacher Widerstand weak resistance; einen schwachen Willen haben be weak-willed; schwacher Wind slight ( oder light) breeze
    2. (schlecht) Mannschaft etc., Schüler: weak; umg. (enttäuschend) hopeless; Gesundheit, Gedächtnis, Gehör: poor; schwache Leistung poor ( oder weak) performance; schwache Vorstellung THEAT. poor performance; umg., fig. (schlechte Leistung) poor show; ein schwaches Bild bieten put up ( oder on) a poor show; schwache Seite Schwäche 2; eines der schwächeren Stücke Brechts one of Brecht’s weaker plays; in Erdkunde ist sie schwach geography is her weak subject, she’s not very good at geography; ein Stützkurs für die Schwächeren a support program(me) for weaker pupils; sozial schwach socially disadvantaged; die sozial Schwachen the socially disadvantaged
    3. (nachgiebig) soft; schwach werden weaken; fig. (nachgeben) auch relent; (erliegen) succumb; er wurde schwach fig. auch his resistance broke down; bei dem Anblick wurde ich schwach umg. I melted at the sight; sich schwach zeigen show one’s weakness; mach mich nicht schwach! umg. don’t say things like that!; nur nicht schwach werden! umg. don’t give in!; mir wird ganz schwach, wenn ich daran denke umg. I go weak at the knees just at the thought (of it)
    4. schwächer werden weaken (further), grow weaker; Nachfrage: fall off, decrease; Sehkraft: deteriorate; Ton, Licht: fade; schulisch, künstlerisch: abflauen, nachlassen
    5. schwach auf der Brust sein umg. be out of pocket
    II Adv.:
    1. schwach aktiv PHYS., Substanz: low-level; schwach radioaktiv PHYS.... emitting low-level radioactivity, low-level radioactive...; schwach besetzt SPORT, Team: weak; Turnier: with a poor entry; Stadion etc.: half empty; schwach besiedelt oder bevölkert Region: sparsely populated; schwach betont LING., Silbe: weakly stressed; schwach betont sein auch have a weak stress; schwach begabt not at all gifted; Schüler: low-ability; schwach besucht sein be poorly attended; schwach motorisiert low-powered; sich nur schwach wehren offer only weak resistance; sein Herz schlug nur noch schwach he only had a faint heartbeat; schwach dekliniertes Substantiv / Adjektiv weak noun / adjective
    2. (schlecht) schwach spielen play badly; schwach entwickelt poorly developed, underdeveloped
    * * *
    weak; frail; faint; slender; feeble; delicate; slight; feckless; flimsy; infirm; languid; lightweight; sinewed; lame; effete
    * * *
    schwạch [ʃvax]
    1. adj comp - er
    ['ʃvɛçɐ] superl -ste(r, s) ['ʃvɛçstə] weak (AUCH GRAM); Mensch, Greis, Begründung, Versuch, Aufführung, Alibi, Widerstand auch feeble; Konstitution auch frail; Gesundheit, Beteiligung, Gedächtnis poor; Ton, Anzeichen, Hoffnung, Bewegung faint, slight; Gehör poor, dull; Stimme weak, faint; Licht poor, dim; Wind light; (COMM) Nachfrage, Geschäft slack, poor

    jds schwache Seite/Stelle — sb's weak point/spot

    in einem schwachen Augenblick, in einer schwachen Stunde — in a moment of weakness, in a weak moment

    auf schwachen Beinen or Füßen stehen (fig) — to be on shaky ground; (Theorie) to be shaky

    alles, was in meinen schwachen Kräften steht — everything within my power

    mir wird schwach (lit) — I feel faint; (fig inf) it makes me sick (inf)

    schwächer werden — to grow weaker, to weaken; (Augen) to fail, to grow worse; (Stimme) to grow fainter; (Licht) to (grow) dim; (Ton) to fade; (Nachfrage) to fall off, to slacken

    der Schwächere — the weaker (person); (gegenüber Gegner) the underdog

    2. adv comp -er,
    superl am -sten
    1) (= leicht) schlagen weakly; vibrieren, radioaktiv slightly; spüren, riechen, hören barely
    2) (= spärlich) besucht, bestückt poorly
    3) (= geringfügig) klatschen weakly; sich interessieren slightly; sich beteiligen very little
    4) (= mild) salzen, süßen slightly; würzen lightly; pfeffern mildly
    * * *
    1) (not strong; weak or feeble: The fire was very low.) low
    2) (lacking in strength, brightness, courage etc: The sound grew faint; a faint light.) faint
    3) (in a faint manner: A light shone faintly.) faintly
    4) (slightly; rather: She looked faintly surprised.) faintly
    6) (weak: The old lady has been rather feeble since her illness; a feeble excuse.) feeble
    7) (not very well made; likely to break: a flimsy boat.) flimsy
    8) (lacking in physical strength: Her illness has made her very weak.) weak
    9) (not strong in character: I'm very weak when it comes to giving up cigarettes.) weak
    10) ((of an explanation etc) not convincing.) weak
    11) ((of a joke) not particularly funny.) weak
    12) (slenderly: slightly built.) slightly
    13) ((of a person) slim and delicate-looking: It seemed too heavy a load for such a slight woman.) slight
    * * *
    <schwächer, schwächste>
    [ʃvax]
    I. adj
    1. (nicht kräftig) weak; Stimme feeble, faint
    ▪ für etw akk zu \schwach sein to not be strong enough for sth
    krank und \schwach weak and ill
    ▪ der Schwächere/Schwächste the weaker/weakest person
    \schwacher Widerstand weak [or feeble] resistance
    einen \schwachen Willen haben to be weak-willed
    in Rechtschreibung ist er ziemlich \schwach his spelling is rather poor
    ein \schwacher Mitarbeiter/Sportler a poor worker/sportsman
    ein \schwacher Schüler a poor [or weak] pupil
    4. MED (unzureichend) weak, poor
    ein \schwaches Gehör/Sehvermögen poor [or weak] hearing/eyesight
    im Alter wird das Gehör schwächer one's hearing becomes poorer in old age
    \schwache Gesundheit poor health
    eine \schwache Konstitution haben to have a frail constitution
    5. (dürftig) weak, poor
    \schwaches Ergebnis poor result
    eine \schwache Leistung a poor performance [or fam show
    es gibt noch einige \schwache Stellen in unserem Plan our plan has still got some weaknesses
    7. (gering) weak; Licht dim
    \schwache Ähnlichkeit remote resemblance
    ein \schwaches Anzeichen a faint [or slight] indication
    ein \schwacher Bartwuchs a sparse [growth of] beard
    eine \schwache Beteiligung [o Teilnahme] poor participation
    ein \schwaches Interesse [very] little interest
    \schwache Nachfrage poor demand
    eine \schwache Resonanz a lukewarm response
    eine \schwache Vorstellung von etw dat haben to have a faint idea of sth
    8. (leicht) weak
    \schwache Atmung faint breathing
    eine \schwache Bewegung a slight [or faint] movement
    \schwacher Druck light pressure
    ein \schwacher Herzschlag a faint heartbeat
    ein \schwacher Luftzug/Wind a gentle [or light] breeze/wind
    eine \schwache Strömung a light current
    ▪ schwächer werden to become fainter
    \schwaches Magnetfeld low-intensity magnetic field
    dieser Motor ist zu \schwach this engine is not powerful enough
    das Licht wird schwächer the light is fading [or failing
    10. (dünn) Brett, Eisdecke thin
    ein \schwaches Kettenglied a weak chain-link
    12.
    ▶ [bei jdm/etw] \schwach werden (fam) to be unable to resist [sb/sth]
    bei Schokoladentorte werde ich immer \schwach I can never resist chocolate gateau
    bei dem Gehalt würde wohl jeder \schwach werden anybody would be tempted by a salary like that
    nur nicht \schwach werden! (standhaft bleiben!) don't weaken!; (durchhalten!) don't give in!
    ▶ jdm wird \schwach [zumute] (fam) sb feels faint; s.a. Augenblick, Bild, Trost, Stelle
    II. adv
    1. (leicht) faintly
    das Herz schlug nur noch \schwach the heartbeat had become faint
    er hat sich nur \schwach gewehrt he didn't put up much resistance
    2. (spärlich) sparsely
    nachts sind die Grenzübergänge \schwach besetzt the border crossings aren't very heavily [or well] manned at night
    mit Nachschlagewerken sind wir nun wirklich nicht \schwach bestückt we really have got quite a few [or lot of] reference works
    die Ausstellung war nur \schwach besucht the exhibition wasn't very well [or was poorly] attended
    Ihre Tochter beteiligt sich in den letzten Monaten nur noch \schwach am Unterricht your daughter has hardly been participating in class in recent months
    dieses Problem hat mich immer nur \schwach interessiert this problem has never been of any great interest to me
    \schwach applaudieren to applaud sparingly
    eine \schwache Erinnerung an etw akk haben to vaguely remember sth
    4. (dürftig) feebly
    die Mannschaft spielte ausgesprochen \schwach the team put up a feeble performance
    5. KOCHK (mild) slightly
    der Arzt hat mir geraten, \schwach gesalzen zu essen my doctor has advised me not to add [too] much salt to my food
    das Essen ist zu \schwach gewürzt the food isn't spicy enough
    6. NUKL
    \schwach aktiv low level active
    \schwach aktiver Abfall low level active waste
    7. CHEM
    \schwach basisch weak basic
    \schwach flüchtig low volatile
    \schwach löslich weakly soluble
    * * *
    1.
    ; schwächer, schwächst... Adjektiv
    1) (kraftlos) weak; weak, delicate <child, woman>; frail <invalid, old person>; low-powered <engine, car, bulb, amplifier, etc.>; weak, poor <eyesight, memory, etc.>; poor < hearing>; delicate <health, constitution>

    schwach werden — grow weak; (fig.): (schwanken) weaken; waver; (nachgeben) give in

    mir wird [ganz] schwach — I feel [quite] faint

    2) (nicht gut) poor <pupil, player, runner, performance, result, effort, etc.>; weak <candidate, argument, opponent, play, film, etc.>

    das ist aber ein schwaches Bild! — (fig. ugs.) that's a poor show (coll.)

    3) (gering, niedrig, klein) poor, low <attendance etc.>; sparse < population>; slight <effect, resistance, gradient, etc.>; light <wind, rain, current>; faint <groan, voice, pressure, hope, smile, smell>; weak, faint < pulse>; lukewarm <applause, praise>; faint, dim < light>; pale < colour>
    4) (wenig konzentriert) weak <solution, acid, tea, coffee, beer, poison, etc.>
    5) (Sprachw.) weak <conjugation, verb, noun, etc.>
    2.
    1) (kraftlos) weakly
    2) (nicht gut) poorly
    3) (in geringem Maße) poorly <attended, developed>; sparsely < populated>; slightly <poisonous, acid, alcoholic, sweetened, salted, inclined, etc.>; < rain> slightly; <remember, glow, smile, groan> faintly; lightly < accented>; < beat> weakly
    4) (Sprachw.)

    schwach gebeugt/konjugiert — weak

    * * *
    A. adj
    1. allg weak; Stimme: weak, faint; Hoffnung, Lächeln: faint; Motor: low-powered; Batterie: low; Puls: weak, faint; Ton, Geruch: faint; Licht: dim;
    schwache Ähnlichkeit slight resemblance;
    schwaches Anzeichen faint sign;
    schwacher Beifall half-hearted applause;
    schwache Beteiligung low ( oder poor) turnout;
    schwache Erinnerung faint ( oder vague, dim) recollection;
    schwacher Esser poor eater;
    das schwache Geschlecht the weaker sex;
    schwaches Lob faint praise;
    schwache Stelle weak spot;
    eine schwache Stunde a moment of weakness;
    schwacher Trost small consolation;
    schwacher Versuch feeble attempt;
    schwacher Widerstand weak resistance;
    schwacher Wind slight ( oder light) breeze
    2. (schlecht) Mannschaft etc, Schüler: weak; umg (enttäuschend) hopeless; Gesundheit, Gedächtnis, Gehör: poor;
    schwache Leistung poor ( oder weak) performance;
    schwache Vorstellung THEAT poor performance; umg, fig (schlechte Leistung) poor show;
    ein schwaches Bild bieten put up ( oder on) a poor show;
    eines der schwächeren Stücke Brechts one of Brecht’s weaker plays;
    in Erdkunde ist sie schwach geography is her weak subject, she’s not very good at geography;
    ein Stützkurs für die Schwächeren a support program(me) for weaker pupils;
    sozial schwach socially disadvantaged;
    die sozial Schwachen the socially disadvantaged
    3. (nachgiebig) soft;
    schwach werden weaken; fig (nachgeben) auch relent; (erliegen) succumb;
    er wurde schwach fig auch his resistance broke down;
    bei dem Anblick wurde ich schwach umg I melted at the sight;
    sich schwach zeigen show one’s weakness;
    nur nicht schwach werden! umg don’t give in!;
    mir wird ganz schwach, wenn ich daran denke umg I go weak at the knees just at the thought (of it)
    4.
    schwächer werden weaken (further), grow weaker; Nachfrage: fall off, decrease; Sehkraft: deteriorate; Ton, Licht: fade; schulisch, künstlerisch: → abflauen, nachlassen
    5.
    schwach auf der Brust sein umg be out of pocket
    B. adv:
    1.
    schwach aktiv PHYS, Substanz: low-level;
    schwach radioaktiv PHYS … emitting low-level radioactivity, low-level radioactive …;
    schwach besetzt SPORT, Team: weak; Turnier: with a poor entry; Stadion etc: half empty;
    bevölkert Region: sparsely populated;
    schwach betont LING, Silbe: weakly stressed;
    schwach betont sein auch have a weak stress;
    schwach begabt not at all gifted; Schüler: low-ability;
    schwach besucht sein be poorly attended;
    schwach motorisiert low-powered;
    sich nur schwach wehren offer only weak resistance;
    sein Herz schlug nur noch schwach he only had a faint heartbeat;
    schwach dekliniertes Substantiv/Adjektiv weak noun/adjective
    schwach spielen play badly;
    schwach entwickelt poorly developed, underdeveloped
    …schwach im adj
    ausdrucksschwach inarticulate, lacking expressive power;
    inhaltsschwach with poor content
    gedächtnisschwach with a poor memory;
    konditionsschwach unfit, in poor shape;
    konzentrationsschwach unable to concentrate properly;
    lernschwach with learning difficulties
    mitgliederschwach with few members;
    PS-schwach low-powered
    * * *
    1.
    ; schwächer, schwächst... Adjektiv
    1) (kraftlos) weak; weak, delicate <child, woman>; frail <invalid, old person>; low-powered <engine, car, bulb, amplifier, etc.>; weak, poor <eyesight, memory, etc.>; poor < hearing>; delicate <health, constitution>

    schwach werden — grow weak; (fig.): (schwanken) weaken; waver; (nachgeben) give in

    mir wird [ganz] schwach — I feel [quite] faint

    2) (nicht gut) poor <pupil, player, runner, performance, result, effort, etc.>; weak <candidate, argument, opponent, play, film, etc.>

    das ist aber ein schwaches Bild! — (fig. ugs.) that's a poor show (coll.)

    3) (gering, niedrig, klein) poor, low <attendance etc.>; sparse < population>; slight <effect, resistance, gradient, etc.>; light <wind, rain, current>; faint <groan, voice, pressure, hope, smile, smell>; weak, faint < pulse>; lukewarm <applause, praise>; faint, dim < light>; pale < colour>
    4) (wenig konzentriert) weak <solution, acid, tea, coffee, beer, poison, etc.>
    5) (Sprachw.) weak <conjugation, verb, noun, etc.>
    2.
    1) (kraftlos) weakly
    2) (nicht gut) poorly
    3) (in geringem Maße) poorly <attended, developed>; sparsely < populated>; slightly <poisonous, acid, alcoholic, sweetened, salted, inclined, etc.>; < rain> slightly; <remember, glow, smile, groan> faintly; lightly < accented>; < beat> weakly
    4) (Sprachw.)

    schwach gebeugt/konjugiert — weak

    * * *
    adj.
    faint adj.
    feckless adj.
    feeble adj.
    flimsy adj.
    fragile adj.
    infirm adj.
    languid adj.
    slight adj.
    weak adj. adv.
    faintly adv.
    fecklessly adv.
    feebly adv.
    flimsily adv.
    infirmly adv.
    languidly adv.
    slightly adv.
    weakly adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > schwach

  • 50 железен

    1. iron (attr.), made of iron; steel (attr.), made of steel
    (за кораб и пр.) iron-built
    железни изделия, железни части ironworks
    железен мост an iron bridge
    железни стружки iron shavings/filings
    желязна броня a coat of mail; armour
    желязна каса safe, strong-box
    хим. ferrous
    (за соли) chalybeate; ferrugin(e)ous
    железен сулфат (зелен камък) ferrous sulphate, sulphate of iron, copperas, green vitriol
    3. (метален, металически) metal (attr.) ; metallic
    железни изделия hardware, metal wares
    железни пари hard cash, coins
    железен звън a ring (ing) of metal, a metallic ring
    4. прен. iron (attr.), of iron; steel, of steel
    железни мишци muscles of iron
    управлявам с желязна ръка rule with an iron fist/with a rod of iron
    желязна воля iron will, will of iron/adamant
    желязно здраве, железен организъм an iron constitution
    имам железни нерви have iron nerves, have nerves of steel
    той има железен стомах he has the digestion of an ostrich
    железен път railway, ам. railroad; track; rails; a permanent way
    железен (дълбок) резерв an iron/emergency ration
    * * *
    желѐзен,
    прил., желя̀зна, желя̀зно, желѐзни 1. iron (attr.), made of iron; steel (attr.), made of steel; (за кораб и пр.) iron-built; железни изделия, железни части ironworks; железни отпадъци scrap-iron; железни стружки iron shavings/filings; желязна броня coat of mail; armour; желязна каса safe, strong-box; желязна ламарина plate/sheet iron; желязно въже steel cable;
    2. ( който съдържа желязо) iron (attr.); ferreous; хим. ferrous; (за соли) chalybeate; ferrugin(e)ous; (за почва) ferriferous; \железен сулфат ( зелен камък) ferrous sulphate, sulphate of iron, copperas, green vitriol; желязна руда iron-ore; желязна сплав ferreous alloy, ferro-alloy;
    3. ( метален, металически) metal (attr.); metallic; \железен звън ring(ing) of metal, metallic ring; железни изделия hardware, metal wares; железни пари hard cash, coins;
    4. прен. iron (attr.), of iron; steel, of steel; железни мишци muscles of iron; желязна хватка grip of steel; желязно здраве, \железен организъм iron constitution; имам железни нерви have iron nerves, have nerves of steel; той има \железен стомах he has the digestion of an ostrich; управлявам с желязна ръка rule with an iron fist/with a rod of iron; човек с железни нерви steel-nerved man; • \железен път railway, амер. railroad; track; rails; a permanent way; \железен ( дълбок) резерв iron/emergency ration; Железни врата (на Дунав) the Iron Gates; железният век истор. the Iron Age; желязно алиби cast-iron alibi; желязно дърво бот. lignum vitae ( Guaiacum).
    * * *
    ferrous: an железен bridge - железен мост; irony
    * * *
    1. (за кораб и пр.) iron-built 2. (за соли) chalybeate;ferrugin(e)ous 3. (който съдържа желязо) iron (attr.) 4. (метален, металически) metal (attr.) ;metallic 5. iron (attr.), made of iron;steel (attr.), made of steel 6. ЖЕЛЕЗЕН (дълбок) резерв an iron/emergency ration 7. ЖЕЛЕЗЕН звън a ring(ing) of metal, a metallic ring 8. ЖЕЛЕЗЕН мост an iron bridge 9. ЖЕЛЕЗЕН път railway, ам. railroad;track;rails;a permanent way 10. ЖЕЛЕЗЕН сулфат (зелен камък) ferrous sulphate, sulphate of iron, copperas, green vitriol 11. Железните врата (на Дунава) the Iron Gates 12. железни изделия hardware, metal wares 13. железни изделия, железни части ironworks 14. железни мишци muscles of iron 15. железни отпадъци scrap-iron 16. железни пари hard cash, coins 17. железни стружки iron shavings/ filings 18. железният век the Iron Age 19. желязна броня a coat of mail;armour 20. желязна воля iron will, will of iron/adamant 21. желязна дисциплина iron discipline 22. желязна каса safe, strong-box 23. желязна ламарина plate/sheet iron 24. желязна руда iron-ore 25. желязна сплав ferro-alloy 26. желязна хватка a grip of steel 27. желязно въже a steel cable 28. желязно дърво бот. lignum vitae (Guaiacum) 29. желязно здраве, ЖЕЛЕЗЕН организъм an iron constitution 30. имам железни нерви have iron nerves, have nerves of steel 31. прен. iron (attr.), of iron;steel, of steel 32. той има ЖЕЛЕЗЕН стомах he has the digestion of an ostrich 33. управлявам с желязна ръка rule with an iron fist/with a rod of iron 34. хим. ferrous 35. човек с железни нерви a steel-nerved man 36. човек с желязна воля an iron-willed man

    Български-английски речник > железен

  • 51 hold

    hold [həʊld]
    tenir ⇒ 1A (a), 1A (f), 1B (a), 1B (b), 1D (b), 1D (d), 2 (d) avoir ⇒ 1A (c) retenir ⇒ 1A (e), 1C (b) contenir ⇒ 1A (f) exercer ⇒ 1A (g) réserver ⇒ 1A (e), 1A (h) conserver ⇒ 1A (i) stocker ⇒ 1A (i) maintenir ⇒ 1B (a) détenir ⇒ 1A (i), 1C (a) croire ⇒ 1D (a) continuer ⇒ 1D (e) se tenir ⇒ 2 (a) tenir bon ⇒ 2 (b) durer ⇒ 2 (c) attendre ⇒ 2 (f) prise ⇒ 3D (a)-(c) en attente ⇒ 4D
    (pt & pp held [held])
    A.
    (a) (clasp, grasp) tenir;
    ∎ to hold sth in one's hand (book, clothing, guitar) avoir qch à la main; (key, money) tenir qch dans la main;
    ∎ to hold sth with both hands tenir qch à deux mains;
    ∎ will you hold my coat a second? peux-tu prendre ou tenir mon manteau un instant?;
    ∎ to hold the door for sb tenir la porte à ou pour qn;
    ∎ also figurative to hold sb's hand tenir la main à qn;
    ∎ to hold hands se donner la main, se tenir (par) la main;
    ∎ hold my hand while we cross the street donne-moi la main pour traverser la rue;
    ∎ to hold sb in one's arms tenir qn dans ses bras;
    ∎ to hold sb close or tight serrer qn contre soi;
    ∎ hold it tight and don't let go tiens-le bien et ne le lâche pas;
    ∎ to hold one's nose se boucher le nez;
    ∎ to hold one's sides with laughter se tenir les côtes de rire
    (b) (keep, sustain)
    ∎ to hold sb's attention/interest retenir l'attention de qn;
    ∎ the film doesn't hold the attention for long le film ne retient pas l'attention très longtemps;
    ∎ to hold an audience tenir un auditoire;
    ∎ to hold one's serve (in tennis) défendre son service;
    ∎ Politics to hold a seat (to be an MP) occuper un siège de député; (to be re-elected) être réélu;
    ∎ to hold one's own se défendre, bien se débrouiller;
    ∎ the Prime Minister held her own during the debate le Premier ministre a tenu bon ou ferme pendant le débat;
    ∎ she is well able to hold her own elle sait se défendre;
    ∎ he can hold his own in chess il se défend bien aux échecs;
    ∎ our products hold their own against the competition nos produits se tiennent bien par rapport à la concurrence;
    ∎ to hold the floor garder la parole;
    ∎ the senator held the floor for an hour le sénateur a gardé la parole pendant une heure
    (c) (have, possess → degree, permit, ticket) avoir, posséder; (→ job, position) avoir, occuper;
    ∎ do you hold a clean driving licence? avez-vous déjà été sanctionné pour des infractions au code de la route?;
    ∎ she holds the post of treasurer elle occupe le poste de trésorière;
    ∎ to hold office (chairperson, deputy) être en fonction, remplir sa fonction; (minister) détenir ou avoir un portefeuille; (political party, president) être au pouvoir ou au gouvernement;
    ∎ Religion to hold a living jouir d'un bénéfice;
    ∎ Finance to hold stock or shares détenir ou avoir des actions;
    ∎ to hold 5 percent of the shares in a company détenir 5 pour cent du capital d'une société;
    ∎ also figurative to hold a record détenir un record;
    ∎ she holds the world record for the javelin elle détient le record mondial du javelot
    ∎ the guerrillas held the bridge for several hours les guérilleros ont tenu le pont plusieurs heures durant;
    ∎ Military to hold the enemy contenir l'ennemi;
    ∎ figurative to hold centre stage occuper le centre de la scène;
    ∎ hold it!, hold everything! (stop and wait) attendez!; (stay still) arrêtez!, ne bougez plus!;
    ∎ familiar figurative hold your horses! pas si vite!
    (e) (reserve, set aside) retenir, réserver;
    ∎ we'll hold the book for you until next week nous vous réserverons le livre ou nous vous mettrons le livre de côté jusqu'à la semaine prochaine;
    ∎ will the restaurant hold the table for us? est-ce que le restaurant va nous garder la table?
    (f) (contain) contenir, tenir;
    ∎ this bottle holds 2 litres cette bouteille contient 2 litres;
    ∎ will this suitcase hold all our clothes? est-ce que cette valise sera assez grande pour tous nos vêtements?;
    ∎ the car is too small to hold us all la voiture est trop petite pour qu'on y tienne tous;
    ∎ the hall holds a maximum of 250 people la salle peut accueillir ou recevoir 250 personnes au maximum, il y a de la place pour 250 personnes au maximum dans cette salle;
    ∎ to hold one's drink bien supporter l'alcool;
    ∎ the letter holds the key to the murder la lettre contient la clé du meurtre
    (g) (have, exercise) exercer;
    ∎ the subject holds a huge fascination for some people le sujet exerce une énorme fascination sur certaines personnes;
    ∎ sport held no interest for them pour eux, le sport ne présentait aucun intérêt
    (h) (have in store) réserver;
    ∎ who knows what the future may hold? qui sait ce que nous réserve l'avenir?
    (i) (conserve, store) conserver, détenir; Computing stocker;
    ∎ we can't hold this data forever nous ne pouvons pas conserver ou stocker ces données éternellement;
    ∎ how much data will this disk hold? quelle quantité de données cette disquette peut-elle stocker?;
    ∎ the commands are held in the memory/in a temporary buffer les instructions sont gardées en mémoire/sont enregistrées dans une mémoire intermédiaire;
    ∎ my lawyer holds a copy of my will mon avocat détient ou conserve un exemplaire de mon testament;
    ∎ this photo holds fond memories for me cette photo me rappelle de bons souvenirs
    ∎ the new car holds the road well la nouvelle voiture tient bien la route
    B.
    (a) (maintain in position) tenir, maintenir;
    ∎ she held her arms by her sides elle avait les bras le long du corps;
    ∎ her hair was held in place with hairpins des épingles (à cheveux) retenaient ou maintenaient ses cheveux;
    ∎ what's holding the picture in place? qu'est-ce qui tient ou maintient le tableau en place?;
    ∎ hold the picture a bit higher tenez le tableau un peu plus haut
    (b) (carry) tenir;
    ∎ to hold oneself upright or erect se tenir droit;
    ∎ also figurative to hold one's head high garder la tête haute
    C.
    (a) (confine, detain) détenir;
    ∎ the police are holding him for questioning la police l'a gardé à vue pour l'interroger;
    ∎ they're holding him for murder ils l'ont arrêté pour meurtre;
    ∎ she was held without trial for six weeks elle est restée en prison six semaines sans avoir été jugée
    (b) (keep back, retain) retenir;
    ∎ Law to hold sth in trust for sb tenir qch par fidéicommis pour qn;
    ∎ the post office will hold my mail for me while I'm away la poste gardera mon courrier pendant mon absence;
    ∎ figurative once she starts talking politics there's no holding her! dès qu'elle commence à parler politique, rien ne peut l'arrêter!;
    ∎ American one burger, hold the mustard! (in restaurant) un hamburger, sans moutarde!
    ∎ don't hold dinner for me ne m'attendez pas pour dîner;
    ∎ they held the plane another thirty minutes ils ont retenu l'avion au sol pendant encore trente minutes;
    ∎ hold all decisions on the project until I get back attendez mon retour pour prendre des décisions concernant le projet;
    ∎ hold the front page! ne lancez pas la une tout de suite!;
    ∎ hold the lift! ne laissez pas les portes de l'ascenseur se refermer, j'arrive!
    ∎ we have held costs to a minimum nous avons limité nos frais au minimum;
    ∎ inflation has been held at the same level for several months le taux d'inflation est maintenu au même niveau depuis plusieurs mois;
    ∎ they held their opponents to a goalless draw ils ont réussi à imposer le match nul
    D.
    (a) (assert, claim) maintenir, soutenir; (believe) croire, considérer;
    ∎ formal I hold that teachers should be better paid je considère ou j'estime que les enseignants devraient être mieux payés;
    ∎ the Constitution holds that all men are free la Constitution stipule que tous les hommes sont libres;
    ∎ he holds strong beliefs on the subject of abortion il a de solides convictions en ce qui concerne l'avortement;
    ∎ she holds strong views on the subject elle a une opinion bien arrêtée sur le sujet;
    ∎ her statement is held to be true sa déclaration passe pour vraie
    (b) (consider, regard) tenir, considérer;
    ∎ to hold sb responsible for sth tenir qn pour responsable de qch;
    ∎ I'll hold you responsible if anything goes wrong je vous tiendrai pour responsable ou je vous considérerai responsable s'il y a le moindre incident;
    ∎ the president is to be held accountable for his actions le président doit répondre de ses actes;
    ∎ to hold sb in contempt mépriser ou avoir du mépris pour qn;
    ∎ to hold sb in high esteem avoir beaucoup d'estime pour qn, tenir qn en haute estime
    (c) Law (judge) juger;
    ∎ the appeal court held the evidence to be insufficient la cour d'appel a considéré que les preuves étaient insuffisantes
    (d) (carry on, engage in → conversation, meeting) tenir; (→ party) donner; (organize) organiser;
    ∎ to hold an election/elections procéder à une élection/à des élections;
    ∎ the book fair is held in Frankfurt la foire du livre se tient ou a lieu à Francfort;
    ∎ the classes are held in the evening les cours ont lieu le soir;
    ∎ interviews will be held in early May les entretiens auront lieu au début du mois de mai ou début mai;
    ∎ to hold talks être en pourparlers;
    ∎ the city is holding a service for Armistice Day la ville organise un office pour commémorer le 11 novembre;
    ∎ mass is held at eleven o'clock la messe est célébrée à onze heures
    ∎ Nautical to hold course tenir la route;
    ∎ we held our southerly course nous avons maintenu le cap au sud, nous avons continué notre route vers le sud;
    ∎ Music to hold a note tenir une note
    ∎ will you hold (the line)? voulez-vous patienter?;
    ∎ hold the line! ne quittez pas!;
    ∎ the line's busy just now - I'll hold le poste est occupé pour le moment - je patiente ou je reste en ligne;
    ∎ hold all my calls ne me passez aucun appel
    (a) (cling → person) se tenir, s'accrocher;
    ∎ she held tight to the railing elle s'est cramponnée ou accrochée à la rampe;
    ∎ hold fast!, hold tight! accrochez-vous bien!;
    ∎ figurative their resolve held fast or firm in the face of fierce opposition ils ont tenu bon face à une opposition acharnée
    (b) (remain in place → nail, fastening) tenir bon;
    ∎ the rope won't hold for long la corde ne tiendra pas longtemps
    (c) (last → luck) durer; (→ weather) durer, se maintenir;
    ∎ prices held at the same level as last year les prix se sont maintenus au même niveau que l'année dernière;
    ∎ the pound held firm against the dollar la livre s'est maintenue par rapport au dollar;
    ∎ we might buy him a guitar if his interest in music holds nous lui achèterons peut-être une guitare s'il continue à s'intéresser à la musique
    (d) (remain valid → invitation, offer) tenir; (→ argument, theory) valoir, être valable;
    ∎ to hold good (invitation, offer) tenir; (promises) tenir, valoir; (argument, theory) rester valable;
    ∎ the principle still holds good le principe tient ou vaut toujours;
    ∎ that theory only holds if you consider... cette théorie n'est valable que si vous prenez en compte...;
    ∎ the same holds for Spain il en est de même pour l'Espagne
    (e) (stay, remain) familiar
    ∎ hold still! ne bougez pas!□
    (f) (on telephone) attendre;
    ∎ the line's British engaged or American busy, will you hold? la ligne est occupée, voulez-vous patienter?
    3 noun
    (a) (grasp, grip) prise f; (in wrestling) prise f; Boxing tenu m;
    ∎ to catch or to grab or to seize or to take hold of sth se saisir de ou saisir qch;
    ∎ she caught hold of the rope elle a saisi la corde;
    ∎ grab (a) hold of that towel tiens! prends cette serviette;
    ∎ there was nothing for me to grab hold of il n'y avait rien à quoi m'accrocher ou me cramponner;
    ∎ get a good or take a firm hold on or of the railing tenez-vous bien à la balustrade;
    ∎ I still had hold of his hand je le tenais toujours par la main;
    ∎ to get hold of sth (find) se procurer ou trouver qch;
    ∎ it's difficult to get hold of this book ce livre est difficile à trouver;
    ∎ we got hold of the book you wanted nous avons trouvé le livre que tu voulais;
    ∎ where did you get hold of that idea? où est-ce que tu es allé chercher cette idée?;
    ∎ to get hold of sb trouver qn;
    ∎ I've been trying to get hold of you all week! je t'ai cherché toute la semaine!;
    ∎ just wait till the newspapers get hold of the story attendez un peu que les journaux s'emparent de la nouvelle;
    ∎ she kept hold of the rope elle n'a pas lâché la corde;
    ∎ you'd better keep hold of the tickets tu ferais bien de garder les billets;
    ∎ get a hold on yourself ressaisis-toi, ne te laisse pas aller;
    ∎ to take hold (fire) prendre; (idea) se répandre;
    ∎ Sport & figurative no holds barred tous les coups sont permis
    (b) (controlling force or influence) prise f, influence f;
    ∎ the Church still exerts a strong hold on the country l'Église a toujours une forte mainmise sur le pays;
    ∎ to have a hold over sb avoir de l'influence sur qn;
    ∎ I have no hold over him je n'ai aucune prise ou influence sur lui;
    ∎ the Mafia obviously has some kind of hold over him de toute évidence, la Mafia le tient d'une manière ou d'une autre
    (c) (in climbing) prise f
    (d) (delay, pause) pause f, arrêt m;
    ∎ the company has put a hold on all new orders l'entreprise a suspendu ou gelé toutes les nouvelles commandes
    (e) American (order to reserve) réservation f;
    ∎ the association put a hold on all the hotel rooms l'association a réservé toutes les chambres de l'hôtel
    (f) (prison) prison f; (cell) cellule f; (fortress) place f forte
    (g) (store → in plane) soute f; (→ in ship) cale f
    (h) Music point m d'orgue
    (gen) & Telecommunications en attente;
    ∎ to put sb on hold mettre qn en attente;
    ∎ we've put the project on hold nous avons mis le projet en attente;
    ∎ the operator kept me on hold for ten minutes le standardiste m'a mis en attente pendant dix minutes
    ∎ to hold sth against sb en vouloir à qn de qch;
    ∎ his collaboration with the enemy will be held against him sa collaboration avec l'ennemi lui sera préjudiciable;
    ∎ he lied to her and she still holds it against him il lui a menti et elle lui en veut toujours;
    ∎ I hope you won't hold it against me if I decide not to accept j'espère que tu ne m'en voudras pas si je décide de ne pas accepter
    (a) (control, restrain → animal, person) retenir, tenir; (→ crowd, enemy forces) contenir; (→ anger, laughter, tears) retenir, réprimer; (→ inflation) contenir;
    ∎ the government has succeeded in holding back inflation le gouvernement a réussi à contenir l'inflation
    (b) (keep → money, supplies) retenir; figurative (→ information, truth) cacher, taire;
    ∎ she's holding something back from me elle me cache quelque chose
    ∎ they held her back a year ils lui ont fait redoubler une classe, ils l'ont fait redoubler
    (d) (prevent progress of) empêcher de progresser;
    ∎ his difficulties with maths are holding him back ses difficultés en maths l'empêchent de progresser;
    ∎ lack of investment is holding industry back l'absence d'investissements freine l'industrie
    (stay back) rester en arrière; figurative (restrain oneself) se retenir;
    ∎ he has held back from making a commitment il s'est abstenu de s'engager;
    ∎ the president held back before sending in the army le président a hésité avant d'envoyer les troupes;
    ∎ don't hold back, tell me everything vas-y, dis-moi tout
    (a) (keep in place → paper, carpet) maintenir en place; (→ person) forcer à rester par terre, maintenir au sol;
    ∎ it took four men to hold him down il a fallu quatre hommes pour le maîtriser ou pour le maintenir au sol
    (b) (keep to limit) restreindre, limiter;
    ∎ they're holding unemployment down to 4 percent ils maintiennent le taux de chômage à 4 pour cent;
    ∎ to hold prices down empêcher les prix de monter, empêcher la montée des prix
    ∎ to hold down a job (occupy) avoir un emploi; (keep) garder un emploi;
    ∎ he's never managed to hold down a job il n'a jamais pu garder un emploi bien longtemps;
    ∎ although she's a student, she holds down a full-time job bien qu'elle étudie, elle occupe un poste à plein temps
    (d) Computing (key, mouse button) maintenir enfoncé
    pérorer, disserter;
    ∎ he held forth on the evils of drink il a fait un long discours sur les conséquences néfastes de l'alcool
    (a) (stomach) rentrer
    (b) (emotion) retenir; (anger) contenir
    (a) (keep at distance) tenir à distance ou éloigné;
    ∎ the troops held off the enemy les troupes ont tenu l'ennemi à distance;
    ∎ they managed to hold off the attack ils ont réussi à repousser l'attaque;
    ∎ I can't hold the reporters off any longer je ne peux plus faire attendre ou patienter les journalistes
    (b) (delay, put off) remettre à plus tard;
    ∎ he held off going to see the doctor until May il a attendu le mois de mai pour aller voir le médecin;
    ∎ I held off making a decision j'ai remis la décision à plus tard
    ∎ at least the rain held off au moins il n'a pas plu
    (b) (abstain) s'abstenir;
    ∎ hold off from smoking for a few weeks abstenez-vous de fumer ou ne fumez pas pendant quelques semaines
    ➲ hold on
    (a) (grasp, grip) tenir bien, s'accrocher;
    ∎ to hold on to sth bien tenir qch, s'accrocher à qch, se cramponner à qch;
    ∎ hold on! accrochez-vous!;
    ∎ hold on to your hat! tenez votre chapeau (sur la tête)!
    ∎ hold on to this contract for me (keep it) garde-moi ce contrat;
    ∎ all politicians try to hold on to power tous les hommes politiques essaient de rester au pouvoir;
    ∎ hold on to your dreams/ideals accrochez-vous à vos rêves/idéaux
    (c) (continue, persevere) tenir, tenir le coup;
    ∎ how long can you hold on? combien de temps pouvez-vous tenir (le coup)?;
    ∎ I can't hold on much longer je ne peux pas tenir (le coup) beaucoup plus longtemps
    (d) (wait) attendre; (stop) arrêter;
    ∎ hold on just one minute! (stop) arrêtez!; (wait) attendez!, pas si vite!;
    ∎ hold on, how do I know I can trust you? attends un peu! qu'est-ce qui me prouve que je peux te faire confiance?;
    ∎ Telecommunications hold on please! ne quittez pas!;
    ∎ I had to hold on for several minutes j'ai dû patienter plusieurs minutes
    (maintain in place) tenir ou maintenir en place;
    ∎ her hat is held on with pins son chapeau est maintenu (en place) par des épingles
    (a) (last → supplies, stocks) durer;
    ∎ will the car hold out till we get home? la voiture tiendra-t-elle (le coup) jusqu'à ce qu'on rentre?
    (b) (refuse to yield) tenir bon, tenir le coup;
    ∎ the garrison held out for weeks la garnison a tenu bon pendant des semaines;
    ∎ the management held out against any suggested changes la direction a refusé tous les changements proposés
    (extend) tendre;
    ∎ she held out the book to him elle lui a tendu le livre;
    ∎ also figurative to hold out one's hand to sb tendre la main à qn;
    ∎ I held out my hand j'ai tendu la main;
    ∎ his mother held her arms out to him sa mère lui a ouvert ou tendu les bras
    (offer) offrir;
    ∎ I can't hold out any promise of improvement je ne peux promettre aucune amélioration;
    ∎ the doctors hold out little hope for him les médecins ont peu d'espoir pour lui;
    ∎ science holds out some hope for cancer patients la science offre un espoir pour les malades du cancer
    exiger;
    ∎ the workers held out for a shorter working week les ouvriers réclamaient une semaine de travail plus courte;
    ∎ we're holding out for a higher offer nous attendons qu'on nous en offre un meilleur prix
    ∎ you're holding out on me! tu me caches quelque chose!□
    (a) (position) tenir au-dessus de;
    ∎ she held the glass over the sink elle tenait le verre au-dessus de l'évier;
    ∎ figurative they hold the threat of redundancy over their workers ils maintiennent la menace de licenciement sur leurs ouvriers
    (b) (postpone) remettre, reporter;
    ∎ we'll hold these items over until the next meeting on va remettre ces questions à la prochaine réunion;
    ∎ payment was held over for six months le paiement a été différé pendant six mois
    (c) (retain) retenir, garder;
    ∎ they're holding the show over for another month ils vont laisser le spectacle à l'affiche encore un mois
    (d) Music tenir
    ➲ hold to
    (promise, tradition) s'en tenir à, rester fidèle à; (decision) maintenir, s'en tenir à;
    ∎ you must hold to your principles vous devez rester fidèle à vos principes
    ∎ we held him to his promise nous lui avons fait tenir parole;
    ∎ if I win, I'll buy you lunch - I'll hold you to that! si je gagne, je t'invite à déjeuner - je te prends au mot!
    (book, car) maintenir; (two objects) maintenir ensemble; (community, family) maintenir l'union de;
    ∎ the two pieces of wood are held together by nails les deux morceaux de bois sont cloués ensemble;
    ∎ we need a leader who can hold the workers together il nous faut un chef qui puisse rallier les ouvriers
    ➲ hold up
    (a) (lift, raise) lever, élever;
    ∎ I held up my hand j'ai levé la main;
    ∎ hold the picture up to the light tenez la photo à contre-jour;
    ∎ to hold up one's head redresser la tête;
    ∎ figurative she felt she would never be able to hold her head up again elle pensait qu'elle ne pourrait plus jamais marcher la tête haute
    (b) (support) soutenir;
    ∎ my trousers were held up with safety pins mon pantalon était maintenu par des épingles de sûreté
    ∎ they were held up as an example of efficient local government on les présentaient comme un exemple de gouvernement local compétent;
    ∎ to hold sb up to ridicule tourner qn en ridicule
    (d) (delay) retarder; (stop) arrêter;
    ∎ the traffic held us up la circulation nous a mis en retard;
    ∎ the accident held up traffic for an hour l'accident a bloqué la circulation pendant une heure;
    ∎ our departure was held up by bad weather notre départ a été retardé par le mauvais temps;
    ∎ I was held up j'ai été retenu;
    ∎ the project was held up for lack of funds (before it started) le projet a été mis en attente faute de financement; (after it started) le projet a été interrompu faute de financement;
    ∎ the goods were held up at customs les marchandises ont été immobilisées à la douane
    (e) (rob) faire une attaque à main armée;
    ∎ to hold up a bank faire un hold-up dans une banque
    (clothing, equipment) tenir; (supplies) tenir, durer; (weather) se maintenir;
    ∎ the car held up well during the trip la voiture a bien tenu le coup pendant le voyage;
    ∎ she's holding up well under the pressure elle supporte bien la pression;
    ∎ my finances are holding up well je tiens le coup financièrement
    British (agree with) être d'accord avec; (approve of) approuver;
    ∎ I don't hold with her ideas on socialism je ne suis pas d'accord avec ou je ne partage pas ses idées concernant le socialisme;
    ∎ his mother doesn't hold with private schools sa mère est contre ou désapprouve les écoles privées

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > hold

  • 52 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 53 ir

    v.
    1 to go.
    ir hacia el sur/al cine to go south/to the cinema
    ir en autobús/coche to go by bus/car
    ir andando to go on foot, to walk
    ¡vamos! let's go!
    2 to be gradually.
    ir haciendo algo to be (gradually) doing something
    va anocheciendo it's getting dark
    3 to go.
    le va bien en su nuevo trabajo things are going well for him in his new job
    su negocio va mal his business is going badly
    ¿cómo te va? how are you doing?
    4 to go.
    estas tazas van con estos platos these cups go with these saucers
    5 to go, to belong.
    esto no va ahí that doesn't go o belong there
    6 to go, to leave (marcharse).
    irse a to go to
    ¡vete! go away!
    El bus va por el camino The bus goes down the road.
    7 to go (to search).
    ir (a) por algo/alguien to go and get something/somebody, to go and fetch something/somebody (peninsular Spanish)
    8 to go (to consume, to disappear).
    se ha ido la luz there's been a power cut
    9 to be going (intención).
    ir a hacer algo to be going to do something
    te voy a echar de menos I'm going to miss you
    10 to get (to change).
    ir a mejor/peor to get better/worse
    11 to work.
    la manivela va floja the crank is loose
    la televisión no va the television isn't working
    12 to be meant (comentario, indirecta).
    ir por alguien to be meant for somebody, to be aimed at somebody
    13 to suit (clothes).
    irle (bien) a alguien to suit somebody
    esta camisa no va con esos pantalones this shirt doesn't go with these trousers
    14 to do (tratamiento).
    irle bien a alguien to do somebody good
    15 to like, to care.
    no me va el pop I don't like pop music (peninsular Spanish)
    ni me va ni me viene I don't care one way or the other
    16 to attend.
    Ricardo va en las tardes Richard attends in the afternoons.
    17 to be doing, to make out.
    Me va bien I am doing well.
    18 to keep on, to keep.
    Ir caminando Keep on walking.
    19 to go for.
    Me va bien el negocio The business goes well for me
    20 to match.
    Estas medias van These socks match.
    * * *
    IR
    Present Indicative
    voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van.
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Past Indicative
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    ve (tú), vaya (él/Vd.), vayamos (nos.), id (vos.), vayan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    •
    - ir a pie
    - irse
    * * *
    Para las expresiones ir de vacaciones, ir de veras, ir dado, irse de la lengua, ver la otra entrada.
    1. VERBO INTRANSITIVO
    1) (=marchar)
    a) [indicando movimiento, acción] to go

    ¿has ido alguna vez a Quito? — have you ever been to Quito?

    ¿a qué colegio vas? — what school do you go to?

    esta carretera va a Huesca — this road goes to Huesca, this is the road to Huesca

    ir con tiento — to go carefully {o} cautiously

    ¡ya voy!, ¡ahora voy! — coming!, I'll be right there!

    ¿quién va? — (Mil) who goes there?

    b) [indicando la forma de transporte]

    • ir [andando] — to walk, go on foot

    tuvimos que ir andando — we had to walk {o} go on foot

    ¿vas a ir andando o en autobús? — are you walking or going by bus?

    • ir en [avión] — to fly

    • ir en [bicicleta] — to ride

    • ir a [caballo] — to ride

    • fui en [coche] — I went by car, I drove

    • ir a [pie] — to walk, go on foot

    • fui en [tren] — I went by train {o} rail

    c) [con complemento]
    d)

    • ir (a) [por] — to go and get

    voy por el médico — I'll go and fetch {o} get the doctor

    voy a por él — [a buscarle] I'll go and get him; [a atacarle] I'm going to get him

    solo van a por las pelas — * they're only in it for the money

    2) [indicando proceso]
    a) [persona]

    ¿cómo va el paciente? — how's the patient doing?

    el enfermo va mejor — the patient is improving {o} doing better

    b) [acción, obra] to go

    ¿cómo va el ensayo? — how's the essay going?, how are you getting on with the essay?

    ¿cómo va el partido? — what's the score?

    ¿cómo va eso? — how are things (going)?

    todo va bien — everything's fine, everything's going well

    los resultados van a mejor — the results are improving {o} getting better

    c)

    • ir [por], ¿te has leído ya el libro? ¿por dónde vas? — have you read the book yet? whereabouts are you? {o} how far have you got?

    3) [indicando manera, posición]
    4) (=extenderse) to go, stretch

    la pradera va desde la montaña hasta el mar — the grasslands go {o} stretch from the mountains to the sea

    • [en lo que] va de año — so far this year

    5) [indicando distancia, diferencia]

    ¡lo que va del padre al hijo! — what a difference there is between father and son!, father and son are nothing like each other!

    de 7 a 9 van 2 — the difference between 7 and 9 is 2; [en resta] 7 from 9 leaves 2

    6) [indicando acumulación]
    7) [en apuestas]

    ¿cuánto va? — how much do you bet?

    8) (=vestir)

    ¿con qué ropa {o} cómo fuiste a la boda? — what did you wear to the wedding?

    iba de rojo — she was dressed in red, she was wearing red

    etiqueta 2)
    9)

    irle a algn —

    a) [indicando importancia]
    b) [indicando situación]

    ¿cómo te va? — how are things?, how are you doing?

    ¿cómo te va en los estudios? — how are you getting on with your studies?

    ¡que te vaya bien! — take care!

    c) (=sentar) to suit

    ¿me va bien esto? — does this suit me?

    d) * (=gustar)

    le va al Cruz Azul — Méx (Dep) he supports Cruz Azul

    10) [seguido de preposición]
    ir con (=acompañar, combinar) to go with ir de

    ¿de qué va la película? — what's the film about?

    no sabe de qué va el rollo — * he doesn't know what it's all about

    va de intelectual por la vida — * he acts the intellectual all the time

    ¿de qué vas? — * what are you on about? *

    ir para

    va para los 40 — he's getting on for 40, he's knocking on 40

    ir por [indicando intención]

    eso no va por usted — I wasn't referring to you, that wasn't meant for you

    ¡va por los novios! — (here's) to the bride and groom!

    ir tras to go after
    11) [otras locuciones]

    • [a lo que] iba — as I was saying

    • ir a algn [con] algo, siempre le iba con sus problemas — he always went to her with his problems

    • [¿dónde] vas?, -¿le regalamos un equipo de música? -¿dónde vas? con un libro tiene bastante — "shall we give him a stereo?" - "what do you mean? a book is fine"

    -¿le pido disculpas? -¿dónde vas? deja que sea él quien se disculpe — "shall I apologize?" - "what are you talking about? let him be the one to apologize"

    • si vamos a [eso] — for that matter

    pues, a eso voy — that's what I mean, that's what I'm getting at

    • es el [no] va más — * it's the ultimate

    • ir de mal en [peor] — to go from bad to worse

    • ir a lo [suyo] — to do one's own thing; pey to look after Number One

    • ir y [venir], era un constante ir y venir de ambulancias — ambulances were constantly coming and going

    cuando tú vas, yo ya he venido — I've been there before, I've seen it all before

    • ir [y], ahora va y me dice que no viene — now he goes and tells me he's not coming

    fue y se marchó — Méx * he just upped and left *

    lejos 1., 1)
    12) [exclamaciones]
    ¡vaya! [indicando sorpresa] well!; [indicando enfado] damn!

    ¡vaya! ¿qué haces tú por aquí? — well, what a surprise! what are you doing here?

    ¡vaya, vaya! — well I'm blowed! *

    ¡vaya coche! — what a car!, that's some car!

    ¡vaya susto que me pegué! — I got such a fright!, what a fright I got!

    ¡vaya con el niño! — that damn kid! *

    ¡vamos! [dando ánimos] come on!; [para ponerse en marcha] let's go!

    ¡vamos! ¡di algo! — come on! say something!

    vamos, no es difícil — come on, it's not difficult

    una chica, vamos, una mujer — a girl, well, a woman

    es molesto, pero ¡vamos! — it's a nuisance, but there it is

    ¡qué va!

    -¿no me vas a echar la bronca? -no, qué va — "you're not going to tell me off, are you?" - "of course I'm not"

    ¿perder la liga? ¡qué va, hombre! — lose the league? you must be joking!

    2.
    VERBO AUXILIAR
    ir a ({+ infin}) to go

    vamos a hacerlo — [afirmando] we are going to do it; [exhortando] let's do it

    ¿cómo lo iba a tener? — how could he have had it?

    ¡no lo va a saber! — of course he knows!

    ¿no irás a decirme que no lo sabías? — you're not going to tell me you didn't know?

    ¿no irá a soplar? — ** I hope he's not going to split on us *

    • no vaya a [ser] que..., no salgas no vaya a ser que venga — don't go out in case she comes

    ir ({+ gerund})

    ¿quién va ganando? — who's winning?

    ¡voy corriendo! — I'll be right there!

    id pensando en el tema que queréis tratar — be {o} start thinking about the subject you want to deal with

    voy comprendiendo que... — I am beginning to see that...

    ir ({+ participio})
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go

    iban a caballo/a pie — they were on horseback/on foot

    Fernando! - voy! — Fernando! - (just) coming! o I'll be right there!

    voy al mercado — I'm going to the market, I'm off to the market (colloq)

    ¿adónde va este tren? — where's this train going (to)?

    ¿tú vas a misa? — do you go to church?

    ir de compras/de caza — to go shopping/hunting

    ¿por dónde se va a...? — how do you get to...?

    a eso voy — I'm just coming o getting to that

    ¿dónde vas/va/van? — (Esp fam) ( frente a una exageración)

    ¿dónde vas con tanto pan? — what are you doing with all that bread?

    ¿dejamos 500 de propina? - dónde vas! — shall we leave 500 as a tip? - you must be joking o kidding!

    ir a por alguien — (Esp)

    ha ido a por su madre — he's gone to get his mother, he's gone to pick his mother up

    ten cuidado, que va a por ti — watch out, he's out to get you o he's after you

    ir por or (Esp) a por algo: voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread; no irla con algo (RPl fam): no la voy con tanta liberalidad I don't go along with all this liberalism; no me/le va ni me/le viene (fam) (no me, le concierne) it's none of my/his/her business; (ne me, le afecta) it doesn't affect me/him/her; allí donde fueres haz lo que vieres — when in Rome, do as the Romans do

    b) ( asistir) to go to

    ya va al colegio/a la universidad — she's already at school/university

    ir a + inf: ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?; ve a ayudarla — go and help her; ver tb v aux I

    3)

    irle a alguien con algo: no le vayas con tus problemas don't bother him with your problems; le fue a la maestra con el chisme — she went and told the story to the teacher

    4)
    a) (al arrojar algo, arrojarse)

    tírate del trampolín - allá voy! — jump off the board! - here I go/come!

    b) (Jueg)

    ahí van otros $2.000 — there's another $2,000

    ahí va! — (Esp fam)

    eso va por ti también — that goes for you too o and the same goes for you

    6) ( estar en juego) (+ me/te/le etc)
    7) (fam) (hablando de acciones imprevistas, sorprendentes)

    ¿van cómodos? — are you comfortable?

    ¿irán bien aquí los vasos? — will the glasses be safe here?

    ir de algo: iban de largo they wore long dresses; voy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula; iba de verde — she was dressed in green

    ¿de qué vas, tía? ¿te crees que somos tontos o qué? — (Esp arg) hey, what are you playing at? do you think we're stupid or something?

    va de guapo/genio por la vida — (Esp arg) he really thinks he's good-looking/clever

    11) (Esp fam) ( tratar)

    ¿de qué va la novela? — what's the novel about?

    12) camino/sendero ( llevar)

    ir a algo — to lead to something, to go to something

    13) (extenderse, abarcar)
    14) (marchar, desarrollarse)

    ¿cómo va el enfermo/el nuevo trabajo? — how's the patient doing/the new job going?

    va de mal en peor — it's going from bad to worse;; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿cómo te va? — how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq)

    ¿cómo les fue en Italia? — how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?

    me fue mal/bien en el examen/la entrevista — I did badly/well in the exam/the interview

    ¿cómo le va con el novio? — how's she getting on with her boyfriend?

    15) (en juegos, competiciones)

    ¿cómo van? - 3-1 — what's the score? - 3-1

    voy ganando yo — I'm ahead, I'm winning

    ir por algo: ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?; ¿todavía vas por la página 20? — are you still on page 20?

    ir para algo: vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!; va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty; ya va para dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...

    18) (sumar, hacer)

    con éste van seis — six, counting this one

    en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes — so far this year/month

    lo que va de un hermano a otro! — (fam) it's amazing the difference between the two brothers! (colloq)

    21) (CS) (depender, radicar)
    22)
    a) ( deber colocarse) to go

    ¿dónde van las toallas? — where do the towels go?

    qué va! — (fam)

    ¿has terminado? - qué va! — have you finished? - you must be joking!

    ¿se disgustó? - qué va! — did she get upset? - not at all!

    ¿va con mayúscula? — is it written with a capital letter?

    ¿va con acento? — does it have an accent?

    c) (RPl) ( estar incluido)
    23)
    a) ( combinar)
    b) (sentar, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc)
    c)
    24) (Esp arg) ( gustar) (+ me/te/le etc)
    25) (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar)

    irle a algo/alguien — to support something/somebody

    26) vamos
    a) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio)

    vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? — come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?

    b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa)

    vamos, mujer, dile algo — go on, say something to him

    vamos, date prisa! — come on, hurry up!

    dar el vamos a algo — (Chi) to inaugurate something

    desde el vamos — (RPl fam) from the word go

    c) (al aclarar, resumir)

    eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo — that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway

    vamos, que no es una persona de fiar — basically, he's not very trustworthy

    es mejor que el otro, vamos — it's better than the other one, anyway

    27) vaya
    a) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad)

    vaya! se me ha vuelto a caer! — oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!

    b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar)
    c) (al aclarar, resumir)

    vaya, que los hay peores — well, I mean there are plenty worse

    2.
    ir v aux
    1)

    ir a + inf —

    2)
    a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + inf

    va a hacer dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...

    b) (en propuestas, sugerencias)

    vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? — now then, what did you say your name was?

    bueno, vamos a trabajar — all right, let's get to work

    3)
    a) (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones)

    cuidado, no te vayas a caer — mind you don't fall (colloq)

    lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva — take the umbrella in case it rains

    ¿qué iba a pensar el pobre? — what was the poor man supposed o meant to think?

    ¿quién iba a ser si no? — who else could it have been?

    ¿no irá a hacer alguna tontería? — you don't think she'll go and do something stupid, do you?

    6)

    ¿te acuerdas? - no me voy a acordar! — do you remember - of course I do o how could I forget?

    ¿dormiste bien? - qué voy a dormir! — did you sleep well?- how could I?

    ¿por qué la voy a ayudar? — why should I help her?

    ir + ger: poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little; a medida que va subiendo as it rises; tú puedes ir comiendo you can start eating; ya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea; la situación ha ido empeorando — the situation has been getting worse and worse

    3.
    irse v pron
    1) ( marcharse) to leave

    ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? — why are you leaving o going so soon?

    bueno, me voy — right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off

    se han ido de viaje — they're away, they've gone away

    anda, vete por ahí — (fam) get lost! (colloq); (+ me/te/le etc)

    no te me vayas, quiero hablar contigo — (fam) don't run away, I want to talk to you (colloq)

    2) (consumirse, gastarse)

    cómo se va el dinero! — I don't know where the money goes!; (+ me/te/le etc)

    3) ( desaparecer) mancha/dolor to go

    se ha ido la luz — the electricity's gone off; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? — has your headache gone?

    4) (salirse, escaparse) líquido/gas to escape; (+ me/te/le etc)
    5) (euf) ( morirse) to slip away (euph)
    6) (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl)

    irse de boca/espaldas — to fall flat on one's face/back

    7) (andarse, actuar) (+ compl)

    vete con cuidado/tacto — be careful/tactful

    8)
    a) (CS) ( en naipes) to go out
    b) (RPl) ( en una asignatura) tb
    9) (Andes, Ven) medias to run
    * * *
    = attend, go, run, go over, saunter, come, go forth.
    Ex. He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.
    Ex. It was 'exceedingly inconvenient' because the books were entered in it 'where no person who goes to consult the catalogue would expect to find them'.
    Ex. Arabic numerals are used to denote further divisions, in an integral manner, running from 1 to 9999, as necessary.
    Ex. Compassion shadowed the trustee's face -- she could see he was desperate -- and compassion was in her voice as she answered: 'All right, I'll go over this afternoon'.
    Ex. She sauntered back to her desk, intending to work, and was a little perturbed to find that she could not work.
    Ex. This article urges children's librarians to attack 'aliteracy' (lack of a desire to read) as well as illiteracy by taking programmes, e.g. story hours, to children who do not come to libraries.
    Ex. Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.
    ----
    * algo va mal = something is amiss.
    * ¡allá voy! = here I come!.
    * a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.
    * cosas + ir bien = things + go well.
    * descanso para ir al baño = bathroom break.
    * despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.
    * donde fueres haz lo que vieres = when in Rome (do as the Romans do).
    * el no va más = the be all and end all.
    * empezar a ir bien = fall into + place.
    * empezar a irse al garete = be on the skids.
    * empezar a irse al garete, empezar a empeorar = hit + the skids.
    * grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.
    * ir a = get to, turn to, refer to, be out to, head for, come to, take + a trip to, go to.
    * ir a casa de = make + house calls.
    * ir acompañado de = come with.
    * ir a continuación de = follow in + the footsteps of.
    * ir a contra reloj = race against + time, race against + the clock.
    * ir a cuestas de = piggyback [piggy-back].
    * ir a dar un paseo = go for + a stroll.
    * ir a + Infinitivo = be to + Infinitivo.
    * ir a jucio = stand + trial, stand for + trial.
    * ir a jucio, ser juzgado, ser procesado = stand for + trial.
    * ir a la baja = be down.
    * ir a la bancarrota = go + belly up.
    * ir a la cárcel = serve + time.
    * ir a la escuela = go to + school.
    * ir a la guerra = go to + war.
    * ir a la par = proceed + in parallel.
    * ir a la par con = go + hand in hand (with), go + hand in glove with.
    * ir a las mil maravillas = go + great guns, go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, be fine and dandy.
    * ir a la zaga = trail, trail behind, lag + behind.
    * ir al centro = go + downtown.
    * ir al cine = go to + the cinema, movie-going.
    * ir al grano = cut to + the chase.
    * ir a lo seguro = play it + safe.
    * ir al pub = go to + the pub.
    * ir al teatro = go to + the theatre, theatre-going.
    * ir a + Lugar = trot off + Lugar.
    * ir al unísono = be hand in hand.
    * ir al unísono con = go + hand in hand (with), go + hand in glove with.
    * ir a otro sitio = go + elsewhere.
    * ir a pie = leg it.
    * ir a por = go for.
    * ir a por todas = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.
    * ir a tientas y a ciegas = bump around + in the dark, fumble.
    * ir a toda velocidad = hurtle.
    * ir a un Lugar en coche = drive out to.
    * ir aun más lejos = go + a/one step further.
    * ir a un Sitio sin prisa = mosey.
    * ir a ver = drop in on, check out.
    * ir a ver a Alguien = say + hi.
    * ir a ver a Alguien a su casa = home-visiting.
    * ir bien = go + well, do + well, go + strong.
    * ir bien encaminado = be on the right track.
    * ir cada vez mejor = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.
    * ir con = go with, come with.
    * ir con la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.
    * ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * ir con retraso con respecto a = lag + behind.
    * ir contracorriente = go against + the flow.
    * ir corriendo = hot-foot it to.
    * ir corriendo a = dash off to, run off to.
    * ir cuesta abajo = go + downhill.
    * ir de... a... = proceed from... to....
    * ir de... a = make + transition from... to..., range from... to..., go from... to..., work from... to, stretch from... to..., ricochet from... to.
    * ir de acampada = camp.
    * ir de aquí a allá = go out and about.
    * ir de aquí para allá = ply, bustle, jump, live out of + a suitcase, run + here and there.
    * ir de aquí para allá sin rumbo fijo = freewheel.
    * ir de compras = go + shopping.
    * ir de copas = go for + a drink.
    * ir de + Dirección = work from + Dirección.
    * ir de excursión = hike.
    * ir de excursión por la montaña = go + tracking.
    * ir de la mano = go + hand in hand (with), be hand in hand.
    * ir delante = lead + the way.
    * ir de mal en peor = go from + bad to worse.
    * ir demasiado lejos = overstate + case, go + too far.
    * ir de paquete = pillion riding, ride + pillion .
    * ir de perlas = come up + a treat, work + a treat, go down + a treat.
    * ir de putas = whoring.
    * ir descaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.
    * ir de tranqui = play it + cool.
    * ir detrás de = chase after, lag + behind.
    * ir de un sitio a otro = shunt between.
    * ir de un sitio para otro = run around.
    * ir de vacaciones = go on + vacation, go on + holidays.
    * ir de viaje de novios = honeymoon.
    * ir dirigido a = be geared to, target, aim at.
    * ir en = ride.
    * ir en aumento = be on the increase.
    * ir en bici = bike.
    * ir en bicicleta = cycle.
    * ir encaminado hacia = be on + Posesivo + way to.
    * ir en caravana = go in + (a) convoy, drive in + (a) convoy.
    * ir en contra de = contravene, fly in + the face of, go against, militate against, stand in + contrast to, tell against, be at odds with, work at + cross purposes, be at cross purposes, turn against, play against, be contrary to, run up against, work against, set against, run + counter to, run + contrary to, be at loggerheads with, argue against, stand in + sharp contrast to, speak against, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.
    * ir en contra de la corriente = go against + the flow.
    * ir en contra de la ley = be against the law.
    * ir en contra del reloj = race against + time, race against + the clock.
    * ir en contra del sentido común = violate + common sense.
    * ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.
    * ir en contra del tiempo = race against + time, race against + the clock.
    * ir en contra de todos + Posesivo + principios = violate + principle.
    * ir en detrimento de los intereses = prejudice + interests.
    * ir en el asiento trasero = pillion riding, ride + pillion .
    * ir en moto = bike.
    * ir en paralelo con = run + parallel to.
    * ir entre = go between.
    * ir hacia = head for.
    * ir hacia atrás = page + backward.
    * ir hacia delante = page + forward.
    * ir hecho un desastre = look like + drag + through a hedge backwards, look like + the wreck of the Hesperus.
    * irle Algo a Alguien = fare.
    * irle a Uno = make out.
    * ir mal = go + wrong.
    * ir mal encaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.
    * ir marcha atrás = back up.
    * ir más allá = go + one stage further.
    * ir más allá de = go beyond, go + deeper than, transcend, get beyond, go far beyond, move + beyond, take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther, go + past.
    * ir más allá de las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * ir más despacio = slow down, slow up.
    * ir más lejos = go + one stage further.
    * ir montado en + Vehículo = ride + Vehículo.
    * ir muy atrasado = be way behind schedule.
    * ir muy por detrás de = be far behind.
    * ir pegado a = hug.
    * ir poco más allá de + Infinitivo = go little further than + Gerundio.
    * ir por ahí = go + (a)round, be out and about, get out and about.
    * ir por buen camino = be on the right track.
    * ir por detrás = be behind, trail, trail behind, lag.
    * ir por detrás de = lag + behind.
    * ir por el buen camino = be right on track.
    * ir por mal camino = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.
    * ir primero = lead + the way.
    * ir rápido = fly.
    * ir retrasado con el trabajo = be behind in + Posesivo + work.
    * ir rumbo a = be on the road to.
    * irse = depart, make + departure, quit + Lugar, take + departure, go off, wend + Posesivo + way, leave, go away, take + Posesivo + leave, be gone, head off, walk out, make + a quick getaway.
    * irse a casa = go + home.
    * irse a freír espárragos = naff off.
    * irse a la cama = retire + at night.
    * irse a la mierda = naff off.
    * irse a la porra = go + pear-shaped, go down + the tube, go down + the drain.
    * irse al carajo = go + pear-shaped, go to + shit.
    * irse al cuerno = naff off.
    * irse al diablo = naff off.
    * irse al garete = go + kaput, be kaput, be up the spout.
    * irse al traste = come + unstuck, go + kaput, be kaput, go down + the tube, go down + the drain, go to + shit, be up the spout.
    * irse al trasto = go + pear-shaped.
    * irse a paseo = naff off.
    * irse a pique = founder, bite + the dust, give up + the ghost, come + unstuck, go + pear-shaped, go + kaput, be kaput, go + haywire, go down + the tube, go down + the drain, be up the spout.
    * irse a tomar por culo = naff off.
    * irse corriendo = dash off, shoot off.
    * irse de casa = leave + home.
    * irse de jarana = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.
    * irse de juerga = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.
    * irse de la lengua = spill + the beans, shoot + Posesivo + mouth off, let + the cat out of the bag, blow + the gaff.
    * irse de marcha = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.
    * irse de parranda = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.
    * irse de picos pardos = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.
    * irse derecho a = make + a beeline for.
    * irse de vacaciones = vacation.
    * irse enojado dando zapatazos = stomp away.
    * irse inadvertidamente = slip away.
    * irse la cabeza = go + bananas.
    * írsele a Uno Algo de las manos = get out of + hand.
    * írsele a Uno el santo al cielo = lose + track of time, it + go + right/straight out of + Posesivo + mind.
    * írsele la cabeza = go off + Posesivo + head.
    * írsele la mano a Uno = overplay + Posesivo + hand.
    * irse para siempre = go + forever.
    * irse por las ramas = go off + the track, get off + the track, go off on + another track, fly off on + a tangent, go off on + a tangent, wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off at + a tangent.
    * irse por la tangente = wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off on + a tangent, go off at + a tangent, go off + the track, get off + the track, fly off on + a tangent.
    * ir sobre ruedas = go off without + a hitch.
    * ir sobre seguro = be on secure ground, play it + safe.
    * ir tirando = get along + in the world, shuffle along, tick over, muddle along, keep + the wolves from the door.
    * ir todavía más lejos = go + a/one step further.
    * ir todo bien = be fine.
    * ir todo de maravilla = come up + roses.
    * ir unido a = go with + the territory (of), come with + the territory (of).
    * ir viento en popa = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.
    * ir volando = hurtle, hot-foot it to.
    * ir y venir = come and go.
    * ir zumbando = whiz.
    * no tener que ir muy lejos = not have to look far.
    * no voy a aguantarlo más = not going to take it any more.
    * para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.
    * partido de ida = away game.
    * pendiente de ir a la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * persona que va al cine = moviegoer [movie-goer].
    * público al que va dirigido = intended audience, subject audience, target audience, targeted audience.
    * que van dirigidos hacia el exterior = outbound.
    * quién iba a decir entonces que... = little did + Verbo + then that....
    * ser hora de irse = be time to go.
    * ser lo que a Uno le va = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley.
    * situación + irse de las manos = things + get out of hand.
    * si vamos a eso = for that matter.
    * todo ir bien = all + be + well with the world.
    * va a = gonna [going to].
    * vete a la mierda = fuck off.
    * véte al carajo = drop dead!.
    * véte al cuerno = drop dead!.
    * vete a tomar por culo = fuck off.
    * ya ir siendo hora de que = be high time (that/to/for), be about time (that).
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go

    iban a caballo/a pie — they were on horseback/on foot

    Fernando! - voy! — Fernando! - (just) coming! o I'll be right there!

    voy al mercado — I'm going to the market, I'm off to the market (colloq)

    ¿adónde va este tren? — where's this train going (to)?

    ¿tú vas a misa? — do you go to church?

    ir de compras/de caza — to go shopping/hunting

    ¿por dónde se va a...? — how do you get to...?

    a eso voy — I'm just coming o getting to that

    ¿dónde vas/va/van? — (Esp fam) ( frente a una exageración)

    ¿dónde vas con tanto pan? — what are you doing with all that bread?

    ¿dejamos 500 de propina? - dónde vas! — shall we leave 500 as a tip? - you must be joking o kidding!

    ir a por alguien — (Esp)

    ha ido a por su madre — he's gone to get his mother, he's gone to pick his mother up

    ten cuidado, que va a por ti — watch out, he's out to get you o he's after you

    ir por or (Esp) a por algo: voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread; no irla con algo (RPl fam): no la voy con tanta liberalidad I don't go along with all this liberalism; no me/le va ni me/le viene (fam) (no me, le concierne) it's none of my/his/her business; (ne me, le afecta) it doesn't affect me/him/her; allí donde fueres haz lo que vieres — when in Rome, do as the Romans do

    b) ( asistir) to go to

    ya va al colegio/a la universidad — she's already at school/university

    ir a + inf: ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?; ve a ayudarla — go and help her; ver tb v aux I

    3)

    irle a alguien con algo: no le vayas con tus problemas don't bother him with your problems; le fue a la maestra con el chisme — she went and told the story to the teacher

    4)
    a) (al arrojar algo, arrojarse)

    tírate del trampolín - allá voy! — jump off the board! - here I go/come!

    b) (Jueg)

    ahí van otros $2.000 — there's another $2,000

    ahí va! — (Esp fam)

    eso va por ti también — that goes for you too o and the same goes for you

    6) ( estar en juego) (+ me/te/le etc)
    7) (fam) (hablando de acciones imprevistas, sorprendentes)

    ¿van cómodos? — are you comfortable?

    ¿irán bien aquí los vasos? — will the glasses be safe here?

    ir de algo: iban de largo they wore long dresses; voy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula; iba de verde — she was dressed in green

    ¿de qué vas, tía? ¿te crees que somos tontos o qué? — (Esp arg) hey, what are you playing at? do you think we're stupid or something?

    va de guapo/genio por la vida — (Esp arg) he really thinks he's good-looking/clever

    11) (Esp fam) ( tratar)

    ¿de qué va la novela? — what's the novel about?

    12) camino/sendero ( llevar)

    ir a algo — to lead to something, to go to something

    13) (extenderse, abarcar)
    14) (marchar, desarrollarse)

    ¿cómo va el enfermo/el nuevo trabajo? — how's the patient doing/the new job going?

    va de mal en peor — it's going from bad to worse;; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿cómo te va? — how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq)

    ¿cómo les fue en Italia? — how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?

    me fue mal/bien en el examen/la entrevista — I did badly/well in the exam/the interview

    ¿cómo le va con el novio? — how's she getting on with her boyfriend?

    15) (en juegos, competiciones)

    ¿cómo van? - 3-1 — what's the score? - 3-1

    voy ganando yo — I'm ahead, I'm winning

    ir por algo: ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?; ¿todavía vas por la página 20? — are you still on page 20?

    ir para algo: vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!; va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty; ya va para dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...

    18) (sumar, hacer)

    con éste van seis — six, counting this one

    en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes — so far this year/month

    lo que va de un hermano a otro! — (fam) it's amazing the difference between the two brothers! (colloq)

    21) (CS) (depender, radicar)
    22)
    a) ( deber colocarse) to go

    ¿dónde van las toallas? — where do the towels go?

    qué va! — (fam)

    ¿has terminado? - qué va! — have you finished? - you must be joking!

    ¿se disgustó? - qué va! — did she get upset? - not at all!

    ¿va con mayúscula? — is it written with a capital letter?

    ¿va con acento? — does it have an accent?

    c) (RPl) ( estar incluido)
    23)
    a) ( combinar)
    b) (sentar, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc)
    c)
    24) (Esp arg) ( gustar) (+ me/te/le etc)
    25) (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar)

    irle a algo/alguien — to support something/somebody

    26) vamos
    a) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio)

    vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? — come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?

    b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa)

    vamos, mujer, dile algo — go on, say something to him

    vamos, date prisa! — come on, hurry up!

    dar el vamos a algo — (Chi) to inaugurate something

    desde el vamos — (RPl fam) from the word go

    c) (al aclarar, resumir)

    eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo — that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway

    vamos, que no es una persona de fiar — basically, he's not very trustworthy

    es mejor que el otro, vamos — it's better than the other one, anyway

    27) vaya
    a) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad)

    vaya! se me ha vuelto a caer! — oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!

    b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar)
    c) (al aclarar, resumir)

    vaya, que los hay peores — well, I mean there are plenty worse

    2.
    ir v aux
    1)

    ir a + inf —

    2)
    a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + inf

    va a hacer dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...

    b) (en propuestas, sugerencias)

    vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? — now then, what did you say your name was?

    bueno, vamos a trabajar — all right, let's get to work

    3)
    a) (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones)

    cuidado, no te vayas a caer — mind you don't fall (colloq)

    lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva — take the umbrella in case it rains

    ¿qué iba a pensar el pobre? — what was the poor man supposed o meant to think?

    ¿quién iba a ser si no? — who else could it have been?

    ¿no irá a hacer alguna tontería? — you don't think she'll go and do something stupid, do you?

    6)

    ¿te acuerdas? - no me voy a acordar! — do you remember - of course I do o how could I forget?

    ¿dormiste bien? - qué voy a dormir! — did you sleep well?- how could I?

    ¿por qué la voy a ayudar? — why should I help her?

    ir + ger: poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little; a medida que va subiendo as it rises; tú puedes ir comiendo you can start eating; ya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea; la situación ha ido empeorando — the situation has been getting worse and worse

    3.
    irse v pron
    1) ( marcharse) to leave

    ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? — why are you leaving o going so soon?

    bueno, me voy — right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off

    se han ido de viaje — they're away, they've gone away

    anda, vete por ahí — (fam) get lost! (colloq); (+ me/te/le etc)

    no te me vayas, quiero hablar contigo — (fam) don't run away, I want to talk to you (colloq)

    2) (consumirse, gastarse)

    cómo se va el dinero! — I don't know where the money goes!; (+ me/te/le etc)

    3) ( desaparecer) mancha/dolor to go

    se ha ido la luz — the electricity's gone off; (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? — has your headache gone?

    4) (salirse, escaparse) líquido/gas to escape; (+ me/te/le etc)
    5) (euf) ( morirse) to slip away (euph)
    6) (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl)

    irse de boca/espaldas — to fall flat on one's face/back

    7) (andarse, actuar) (+ compl)

    vete con cuidado/tacto — be careful/tactful

    8)
    a) (CS) ( en naipes) to go out
    b) (RPl) ( en una asignatura) tb
    9) (Andes, Ven) medias to run
    * * *
    = attend, go, run, go over, saunter, come, go forth.

    Ex: He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.

    Ex: It was 'exceedingly inconvenient' because the books were entered in it 'where no person who goes to consult the catalogue would expect to find them'.
    Ex: Arabic numerals are used to denote further divisions, in an integral manner, running from 1 to 9999, as necessary.
    Ex: Compassion shadowed the trustee's face -- she could see he was desperate -- and compassion was in her voice as she answered: 'All right, I'll go over this afternoon'.
    Ex: She sauntered back to her desk, intending to work, and was a little perturbed to find that she could not work.
    Ex: This article urges children's librarians to attack 'aliteracy' (lack of a desire to read) as well as illiteracy by taking programmes, e.g. story hours, to children who do not come to libraries.
    Ex: Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.
    * algo va mal = something is amiss.
    * ¡allá voy! = here I come!.
    * a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.
    * cosas + ir bien = things + go well.
    * descanso para ir al baño = bathroom break.
    * despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.
    * donde fueres haz lo que vieres = when in Rome (do as the Romans do).
    * el no va más = the be all and end all.
    * empezar a ir bien = fall into + place.
    * empezar a irse al garete = be on the skids.
    * empezar a irse al garete, empezar a empeorar = hit + the skids.
    * grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.
    * ir a = get to, turn to, refer to, be out to, head for, come to, take + a trip to, go to.
    * ir a casa de = make + house calls.
    * ir acompañado de = come with.
    * ir a continuación de = follow in + the footsteps of.
    * ir a contra reloj = race against + time, race against + the clock.
    * ir a cuestas de = piggyback [piggy-back].
    * ir a dar un paseo = go for + a stroll.
    * ir a + Infinitivo = be to + Infinitivo.
    * ir a jucio = stand + trial, stand for + trial.
    * ir a jucio, ser juzgado, ser procesado = stand for + trial.
    * ir a la baja = be down.
    * ir a la bancarrota = go + belly up.
    * ir a la cárcel = serve + time.
    * ir a la escuela = go to + school.
    * ir a la guerra = go to + war.
    * ir a la par = proceed + in parallel.
    * ir a la par con = go + hand in hand (with), go + hand in glove with.
    * ir a las mil maravillas = go + great guns, go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, be fine and dandy.
    * ir a la zaga = trail, trail behind, lag + behind.
    * ir al centro = go + downtown.
    * ir al cine = go to + the cinema, movie-going.
    * ir al grano = cut to + the chase.
    * ir a lo seguro = play it + safe.
    * ir al pub = go to + the pub.
    * ir al teatro = go to + the theatre, theatre-going.
    * ir a + Lugar = trot off + Lugar.
    * ir al unísono = be hand in hand.
    * ir al unísono con = go + hand in hand (with), go + hand in glove with.
    * ir a otro sitio = go + elsewhere.
    * ir a pie = leg it.
    * ir a por = go for.
    * ir a por todas = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.
    * ir a tientas y a ciegas = bump around + in the dark, fumble.
    * ir a toda velocidad = hurtle.
    * ir a un Lugar en coche = drive out to.
    * ir aun más lejos = go + a/one step further.
    * ir a un Sitio sin prisa = mosey.
    * ir a ver = drop in on, check out.
    * ir a ver a Alguien = say + hi.
    * ir a ver a Alguien a su casa = home-visiting.
    * ir bien = go + well, do + well, go + strong.
    * ir bien encaminado = be on the right track.
    * ir cada vez mejor = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.
    * ir con = go with, come with.
    * ir con la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.
    * ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * ir con retraso con respecto a = lag + behind.
    * ir contracorriente = go against + the flow.
    * ir corriendo = hot-foot it to.
    * ir corriendo a = dash off to, run off to.
    * ir cuesta abajo = go + downhill.
    * ir de... a... = proceed from... to....
    * ir de... a = make + transition from... to..., range from... to..., go from... to..., work from... to, stretch from... to..., ricochet from... to.
    * ir de acampada = camp.
    * ir de aquí a allá = go out and about.
    * ir de aquí para allá = ply, bustle, jump, live out of + a suitcase, run + here and there.
    * ir de aquí para allá sin rumbo fijo = freewheel.
    * ir de compras = go + shopping.
    * ir de copas = go for + a drink.
    * ir de + Dirección = work from + Dirección.
    * ir de excursión = hike.
    * ir de excursión por la montaña = go + tracking.
    * ir de la mano = go + hand in hand (with), be hand in hand.
    * ir delante = lead + the way.
    * ir de mal en peor = go from + bad to worse.
    * ir demasiado lejos = overstate + case, go + too far.
    * ir de paquete = pillion riding, ride + pillion.
    * ir de perlas = come up + a treat, work + a treat, go down + a treat.
    * ir de putas = whoring.
    * ir descaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.
    * ir de tranqui = play it + cool.
    * ir detrás de = chase after, lag + behind.
    * ir de un sitio a otro = shunt between.
    * ir de un sitio para otro = run around.
    * ir de vacaciones = go on + vacation, go on + holidays.
    * ir de viaje de novios = honeymoon.
    * ir dirigido a = be geared to, target, aim at.
    * ir en = ride.
    * ir en aumento = be on the increase.
    * ir en bici = bike.
    * ir en bicicleta = cycle.
    * ir encaminado hacia = be on + Posesivo + way to.
    * ir en caravana = go in + (a) convoy, drive in + (a) convoy.
    * ir en contra de = contravene, fly in + the face of, go against, militate against, stand in + contrast to, tell against, be at odds with, work at + cross purposes, be at cross purposes, turn against, play against, be contrary to, run up against, work against, set against, run + counter to, run + contrary to, be at loggerheads with, argue against, stand in + sharp contrast to, speak against, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.
    * ir en contra de la corriente = go against + the flow.
    * ir en contra de la ley = be against the law.
    * ir en contra del reloj = race against + time, race against + the clock.
    * ir en contra del sentido común = violate + common sense.
    * ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.
    * ir en contra del tiempo = race against + time, race against + the clock.
    * ir en contra de todos + Posesivo + principios = violate + principle.
    * ir en detrimento de los intereses = prejudice + interests.
    * ir en el asiento trasero = pillion riding, ride + pillion.
    * ir en moto = bike.
    * ir en paralelo con = run + parallel to.
    * ir entre = go between.
    * ir hacia = head for.
    * ir hacia atrás = page + backward.
    * ir hacia delante = page + forward.
    * ir hecho un desastre = look like + drag + through a hedge backwards, look like + the wreck of the Hesperus.
    * irle Algo a Alguien = fare.
    * irle a Uno = make out.
    * ir mal = go + wrong.
    * ir mal encaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.
    * ir marcha atrás = back up.
    * ir más allá = go + one stage further.
    * ir más allá de = go beyond, go + deeper than, transcend, get beyond, go far beyond, move + beyond, take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther, go + past.
    * ir más allá de las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * ir más despacio = slow down, slow up.
    * ir más lejos = go + one stage further.
    * ir montado en + Vehículo = ride + Vehículo.
    * ir muy atrasado = be way behind schedule.
    * ir muy por detrás de = be far behind.
    * ir pegado a = hug.
    * ir poco más allá de + Infinitivo = go little further than + Gerundio.
    * ir por ahí = go + (a)round, be out and about, get out and about.
    * ir por buen camino = be on the right track.
    * ir por detrás = be behind, trail, trail behind, lag.
    * ir por detrás de = lag + behind.
    * ir por el buen camino = be right on track.
    * ir por mal camino = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.
    * ir primero = lead + the way.
    * ir rápido = fly.
    * ir retrasado con el trabajo = be behind in + Posesivo + work.
    * ir rumbo a = be on the road to.
    * irse = depart, make + departure, quit + Lugar, take + departure, go off, wend + Posesivo + way, leave, go away, take + Posesivo + leave, be gone, head off, walk out, make + a quick getaway.
    * irse a casa = go + home.
    * irse a freír espárragos = naff off.
    * irse a la cama = retire + at night.
    * irse a la mierda = naff off.
    * irse a la porra = go + pear-shaped, go down + the tube, go down + the drain.
    * irse al carajo = go + pear-shaped, go to + shit.
    * irse al cuerno = naff off.
    * irse al diablo = naff off.
    * irse al garete = go + kaput, be kaput, be up the spout.
    * irse al traste = come + unstuck, go + kaput, be kaput, go down + the tube, go down + the drain, go to + shit, be up the spout.
    * irse al trasto = go + pear-shaped.
    * irse a paseo = naff off.
    * irse a pique = founder, bite + the dust, give up + the ghost, come + unstuck, go + pear-shaped, go + kaput, be kaput, go + haywire, go down + the tube, go down + the drain, be up the spout.
    * irse a tomar por culo = naff off.
    * irse corriendo = dash off, shoot off.
    * irse de casa = leave + home.
    * irse de jarana = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.
    * irse de juerga = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.
    * irse de la lengua = spill + the beans, shoot + Posesivo + mouth off, let + the cat out of the bag, blow + the gaff.
    * irse de marcha = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.
    * irse de parranda = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.
    * irse de picos pardos = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.
    * irse derecho a = make + a beeline for.
    * irse de vacaciones = vacation.
    * irse enojado dando zapatazos = stomp away.
    * irse inadvertidamente = slip away.
    * irse la cabeza = go + bananas.
    * írsele a Uno Algo de las manos = get out of + hand.
    * írsele a Uno el santo al cielo = lose + track of time, it + go + right/straight out of + Posesivo + mind.
    * írsele la cabeza = go off + Posesivo + head.
    * írsele la mano a Uno = overplay + Posesivo + hand.
    * irse para siempre = go + forever.
    * irse por las ramas = go off + the track, get off + the track, go off on + another track, fly off on + a tangent, go off on + a tangent, wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off at + a tangent.
    * irse por la tangente = wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off on + a tangent, go off at + a tangent, go off + the track, get off + the track, fly off on + a tangent.
    * ir sobre ruedas = go off without + a hitch.
    * ir sobre seguro = be on secure ground, play it + safe.
    * ir tirando = get along + in the world, shuffle along, tick over, muddle along, keep + the wolves from the door.
    * ir todavía más lejos = go + a/one step further.
    * ir todo bien = be fine.
    * ir todo de maravilla = come up + roses.
    * ir unido a = go with + the territory (of), come with + the territory (of).
    * ir viento en popa = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.
    * ir volando = hurtle, hot-foot it to.
    * ir y venir = come and go.
    * ir zumbando = whiz.
    * no tener que ir muy lejos = not have to look far.
    * no voy a aguantarlo más = not going to take it any more.
    * para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.
    * partido de ida = away game.
    * pendiente de ir a la última moda = fashion-conscious.
    * persona que va al cine = moviegoer [movie-goer].
    * público al que va dirigido = intended audience, subject audience, target audience, targeted audience.
    * que van dirigidos hacia el exterior = outbound.
    * quién iba a decir entonces que... = little did + Verbo + then that....
    * ser hora de irse = be time to go.
    * ser lo que a Uno le va = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley.
    * situación + irse de las manos = things + get out of hand.
    * si vamos a eso = for that matter.
    * todo ir bien = all + be + well with the world.
    * va a = gonna [going to].
    * vete a la mierda = fuck off.
    * véte al carajo = drop dead!.
    * véte al cuerno = drop dead!.
    * vete a tomar por culo = fuck off.
    * ya ir siendo hora de que = be high time (that/to/for), be about time (that).

    * * *
    ir [ I27 ]
    ■ ir (verbo intransitivo)
    A trasladarse, desplazarse
    B expresando propósito
    C irle a alguien con algo
    D
    1 al arrojar algo, arrojarse
    2 Juegos
    E con comentarios
    F estar en juego
    G hablando de acciones imprevistas
    A ir + complemento
    B refiriéndose al atuendo
    C en calidad de
    D tratar
    A llevar a
    B extenderse, abarcar
    A marchar, desarrollarse
    B en juegos, competiciones
    C en el desarrollo de algo
    D estar en camino
    E sumar, hacer
    F haber transcurrido
    G haber una diferencia
    H depender, radicar
    A
    1 deber colocarse
    2 deber escribirse
    3 estar incluido
    B
    1 combinar
    2 sentar, convenir
    3 ir en contra de algo
    C gustar
    D tomar partido por, apoyar
    A
    1 expresando incredulidad etc
    2 intentando tranquilizar, animar
    3 al aclarar, resumir
    B
    1 expresando sorpresa, contrariedad
    2 para enfatizar
    3 al aclarar, resumir
    ■ ir (verbo auxiliar)
    A
    1 para expresar tiempo futuro
    2 expresando intención, propósito
    3 en propuestas, sugerencias
    B al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones
    C expresando inevitabilidad
    D expresando incredulidad
    E
    1 en afirmaciones enfáticas
    2 al contradecir
    Sentido II expresando un proceso paulatino
    ■ irse (verbo pronominal)
    A marcharse
    B consumirse, gastarse
    C desaparecer: mancha, dolor
    D salirse, escaparse
    E morirse
    F caerse, perder el equilibrio
    G andarse, actuar
    H
    1 en naipes
    2 en una asignatura
    I las medias
    vi
    A (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go
    ¿vamos en taxi? shall we go by taxi?
    iban a caballo/a pie they were on horseback/on foot
    ir por mar to go by sea
    ¡Fernando! — ¡voy! Fernando! — (just) coming! o I'll be right with you! o I'll be with you right away!
    es la tercera vez que te llamo — ¡ya va or voy! this is the third time I've called you — alright, alright, I'm (just) coming!
    ¿quién va? who goes there?
    lo oía ir y venir por la habitación I could hear him pacing up and down the room
    el ir y venir de la gente por la avenida the to-ing and fro-ing of people along the avenue
    el ir y venir de los invitados the coming and going of the guests
    no he hecho más que ir y venir de un lado para otro sin conseguir nada I've done nothing but run around without getting anything done
    voy al mercado I'm going to the market, I'm off to the market ( colloq)
    vamos a casa let's go home
    ¿adónde va este tren? where's this train going (to)?
    ¿tú vas a misa? do you go to church?
    nunca va a clase he never goes to o attends class
    ir de compras/de caza to go shopping/hunting
    ya vamos para allá we're on our way
    ¿para dónde vas? where are you headed (for)?, where are you heading (for)? ( BrE)
    ¿por dónde se va a la estación? how do you get to the station?
    fuimos por el camino de la costa we went along o took the coastal route
    no vayas por ese lado, es más largo don't go that way, it's longer
    a eso voy/vamos I'm/we're just coming o getting to that
    ¿dónde vas/va/van? (frente a una exageración) ( fam): ¿dónde vas con tanto pan? what are you doing with all that bread?
    ¿dejamos 500 de propina? — ¡dónde vas! con 100 hay de sobra shall we leave 500 as a tip? — you must be joking o kidding! 100 will be more than enough
    ¡eh, dónde vas! te dije un poquito steady on o easy! I said I wanted a little bit
    ir a dar a un lugar: ¿quién sabe dónde fue a dar la pelota? who knows where the ball got to o went?
    nos tomamos un tren equivocado y fuimos a dar a Maroñas we took the wrong train and ended up in Maroñas
    ir a por algn ( Esp): ha ido a por su madre he's gone to get o fetch his mother, he's gone to pick his mother up
    ten cuidado, que va a por ti watch out, he's out to get you o he's after you
    el perro fue a por él the dog went for him
    ir por or ( Esp) a por algo: voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread, I'm off to get some bread ( colloq)
    no irla con algo ( RPl fam): no la voy con tanta liberalidad I don't hold with o I don't go along with all this liberalism
    no me/le va ni me/le viene ( fam); I'm/he's not in the least bit bothered, I don't/he doesn't mind at all
    allí donde fueres haz lo que vieres when in Rome, do as the Romans do
    ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?
    ve a ayudarla go and help her
    fue a ayudarla he went to help her
    ¿me irías a comprar el pan? would you go and buy the bread for me?
    C
    irle a algn con algo: no le vayas con tus problemas don't bother him with your problems
    a la maestra no le gusta que le vayan con chismes the teacher doesn't like people telling on each other o people coming to her with tales
    D
    1
    (al arrojar algo, arrojarse): tírame la llave — ¡allá va! throw me the key — here it comes o there you go!
    tírate del trampolín — bueno ¡allá voy! jump off the board! — here I go/come!
    2 ( Juegos):
    ahí van otros $2.000 there's another $2,000
    ¡no va más! no more bets!
    ver tb no1 (↑ no (1))
    ¡ahí va! ( Esp fam): ¡ahí va! me he olvidado el dinero oh no! I've forgotten the money
    David ganó 20 millones en la lotería — ¡ahí va! David won 20 million in the lottery — wow o ( AmE) gee whiz! ( colloq)
    E
    «comentario»: no iba con mala intención it wasn't meant unkindly, I didn't mean it nastily
    ten cuidado con él, que esta vez va en serio be careful, this time he's serious o he means business
    ir POR algn:
    y eso va por ti también and that goes for you too o and the same goes for you o and I'm referring to you too
    F (estar en juego) (+ me/te/le etc):
    se puso como si le fuera la vida en ello she acted as if her life depended on it o was at stake
    le va el trabajo en esto his job depends on this, his job is on the line
    G ( fam)
    (hablando de acciones imprevistas, sorprendentes): fue y le dio un puñetazo she went and o she upped and punched him
    y la tonta va y se lo cree and like an idiot she believed him, and the idiot went and believed him ( BrE colloq)
    fueron y se sentaron justo donde estaba recién pintado they went and sat down right where it had just been painted
    A (+ complemento)
    (sin énfasis en el movimiento): los caminantes iban cantando por el camino the walkers sang as they went along
    ¿van cómodos allí atrás? are you comfortable back there?
    ¿irán bien aquí los vasos? will the glasses be safe here?
    ella iba dormida en el asiento de atrás she was asleep in the back seat
    por lo menos íbamos sentados at least we were sitting down
    el niño iba sentado en el manillar the child was sitting o riding on the handlebars
    iba por la calle hablando solo he talked to himself as he walked along the street
    vas que pareces un pordiosero you look like some sort of beggar
    se notaba que iba con miedo you could see that she was afraid
    el tren iba llenísimo the train was packed
    déjame que te ayude que vas muy cargada you have a lot to carry, let me help you
    el ciclista colombiano va a la cabeza the Colombian cyclist is in the lead
    no vayas tan rápido, que te vas a equivocar don't do it o go so fast or you'll make a mistake
    hay que ir con los ojos bien abiertos you have to keep your eyes open
    va de chasco en chasco he's had one disappointment after another, he seems to lurch from one disappointment to another
    iban de largo they wore long dresses
    voy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula
    iba de verde she was dressed in green, she was wearing green
    C (en calidad de) ir DE algo to go (along) AS sth
    yo fui de intérprete, porque él no habla inglés I went along as an interpreter, because he doesn't speak English
    ¿de qué vas, tía? ¿te crees que somos tontos o qué? ( Esp arg); hey, what are you playing at? do you think we're stupid or something?
    va de guapo por la vida ( Esp arg); he really thinks he's something special, he really fancies himself ( BrE colloq)
    D
    ( Esp fam) (tratar) ir DE algo: no me voy a presentar al examen, no sé ni de qué va I'm not going to sit the exam, I don't even know what it's on
    ¿de qué va la novela? what's the novel about?
    A «camino» (llevar a) ir A algo; to lead TO sth, to go TO sth
    el camino que va a la playa the road that goes down to o leads to the beach
    B
    (extenderse, abarcar): la autopista va desde Madrid hasta Valencia the highway goes o stretches from Madrid to Valencia
    lo que hay que traducir va de la página 82 a la 90 the part to be translated starts on page 82 and ends on page 90, the part to be translated is from page 82 to page 90
    el período que va desde la Edad Media hasta el Renacimiento the period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance
    estados de ánimo que van de la excitación desmedida a la abulia moods ranging from over-excitement to complete lethargy
    A
    (marchar, desarrollarse): ¿cómo va el nuevo trabajo? how's the new job going?
    el negocio va de mal en peor the business is going from bad to worse
    ¿qué tal va la tesis? how's the thesis coming along o going?
    ¿cómo va el enfermo? how's the patient doing?
    (+ me/te/le etc): ¿cómo te va? how's it going?, how are things? ( colloq), what's up? ( AmE colloq)
    ¿cómo les fue en Italia? how did you get on in Italy?, how was Italy?
    me fue mal en el examen the exam went badly, I did badly in the exam
    ¡adiós! ¡que te vaya bien! bye! all the best! o take care!
    ¡que te vaya bien (en) el examen! good luck in the exam, I hope the exam goes well
    ¿cómo le va con el novio? how's she getting on with her boyfriend?, how are things going between her and her boyfriend?
    B
    (en juegos, competiciones): ¿cómo van? — 3-1 what's the score? — 3-1
    voy ganando yo I'm ahead o I'm winning o I'm in the lead
    ya va perdiendo casi $8.000 he's already lost almost $8,000
    ¿por dónde van en el programa de historia? how far have you got in the history syllabus?, where have you got (up) to in history?
    ¿todavía vas por la página 20? are you still on page 20?
    estoy por terminar, ya voy por las mangas I've nearly finished, I'm just doing the sleeves now
    D (estar en camino) ir PARA algo:
    ¿qué quieres? ¡vamos para viejos! what do you expect? we're getting on! o we're getting old!
    ya va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty, she's not far off fifty
    ya va para dos años que no lo veo it's getting on for two years since I last saw him
    iba para médico he was going to be a doctor
    E
    (sumar, hacer): ya van tres veces que te lo digo this is the third time I've told you
    ¿cuántos has leído? — con éste van seis how many have you read? — six, counting this one o six, including this one o this one makes six o this is the sixth one
    ya van tres pasteles que se come that makes three cakes he's eaten now
    F
    (haber transcurrido): en lo que va del or ( Esp) de año/mes so far this year/month
    G
    (haber una diferencia): de tres a ocho van cinco eight minus three is five
    ¡lo que va de un hermano a otro! ( fam); it's amazing the difference between the two brothers! ( colloq)
    H (CS) (depender, radicar) ir EN algo; to depend ON sth
    no sé en qué irá I don't know what it depends on
    eso va en gustos that's a question of taste
    A
    ¿sabes dónde va esta pieza? do you know where this piece goes?
    ¿dónde van las toallas? where do the towels go?
    ¡qué va! ( fam): ¿has terminado? — ¡qué va! todavía tengo para rato have you finished? — you must be joking! I still have a while to go yet
    ¿se disgustó? — ¡qué va! todo lo contrario did she get upset? — not at all! quite the opposite in fact
    vamos a perder el avión — ¡qué va! ¡si hay tiempo de sobra! we're going to miss the plane — nonsense! we have more than enough time
    2
    (deber escribirse): ¿va con mayúscula? is it written with a capital letter?
    ¿va con acento? does it have an accent?
    3
    ( RPl) (estar incluido): todo esto va para el examen all of this will be included in the exam
    B
    1 (combinar) ir CON algo to go WITH sth
    esos zapatos no van (bien) con esa falda those shoes don't go with that skirt
    2 (sentar, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc):
    el negro no te va bien black doesn't suit you
    te irá bien una semanita de vacaciones a week's vacation will do you good
    3
    ir en contra de algo to go against sth
    esto va en contra de sus principios this goes against her principles
    C
    ( Esp arg) (gustar) (+ me/te/le etc): a mí esa música no me va that music does nothing for me o leaves me cold
    marcha f H. (↑ marcha)
    D ( Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar) irle A algo/algn; to support sth/sb
    mucha gente le va al equipo peruano a lot of people support o are backing o are rooting for the Peruvian team
    A
    1
    (expresando incredulidad, fastidio): ¡vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?
    ¿cómo que le vas a ganar? ¡vamos! what do you mean you're going to beat him? come off it!
    2
    (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa): vamos, mujer, dile algo, no seas vergonzosa go on, say something to him, don't be shy
    ¡vamos! ¡ánimo, que falta poco! come on! keep going! it's not far now!
    ¡vamos, date prisa! come on, hurry up!
    ¡vamos, vamos! ¡circulen! OK o come on, move along now please!
    dar el vamos a algo ( Chi); to inaugurate sth
    desde el vamos ( RPl fam); from the word go
    3
    (al aclarar, resumir): eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo that would be a stupid thing to do, well, at least that's what I think anyway
    podrías haberte disculpado, vamos, no habría sido mucho pedir you could have apologized, I mean that's not much to ask
    vamos, que no es una persona de fiar basically, he's not very trustworthy
    es mejor que el otro, vamos it's better than the other one, anyway
    1
    (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad): ¡vaya! ¡tú por aquí! what a surprise! what are you doing here?, well! fancy seeing you here! ( BrE)
    ¡vaya! ¡se ha vuelto a caer! oh no! it's fallen over again!
    ¡vaya! nos quedamos sin saber cómo termina la película damn! now we won't know how the film ends ( colloq)
    2
    (para enfatizar): ¡vaya cochazo se ha comprado! that's some car he's bought himself!
    ¡vaya contigo! ¡no hay manera de hablarte! what on earth's the matter with you? you're so touchy!
    ¿vaya día! what a day!
    ¡vaya película me has traído a ver! ( iró); this is a really great movie you've brought me to see ( iro)
    ¡vaya si le voy a decir lo que pienso! you bet I'm going to tell him what I think!
    ¡vaya (que) si la conozco! you bet I know her!
    3
    (al aclarar, resumir): tampoco es tan torpe, vaya, los hay peores he isn't totally stupid, well, I mean there are plenty worse
    ■
    Sentido I ir A + INF
    A
    1
    (para expresar tiempo futuro): ¡te vas a caer! you're going to fall!
    a este paso no van a terminar nunca they'll never finish at this rate
    el barco va a zarpar the boat's about to set sail
    dijo que lo iba a pensar she said she was going to think it over
    ya van a ser las cuatro it's almost o nearly four o'clock
    va a hacer dos años que no nos vemos we haven't seen each other for nearly two years, it's getting on for two years since we saw each other
    esto no te va a gustar you're not going to like this
    no te preocupes, ya se va a solucionar don't worry, it'll sort itself out
    tenía miedo de que se fuera a olvidar I was afraid he'd forget
    2
    (expresando intención, propósito): se lo voy a decir I'm going to tell him
    lo voy a conseguir, sea como sea I'll get it one way or another
    me voy a tomar unos días libres en abril I'm going to take a few days off in April
    vamos a ir a verla esta tarde we're going to go and see her this evening
    3
    (en propuestas, sugerencias): vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? now then, what did you say your name was?
    siéntate, vamos a discutir el asunto have a seat and let's discuss the matter
    bueno, vamos a trabajar all right, let's get to work
    B
    (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones): que no se te vaya a escapar delante de ella make sure you don't blurt it out in front of her
    ten cuidado, no te vayas a caer mind you don't fall ( colloq), be careful or you'll fall
    lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva take the umbrella in case it rains
    C
    (expresando inevitabilidad): ¡qué voy a hacer! what else can I do?
    ¡qué le iba a decir! what else could I tell her?
    ¿qué iba a pensar el pobre hombre? what was the poor man supposed o meant to think?
    ¿seguro que fue ella? — ¿quién iba a ser si no? are you sure it was her? — who else could it have been?
    D
    (expresando incredulidad): ¡no irás a darle la razón a él! surely you're not going to say he was right!
    está muy deprimida — ¿no irá a hacer alguna tontería? she's really depressed — you don't think she'll go and do something stupid, do you?
    E
    1
    (en afirmaciones enfáticas): ¿te acuerdas de él? — ¡no me voy a acordar! do you remember him — of course I do o how could I forget?
    2
    (al contradecir): ¿dormiste bien? — ¡qué voy a dormir! did you sleep well?— how could I?
    ¡cómo iba a saberlo, si nadie me dijo nada! how was I supposed to know? no one told me anything
    ¿por qué lo voy a ayudar? ¡si él a mí nunca me ayuda! why should I help him? he never helps me!
    poco a poco va a ir aprendiendo she'll learn little by little
    ha ido cambiando con el tiempo he's changed as time has passed
    tú puedes ir pelando las cebollas you could start peeling the onions
    ahora les toca a ustedes, vayan preparándose it's your turn now, so start getting ready
    como te iba diciendo as I was saying
    ya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you can start o you'd better start getting used to the idea, you'd better get used to the idea
    la voz parecía irse alejando cada vez más the voice seemed to grow more and more distant
    la situación ha ido empeorando the situation has been getting worse and worse
    ■ irse
    A
    (marcharse): ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? why are you leaving o going so soon?
    vámonos, que se hace tarde let's go, it's getting late
    bueno, me voy right then, I'm taking off ( AmE) o ( BrE) I'm off
    el tren ya se ha ido the train's already gone
    se quiere ir a vivir a Escocia she wants to go (off) and live in Scotland
    se han ido todos a la plaza everybody's gone down to the square
    vete a la cama go to bed
    se fue de casa she left home
    vete de aquí get out of here
    se ha ido de la empresa she's left the company
    se han ido de viaje they're away, they've gone away
    anda, vete por ahí ( fam); get lost! ( colloq)
    (+ me/te/le etc): la mayor se nos ha ido a vivir a Florida our eldest daughter's gone (off) to live in Florida
    no te me vayas, quiero hablar contigo ( fam); don't run away, I want to talk to you ( colloq)
    B
    (consumirse, gastarse): ¡cómo se va el dinero! I don't know where the money goes!, the money just disappears!, we get through money so quickly
    (+ me/te/le etc): se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler half my salary goes on the rent
    se nos ha ido el día en tonterías we've spent o wasted the whole day messing around
    ¿te das cuenta de lo rápido que se nos ha ido la tarde? hasn't the evening gone quickly?
    C (desaparecer) «mancha/dolor» to go
    se ha ido la luz the electricity's gone off
    (+ me/te/le etc): no se me va el mareo I'm still feeling queasy
    ¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? has your headache gone?
    D (salirse, escaparse) «líquido/gas» to escape
    (+ me/te/le etc): se le está yendo el aire al globo the balloon's losing air o going down
    que no se te vaya la leche por el fuego don't let the milk boil over
    tápalo para que no se le vaya la fuerza put the top on so that the fizz doesn't go out of it o so that it doesn't lose its fizz
    cuando empezó la música se me iban los pies once the music began I couldn't stop my feet tapping o I couldn't keep my feet still
    lengua, mano1 (↑ mano (1))
    E ( euf) (morirse) to slip away ( euph)
    creo que se nos va I think he's slipping away, I think we're losing him
    F (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl):
    irse de boca/espaldas to fall flat on one's face/back
    me daba la impresión de que me iba para atrás I felt as if I was falling backwards
    frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante he braked and we all went flying forwards
    G (andarse, actuar) (+ compl):
    vete con cuidado/tacto be careful/tactful
    H
    1 (CS) (en naipes) to go out
    2
    ( RPl) (en una asignatura) tb irse a examen to have to take an exam
    I ( Col) «medias» to run
    * * *

     

    ir ( conjugate ir) verbo intransitivo
    1
    a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go;


    iban a caballo/a pie they were on horseback/on foot;
    ir por mar to go by sea;
    ¡Fernando! — ¡voy! Fernando! — (just) coming! o I'll be right there!;
    el ir y venir de los invitados the coming and going of the guests;
    vamos a casa let's go home;
    ¿adónde va este tren? where's this train going (to)?;
    ir de compras/de caza to go shopping/hunting;
    ya vamos para allá we're on our way;
    ¿por dónde se va a …? how do you get to …?;
    ir por or (Esp) a por algo/algn to go to get sth/sb;
    voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread


    ya va al colegio she's already at school
    2 ( expresando propósito) ir a + inf:
    ◊ ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?;

    ve a ayudarla go and help her;
    ver tb ir v aux 1
    3 (al arrojar algo, arrojarse):
    ◊ tírame la llave — ¡allá va! throw me the key — here you are o there you go!;

    tírate del trampolín — ¡allá voy! jump off the board! — here I go/come!
    4 [ comentario]:

    eso va por ti también that goes for you too, and the same goes for you
    1 (+ compl) ( sin énfasis en el movimiento):

    ¿van cómodos? are you comfortable?;
    íbamos sentados we were sitting down;
    vas muy cargada you have a lot to carry;
    yo iba a la cabeza I was in the lead
    2 ( refiriéndose al atuendo):

    voy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula;
    iba de verde she was dressed in green
    3 ( en calidad de) ir de algo to go (along) as sth;

    1 [camino/sendero] ( llevar) ir a algo to lead to sth, to go to sth
    2 (extenderse, abarcar):

    el período que va desde … hasta … the period from … to …
    1 (marchar, desarrollarse):
    ◊ ¿cómo va el nuevo trabajo? how's the new job going?;

    va de mal en peor it's going from bad to worse;
    ¿cómo te va? how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq);
    ¿cómo les fue en Italia? how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?;
    me fue mal/bien en el examen I did badly/well in the exam;
    ¡que te vaya bien! all the best!, take care!;
    ¡que te vaya bien (en) el examen! good luck in the exam
    2 ( en competiciones):
    ◊ ¿cómo van? — 3-1 what's the score? — 3-1;

    voy ganando yo I'm ahead, I'm winning
    3 ( en el desarrollo de algo):
    ◊ ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?;

    ¿todavía vas por la página 20? are you still on page 20?
    4 ( estar en camino):
    ◊ ¡vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!;

    va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty;
    ya va para dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
    5 (sumar, hacer):

    con este van seis six, counting this one
    6 ( haber transcurrido): en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes so far this year/month
    1 ( deber colocarse) to go;
    ◊ ¿dónde van las toallas? where do the towels go?;

    ¡qué va! (fam): ¿has terminado? — ¡qué va! have you finished? — you must be joking!;
    ¿se disgustó? — ¡qué va! did she get upset? — not at all!;
    vamos a perder el avión — ¡qué va! we're going to miss the plane — no way!
    2
    a) ( combinar) ir con algo to go with sth

    b) (sentar bien, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc):


    te irá bien un descanso a rest will do you good
    3 (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar) irle a algo/algn to support sth/sb;

    1
    ◊ vamos

    a) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio):

    ◊ ¡vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?

    b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa):

    ◊ vamos, mujer, dile algo go on, say something to him;

    ¡vamos, date prisa! come on, hurry up!
    c) (al aclarar, resumir):

    ◊ eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway;

    vamos, que no es una persona de fiar basically, he's not very trustworthy;
    es mejor que el otro, vamos it's better than the other one, anyway
    2
    ◊ vaya

    a) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad):

    ◊ ¡vaya! ¡tú por aquí! what a surprise! what are you doing here?;

    ¡vaya! ¡se ha vuelto a caer! oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!
    b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar):

    ◊ ¡vaya cochazo! what a car!

    ir v aux ir a + inf:
    1
    a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + inf;


    va a hacer dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
    b) (en propuestas, sugerencias):

    ◊ vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? now then, what did you say your name was?;

    bueno, vamos a trabajar all right, let's get to work
    2 (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones):

    cuidado, no te vayas a caer mind you don't fall (colloq);
    lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva take the umbrella, in case it rains
    3 ( expresando un proceso paulatino):

    ya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea;
    la situación ha ido empeorando the situation has been getting worse and worse
    irse verbo pronominal
    1 ( marcharse) to leave;
    ◊ ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? why are you leaving o going so soon?;

    vámonos let's go;
    bueno, me voy right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off;
    no te vayas don't go;
    vete a la cama go to bed;
    se fue de casa/de la empresa she left home/the company;
    vete de aquí get out of here;
    se han ido de viaje they're away, they've gone away
    2 (consumirse, gastarse):
    ◊ ¡cómo se va el dinero! I don't know where the money goes!;

    se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler half my salary goes on the rent
    3 ( desaparecer) [mancha/dolor] to go;


    (+ me/te/le etc)
    ◊ ¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? has your headache gone?

    4 (salirse, escaparse) [líquido/gas] to escape;
    ◊ se le está yendo el aire al globo the balloon's losing air o going down

    5 (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl):
    ◊ irse de boca/espaldas to fall flat on one's face/back;

    me iba para atrás I was falling backwards;
    frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante he braked and we all went flying forwards
    ir
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (dirigirse a un lugar) to go: ¡vamos!, let's go!
    voy a París, I'm going to Paris ➣ Ver nota en go
    2 (acudir regularmente) to go: va al colegio, he goes to school
    van a misa, they go to church
    3 (conducir a) to lead, go to: el sendero va a la mina, the path goes to the mine
    esta carretera va a Londres, this road leads to London
    4 (abarcar) to cover: la finca va desde la alambrada al camino, the estate extends from the wire fence to the path
    las lecciones que van desde la página 1 a la 53, the lessons on pages 1 to 53
    5 (guardarse habitualmente) va al lado de éste, it goes beside this one
    6 (mantener una posición) to be: va el primero, he's in first place
    7 (tener un estado de ánimo, una apariencia) to be: iba furioso/radiante, he was furious/radiant
    vas muy guapa, you look very smart o pretty
    8 (desenvolverse) ¿cómo te va?, how are things? o how are you doing?
    ¿cómo te va en el nuevo trabajo?, how are you getting on in your new job?
    9 (funcionar) to work (properly): el reloj no va, the clock doesn't go o work
    10 (sentar bien) to suit: ese corte de pelo no te va nada, that haircut doesn't suit you at all
    11 (combinar) to match, go: el rojo no va con el celeste, red doesn't go with pale blue
    12 (vestir) to wear
    ir con abrigo, to wear a coat
    ir de negro/de uniforme, to be dressed in black/in uniform
    la niña irá de enfermera, the little girl will dress up as a nurse
    13 fam (importar, concernir) to concern: eso va por ti también, and the same goes for you
    ni me va ni me viene, I don't care one way or the other
    14 (apostar) to bet: va un café a que no viene, I bet a coffee that he won't come
    15 (ir + de) fam (comportarse de cierto modo) to act
    ir de listo por la vida, to be a smart ass
    (tratar) to be about: ¿de qué va la película?, what's the film about?
    16 (ir + detrás de) to be looking for: hace tiempo que voy detrás de un facsímil de esa edición, I've been after a facsimile of that edition for a long time
    17 (ir + por) ir por la derecha, to keep (to the) right
    (ir a buscar) ve por agua, go and fetch some water
    (haber llegado) voy por la página noventa, I've got as far as page ninety
    18 (ir + para) (tener casi, estar cercano a) va para los cuarenta, she's getting on for forty
    ya voy para viejo, I'm getting old
    (encaminarse a) iba para ingeniero, she was studying to be an engineer
    este niño va para médico, this boy's going to become a doctor
    II verbo auxiliar
    1 (ir + gerundio) va mejorando, he's improving
    ir caminando, to go on foot
    2 (ir + pp) ya van estrenadas tres películas de Almodóvar, three films by Almodovar have already been released
    3 ( ir a + infinitivo) iba a decir que, I was going to say that
    va a esquiar, she goes skiing
    va a nevar, it's going to snow
    vas a caerte, you'll fall
    ♦ Locuciones: a eso iba, I was coming to that
    ¡ahí va!, catch!
    en lo que va de año, so far this year
    ¡qué va!, of course not! o nothing of the sort!
    ¡vamos a ver!, let's see!
    van a lo suyo, they look after their own interests
    ¡vaya!, fancy that
    ¡vaya cochazo!, what a car!
    ir a parar, to end up
    'ir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - acudir
    - andurriales
    - ánimo
    - antojarse
    - avión
    - avivar
    - bajar
    - bordear
    - brazo
    - busca
    - caer
    - calcular
    - camino
    - caza
    - cien
    - cine
    - coche
    - compra
    - comprensible
    - convenir
    - correr
    - corriente
    - danzar
    - deformación
    - deriva
    - descaminada
    - descaminado
    - descender
    - desgracia
    - deteriorarse
    - disposición
    - empecinada
    - empecinado
    - encaminada
    - encaminado
    - entrar
    - excursión
    - flojear
    - funesta
    - funesto
    - gaita
    - gatas
    - grano
    - gratis
    - gustar
    - haber
    - huevo
    - idea
    - ilusión
    English:
    afford
    - after
    - ahead
    - appealing
    - back
    - back up
    - be
    - beeline
    - bluster
    - bristle
    - camping
    - canter
    - career
    - catch
    - charge off
    - chase
    - check off
    - clean up after
    - cling
    - coast
    - collapse
    - come
    - come to
    - commute
    - consider
    - court
    - cross
    - cross-country
    - crowd
    - cycle
    - cycling
    - defensive
    - delay
    - dentist
    - deserve
    - detest
    - die off
    - dismiss
    - do
    - down
    - downhill
    - drag
    - drift
    - ease off
    - ease up
    - either
    - even
    - excursion
    - exercise
    - face
    * * *
    ir
    ♦ vi
    1. [desplazarse, dirigirse, acudir] to go;
    fuimos a caballo we went on horseback, we rode there;
    iremos andando we'll go on foot, we'll walk there;
    ir en autobús to go by bus, to take the bus;
    ir en automóvil to go by car, to drive;
    ir en taxi to go by taxi, to catch o take a taxi;
    ir en barco to go by boat;
    ir en avión to go by plane, to fly;
    ir por carretera/mar to go by road/sea;
    ir a casa/a la iglesia/al cine to go home/to church/to the cinema;
    ir a la escuela/al trabajo to go to school/work;
    los niños no tienen que ir a clase hoy children don't have to go to school today;
    me voy a clase, nos veremos luego I'm going to my lecture, see you later;
    ir de compras/de pesca to go shopping/fishing;
    ir de vacaciones to go on Br holiday o US vacation;
    ir hacia el sur/norte to go south/north;
    ¿adónde va este autocar? where's this coach going?;
    este tren va a o [m5] para Guadalajara this train is going to Guadalajara, this is the Guadalajara train;
    todas las mañanas voy de la estación a o [m5] hasta la fábrica every morning I go from the station to the factory;
    ¿para dónde vas? where are you heading (for)?;
    ahora mismo voy para allá I'm on my way there right now;
    ¿por dónde o [m5] cómo se va a la playa? how do you get to the beach from here?, could you tell me the way to the beach?;
    no vayas por ahí que hay mucho barro don't go that way, it's muddy;
    ¿eres alumno oficial? – no, sólo voy de oyente are you an official student? – no, I'm just sitting in on classes;
    fue a la zona como emisario de la ONU he travelled to the area on behalf of the UN;
    ¡ahí o [m5] allá va! [al lanzar una cosa] there you go;
    ahí va el informe que me pediste here's the report you asked for;
    ¡allá voy! [al lanzarse uno mismo] here goes!, here we go!;
    Anticuado
    ¿quién va? who goes there?;
    ¡Sergio, te llaman por teléfono! – ¡voy! Sergio, there's a phone call for you! – (I'm) coming!;
    ¡ya voy!, ¡ya va! [cuando llaman a la puerta] (I'm) coming!;
    ir a alguien con algo [contar] to go to sb with sth;
    todos le van con sus problemas everyone goes to her with their problems;
    el autocar se salió de la calzada y fue a dar o [m5] a parar a un lago the coach came off the road and ended up in a lake;
    estuvimos de paseo y fuimos a dar a una bonita plaza we were out walking when we came across a beautiful square;
    Fam Fig
    ¿dónde vas con tantos aperitivos? luego no podremos con la comida steady on with the snacks or we won't be able to manage our dinner!;
    Fam Fig
    les habrá costado unas 100.000 – ¡dónde vas! mucho menos, hombre it must have cost them about 100,000 – what are you talking about, it was much less!;
    (allá) donde fueres haz lo que vieres when in Rome, do as the Romans do
    2. [conducir] [camino, calle, carretera] to lead, to go;
    esta es la calle que va al museo this is the road (that leads o goes) to the museum;
    esta calle va a dar al puerto this road leads to the harbour;
    el camino va desde el pueblo hasta la cima de la montaña the path leads o goes from the village to the top of the mountain
    3. [abarcar]
    la zona de fumadores va del asiento 24 al 28 the smoking area is between seats 24 and 28;
    el examen de arte va desde el Barroco hasta el Romanticismo the art exam will cover the Baroque period to the Romantic period;
    la mancha iba de un lado a otro del techo the stain stretched from one side of the ceiling to the other;
    las películas seleccionadas van desde la comedia urbana hasta el clásico western the films that have been selected range from urban comedies to classic westerns
    4. Esp [buscar]
    ir (a) por algo/alguien to go and get sth/sb, to go and fetch sth/sb;
    fui (a) por él al aeropuerto I went to meet him at the airport, I went to pick him up from the airport;
    ha ido (a) por leche a la tienda she's gone to the shop to get o for some milk;
    el perro fue a por él the dog went for him;
    tendrás que esconderte porque van a por ti you'll have to hide because they're (coming) after you;
    a eso voy/iba [al relatar] I am/was just getting to that
    5. [expresa estado, situación, posición]
    fue muy callada todo el camino she was very quiet throughout the journey;
    con esta bufanda irás calentito this scarf will keep you warm;
    el precio va impreso en la contraportada the price is printed on the back cover;
    la manivela va floja the crank is loose;
    iba tiritando de frío she was shivering with cold;
    ir a lo suyo to look out for oneself, to look after number one;
    iba en el tren pensando en sus cosas she was travelling on the train lost in thought;
    los niños iban armando jaleo en el asiento de atrás the children were kicking up a row in the back seat;
    ve con cuidado, es un barrio peligroso be careful, it's a dangerous area;
    tu caballo va tercero/en cabeza your horse is third/in the lead
    6. [expresa apoyo o rechazo]
    ir con to support;
    voy con el Real Madrid I support Real Madrid;
    ir contra algo, ir en contra de algo to be opposed to sth, to be against sth;
    ir en contra de la violencia to be opposed to violence, to be against violence;
    esta ley va contra la Constitución this act goes against o contravenes the Constitution;
    ir en beneficio de alguien to be to sb's benefit, to be in sb's interest;
    ir en perjuicio de alguien to be detrimental to o against sb's interests
    7. [vestir]
    ir con/en to wear;
    iba en camisa y corbata he was wearing a shirt and tie;
    aquí la gente va con o [m5] en bañador a todas partes people here go around in their swimsuits;
    ir de azul to be dressed in blue;
    ir de uniforme to be in uniform;
    iré (disfrazado) de Superman a la fiesta I'm going to the party (dressed up) as Superman;
    iba hecho un pordiosero he looked like a beggar
    8. [marchar, evolucionar] to go;
    le va bien en su nuevo trabajo things are going well for him in his new job;
    el niño va muy bien en la escuela the child's doing very well at school;
    ¿cómo va el negocio? how's business?;
    su negocio va mal, el negocio le va mal his business is going badly;
    ¿cómo te va? how are you doing?;
    ¿cómo te va en la universidad? how's university?, how are you getting on at university?;
    ¿cómo van? [en partido] what's the score?;
    [en carrera, juego] who's winning?;
    van empate a cero it's Br nil-nil o US zero-zero;
    vamos perdiendo we're losing;
    ¿qué tal te va con tus nuevos alumnos? how are you getting on with your new pupils?;
    ¿qué tal va esa paella? how's that paella coming along?;
    ¡hasta pronto! ¡que te vaya bien! see you later, take care!;
    ¡que te vaya muy bien con el nuevo empleo! I hope things go well for you in your new job!, the best of luck with your new job!
    9. [cambiar, encaminarse]
    ir a mejor/peor to get better/worse;
    el partido fue a más en la segunda parte the game improved o got better in the second half;
    como sigamos así, vamos a la ruina if we carry on like this we'll be heading for disaster;
    voy para viejo I'm getting old;
    esta chica va para cantante this girl has all the makings of a singer;
    va para un mes que no llueve it's getting on for o almost a month now since it last rained
    10. [alcanzar]
    va por el cuarto vaso de vino he's already on his fourth glass of wine;
    vamos por la mitad de la asignatura we've covered about half the subject;
    ¿por qué parte de la novela vas? which bit in the novel are you at?;
    aún voy por el primer capítulo I'm still on the first chapter
    11. [expresa cantidades, diferencias]
    con éste van cinco ministros destituidos por el escándalo that makes five ministers who have now lost their job as a result of the scandal;
    ya van dos veces que me tuerzo el tobillo that's the second time I've twisted my ankle;
    van varios días que no lo veo it's several days since I (last) saw him;
    en lo que va del o Esp [m5] de mes he ido tres veces al médico so far this month I've been to the doctor three times, I've already been to the doctor three times this month;
    de dos a cinco van tres the difference between two and five is three;
    va mucho de un apartamento a una casa there's a big difference between Br a flat o US an apartment and a house
    12. [corresponder] to go;
    estas tazas van con estos platos these cups go with these saucers;
    ¿con qué clase de tornillos va esta tuerca? what sort of screw does this nut take?
    13. [colocarse] to go, to belong;
    esto no va ahí that doesn't go o belong there;
    ¿en qué cajón van los calcetines? which drawer do the socks go in?
    14. [escribirse]
    “Edimburgo” va con “m” “Edimburgo” is written o spelt with an “m”;
    toda la oración va entre paréntesis the whole sentence goes in brackets;
    el “solo” adjetivo no va con acento “solo” doesn't have an accent when used as an adjective
    15. [sentar] [ropa]
    ¡qué bien te van los abrigos largos! long coats really suit you!;
    ir con algo to go with sth;
    esta camisa no va con esa falda this shirt doesn't go with this skirt
    16. [sentar] [vacaciones, tratamiento]
    irle bien a alguien to do sb good;
    esa infusión me ha ido muy bien that herbal tea did me a lot of good
    17. [funcionar] to work;
    la televisión no va the television isn't working;
    una radio que va a o [m5] con pilas a radio that uses batteries, a battery-powered radio;
    estas impresoras antiguas van muy lentas these old printers are very slow
    18. [depender]
    en aquel negocio le iba su futuro como director de la empresa his future as manager of the company depended on that deal;
    todos corrieron como si les fuera la vida en ello everyone ran as if their life depended on it;
    esto de la ropa va en gustos clothes are a matter of taste;
    CSur
    ¿es fácil aprobar? – va en el profesor is it easy to pass? – it depends on the teacher
    19. [comentario, indirecta]
    ir con o [m5] por alguien to be meant for sb, to be aimed at sb;
    y eso va por ti también and that goes for you too;
    hizo como si no fuera con él he acted as if he didn't realize she was referring to him;
    lo que digo va por todos what I'm saying applies to o goes for all of you;
    va o [m5]voy en serio, no me gustan estas bromas I'm serious, I don't like this sort of joke
    20. Esp Fam [gustar]
    no me va el pop I'm not a big fan of pop music;
    a mí lo que me va es la cocina I'm really into cooking;
    ni me va ni me viene I don't care one way or the other
    21. Fam [costar]
    ir a to be, to cost;
    ¿a cómo o [m5] cuánto va el kilo de tomates? how much is a kilo of tomatoes?
    22. Esp Fam [tratar] [conferencia, película, novela]
    ir de to be about;
    ¿de qué va “1984”? what's “1984” about?
    23. Fam Esp
    ir de, RP [m5] irla de [dárselas] [persona] to think oneself;
    Esp
    va de inteligente, RP [m5] la va de inteligente he thinks he's clever;
    Esp
    ¿de qué vas?, RP [m5]¿de qué la vas? just who do you think you are?
    24. Fam [apostarse]
    ¿va una cerveza a que llevo razón? I bet you a beer I'm right
    25. [en frases] Fam
    fue y dijo que… he went and said that…;
    y de repente va y se echa a reír and suddenly she just goes and bursts out laughing;
    Fam
    fue y se marchó sin mediar palabra she upped and went without a word;
    Fam
    ¡ahí va! ¡qué paisaje tan bonito! wow, what beautiful scenery!;
    Fam
    ¡ahí va! me he dejado el paraguas en casa oh no, I've left my umbrella at home!;
    ¡qué va! [por supuesto que no] not in the least!, not at all!;
    [me temo que no] I'm afraid not; [no digas tonterías] don't be ridiculous!;
    ¡no va más! [en el casino] no more bets!;
    Esp
    ser el no va más to be the ultimate;
    este gimnasio es el no va más this gym is the ultimate;
    RP Fam
    desde el vamos [desde el principio] from the word go;
    me cayó mal desde el vamos I didn't like him from the word go;
    Fam
    ¡dónde va a parar! there's no comparison!;
    sin ir más lejos: tu madre, sin ir más lejos we need look no further than your mother;
    sin ir más lejos, nos vimos ayer we saw each other only yesterday
    ♦ v aux
    1. [con gerundio] [expresa acción lenta o gradual]
    ir haciendo algo to be (gradually) doing sth;
    va anocheciendo it's getting dark;
    me voy haciendo viejo I'm getting old;
    voy mejorando mi estilo I'm gradually improving my style;
    su cine ha ido mejorando últimamente her movies o Br films have been getting better recently;
    fui metiendo las cajas en el almacén I began putting the crates in the warehouse;
    iremos aprendiendo de nuestros errores we'll learn from our mistakes;
    ve deshaciendo las maletas mientras preparo la cena you can be unpacking the suitcases while I get dinner;
    vete haciéndote a la idea you'd better start getting used to the idea;
    como iba diciendo… as I was saying…
    2. [con a + infinitivo] [expresa acción próxima, intención, situación futura]
    ir a hacer algo to be going to do sth;
    voy a hacerle una visita [ahora mismo] I'm about to go and visit him;
    [en un futuro próximo] I'm going to visit him;
    iré a echarte una mano en cuanto pueda I'll come along and give you a hand as soon as I can;
    ¡vamos a comer, tengo hambre! let's have lunch, I'm hungry!;
    el tren con destino a Buenos Aires va a efectuar su salida en el andén 3 the train for Buenos Aires is about to depart from platform 3;
    van a dar las dos it is nearly two o'clock;
    va a hacer una semana que se fue it's coming up to o nearly a week since she left;
    voy a decírselo a tu padre I'm going to tell your father;
    ¿no irás a salir así a la calle? surely you're not going to go out like that?;
    he ido a comprar pero ya habían cerrado I had intended to go shopping, but they were shut;
    te voy a echar de menos I'm going to miss you;
    vas a hacerte daño como no tengas cuidado you'll hurt yourself if you're not careful;
    todo va a arreglarse, ya verás it'll all sort itself out, you'll see;
    ¿qué van a pensar los vecinos? what will the neighbours think?;
    no le quise decir nada, no fuera a enfadarse conmigo I didn't want to say anything in case she got angry with me
    3. [con a + infinitivo] [en exclamaciones que expresan consecuencia lógica, negación]
    ¿qué voy a pensar si llevas tres días fuera de casa? what do you expect me to think if you don't come home for three days?;
    ¿la del sombrero es tu hermana? – ¿quién va a ser? ¡pues claro! is the woman with the hat your sister? – of course she is, who else could she be?;
    y ¿dónde fuiste? – ¿dónde iba a ir? ¡a la policía! and where did you go? – where do you think? to the police, of course!;
    ¡cómo voy a concentrarme con tanto ruido! how am I supposed to concentrate with all that noise?;
    ¡cómo voy a pagarte si estoy sin dinero! how do you expect me to pay you if I haven't got any money?;
    ¡cómo no me voy a reír con las cosas que dices! how can I fail to laugh o how can you expect me not to laugh when you say things like that!;
    ¿te ha gustado? – ¡qué me va a gustar! did you like it? – like it? you must be joking!
    ♦ vt
    Méx
    irle a to support;
    le va al Nexaca he supports Nexaca
    * * *
    ir
    <part ido>
    I v/i
    1 go (a to);
    ir a pie walk, go on foot;
    ir en coche/en tren go by car/train;
    ir a por algo go and fetch sth;
    ¡ya voy! I’m coming!;
    ¿quién va? who goes there?
    2 ( vestir)
    :
    iba de amarillo/de uniforme she was wearing yellow/a uniform
    3
    :
    van dos a dos DEP the score is two all
    4 ( tratar)
    :
    ¿de qué va la película? what’s the movie about?;
    el libro va de vampiros the book’s about vampires
    5 ( agradar)
    :
    el clima no me va the climate doesn’t suit me, I don’t like the climate;
    ella no me va she’s not my kind of person;
    no me va ni me viene I’m not bothered, I don’t care one way or the other
    ir bien/mal go well/badly
    7 ( abarcar)
    :
    va de la página 12 a la 16 it goes from page 12 to page 16
    8
    :
    ¡qué va! you must be joking!;
    ¡vamos! come on!;
    ¡vaya! well!;
    ¿ha dicho eso? – ¡vamos! he said that? – no way!;
    ¡vaya una sorpresa! irón what a surprise!;
    a eso voy I’m just getting to that;
    eso va por ti también that goes for you too
    II v/aux
    :
    va a llover it’s going to rain;
    va para abogado he’s going to be a lawyer
    :
    ya voy comprendiendo I’m beginning to understand;
    ir para viejo be getting old;
    ya va anocheciendo it’s getting dark
    :
    ya va para dos años it’s been almost two years now;
    van tirados 3.000 3,000 have been printed
    * * *
    ir {43} vi
    1) : to go
    ir a pie: to go on foot, to walk
    ir a caballo: to ride horseback
    ir a casa: to go home
    2) : to lead, to extend, to stretch
    el camino va de Cali a Bogotá: the road goes from Cali to Bogotá
    3) funcionar: to work, to function
    esta computadora ya no va: this computer doesn't work anymore
    4) : to get on, to get along
    ¿cómo te va?: how are you?, how's it going?
    el negocio no va bien: the business isn't doing well
    5) : to suit
    ese vestido te va bien: that dress really suits you
    6)
    ir con : to be
    ir con prisa: to be in a hurry
    7)
    ir por : to follow, to go along
    fueron por la costa: they followed the shoreline
    8)
    dejarse ir : to let oneself go
    9)
    ir a parar : to end up
    vamos a ver : let's see
    ir v aux
    ir caminando: to walk
    ¡voy corriendo!: I'll be right there!
    2)
    ir a : to be going to
    voy a hacerlo: I'm going to do it
    el avión va a despegar: the plane is about to take off
    * * *
    ir vb
    1. (en general) to go [pt. went; pp. gone]
    ¿adónde vas? where are you going?
    2. (marchar) to be / to get on / to go
    ¿cómo te va? how are you? / how's it going? / how are things?
    ¿cómo te va en el nuevo trabajo? how are you getting on in your new job?
    ¿cómo te fue en el examen? how did your exam go? / how did you get on in your exam?
    3. (estar) to be
    4. (sentar bien) to suit
    5. (gustar) to like / to be into
    6. (convenir) to do
    7. (funcionar) to work
    ¡vamos caminando! let's walk!
    ir con to go with / to match
    ir de (persona) to wear [pt. wore; pp. worn] (libro, película) to be about
    ¿de qué va la película? what's the film about?
    ir tirando to get by / to manage
    vamos tirando we get by / we're managing
    ¡qué va! no way! / not at all!
    ¡vamos a...! let's...!
    ¡vamos a bailar! let's dance!
    ¡vaya! well!
    ¡ya voy! I'm coming!

    Spanish-English dictionary > ir

  • 54 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 55 iron

    1. noun
    1) (metal) Eisen, das

    strike while the iron is hot — (prov.) das Eisen schmieden, solange es heiß ist (Spr.)

    2) (tool) Eisen, das
    3) (for smoothing) Bügeleisen, das
    2. attributive adjective
    1) (of iron) eisern; Eisen[platte usw.]
    2) (very robust) eisern [Konstitution]
    3) (unyielding) eisern; ehern (geh.) [Stoizismus]
    3. transitive verb
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/88337/iron_out">iron out
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (( also adjective) (of) an element that is the most common metal, is very hard, and is widely used for making tools etc: Steel is made from iron; The ground is as hard as iron; iron railings; iron determination (= very strong determination).) das Eisen;eisern
    2) (a flat-bottomed instrument that is heated up and used for smoothing clothes etc: I've burnt a hole in my dress with the iron.) das Bügeleisen
    3) (a type of golf-club.) das Eisen
    2. verb
    (to smooth (clothes etc) with an iron: This dress needs to be ironed; I've been ironing all afternoon.) bügeln
    - ironing
    - irons
    - ironing-board
    - ironmonger
    - ironmongery
    - have several
    - too many irons in the fire
    - iron out
    - strike while the iron is hot
    * * *
    [ˈaɪən, AM -ɚn]
    I. n
    1. no pl CHEM (element) Eisen nt
    rich in \iron reich an Eisen; (as medical preparation) Eisen[präparat] nt; (metal) Eisen nt
    2. ( fig)
    the I\iron Lady (M. Thatcher) die eiserne Lady
    will of \iron eiserne Wille
    3. (appliance) [Bügel]eisen nt
    steam \iron Dampfbügeleisen nt
    4. (branding instrument) Brandeisen nt
    5. SPORT (club) Golfschläger m
    6. (shoe) [Huf]eisen nt
    7. (ring) Steigbügel m
    8. (weapon) Eisen nt, Schwert nt
    to fall to the \iron durch das Eisen fallen
    to put to the \iron mit dem Eisen erschlagen
    9.
    ▶ to have [or keep] [too] many/other \irons in the fire [zu] viele/andere Eisen im Feuer haben
    ▶ to have an \iron fist [or hand] in a velvet glove freundlich im Ton, aber hart in der Sache sein
    ▶ to rule with a rod of \iron mit eiserner Faust regieren
    ▶ strike while the \iron is hot ( prov) das Eisen schmieden, solange es heiß ist prov
    II. n modifier (bar, mine, railing) Eisen-
    III. adj
    1. ( fig: strict) eisern
    \iron determination [or will] eiserner [o stählerner] Wille
    \iron discipline eiserne Disziplin
    to rule with an \iron hand [or fist] mit eiserner Faust regieren
    \iron negotiator eisenharter Unterhändler/eisenharte Unterhändlerin
    2. ( fig: strong)
    \iron constitution eiserne Gesundheit
    IV. vt
    ▪ to \iron sth etw bügeln, SCHWEIZ a. etw akk glätten
    to \iron the laundry die Wäsche bügeln
    V. vi bügeln, SCHWEIZ a. glätten
    cotton and silk \iron well Baumwolle und Seide lassen sich gut bügeln
    * * *
    ['aɪən]
    1. n
    1) Eisen nt
    2) (= electric iron) Bügeleisen nt

    he has too many irons in the fire — er macht zu viel auf einmal

    to strike while the iron is hot (Prov) — das Eisen schmieden, solange es heiß ist (Prov)

    3) (GOLF) Eisen nt
    4) pl (= fetters) Hand- und Fußschellen pl
    2. adj
    1) (CHEM) Eisen-; (= made of iron) Eisen-, eisern, aus Eisen

    iron pyrites — Eisenkies m, Pyrit m

    2) (fig) constitution, hand eisern; will eisern, stählern; rule streng, unbarmherzig
    3. vt
    clothes bügeln
    4. vi
    (person) bügeln; (cloth) sich bügeln lassen
    * * *
    iron [ˈaıə(r)n]
    A s
    1. Eisen n:
    (as) hard as iron eisenhart;
    have several irons in the fire mehrere Eisen im Feuer haben;
    pump iron SPORT sl Gewichtheber sein;
    strike while the iron is hot das Eisen schmieden, solange es heiß ist;
    a man of iron ein unnachgiebiger oder harter Mann;
    he is made of iron er hat eine eiserne Gesundheit;
    a heart of iron ein Herz aus Stein;
    a will of iron ein eiserner Wille;
    in irons SCHIFF im Wind, nicht wendefähig;
    the iron entered his soul BIBEL Pein und Trübsal beschlichen seine Seele; → rod 4 d
    2. Gegenstand aus Eisen, z. B.
    a) Brandeisen n, -stempel m
    b) (Bügel)Eisen n
    c) Harpune f
    d) Steigbügel m
    3. Eisen n (Schneide eines Werkzeugs)
    4. Golf: Eisen(schläger) n(m)
    5. umg obs Schießeisen n
    6. MED, PHARM Eisen(präparat) n:
    take iron Eisen einnehmen
    7. pl Hand-, Fußschellen pl, Eisen pl:
    put in irons → C 4
    8. MED US umg Beinschiene f (Stützapparat):
    put sb’s leg in irons jemandem das Bein schienen
    9. Eisengrau n
    B adj
    1. eisern, Eisen…, aus Eisen:
    2. eisenfarben
    3. fig eisern:
    a) kräftig, robust:
    an iron constitution eine eiserne Gesundheit
    b) unerbittlich, grausam, hart
    c) unbeugsam, unerschütterlich:
    the Iron Chancellor der Eiserne Kanzler (Bismarck);
    the Iron Duke der Eiserne Herzog (Wellington);
    iron discipline eiserne Disziplin;
    it’s a case of an iron fist ( oder hand) in a velvet glove POL etc das ist eine typische Mogelpackung;
    rule with an iron hand mit eiserner Faust oder eiserner Hand regieren;
    an iron will ein eiserner Wille
    4. HIST Eisenzeit…
    C v/t
    1. bügeln, plätten
    a) Kleidungsstück, Falten etc ausbügeln,
    b) fig Meinungsverschiedenheiten, Schwierigkeiten etc aus der Welt schaffen, beseitigen
    3. mit Eisen beschlagen
    4. jemanden in Eisen legen
    D v/i bügeln, plätten
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (metal) Eisen, das

    strike while the iron is hot — (prov.) das Eisen schmieden, solange es heiß ist (Spr.)

    2) (tool) Eisen, das
    3) (for smoothing) Bügeleisen, das
    2. attributive adjective
    1) (of iron) eisern; Eisen[platte usw.]
    2) (very robust) eisern [Konstitution]
    3) (unyielding) eisern; ehern (geh.) [Stoizismus]
    3. transitive verb
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    adj.
    eisern adj. n.
    Bügeleisen n.
    Eisen -- n. v.
    bügeln v.
    plätten v.

    English-german dictionary > iron

  • 56 Socialist Party / Partido Socialista

    (PS)
       Although the Socialist Party's origins can be traced back to the 1850s, its existence has not been continuous. The party did not achieve or maintain a large base of support until after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Historically, it played only a minor political role when compared to other European socialist parties.
       During the Estado Novo, the PS found it difficult to maintain a clandestine existence, and the already weak party literally withered away. Different groups and associations endeavored to keep socialist ideals alive, but they failed to create an organizational structure that would endure. In 1964, Mário Soares, Francisco Ramos da Costa, and Manuel Tito de Morais established the Portuguese Socialist Action / Acção Socialista Português (ASP) in Geneva, a group of individuals with similar views rather than a true political party. Most members were middle-class professionals committed to democratizing the nation. The rigidity of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) led some to join the ASP.
       By the early 1970s, ASP nuclei existed beyond Portugal in Paris, London, Rome, Brussels, Frankfurt, Sweden, and Switzerland; these consisted of members studying, working, teaching, researching, or in other activities. Extensive connections were developed with other foreign socialist parties. Changing conditions in Portugal, as well as the colonial wars, led several ASP members to advocate the creation of a real political party, strengthening the organization within Portugal, and positioning this to compete for power once the regime changed.
       The current PS was founded clandestinely on 19 April 1973, by a group of 27 exiled Portuguese and domestic ASP representatives at the Kurt Schumacher Academy of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Bad Munstereifel, West Germany. The founding philosophy was influenced by nondogmatic Marxism as militants sought to create a classless society. The rhetoric was to be revolutionary to outflank its competitors, especially the PCP, on its left. The party hoped to attract reform-minded Catholics and other groups that were committed to democracy but could not support the communists.
       At the time of the 1974 revolution, the PS was little more than an elite faction based mainly among exiles. It was weakly organized and had little grassroots support outside the major cities and larger towns. Its organization did not improve significantly until the campaign for the April 1975 constituent elections. Since then, the PS has become very pragmatic and moderate and has increasingly diluted its socialist program until it has become a center-left party. Among the party's most consistent principles in its platform since the late 1970s has been its support for Portugal's membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Union (EU), a view that clashed with those of its rivals to the left, especially the PCP. Given the PS's broad base of support, the increased distance between its leftist rhetoric and its more conservative actions has led to sharp internal divisions in the party. The PS and the Social Democratic Party (PSD) are now the two dominant parties in the Portuguese political party system.
       In doctrine and rhetoric the PS has undergone a de-Marxification and a movement toward the center as a means to challenge its principal rival for hegemony, the PSD. The uneven record of the PS in general elections since its victory in 1975, and sometimes its failure to keep strong legislative majorities, have discouraged voters. While the party lost the 1979 and 1980 general elections, it triumphed in the 1983 elections, when it won 36 percent of the vote, but it still did not gain an absolute majority in the Assembly of the Republic. The PSD led by Cavaco Silva dominated elections from 1985 to 1995, only to be defeated by the PS in the 1995 general elections. By 2000, the PS had conquered the commanding heights of the polity: President Jorge Sampaio had been reelected for a second term, PS prime minister António Guterres was entrenched, and the mayor of Lisbon was João Soares, son of the former socialist president, Mário Soares (1986-96).
       The ideological transformation of the PS occurred gradually after 1975, within the context of a strong PSD, an increasingly conservative electorate, and the de-Marxification of other European Socialist parties, including those in Germany and Scandinavia. While the PS paid less attention to the PCP on its left and more attention to the PSD, party leaders shed Marxist trappings. In the 1986 PS official program, for example, the text does not include the word Marxism.
       Despite the party's election victories in the mid- and late-1990s, the leadership discovered that their grasp of power and their hegemony in governance at various levels was threatened by various factors: President Jorge Sampaio's second term, the constitution mandated, had to be his last.
       Following the defeat of the PS by the PSD in the municipal elections of December 2001, Premier Antônio Guterres resigned his post, and President Sampaio dissolved parliament and called parliamentary elections for the spring. In the 17 March 2002 elections, following Guterres's resignation as party leader, the PS was defeated by the PSD by a vote of 40 percent to 38 percent. Among the factors that brought about the socialists' departure from office was the worsening post-September 11 economy and disarray within the PS leadership circles, as well as charges of corruption among PS office holders. However, the PS won 45 percent of the vote in parliamentary elections of 2005, and the leader of the party, José Sócrates, a self-described "market-oriented socialist" became prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Socialist Party / Partido Socialista

  • 57 moderado

    adj.
    1 moderate, abstinent, abstemious, even-tempered.
    Es un hombre muy medido He is a very frugal [measured] man.
    2 moderate, gentle.
    3 discrete.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: moderar.
    * * *
    1 moderate
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 moderate
    * * *
    (f. - moderada)
    noun adj.
    * * *
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo < temperatura> moderate; < precio> reasonable; <ideología/facción> moderate
    II
    - da masculino, femenino moderate
    * * *
    = gentle [gentler -comp., gentlest -sup.], mild, moderate, middle-ground, restrained, low-key [low key], temperate, moderate, moderated, sparing, low-keyed, guarded, measured.
    Ex. Melanie Stanton broke into a gentle laugh as she recalled him executing a shuffling fandango and announcing mischievously, 'Women in the SLA, get ready, here I come!'.
    Ex. If the spot stays yellow the paper is decidedly acid; an in-between colour (green, grey, grey-green, yellow-green) indicates mild acidity; while if the spot goes purple, the paper is near-neutral or alkaline.
    Ex. In his efforts to broaden the tax base, Groome has been actively courting industry - with some moderate success.
    Ex. Beginning with a middle-ground strategy may offer the best balance between Recall and Precision.
    Ex. The stereotype of the governess as exemplified in Jane Eyre -- intelligent, restrained, soberly clad -- was the predecessor of the librarian as an occupation in which the women of the period, the 'guardians of morality' could find genteel employment.
    Ex. Activity is still low key, but will increase when the British Library puts up data bases on its own computer in 1977.
    Ex. Being on the ocean means that Boston's climate is temperate in the summer.
    Ex. This paper examines the ways in which extremists and moderates in the two communities frame the televised representation of the Israeli-Arab conflict.
    Ex. this paper discusses some of the issues involved in using electronic mailing lists and listservs and describes 2 basic types of listservs: open lists; controlled lists and moderated lists.
    Ex. The committee was very sparing in its recommendations of proposals for debate.
    Ex. Overall, he provides a low-keyed, lucid account that, with its many-leveled approach, does more than justice to the complex themes it studies.
    Ex. Britain has given a guarded response to Myanmar's announcement that a referendum will be held on a new constitution in May.
    Ex. This will move the debate about open access as a model for scholarly communication towards a more measured and nuanced discourse.
    ----
    * optimismo moderado = guarded optimism.
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo < temperatura> moderate; < precio> reasonable; <ideología/facción> moderate
    II
    - da masculino, femenino moderate
    * * *
    = gentle [gentler -comp., gentlest -sup.], mild, moderate, middle-ground, restrained, low-key [low key], temperate, moderate, moderated, sparing, low-keyed, guarded, measured.

    Ex: Melanie Stanton broke into a gentle laugh as she recalled him executing a shuffling fandango and announcing mischievously, 'Women in the SLA, get ready, here I come!'.

    Ex: If the spot stays yellow the paper is decidedly acid; an in-between colour (green, grey, grey-green, yellow-green) indicates mild acidity; while if the spot goes purple, the paper is near-neutral or alkaline.
    Ex: In his efforts to broaden the tax base, Groome has been actively courting industry - with some moderate success.
    Ex: Beginning with a middle-ground strategy may offer the best balance between Recall and Precision.
    Ex: The stereotype of the governess as exemplified in Jane Eyre -- intelligent, restrained, soberly clad -- was the predecessor of the librarian as an occupation in which the women of the period, the 'guardians of morality' could find genteel employment.
    Ex: Activity is still low key, but will increase when the British Library puts up data bases on its own computer in 1977.
    Ex: Being on the ocean means that Boston's climate is temperate in the summer.
    Ex: This paper examines the ways in which extremists and moderates in the two communities frame the televised representation of the Israeli-Arab conflict.
    Ex: this paper discusses some of the issues involved in using electronic mailing lists and listservs and describes 2 basic types of listservs: open lists; controlled lists and moderated lists.
    Ex: The committee was very sparing in its recommendations of proposals for debate.
    Ex: Overall, he provides a low-keyed, lucid account that, with its many-leveled approach, does more than justice to the complex themes it studies.
    Ex: Britain has given a guarded response to Myanmar's announcement that a referendum will be held on a new constitution in May.
    Ex: This will move the debate about open access as a model for scholarly communication towards a more measured and nuanced discourse.
    * optimismo moderado = guarded optimism.

    * * *
    moderado1 -da
    1 ‹temperatura› moderate; ‹precio› reasonable
    2 ‹ideología/facción› moderate
    3 ‹persona/comportamiento› restrained
    moderado2 -da
    masculine, feminine
    moderate
    * * *

    Del verbo moderar: ( conjugate moderar)

    moderado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    moderado    
    moderar
    moderado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    a) ‹persona/comportamiento› restrained


    ‹ precio› reasonable;
    ‹ideología/facción› moderate
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    moderate
    moderar ( conjugate moderar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹impulsos/aspiraciones› to curb, moderate;


    b) ‹gasto/consumo› to curb;

    ‹ velocidad› to reduce
    2 ‹debate/coloquio› to moderate, chair
    moderarse verbo pronominal:
    ◊ modérate, estás comiendo mucho restrain yourself o (colloq) go easy, you're eating too much;

    moderadose en los gastos to cut down on spending
    moderado,-a adjetivo
    1 (persona, ideas) moderate
    2 (precio) reasonable
    (temperatura, viento) mild
    moderar verbo transitivo
    1 to moderate: tienes que moderar esos hábitos, you have to kick your bad habits
    2 (velocidad) to reduce: al llegar a la curva, modere la velocidad, slow down at the curve
    3 (una discusión) to chair: tengo que moderar un debate en el Ateneo, I have to chair a debate at the Ateneo

    ' moderado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    moderada
    - sobria
    - sobrio
    - comedido
    - fresco
    - parco
    English:
    measured
    - middle-of-the-road
    - moderate
    - restrained
    - wet
    - gentle
    - middle
    - modest
    - reasonable
    * * *
    moderado, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [persona] moderate;
    es una persona moderada he's not given to excesses
    2. [velocidad] moderate;
    [precio] reasonable;
    habrá lluvias moderadas en el norte there will be some rain in the north
    3. [en política] moderate
    ♦ nm,f
    moderate
    * * *
    I adj moderate
    II m, moderada f moderate
    * * *
    moderado, -da adj & n
    : moderate
    * * *
    moderado adj moderate

    Spanish-English dictionary > moderado

  • 58 strength

    noun
    1) Stärke, die; (power) Kraft, die; (of argument) [Überzeugungs]kraft, die; (of poison, medicine) Wirksamkeit, die; (of legal evidence) [Beweis]kraft, die; (resistance of material, building, etc.) Stabilität, die

    not know one's own strength — nicht wissen, wie stark man ist

    give somebody strength — jemanden stärken; jemandem Kraft geben

    on the strength of something/that — aufgrund einer Sache (Gen.) /dessen

    2) (proportion present) Stärke, die; (full complement)

    be below strength/up to strength — weniger als/etwa die volle Stärke haben

    in [full] strength — in voller Stärke

    * * *
    see academic.ru/71361/strong">strong
    * * *
    [streŋ(k)θ]
    n
    1. no pl (muscle power) Kraft f, Stärke f
    you don't know your own \strength! du weißt nicht, wie stark du bist!
    his \strength failed him in the final straight auf der Zielgeraden verließen ihn seine Kräfte
    save your \strength! schone deine Kräfte!
    brute \strength schiere Muskelkraft
    physical \strength körperliche Kraft, Muskelkraft f
    2. no pl (health and vitality) Robustheit f, Lebenskraft f
    to be back to full \strength wieder ganz zu Kräften gekommen sein
    to gain \strength wieder zu Kräften [o auf die Beine] kommen
    to get one's \strength back [wieder] genesen
    when he's got his \strength back we'll have a holiday in America sobald er wieder ganz der Alte ist, machen wir Urlaub in Amerika
    to lose \strength geschwächt werden
    3. no pl (effectiveness, influence) Wirkungsgrad m, Stärke f
    to summarize the \strength of a proposal die Vorteile eines Vorschlags auflisten
    military \strength militärische Stärke
    to gather \strength an Stabilität gewinnen
    to go from \strength to \strength sich akk immer stärker [o kräftiger] entwickeln
    from \strength aus einer starken Position heraus
    4. no pl (mental firmness) Stärke f
    she has recently found \strength in religion sie hat neuerdings in der Religion eine Stütze gefunden
    to show great \strength of character große Charakterstärke zeigen [o beweisen]
    \strength of will [or mind] Willensstärke f
    to draw \strength from sth aus etw dat Kraft ziehen [o geh schöpfen]
    to draw on one's inner \strength seine ganze Kraft zusammennehmen
    5. (number of members) [Mitglieder]zahl f; (number of people) [Personen]zahl f; MIL [Personal]stärke f
    we're below \strength for today's match wir treten beim heutigen Spiel nicht in voller Mannschaftsstärke an
    at full \strength mit voller Kraft; MIL in voller Stärke
    to turn out in \strength in Massen [o in Scharen] [o massenweise] anrücken
    6. (potency) of tea Stärke f; of alcoholic drink also Alkoholgehalt m; of a drug Konzentration f; of medicine Wirksamkeit f
    7. (attribute) of a person Stärke f
    one's \strengths and weaknesses jds Stärken und Schwächen
    8. (withstand force) Widerstandskraft f, Belastbarkeit f
    9. (intensity) Intensität f; of a colour Leuchtkraft f; of a feeling Intensität f, Stärke f; of belief Stärke f, Tiefe f
    10. (cogency)
    \strength of an argument Überzeugungskraft f eines Arguments
    \strength of a case Durchsetzbarkeit f eines Anliegens
    the \strength of our case will be the fact that our client has a perfect alibi unser Verfahren ist aussichtsreich, weil unser Klient ein perfektes Alibi hat
    11. ECON
    \strength of a currency/an economy Stärke f einer Währung/einer Volkswirtschaft
    \strength of prices Preisstabilität f
    12.
    ▶ give me \strength! BRIT (annoyance) jetzt mach aber mal 'nen Punkt! fam; (exasperation) das halte ich nicht aus! fam
    give me \strength! look who's here! ist denn das die Möglichkeit! sieh doch mal, wer da ist! fam
    ▶ on the \strength of sth aufgrund einer S. gen
    I got into Oxford on the \strength of my excellent exam results ich wurde wegen meiner ausgezeichneten Prüfungsergebnisse in Oxford aufgenommen
    ▶ to be a tower [or pillar] of \strength wie ein Fels in der Brandung stehen
    * * *
    [streŋɵ]
    n
    1) (lit, fig) Stärke f; (of person, feelings) Kraft f; (of table, bolt, nail, wall) Stabilität f; (of material, character) Stärke f, Festigkeit f; (of conviction, shoes) Festigkeit f; (of views) Überzeugtheit f; (of imagination) Lebhaftigkeit f; (of reason, argument, evidence) Überzeugungskraft f; (of plea, protest) Eindringlichkeit f; (of letter) geharnischte or starke Ausdrucksweise; (of measure) Drastik f

    strength of character/will or mind — Charakter-/Willensstärke f

    he decided to be a writer on the strength of selling one short story — er beschloss, Schriftsteller zu werden, nachdem er eine einzige Kurzgeschichte verkauft hatte

    his strength failed him — seine Kräfte versagten, ihn verließen die Kräfte

    you don't know your own strength! — du weißt gar nicht, wie stark du bist!

    2) (= health of constitution) Robustheit f, Kräftigkeit f; (of eyes, heart) Stärke f
    3) (of colour) Kräftigkeit f, Intensität f; (of acid, bleach) Stärke f; (of diluted solution) Konzentration f
    4) (= numbers) (An)zahl f; (MIL) Stärke f

    to be at full strength —

    to be up to/below or under strength — (die) volle Stärke/nicht die volle Stärke haben

    to turn out in strength — in großer Zahl kommen, zahlreich erscheinen

    5) (of currency) Stärke f; (of market prices) Stabilität f; (of economy) Gesundheit f
    * * *
    strength [streŋθ; -ŋkθ] s
    1. Kraft f, Stärke f, Kräfte pl:
    strength of body Körperkraft, -kräfte;
    strength of character Charakterstärke, -festigkeit f;
    strength of mind Seelenstärke;
    strength of purpose Entschlusskraft, Zielstrebigkeit f;
    strength of will Willenskraft, -stärke;
    a) immer stärker oder besser werden,
    b) von Erfolg zu Erfolg eilen;
    he hasn’t got enough strength er ist nicht kräftig genug;
    strength training Krafttraining n
    2. fig Stärke f:
    his strength is ( oder lies) in endurance seine Stärke ist die Ausdauer
    3. Macht f, Gewalt f:
    4. (Beweis-, Überzeugungs)Kraft f:
    on the strength of aufgrund (gen), kraft (gen), auf … (akk) hin
    5. besonders MIL (Kopf-, Truppen)Stärke f:
    actual strength Ist-Stärke;
    required strength Soll-Stärke;
    a) in voller Stärke, vollzählig, (Eishockey) komplett,
    b) SPORT in stärkster Besetzung;
    they are back to full strength (Eishockey) sie sind wieder komplett;
    below strength SPORT nicht in stärkster Besetzung, ersatzgeschwächt;
    they are 200 men below strength ihnen fehlen 200 Mann;
    in (great) strength in großer Zahl, zahlreich;
    a) HIST Br auf der Stammrolle stehen,
    b) allg zur Belegschaft gehören
    6. MIL Stärke f, (Heeres)Macht f, Schlagkraft f
    7. besonders PHYS, TECH Stärke f, (Bruch-, Zerreiß- etc) Festigkeit f
    8. CHEM, ELEK, PHYS (Strom-, Feld- etc) Stärke f, Wirkungsgrad m:
    9. Stärke f, Gehalt m (eines Getränks)
    10. Stärke f, Intensität f (von Farben, Sinneseindrücken etc)
    11. fig Stärke f, Kraft(quelle) f:
    * * *
    noun
    1) Stärke, die; (power) Kraft, die; (of argument) [Überzeugungs]kraft, die; (of poison, medicine) Wirksamkeit, die; (of legal evidence) [Beweis]kraft, die; (resistance of material, building, etc.) Stabilität, die

    not know one's own strength — nicht wissen, wie stark man ist

    give somebody strength — jemanden stärken; jemandem Kraft geben

    on the strength of something/that — aufgrund einer Sache (Gen.) /dessen

    2) (proportion present) Stärke, die; (full complement)

    be below strength/up to strength — weniger als/etwa die volle Stärke haben

    in [full] strength — in voller Stärke

    * * *
    n.
    Festigkeit f.
    Kraft ¨-e f.
    Stärke -n f.

    English-german dictionary > strength

  • 59 sound

    I 1. [saʊnd]
    1) fis. telev. rad. suono m.
    2) (noise) rumore m.; (of bell, instrument, voice) suono m.
    3) (volume) audio m., volume m.

    by the sound of it,... — a quanto pare

    2.
    modificatore [engineer, technician] del suono
    3.
    1) (in good condition) [building, constitution] solido; [ heart] forte; [lungs, physique] sano; [ health] buono
    2) (well-founded) [basis, education] solido; [ judgment] sensato; [ advice] valido
    4) econ. comm. [ investment] sicuro; [ management] oculato
    5) (deep) [ sleep] profondo
    6) (correct, acceptable)
    4.

    to be sound asleep — essere profondamente addormentato, dormire della grossa

    II 1. [saʊnd]
    1) fare suonare [ siren]; suonare [ trumpet]
    2) ling. pronunciare [ letter]
    3) med. auscultare [ chest]
    4) (express) dare [ warning]
    2.
    1) (seem) sembrare

    to sound banal, boring — sembrare banale, noioso

    3) (convey impression) fare, suonare

    it may sound silly, but... — può sembrare stupido, ma

    4) (make a noise) [trumpet, alarm, buzzer, siren] suonare
    •
    III [saʊnd]
    nome geogr. stretto m.
    * * *
    I adjective
    1) (strong or in good condition: The foundations of the house are not very sound; He's 87, but he's still sound in mind and body.)
    2) ((of sleep) deep: She's a very sound sleeper.)
    3) (full; thorough: a sound basic training.)
    4) (accurate; free from mistakes: a sound piece of work.)
    5) (having or showing good judgement or good sense: His advice is always very sound.)
    •
    - soundness
    - sound asleep     II 1. noun
    1) (the impressions transmitted to the brain by the sense of hearing: a barrage of sound; ( also adjective) sound waves.)
    2) (something that is, or can be, heard: The sounds were coming from the garage.)
    3) (the impression created in the mind by a piece of news, a description etc: I didn't like the sound of her hairstyle at all!)
    2. verb
    1) (to (cause something to) make a sound: Sound the bell!; The bell sounded.)
    2) (to signal (something) by making a sound: Sound the alarm!)
    3) ((of something heard or read) to make a particular impression; to seem; to appear: Your singing sounded very good; That sounds like a train.)
    4) (to pronounce: In the word `pneumonia', the letter p is not sounded.)
    5) (to examine by tapping and listening carefully: She sounded the patient's chest.)
    •
    - soundlessly
    - sound effects
    - soundproof     3. verb
    (to make (walls, a room etc) soundproof.) insonorizzare
    III verb
    (to measure the depth of (water etc).)
    - sound out
    * * *
    sound (1) /saʊnd/
    a.
    1 sano ( anche fig.); buono; in buone condizioni fisiche; solido; valido; efficace; fondato (fig.): a sound mind in a sound body, mente sana in corpo sano; safe and sound, sano e salvo; a sound economic policy, una sana politica economica; sound advice, buoni consigli; consigli validi; a sound ship, una nave in buone condizioni; a sound bank, una banca solida; a sound method, un metodo valido; sound criticism, critiche efficaci, fondate
    2 accurato; completo: a sound investigation, un'accurata indagine
    3 ( del sonno) profondo; tranquillo: to be sound asleep, dormir della grossa; dormire profondamente
    4 (comm.) solvibile
    5 ( di persona) integro; onesto; fidato: a sound friend, un amico fidato
    7 (fam.) buono; bravo; capace: a sound player, un bravo giocatore
    8 (fam.) forte; sonoro; bello (fam.): a sound defeat, una bella batosta; a sound slap, un sonoro ceffone, un bello schiaffo
    ● sound-headed, equilibrato (fig.) □ (fam.) sound in life and limb, in buona salute; in forma □ (fin.) a sound investment, un investimento sicuro □ sound-minded, dotato di buonsenso □ (fin.) sound money, moneta stabile □ sound sense, buonsenso □ a sound thrashing, una bella bastonatura; un fracco di botte (pop.) □ sound views, vedute giuste; idee sane □ (fam.) as sound as a bell, ( di persona) sano come un pesce; ( di cosa) in perfette condizioni.
    ♦ sound (2) /saʊnd/
    A n. [uc]
    1 suono ( anche fig.); rumore; rombo; rimbombo; rintocco: (fon.) vowel sounds, suoni vocalici; What was that sound?, cosa è stato quel rumore?; the sound of footsteps, il rumore dei passi; The sound of aircraft landing, il rombo degli aerei che atterrano; the sound of bells, il rintocco delle campane; a metallic sound, un suono metallico
    2 tono: I like the sound of her voice, mi piace il tono della sua voce
    3 ( radio) suono; voce (fam.)
    4 (cinem.) (il) sonoro
    5 (TV) (il) sonoro; audio: loss of sound, scomparsa del sonoro; Turn down the sound, will you?, abbassa l'audio (o il volume), per favore!
    6 (fig.) modo in cui si mettono le cose: From the sound of it, I'm afraid the strike may go on for weeks, da come si mettono le cose, temo che lo sciopero vada avanti per delle settimane; by the sound of it, a quanto pare
    B a. attr.
    1 (fis.) acustico: sound absorption, assorbimento acustico
    2 (mus., cinem., TV) sonoro: a sound film, un film sonoro; sound effects, effetti sonori
    3 (ling.) fonetico: sound law, legge fonetica; sound system, sistema fonetico
    ● (aeron.) sound barrier, muro del suono: to break the sound barrier, superare il muro del suono □ (fam.) sound bite ► sound-bite □ (mus.) sound body ► soundbox □ (cinem., TV) sound by…, tecnico del suono… ( seguito dal nome) □ (comput.) sound card, scheda audio □ (tecn.) sound check, controllo dell'audio □ sound conditioned, insonorizzato □ (tecn.) sound deadener, materiale fonoassorbente □ sound engineer, tecnico del suono; (cinem.) fonico □ (comm.) sound equipment, attrezzature acustiche □ (mus.) sound grill, griglia sonora ( di fisarmonica) □ (fis.) sound-level meter, fonometro □ sound library, fonoteca □ sound meter = sound-level meter ► sopra □ sound mixer, apparecchio per il missaggio ( di un film, ecc.), mixer; tecnico addetto al missaggio □ (mus.) sound post, anima ( di un violino, ecc.) □ sound projector, proiettore sonoro □ ( anche mil.) sound ranging, fonotelemetria □ (tecn.) sound-ranging altimeter, altimetro acustico □ sound recorder, fonoregistratore □ ( slang USA) sound sheet, disco fonografico inserito in una rivista; dischetto ( da pochi soldi) □ (ling.) sound shift, cambiamento fonetico; rotazione consonantica □ (cinem., radio, TV) sound technician (o recordist), fonico; tecnico del suono □ (cinem.) sound track, colonna sonora □ ( USA) sound truck, furgone con altoparlante □ (fis.) sound wave, onda sonora □ out of sound, fuori del campo uditivo □ to be within sound of st., essere in grado di udire qc.; essere a portata di orecchio □ We liked the sound of his report, il tenore della sua relazione ci fece piacere.
    sound (3) /saʊnd/
    n.
    sonda ( anche med.); scandaglio.
    sound (4) /saʊnd/
    n. (geogr.)
    1 braccio di mare; stretto
    2 ( USA) laguna.
    sound (5) /saʊnd/
    n.
    ♦ (to) sound (1) /saʊnd/
    A v. i.
    1 suonare ( anche fig.); echeggiare; rimbombare; risuonare; squillare: His last words sounded in my ears, le sue ultime parole mi risuonavano nelle orecchie; The bugles sounded, squillarono le trombe; This sentence doesn't sound well, questa frase suona male
    2 sembrare, apparire, parere ( al suono): His idea sounds like a good one, la sua idea pare buona; DIALOGO → - After the cinema- That sounds good, buona idea; His voice sounded troubled, la sua voce appariva turbata; Your cough sounds better, sembra che la tosse ti stia passando; to sound as if (o as though) sembrare che: It sounds as if the economic situation is getting worse and worse, sembra che la congiuntura peggiori sempre più
    B v. t.
    1 suonare; ( dell'orologio) battere: (mil.) to sound the alarm [the retreat], suonare l'allarme [la ritirata]; The clock sounds the hour, l'orologio batte l'ora
    2 far risuonare; battere su (qc. per controllarne il suono): to sound the wheels of a railway carriage, battere sulle ruote di una carrozza ferroviaria
    3 (med.) auscultare
    4 (fon.) pronunciare: The «h» in «heir» is not sounded, l'«h» nella parola «heir» non si pronuncia (o è muta)
    5 (lett.) celebrare; proclamare; cantare (fig.): to sound sb. 's praises, cantar le lodi di q.
    ● to sound hollow, dare un suono cupo (o sordo); ( di scusa, pretesto, ecc.) suonare falso (o fasullo) □ (autom.) to sound one's horn, suonare (il clacson) □ (fig.) to sound a note of warning, far squillare un campanello d'allarme □ to sound off, (mil.) suonare; dare un segnale suonando; ( di soldati in marcia) cadenzare il passo ad alta voce; (fig. fam.) cantarla chiara, parlare apertamente; (fam. USA) concionare, pontificare; ( anche) lagnarsi, protestare, fare rimostranze □ to sound sb. 's praises far and wide, fare lodi sperticate a q.; portare q. alle stelle.
    (to) sound (2) /saʊnd/
    A v. t.
    1 sondare; (naut.) scandagliare; (med.) esaminare con la sonda: to sound the bottom of the sea, scandagliare il fondo del mare; to sound the depth of a channel, sondare la profondità d'un canale marittimo; (med.) to sound the bladder, esaminare la vescica con la sonda
    2 (fig., spesso to sound out) scandagliare; sondare; indagare su; sondare l'animo di, tastare il terreno (fig.): to sound sb. 's feelings, sondare i sentimenti di q.; Did you sound him out on ( o about) the subject?, hai tastato il terreno con lui in proposito?
    B v. i.
    1 (naut.) affondare lo scandaglio; misurare la profondità dell'acqua
    2 ( delle balene e di alcuni pesci) immergersi; puntare verso il fondo.
    * * *
    I 1. [saʊnd]
    1) fis. telev. rad. suono m.
    2) (noise) rumore m.; (of bell, instrument, voice) suono m.
    3) (volume) audio m., volume m.

    by the sound of it,... — a quanto pare

    2.
    modificatore [engineer, technician] del suono
    3.
    1) (in good condition) [building, constitution] solido; [ heart] forte; [lungs, physique] sano; [ health] buono
    2) (well-founded) [basis, education] solido; [ judgment] sensato; [ advice] valido
    4) econ. comm. [ investment] sicuro; [ management] oculato
    5) (deep) [ sleep] profondo
    6) (correct, acceptable)
    4.

    to be sound asleep — essere profondamente addormentato, dormire della grossa

    II 1. [saʊnd]
    1) fare suonare [ siren]; suonare [ trumpet]
    2) ling. pronunciare [ letter]
    3) med. auscultare [ chest]
    4) (express) dare [ warning]
    2.
    1) (seem) sembrare

    to sound banal, boring — sembrare banale, noioso

    3) (convey impression) fare, suonare

    it may sound silly, but... — può sembrare stupido, ma

    4) (make a noise) [trumpet, alarm, buzzer, siren] suonare
    •
    III [saʊnd]
    nome geogr. stretto m.

    English-Italian dictionary > sound

  • 60 weak

    wi:k
    1) (lacking in physical strength: Her illness has made her very weak.) débil
    2) (not strong in character: I'm very weak when it comes to giving up cigarettes.) débil
    3) ((of a liquid) diluted; not strong: weak tea.) flojo, aguado, poco cargado
    4) ((of an explanation etc) not convincing.) flojo, pobre, poco convincente
    5) ((of a joke) not particularly funny.) sin gracia, soso
    •
    - weaken
    - weakling
    - weakness
    - have a weakness for
    weak adj
    1. débil
    2. flojo
    tr[wiːk]
    1 (gen) débil; (person) débil, endeble; (light, voice) débil, tenue; (team, piece of work) flojo,-a
    2 (argument, excuse, etc) poco convincente, pobre, de poco peso, débil
    3 (tea, coffee, etc) aguado,-a, flojo,-a, poco cargado,-a
    1 los necesitados nombre masculino plural, los inválidos nombre masculino plural
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    a weak moment un momento débil
    to be weak at/in/on something ir flojo,-a en algo
    to be weak in the head estar mal de la cabeza
    to go weak at the knees flaquearle a alguien las piernas
    weak spot punto flaco, punto débil
    weak ['wi:k] adj
    1) feeble: débil, endeble
    2) : flojo, pobre
    a weak excuse: una excusa poco convincente
    3) diluted: aguado, diluido
    weak tea: té poco cargado
    4) faint: tenue (dícese de los colores, las luces, los sonidos, etc.)
    adj.
    • canijo, -a adj.
    • caído, -a adj.
    • desmayado, -a adj.
    • débil adj.
    • encanijado, -a adj.
    • enclenque adj.
    • endeble adj.
    • exangüe adj.
    • flaco, -a adj.
    • flojo, -a adj.
    • inválido, -a adj.
    • lánguido, -a adj.
    • pachucho, -a adj.
    • quebradizo, -a adj.
    • raquítico, -a adj.
    n.
    • aguapié s.m.
    • inválido s.m.
    wiːk
    adjective -er, -est
    1)
    a) <person/muscles> débil; < structure> poco sólido, endeble; <economy/currency> débil; < handshake> flojo
    b) ( ineffectual) <character/leader> débil
    2)
    a) ( not competent) <student/performance> flojo, pobre
    b) ( not convincing) <argument/excuse> poco convincente, pobre
    3) ( diluted) <coffee/tea> poco cargado; < beer> suave, aguado (pey); < solution> diluido
    [wiːk]
    1. ADJ
    (compar weaker) (superl weakest)
    1) (physically) [person, limb, constitution] débil

    he was too weak to stand up — estaba demasiado débil para levantarse, no tenía fuerzas para levantarse

    • to have weak eyesight — tener mala vista

    • to feel weak — sentirse débil

    my legs/arms felt weak — no tenía fuerza en las piernas/los brazos

    • to be weak from hunger — estar debilitado por el hambre

    • to grow or get weak(er) — debilitarse

    • to have a weak heart — padecer del corazón

    • the weaker sex — † el sexo débil

    • to have a weak stomach — marearse con facilidad

    • to be weak with hunger — estar debilitado por el hambre

    - be weak in the head

    to go weak at the knees —

    2) (=fragile) [bone, fingernail, bond] frágil; [structure] endeble, frágil; [material] endeble

    that chair's got a weak leg — a esa silla le falla una pata, esa silla tiene una pata floja

    the weak link (in the chain) — (fig) el eslabón flojo (de la cadena)

    3) (=ineffectual) [person, voice, smile, currency, government] débil; [economy] débil, flojo; [market] flojo

    they believe it is weak to cry — creen que llorar es signo de debilidad, creen que llorar es de débiles

    4) (=poor) [subject, student, team] flojo

    geography is my weak subject — estoy flojo en geografía, la geografía es mi asignatura floja

    • to be weak at or in sth — flojear en algo, estar flojo en algo

    • the course was very weak on grammar — el curso era muy flojo en lo referente a gramática

    • weak point — punto m débil

    spot 1., 4)
    5) (=unconvincing) [argument, evidence] poco sólido, poco convincente; [case] poco sólido; [excuse, answer] poco convincente
    6) (=faint) [light] débil, tenue; [sun, signal, electric current] débil; [tide, current] flojo; [pulse] débil, flojo
    7) (=watery) [coffee, tea, alcoholic drink] poco cargado; [solution] diluido
    2.
    NPL
    * * *
    [wiːk]
    adjective -er, -est
    1)
    a) <person/muscles> débil; < structure> poco sólido, endeble; <economy/currency> débil; < handshake> flojo
    b) ( ineffectual) <character/leader> débil
    2)
    a) ( not competent) <student/performance> flojo, pobre
    b) ( not convincing) <argument/excuse> poco convincente, pobre
    3) ( diluted) <coffee/tea> poco cargado; < beer> suave, aguado (pey); < solution> diluido

    English-spanish dictionary > weak

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