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81 caporal
(Sp. model spelled same [kaporál] < Italian caporale)Texas: 1892. A foreman, usually of Mexican origin, on a ranch. He was employed by the owner of the ranch to direct the cowhands. Dobie gives straw boss as a synonym. May also refer to the foreman of a sheep operation.Alternate form: corporal (by association with the military rank). The DRAE defines caporal as a caretaker of cattle. Santamaría and Islas note that in Mexico it refers to the boss among cowboys on a ranch. Cobos references caporal as a foreman who reports to a mayordomo (a boss or manager). -
82 carajo
(Sp. model spelled same [karáxo], of uncertain origin. Cognate terms exist in Spanish, French, and Galician)1) Clark: 1840s. A strong expletive used especially by Mexicans to express disgust or frustration.2) A base fellow, or one who would use an expletive like carajo. Often applied derisively to mule drivers, cowboys, outdoor workers, and Mexicans.3) DARE: 1880. In the Southwest, "the tall, upright stem [of the maguey plant], used as a goad" or walking stick. Blevins suggests that the stem of the maguey received this name because of its similarity to the virile member.Alternate forms: caracho pole, carajo pole.4) As a verb, meaning to use the expletive.The DRAE concurs with definition (1). The other three are not attested to in most Spanish sources, but derive from (1). Santamaría describes it as an expletive with folkloric color used in Spain as well as Latin America. It is very common and has prompted the creation of a number of euphemisms, including carancho, caramba, carache, and caray. Sobarzo concurs with this definition and adds that carajo can be used to refer to a malevolent, perverse, or base individual.Alternate form: caraho. -
83 cargador
(Sp. model spelled same [karyaðór] < cargar plus agentive suffix -dor; 'one who carries.')1) According to Blevins, a porter, generally a Mexican or Indian, employed by traders or by the army to pack loads on his back.2) DARE: 1811. A freighter who reports to the pack master of a mule train. The DRAE references cargador as one who loads merchandise or one who transports cargo. In America, the term refers to a porter or errand boy. Santamaría concurs and adds that a cargador de hatajo is the foreman of a pack train or the leader among muleteers. -
84 cavvy
( caballada [kapajáða]< Spanish caballo 'horse' plus the collective suffix -ada; 'a herd of horses')1) Texas: 1821 ( caballada); Southwest Texas: 1937 (cavvy). A band of saddle horses; refers to the mounts owned by a ranch when they are not being ridden. Although Adams indicates that this term refers exclusively to domesticated horses, Watts notes that in literature it has been applied occasionally to a band of wild horses. The DARE indicates that it may have meant a grouping of horses or mules, and Clark says that in rural areas it referred to a group of stray cows, perhaps because some associated the sound of "cavvy" with "calfie." Watts mentions that cavvy and other forms were commonly used to refer to a group of saddle horses on northern ranges in the early days of cattle herding in the West. Remuda was more common in the Southwest and Texas. Later, the variant cavieyah became the standard on northern ranges, while remuda continued to be used on southern ranges. Both the DRAE and Santamaría reference caballada as a herd of horses, both stallions and mares. Although cavvy is considered the most common variant, there are many alternate forms: caavy, cabablada, caballad, caballada, caballado, caballard, caballáda, calf yard, cavalade, cavalgada, caval-lad, cavallada, cavallado, cavallard, cavalry yard, cavalyard, cavayado, cavayard, cavayer, caviada, caviard, caviarde, caviata, caviya, cavoy, cavvayah, cavvayard, cavvie, cavvieyah, cavvieyard, cavvie-yard, cavviyard, cavvieyeh, cavvoy, cavvy yard, cavvyard, cavvy-avvi, cavvyiard, cavy, cavyard, cavyyard, cavy-yard. Some of these alternate forms, such as calf yard, cavalry yard, and other formations that include the term yard are folk etymologies.2) By extension from (1) a "ca(a)vy"[sic?] was "a pony or saddle horse used on a round-up," according to Hendrickson.3) Hendrickson indicates that the term might also refer to "a stray horse or steer." Neither (2) nor (3) are referenced in Spanish sources, but may represent extensions from the original meaning. -
85 cenizo
(Sp. model spelled same [seníso] probably < ceniza 'ashes' [due to the color of the plant's leaves] < Vulgar Latin * cinlsia 'ashes mixed with hot coals,' a collective noun derived from Latin cinerem 'ashes')1) Texas: 1892. A salt-bush, including the Atriplex canescens.2) Texas: 1936. A silverleaf, including the Leucophyllum frutescens.Alternate form: ceniza. The DRAE references cenizo as a wild plant of the Chenopodiaceae family that has an erect, herbaceous, white-colored stalk that is approximately two to two-and-a-half feet in height. The plant's leaves are rhomboidal in shape, serrated, green on top, and ash-colored on the undersides. The flowers are greenish and form an irregular spreading cluster. Santamaría also references cenizo and gives three distinct meanings. In northern Mexico and Texas, it refers to a scrophulariaceous bush that is used as a home remedy to reduce fever. It is also known in Spanish as palo cenizo and yerba de cenizo; in Texas as cenicilla or cenicillo. The Latin name is Leuco-phyllum texanum. In Tabasco, Mexico, and southeastern Mexico, cenizo is a melastomaceous plant ( Miconia argentea) that is native to tropical climates and is especially common on the isthmus. In northeastern Mexico and New Mexico it is a chenopodiaceous plant ( Atriplex canescens) whose seeds are used for food by some native tribes. It is also known as chamiso (along the border) and costillas de vaca (in Zacatecas, Mexico). Its leaves, which have a salty flavor, are used as fodder. -
86 chaparral
(Sp. model spelled same [t∫aparal] < chaparro 'short, stubby' probably of pre-Roman origin, and apparently related to the dialectal Basque term txapar(ra), a diminutive of saphar(ra) 'thicket' or 'hedge' plus the Spanish collective suffix -al)Texas: 1842. As Watts observes, it appears that this term originally applied exclusively to the scrub oak. It now refers to a number of thicket-forming, often thorny shrubs or small trees, and to a large dense thicket formed by these plants. It may also refer to a plain covered with such unruly brush (see also brasada). Clark indicates that this term applies especially to shrubs and trees of the genera Acacia, Ceanothus, Condalia, Forestiera, and Quercus. Hendrickson notes that this term has become recognized throughout the United States because of its use in western films. The DRAE references chaparral as a place covered in chaparros, which may be either a variety of shrublike oak trees with many branches, or a Central American malpighiaceous bush with clustered flowers, round fruit, and opposite leaves that are thick and petiolate. This second plant grows on dry plains and has thick, knotty, resistant branches used to make walking sticks. Santamaría defines chaparral as either the common name of a wild rhamnaceous plant native to central and northern Mexico ( Condalia obovata), or a place abounding in chaparros. Santamaría gives several definitions for chaparro. It is generally a bush found in tropical regions in the Americas whose rough-textured leaves are sometimes used as sandpaper and whose bark is rich in tannin. On the southern coast of Mexico, it refers to several varieties of oak trees of the genus Quercus. In Tabasco, Mexico, it is an isolated mass of vegetation formed by vines and short trees, and in all of Mexico it is the common name given to the Aythia collaris, a plant native to the northern part of the continent. Islas concurs with the definition given by Santamaría for chaparro in Tabasco, Mexico, but he says that it is a low-lying thicket.Alternate forms: chaparrelle, chaparro, chaperelle, chapparal, chapparall, chapparo, chapparral, chapperell, chapporal.Glossed by Watts as a type of live-oak brush native to southwest Texas. Chaparro prieto is glossed in the DM as a plant of the genus Mimosa. Also known ( in English) as chaparro prieto. -
87 chapo
(Sp. model spelled same [t∫ápo], of disputed origin. May be from Nahuatl tzapa 'dwarf' or from Spanish chaparro 'short, stubby person.' Sobarzo suggests it is the shortened form of the past participle chapodado, meaning 'cut off' [as the branches of a tree])Clark: 1850s. Short and stocky, chubby, or a person with those characteristics. Clark indicates that this term may also refer to a horse. Not referenced in the DRAE. Santamaría and Sobarzo gloss chapo as a noun or adjective that describes a short, fat person. Cobos indicates that the meaning is the same in New Mexico and southern Colorado and that chopo exists as an alternate form in Spanish.Alternate forms: chopo, chupo. -
88 chaps
( chaparreras [t∫aparéras] < chaparro [see above] plus the Spanish suffix -era 'utensil'; the preferred pronunciation in English is [Jaéps]; this pronunciation was probably influenced by the Spanish spoken along the border, where speakers often pronounce the digraph {ch} as [ J] or {sh})Wyoming: 1884 (chaps); DARE: 1887 ( chaparajos); Texas: 1892 ( chaparreras). Leather leggings worn by cowboys over regular trousers to protect their legs from brush or chaparral. They are generally made from the hides of goat, sheep, calves, bulls, and deer, but they can be made from any type of leather. They also come in many lengths and varieties, ranging from simple and practical ones to highly decorated ones with silver ornaments and animal hair left on the outside. Spanish sources reference chaparreras, but only Cobos references chaparejos (he says the word is a blend of chaparro 'shrub' and aparejo 'gear' and refers to leather leggings or chaps). However, the DARE suggests that chaparejos may be a blend of chaparreras and aparejo. The DRAE defines chaparreras as a type of tanned leather breeches used in Mexico. Santamaría adds that they are a type of pants without a seat consisting of two separate coverings for the legs that are attached to the belt by straps. They are often made of goatskin with the hair left on, and as such are also known as chivarras. They are worn over the pants and serve as a protection against rain and mud. They may also be made of puma or jaguar skin, chamois, or canvas. Islas adds that they are often open along the seams and are fastened to the legs with buckles.Alternate forms: chaparajos, chaparejos, chapareras, chapareros, chaparraros, chaparras, chaparreros, chaparro, chaparros, chaperajos, chapparejos, schapps, schaps, shaps.Clark: 1930s. A variety of chaps with short, wide leggings. Also known as buzzard wings. -
89 chaquira
(Sp. model spelled same [t∫akíra], of American Indian origin)Colored beads made of mock pearl or glass. Glossed in the DRAE as rosary beads or other beads made of various materials that the Spaniards traded with the American Indians. It may also refer to jewelry made from such beads. Santamaría concurs, adding that in Mexico it refers to small colored beads used in making embroidery, purses, cigar cases, baskets, and other things. He notes that at the time of publication of the DM, the term was still very common in Mexico. Cobos references chaquira as a "glass bead or beadwork."Alternate form: chaquina. -
90 charco
(Sp. model spelled same [t∫árko], of uncertain origin, possibly pre-Roman)DARE: 1890. A pond, pool, or puddle; a watering hole. This term generally refers to standing water after a rain, but is occasionally applied to a spring. Referenced in the DRAE as water or another liquid retained in a hole or cavity in the ground. A source of drinking water was always a concern for the cowboy on long trail drives. -
91 charreada
(Sp. model spelled same [t∫areáða] < charrear < charro [see below] and the Spanish derivative suffix - ada 'an event in which the techniques of charros are practiced')Clark: 1890s. This competitive event was the precursor of the modern rodeo. According to Clark, it is still popular throughout the United States and involves traditional events, including wild riding tricks by women and horse-tripping. Santamaría notes that charreada comes from the verb charrear, which he defines as to act like a charro or to carry out the practices and exercises of the charro. The DRAE references charreada as a Mexican charro festival, and Islas indicates that it is a Mexican-style rodeo ( jaripeo). -
92 charro
(Sp. model spelled same [t∫áro ]'coarse, crude, rustic, or in bad taste'; probably from Basque txar 'bad, defective' or from a related Iberian term)1) Clark: 1890s. A Mexican horseman or cowboy, particularly one in the traditional costume consisting of a large sombrero decorated with gold or silver embroidery; a loose-fitting white shirt; a short, tight-fitting jacket; and tight-fitting, flared pants that are also decorated with embroidery, buttons, and braids. Carlisle notes that chario is an alternate spelling in the Southwest.2) The costume worn by the cowboy described in (1).3) Clark: 1930s. A coarse, mean person; a churl.4) More recently, a Mexican cowboy who competes in the Mexican rodeo circuit that is popular in southern California. According to the DRAE, charro originally referred to a resident of Salamanca, Spain, especially the region surrounding Alba, Vitigudino, Ciudad Rodrigo, and Ledesma, and to things of or pertaining to this region, such as the charro dress and manner of speaking. It is also an adjective used to describe a thing that is in poor taste or something decorated with bright, clashing colors. In Mexico, a charro is a horseman who dresses in a special costume as described above. Santamaría defines charro as an expert rider who is skilled in taming horses and other animals. Islas concurs, adding that charros are skilled in using rodeo-style rope-throws. He also notes that although the term charro and the clothing and customs pertaining to the charro originated in Salamanca, Spain, they have evolved considerably in the New World, and the charro has become a representative figure for the Mexican people. This term had reference to upper-class horsemen and hacendados (owners of the large Spanish land-grant haciendas) and contrasted with the term vaquero, which indicated much humbler origins. -
93 chato
(Sp. model spelled same [t∫áto] < Vulgar Latin * plattus 'flat or flat-nosed')Glossed by Smith as "flat-nosed." Although this term refers to any person with a pushed-in or flat nose, Smith notes that in the Southwest it refers to Apache women whose noses were mutilated or cut off because they were unfaithful to their husbands. Referenced in the DRAE as a person with a flat nose, or the nose itself. Santamaría notes that in Mexico the term chata may be applied affectionately to any woman, regardless of the shape of her nose. For example, a family's most spoiled daughter may be called la chata. It is generally considered a compliment. No Spanish source references this term as applied to an Apache woman with a mutilated nose. -
94 chivarras
(Sp. model spelled same [t∫ipáras] < chivo 'goat'; originally a call used in herding goats, and in this sense it is an expressive creation common to many languages)Texas: 1892. Chaps made of goatskin with the hair left on the outside. The DRAE references chivarras as pants made of hairy goatskin. Santamaría concurs.Alternate form: chivarros. -
95 chongo
(Sp. model spelled same [t∫óŋgo], of uncertain origin. Cabrera hypothesizes that it comes from the Nahuatl tzónyoc 'hair on top' < tzontli 'hair' plus yoh 'abundant' plus c 'place')1) DARE: 1967. "A woman's bun; a top-knot."2) Carlisle: 1913. Carlisle glosses it as "a pigtail worn by the older Isleta Pueblo Indians."3) New Mexico: 1893. Apparently by extension from (2), a steer with a drooping horn; the horn itself. Glossed in the DARE and the DM as a hairstyle in which the hair is twisted into a ball and secured on the back of the head. The DRAE also notes that in the Dominican Republic it can mean a common or poor-quality horse. No Spanish source references (3), however. -
96 cigarro
(Sp. model spelled same [sigáro], of uncertain origin; either < Maya siyar, or < Spanish cigarra 'cicada,' due to a perceived similarity in shape and color to the insect)Carlisle: 1928. Correctly glossed by Carlisle as a cigar. The DRAE concurs. In Mexico, cigarro refers to a cigarette; Santamaría indicates that a cigar is invariably called a puro. Among his vices, the cowboy often demonstrated a fondness for (if not an addiction to) tobacco in its various forms. Smoking was associated with the tough hombre and was depicted in commercials (Marlboro Man), western literature, and film. -
97 cigarito
A cigarette or small cigar. OED: 1844. Not referenced in Spanish sources; however, the DRAE references cigarrillo as a small cigar made of shredded tobacco wrapped in a piece of smoking paper, i.e., a cigarette.Alternate forms: cigarillo, cigarrillo, cigarrito, segarrito. -
98 cigarrón
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99 cimarrón
( cimarrón [simaron], probably < cima 'summit, top' because cimarrones fled to the mountaintops < Latin cyma)1) Southwest: 1844. A bighorn or mountain sheep ( Ovis canadensis)2) According to Watts, the cimarrones were "the wild black cattle of Texas."3) Texas: 1892. Any wild or solitary creature. Blevins notes that it sometimes referred to a runaway slave or a person who separated himself from civilized society. This term is often used in place names in the Southwest. The DRAE gives several meanings for cimarrón. It is used in America to mean a tame animal that has escaped and become wild or a wild animal that has never been domesticated. It also means a runaway slave. Santamaría notes that it means wild or untame in general and that it is used in Mexico to refer to a wild plant or animal when there is a domesticated breed of the same name. For instance, a wild duck is called a pato cimarrón.Alternate forms: cimmaron, simarron. -
100 colonche
(Sp. model spelled same [kolón,t∫e], of uncertain origin; possibly from Nahuatl coloa 'to twist or turn')California: 1846. Referenced in the DARE as "a fermented drink made from the tuna plant." The DRAE glosses it as an intoxicating drink made from the juice of the red prickly pear plant mixed with sugar. Santamaría and Cabrera indicate that it is a type of tepache. Islas says that it is a regional drink in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, but Santamaría indicates that it is consumed principally by the Tarahumara and Yaqui Indians in Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico, and by American Indians in Arizona and California.Alternate form: calinche. No doubt a few buckaroos got drunk on such a concoction when other preferred alcoholic drinks were unavailable.
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