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21 maguey
(Sp. model spelled same [mayéi], of Taino origin)1) DARE: 1830. Another name for the agave plant. Both Blevins and Hendrick-son reference agave, Hendrickson noting that the term derives from the name of "the daughter of the legendary Cadmus who introduced the Greek alphabet." While many species make up the Agave genus, the most remarkable one is the so-called century plant (A. americana). According to legend, the plant earned its name because it only blooms once every one hundred years. However, it actually blooms any time after fifteen years, usually in twenty to thirty years. Both Blevins and Hendrickson state that the plant dies after blooming, but no Spanish source reaffirms this. According to the DRAE and Blevins, it is originally from Mexico (although introduced into Europe in the sixteenth century and naturalized on the Mediterranean coast). The agave, maguey, or century plant is a light green succulent with fleshy leaves and yellowish blooms. The leaves are similar in arrangement to a triangular pyramid or a rosette; the edges as well as the tips of the leaves are covered with sharp spines, and the plant may grow up to some twenty to twenty-three feet in height. This particular plant and related species are used as hedges or fences in dry, hot areas and they produce fiber (thread), alcoholic beverages (mescal, tequila and pulque), soaps, and foodstuffs. In Mexico, the term maguey is used much more frequently to refer to these same plants. The DARE notes that this name is limited to the Southwest and the Gulf states.Also known as amole, century plant, lechuguilla, mescal.2) New Mexico: 1899. A rope, such as a lasso, made from the fibers of a maguey plant. Santamaría and the DRAE concur with the first definition, but no Spanish source glosses the term as a kind of rope.Alternate forms: maguay, McGay (the latter is a folk etymology). -
22 mesquite
( mezquite [meskíte], apocope of mizquicuáhuitl 'mesquite tree' < Nahuatl mízquitl 'tree that produces gum that can be used as dye' and cuáhuitl 'tree')1) DARE: 1805; Texas: 1834. A shrub or small tree of the genus Prosopis, especially P. juliflora. By extension, a thicket formed by these plants.Alternate forms: masketo, mesketis, meskit, mesquiet, mesquit, mesquito, mezquit, mezquite, moscheto, mosquito, musqueto, musquit, skeet.2) Texas: 1898. Referenced by the DARE as "a horsemint."3) Louisiana: 1913. A variety of huisache, including Acacia farnesiana.4) See mesquite grass. The DRAE defines mezquite as an American rubber-producing tree of the Mimosa family, similar to an acacia. An extract obtained from the leaves can be used to cure ophthalmia. Santamaría describes the tree in more detail than the DRAE. He gives the genus and species Prosopis juliflora (Cf. above) and indicates that it is a leguminous tree found in abundance in Mexico. It may grow to a great height, but ordinarily does not exceed seven to nine feet. Its branches are spread apart and don't provide a very complete shade; its leaves are composed of an even number of spiny leaflets; its fragrant white flowers grow in sprays or sprigs; and it produces a beanlike fruit. The tree grows in high altitudes and arid climates, especially in sandy ground near the edge of rivers. Its bark exudes a pungent gum used by some residents of Mexico as a food and as an adulterating agent for gum arabic when dissolved in sugar water. The tree is also valued for its compact heavy wood, which can be polished; its fruit and leaves, which are often used for forage; its seeds, which are toasted and mixed with coffee. When ground into a flourlike substance, the fruit makes a pleasant-tasting drink, and the leaves when boiled are used as a home remedy to cure inflammation of the eyes (the curative is known as bálsamo de mezquite). -
23 overo
(Sp. model spelled same [oßero], from an earlier form hobero, of uncertain origin; it is possibly from Vulgar Latin falvus 'peach-colored,' but that does not explain the term's ending)Adams glosses this term as a borrowing from Argentine Spanish that refers to a pinto horse with white spots originating on the underside and extending upward. Such a horse is also characterized by multiple smaller dark spots. The DRAE glosses it as a peach-colored animal, especially a horse. In the Americas, it refers to a pinto or piebald horse. Santamaría references it as a pinto, or a horse or cow that is white with reddish-brown or black spots. He notes that the meaning of 'peach-colored horse,' as referenced in the DRAE, is not used in the Americas. Islas describes overo or overo colorado as a pale or light-colored horse with a white face and legs. -
24 pita
(Sp. model spelled same [píta], of uncertain origin, probably from the Caribbean)1) Clark: 1760s. A fiber obtained from the agave or maguey plant or from another similar plant.2) A bag, box, rope, or net made from pita fiber. The DRAE glosses pita as a native Mexican perennial plant of the Amaryllidaceous family. Growing in a triangular pyramid, its light-green, fleshy, spiny leaves are about six to eight inches wide at the base and up to four-and-one-half feet long. It produces yellow flowers in bunches on a central stalk that does not develop until the plant is twenty or thirty years old. On reaching maturity, the stalk develops very quickly, growing to a height of twenty to twenty-three feet in a matter of days. The plant is very useful for making living fences in dry, hot regions. Although it originated in Mexico, it now grows naturally on the coasts of the Mediterranean. Its leaves produce a strong fiber and some varieties contain a sugary liquid that can be extracted to make pulque. The term pita is also used in Spanish to refer to the thread produced by the plant. Santamaría concurs with the definitions provided by the DRAE and adds that the most common genera to bear the name pita are Fourcraea and Agave. -
25 potrero
(Sp. model spelled same [potrero] < potro [see above] and instrumental/agentive suffix -ero)1) OED: 1848. A pasture for horses or cattle, it may be fenced or unfenced. Referenced in the DRAE as a site dedicated to the raising and grazing of horses. Santamaría glosses it as a piece of good pasture land that is marked with stakes and used for the grazing and fattening of livestock.2) A herder of potros. The DRAE glosses it as a person who cares for potros when they are in the pasture.3) Clark: 1840s. A narrow ridge between two canyons.4) Southwest: 1872. A narrow plateau or mesa with steep sides. Cobos references it as "a gap or narrow ridge between cliffs or a finger of lava rock." -
26 rodeo
OED: 1834. Originally, this term referred to a "round-up" or driving together of cattle with the purpose of inspecting, counting, separating, or branding them. Later, it came to have the meaning it does today, namely a contest in which competitors demonstrate their skill in riding, roping, and throwing cattle. The DRAE gives several related meanings for the term rodeo, including a place where cattle are gathered to rest or spend the night, or to be counted or sold. Rodeo also describes the process of gathering cattle for these purposes. The DRAE also notes that in some Latin American countries, the term also refers to a contest in which competitors ride wild horses and steers bareback and demonstrate their skill in throwing lassos. -
27 abrojo
(Spanish model spelled same [aßróxo] < Latin aperi oculum 'open your eye!')Texas: 1931. According to the DARE, this term can refer to any of a variety of chaparral shrubs, including Condalia globosa. Often refers to the "lotebush" and "squawbush." The DRAE defines abrojo as a plant of the zygophyllaceous family, with long creeping stems, composite leaves, almost spherical fruit, and many sharp, sturdy spines. It is harmful to crops. Santamaría glosses this term as a common name for any of a number of plants, belonging to several different families, that all have stems or fruit bristling with many sharp, sticky, or barbed spines. In Mexico, abrojo is applied to such diverse plants as: Triumpheta semitriloba, Microrhamnus ericoides, C. spatu-lata, and C. obtusifolia. The cowboy wore chaps and relied on his boots and tapaderos to protect his feet and legs from the sharp spines of these plants. Ladino cattle often hid in thickets of abrojo or chaparral, making his job difficult, indeed. -
28 acion
Adams: 1944. Extreme SW, border country, and California, according to Watts. Both Adams and Watts reference this term as "a stirrup leather." The DRAE provides a similar gloss: a leather strap that hangs from the stirrup. Spanish horsemanship was strongly influenced by the Moors who conquered and controlled most of Spain for nearly eight centuries (a.d. 711-1492). Ación is one of a significant number of terms that was borrowed from Arabic into Spanish and subsequently made its way into English via the Spanish/Mexican vaqueros. -
29 Key to Sources Frequently Cited
Adams - Western Words: A Dictionary of the Old WestBentley - A Dictionary of Spanish Terms in English, withBlevins - Dictionary of the American WestCabrera - Diccionario de aztequismosCarlisle - “A Southwestern Dictionary”Clark - Western Lore and Language: A Dictionary for Enthusiasts of the American WestCobos A Dictionary of New Mexico and Southern ColoradoCorominas Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana or Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánicoDARE Dictionary of American Regional EnglishDM Diccionario de mejicanismosDRAE Diccionario de la Real Academia EspañolaHendrickson Happy Trails: A Dictionary of Western ExpressionsHoy Spanish Terms of the Sonoran Dessert Borderlands:A Basic GlossaryIslas Vocabulario campesino nacionalOED Oxford English DictionaryRoyal Academy Diccionario de la Real Academia EspañolaSantamaría Diccionario de mejicanismosSobarzo Vocabulario sonorenseSmith A Southwestern Vocabulary: The Words They UsedVCN Vocabulario campesino nacionalVS Vocabulario sonorenseWatts A Dictionary of the Old West -
30 adobe
(Sp. model spelled same [aðóβe] < Arabic at-tub 'the brick')DARE: 1759.1) Sundried brick made of clay, straw, and water.2) A structure, usually a house, made from the same material.3) Clay suitable for fashioning such bricks.The first definition is attested to in the DRAE; Santamaría confirms the usage of the second in the Southwest, providing the example "She lived in her old adobe," also noting that the lot or grounds on which such a structure was to be built could be referred to as "an adobe sole." ( Sole, according to the OED, is an obsolete term meaning "the foundation of a building; the site of a city, etc.") Spanish architecture was also greatly influenced by the Moors who introduced styles and materials now intimately associated with the Southwest.4) As an adjective, several English sources note that the term denotes Mexican origin and usually connotes inferiority. For instance, the Mexican dollar or silver peso was called a "dobie dollar," or "dobie," for short. Cowboys were familiar with adobe as building material on the ranches and haciendas where they worked. Cowboy English is the source of the expression dobe wall listed below, according to Bentley, Adams, and Watts.5) Hendrickson's contention that adobe is the model for doughboy (military personnel) is not supported by any of the sources consulted. See the OED for possible etymologies. Doughboy is attested, however, by the OED as slang for (1). Common compounds: adobe brick, adobe block, adobe house.Alternate forms: adabe, adaube, adaubi, adobey, adobi, adobie, adoby, 'dobe, 'dobie, dob, doba, dobbey, dobby, dobie, doby, dogie, doughboy. -
31 adobera
(Sp. model spelled same [aðoβéra] < adobe [see above] plus - era 'place where the lexical root is made or an object used for making the same')The most common meaning of this term (also referenced by Hoy) is "a wooden mold used for making adobe bricks." The DRAE, as well as the Mexican sources consulted, also states that it may refer to the place where adobes are made. -
32 agregado
(Sp. model spelled same [ayreyáðo] < Latin aggregare 'to add to, join' and the nominalizing suffix -do)New Mexico: 1871. Watts glosses the term as "a farmhand or a man allowed to work for himself on part of the landowner's soil." The DRAE provides a similar definition for Latin American Spanish, stating that it refers to someone who occupies another's property and may or may not pay rent or perform odd jobs for the privilege. A cowboy who settled down and married could become an agregado on his (former) patron's property. -
33 agua dulce
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34 aguaje
SW: Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California, according to the DM. According to Hoy, "any place for obtaining water." The DRAE notes an older, maritime usage meaning a provision of water or a place for obtaining potable water. All Spanish sources also note its usage as a watering hole, spring, or drinking trough for wild or domesticated animals, particularly cattle. The borderlands cowboy was undoubtedly familiar with this term since potable water in the desert regions of the Southwest was a primary concern for both humans and animals. -
35 ajicola
( ajícola [axíkola] < compound form agglutinated from Spanish ajo 'garlic' < Latin alium, Spanish y 'and'; cola 'glue' < Latin collam)Smith states that the term refers to "a sort of mucilage or glue made in the Southwest by cowhands from leather-cuttings mixed with garlic and boiled into a paste." The DRAE provides a similar definition, although neither source indicates how it was used by buckaroos. -
36 albardon
( albardón [alparðón]; albarda < Arabic al-barda'a, 'the saddle,' plus the Spanish augmentative suffix -on)Both Smith and Blevins define this term as a packsaddle similar to the aparejo. The DRAE concurs for the root form albarda, but both albardón and albarda are glossed in the DM as types of riding saddles. According to the Royal Academy, the albardón is a riding saddle fashioned higher and hol-lower than the albarda. Santamaría, however, defines the term as an English riding saddle that is flat and lacks a bolster or cantle. Garulo's analysis of these terms can be construed to indicate that in Andalusia they were used indiscriminately to refer to packsaddles as well as riding saddles. Thus, it is possible that cowboys, muledrivers, and others intended the usage referred to in the English sources. -
37 alberca
(Sp. model spelled same [alpérka] < Arabic al-birka 'the pool or pond')West Texas: 1892. According to Clark, "a water hole or watering place." The DRAE indicates that this term can refer to small accumulations of water, such as a pond or a pool, or a larger source, such as a dam or reservoir. In dry, dusty west Texas (as well as in other desert regions), an alberca was a welcome sight to thirsty cowmen and cattle. -
38 alcalde
(Sp. model spelled same [alkájde] < Arabic al-quadl 'the judge')DARE: 1821 (Texas). Hoy notes that in colonial times this term referred to a town leader who wore several hats. He could act as judge in both civil and some minor criminal matters. He was also the presiding authority in the alcaldía, holding a higher position than the regidores, city legislators who collected tribute along with the alcalde. In Texas, during the 1830s, the term broadened significantly in meaning. Watts indicates that what it signified was roughly equivalent to a combination of mayor, chief of police and judge in the Southwest, particularly among the Mexican poblados. Clark adds that the term was also used to refer to a "somewhat important or self-important local person." Bentley notes that the term is sometimes confused with Spanish alcaide, meaning "the officer charged with the defense of a fort or castle." According to the DRAE, the term can refer to the president of a town council (or mayor) or to a municipal judge.Alternate forms: alcade, alcaide.Although Hollywood has greatly exaggerated the type and frequency of criminal activities that cowboys engaged in, no doubt a few renegades appeared before an alcalde to answer to the demands of justice. -
39 alfilaria
( alfilería [alfilería] < alfilerillo < alfiler < Arabic al-hhilel 'pin,' plus the diminutive suffix -illo; hence, 'small pin')OED: 1868. Acommon forage in the Southwest, also known as pin grass ( Erodium cicu-tarium). According to Cobos, alfilería (also alfilerillo) is used in New Mexican and Southern Colorado Spanish to denote a plant of the Cranesbill family called pinclover. He indicates that the term derives from alfilerillo, which the DRAE defines as an herbaceous plant used as forage in Argentina and Chile. It is likely that the Argentine and Chilean varieties are unrelated to the southwestern alfilaria or alfile-ria, but share the common characteristic of a pinlike shape. No doubt the cowboy distinguished among the various types of forage that cattle would eat, since there was always the danger that they might ingest locoweed or some other poisonous plant.Alternate forms: alfilena, alfileria, alfilerilla, filaree, fileree. -
40 alguacil
(Sp. model spelled same [algwasíl] < Arabic al-wazir 'the minister')Southwest, especially Arizona and New Mexico: 1888. According to the DARE, "a constable or justice of the peace." The DRAE references one of several meanings similar to this one. According to Santamaría, the term is used in the Mexican state of Tabasco to refer to a law enforcement officer of the lowest order. It is an unpaid public office that all citizens are required to perform in turn. Just as they faced an alcalde, no doubt a few cowboys were arrested and jailed by the alguacil, the Spanish/Mexican equivalent of the sheriff or marshal.Alternate form: alguazil.
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