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1 section
'sekʃən1) (a part or division: He divided the orange into sections; There is disagreement in one section of the community; the accounts section of the business.) del; appelsinbåt; avdeling2) (a view of the inside of anything when, or as if, it is cut right through or across: a section of the stem of a flower.) snitt•avdeling--------avsnitt--------seksjon--------snittIsubst. \/ˈsekʃ(ə)n\/1) del, avsnitt, avdeling2) del, bestanddel, komponent, seksjon3) stykke, bit• would you like a section of cake?4) tverrsnitt, profil, gjennomsnitt, skår, gjennomskjæring5) båt (del av frukt)skjær eplet opp i båter, som en appelsin6) gruppe7) delstrekning, strekning, stykke8) område, sektor9) ( jernbane) banestrekning, linjestrekning10) ( naturvitenskap) underavdeling15) (medisin, mikroskopi) tynnsnitt16) ( båtbygging) spant20) (militærvesen, svarer til) lag, seksjon, gruppe, infanterilag, artillerigruppe22) ( bokbinding) ark23) (amer.) kupé, sovevogndistrict section eller local section lokalavdeling, kretsIIverb \/ˈsekʃ(ə)n\/1) dele opp, dele inn, dele i seksjoner, dele i avsnitt2) vise snitt av, vise i snitt, fremstille i snitt -
2 section
1. n секция, детальbuilt in sections — сборный; разборный
2. n часть; отрезок, участок3. n отдел, секция4. n район5. n слой6. n статья7. n параграф, разделsections have been preferred to chapters — предпочтение отдаётся не главам, а параграфам
book review section — раздел «книжное обозрение»
8. n знак параграфа9. n учебная группа10. n сечение, разрез; профильlongitudinal section — продольный разрез, продольное сечение
11. n мед. рассечение, разрез; вскрытие12. n амер. купе13. n амер. земельный участоктетрадь; книжный блок
14. n воен. отдел, отделение штаба15. n воен. подразделение не выше взвода16. n воен. мор. отсек17. n воен. воен. орудие18. n воен. спорт. этап эстафеты19. n воен. секционная рамка20. n воен. сортовая или профильная сталь21. n воен. группа инструментов22. v делить на части, подразделятьprogram section — часть программы; сегмент программы
23. v распределять или собирать по частямinput section — вводная часть; входная область
24. v представлять в разрезеСинонимический ряд:1. branch (noun) branch; category2. measure (noun) measure; portion; quota; share3. part (noun) chapter; compartment; division; dominion; fraction; member; moiety; parcel; part; passage; piece; province; slice4. segment (noun) area; cut; district; precinct; quarter; region; sector; segment; subdivision; vicinity; zone5. apportion (verb) apportion; cleave; cut; divide6. sectionalize (verb) sectionalize; sectionize7. separate (verb) break up; part; partition; segment; separateАнтонимический ряд: -
3 section
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4 district
1. n округ, район; участок; дистриктsafe district — «надёжный округ»
2. n военный округsenatorial district — округ, избирающий сенатора
3. n район, область, местностьpolitical district — административный район, округ
4. n воен. участок, район5. n амер. избирательный участок6. n амер. юр. судебный округ7. n амер. церковный приход8. v делить на районы или округа; районироватьСинонимический ряд:1. divisional (adj.) community; county; divisional; immediate; local; provincial; rural; territorial; ward2. area (noun) area; borough; community; locality; neighborhood; neighbourhood; precinct; quarter; region; section; sector; vicinage; vicinity; ward -
5 section
'sekʃən1) (a part or division: He divided the orange into sections; There is disagreement in one section of the community; the accounts section of the business.) sección2) (a view of the inside of anything when, or as if, it is cut right through or across: a section of the stem of a flower.) sección•section n1. sección / parte2. tramotr['sekʃən]1 (of newspaper, orchestra, department) sección nombre femenino; (of furniture, book) parte nombre femenino; (of road) tramo; (of orange) gajo3 (of document, law) artículo, apartado5 SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL sección nombre femenino6 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (land) milla cuadrada1 SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL (cut) cortar, seccionar2 (divide) dividirsection ['sɛkʃən] n: sección f, parte f (de un mueble, etc.), sector m (de la población), barrio m (de una ciudad)n.• apartado s.m.• artículo s.m.• barrio s.m.• cuartel s.m.• departamento s.m.• región s.f.• sección s.f.• sector s.m.• tramo s.m.v.• seccionar v.
I 'sekʃən1)a) (of object, newspaper, orchestra) sección f; (of machine, piece of furniture) parte f; ( of road) tramo m; (of city, population, public opinion) sector msection two, subsection one — ( of document) artículo dos, punto or inciso primero
b) ( unit of land) (AmE) 640 acres o 2,59km22) ( department) sección f; (before n 220 m) <manager, supervisor> de sección3) (in geometry, drawing) sección f, corte m4)a) ( thin slice) sección fb) ( in surgery) sección f
II
transitive verb \<\<map/area\>\> dividir; \<\<line\>\> segmentar['sekʃǝn]they sectioned off part of the office — separaron parte de la oficina con una mampara (or tabique etc)
1. N1) (=part) [of pipeline, road] tramo m ; [of self-assembly item] pieza f, parte f ; [of orange etc] gajo m ; [of book, text] parte f ; [of code, law] artículo m ; [of document, report] apartado m, punto m ; [of orchestra] sección f ; [of country] región f ; [of community, opinion] sector m ; [of town] (Brit) sector m, zona f ; (US) (=district) barrio mpassports section — sección f de pasaportes
brass 3., string 3., percussion 2., woodwindthe sports/finance section — [of newspaper] la sección de deportes/economía
2) (=cut) (in diagram, dissection) sección f, corte mcross section — (lit) sección f transversal
the research was compiled using a cross section of the British population — el estudió se realizó utilizando un sector representativo de la población británica
3) (Med) (also: Caesarean section)see Caesarean2. VT1) (=divide) partir, trocear2) [+ mentally ill person] internar en un psiquiátrico3.CPDsection mark N — párrafo m
* * *
I ['sekʃən]1)a) (of object, newspaper, orchestra) sección f; (of machine, piece of furniture) parte f; ( of road) tramo m; (of city, population, public opinion) sector msection two, subsection one — ( of document) artículo dos, punto or inciso primero
b) ( unit of land) (AmE) 640 acres o 2,59km22) ( department) sección f; (before n 220 m) <manager, supervisor> de sección3) (in geometry, drawing) sección f, corte m4)a) ( thin slice) sección fb) ( in surgery) sección f
II
transitive verb \<\<map/area\>\> dividir; \<\<line\>\> segmentar -
6 section
n. deel; onderdeel; lichaamsdeel; snee; inkerving; zone, streek; paragraaf; fragment, alinea; klas; afdeling--------v. in gedeelten verdelen; snijdensection1[ seksjn]1 sectie ⇒ (onder)deel; afdeling; lid; stuk, segment; partje 〈 van citrusvrucht〉; 〈 voornamelijk Amerikaans-Engels〉 wijk, district, stads/landsdeel; 〈 voornamelijk Amerikaans-Engels〉 baanvak 〈 van spoorlijn〉♦voorbeelden:all sections of the population • alle lagen van de bevolkinga residential section • een woonwijk1 (chirurgische) snee ⇒ incisie, (in)snijding, sectie♦voorbeelden:————————section2〈 werkwoord〉 -
7 registered publications section, district library
RPS-DL, registered publications section, district libraryEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > registered publications section, district library
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8 Beja, City of
District and city in former Alentejo province, with a population of about 20,000. Its Roman name was "Pax Julia," and it is located about 136 kilometers (85 miles) southwest of Lisbon, in a wheat-growing section of the country. Beja is in the heart of the latifúndio region, the large landed estates of the south that in part were expropriated or nationalized by farm workers during the Revolution of 25 April 1974 and in the subsequent agrarian reform movements. Beja's industries feature olive oil, pottery, textiles, and leather. Since the 1970s, it has been the capital of the district. On New Year's Day 1962, Beja was the scene of an attempted revolutionary action of oppositionist Humberto Delgado's followers, at the Infantry Regiment No. 3's barracks in Beja, an effort that collapsed and resulted in the arrest of Delgado's followers and the death by a stray bullet of the under secretary of state of the army, Lt. Col. Jaime Fonseca. Traditionally, Beja is an area with a relatively strong vote for the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP). -
9 quarter
1. n четверть, четвёртая часть2. n четверть часа, пятнадцать минут3. n квартал, четверть года, три месяцаbusiness quarter — деловой квартал города; деловые круги
4. n разг. квартплата за кварталu.s. quarter — база США
u.s. quarter — база США
5. n амер. четверть доллара, 25 центов6. n амер. монета в 25 центов7. n амер. кул. четвертинаfore quarter — передняя часть, лопатка
8. n амер. доля9. n амер. уст. четвёртая часть тела человека10. n амер. квартер11. n амер. четверть мили12. n амер. спорт. бег на четверть мили13. n амер. мор. четверть румба14. n амер. задник15. n амер. боковая сторона копыта16. n амер. геральд. четверть геральдического щита17. v делить, разделить на четыре равные части18. v редк. делить на части19. v ист. четвертовать20. v геральд. делить на четверти21. v геральд. помещать в одной из четвертей щита22. v геральд. астр. вступать в новую фазу23. v расквартировывать, ставить на постой24. v расквартировываться, размещаться по квартирам25. v квартировать, жить26. v селиться27. v мор. рыскать28. v уступать дорогу; сворачивать в сторону, чтобы разъехаться29. v мор. идти в бакштагСинонимический ряд:1. area (noun) area; country; direction; locale; locality; neighborhood; neighbourhood; point; province; region; zone2. district (noun) district; precinct; section; sector3. division (noun) division; farthing; one-fourth part; portion; quarter section; school term; semester; span; two bits4. fourth (noun) fourth; quartern5. divide (verb) cleave; cut; cut up; dismember; divide; quadrisect; section; section off; sever; split up6. harbor (verb) accommodate; bed; berth; bestow; billet; board; bunk; canton; domicile; domiciliate; entertain; harbor; harbour; hut; put up; room; roost7. lodge (verb) assign; assign to lodgings; establish; house; locate; lodge; place; post; situate; station -
10 участок
муж.
1) (земли) lot, plot;
region;
district;
(небольшой) strip, parcel;
(для строительства) site граница земельного участка ≈ (по дороге, реке) frontage садовый участок ≈ garden-plot дробить на участки ≈ (что-л.) to parcel out
2) (часть поверхности) part, section;
(дороги, реки) section, length пораженные участки кожи ≈ affected parts/areas of the skin
3) (сфера деятельности) area участок работы ≈ allotted work
4) воен. sector, area, zone жаркий участок ≈ (боя и т. п.) warm corner участок фронта ≈ sector of the front участок заражения ≈ contaminated area/ground
5) (административный) district избирательный участок ≈ electoral/election district/area, constituency;
(помещение) polling place/station, election centre
6) ист. (полицейский) police-office, police-station, (police) stationучаст|ок - м.
1. (часть земельной площади) plot;
строительный ~ building plot;
~ обработанной земли plot of cultivated land;
2. (часть поверхности чего-л.) area;
поражённые ~ки ткани affected areas (of tissue) ;
3. (часть фронта) sector;
4. (сфера деятельности) field, department;
ответственный ~ работы responsible field;
5. (административно-территориальное или производственное подразделение) sector, division;
precinct амер. -
11 parish
1. n церковный приходparish paupers — бедняки, получавшие пособие от прихода
parish clerk — псаломщик, ведущий церковные книги
2. n собир. прихожане3. n амер. округСинонимический ряд:1. district (noun) archdiocese; congregation; county in Louisiana; demesne; diocese; district; ecclesiastical unit; parochial district; vicariate2. section (noun) compartment; dominion; fraction; part; portion; province; region; section -
12 zone
1. n зона, пояс; районfree zone — вольная гавань, порто-франко
annual zone — годичное кольцо, годичный слой
silent zone, zone of silence — радио, зона молчания, мёртвая зона
2. n зона единого тарифа, тарифная зонаlanding zone — зона, район посадки
3. n амер. район отделения связи4. n арх. поэт. пояс, кушак5. n полоса, кольцо6. v разделять на зоны, на пояса; районироватьpressure zone — зона повышенного давления; зона нагнетания
preheat zone — зона предварительного нагрева, зона подогрева
7. v опоясывать8. v делать полосатымСинонимический ряд:1. area (noun) area; belt; girth; section; territory; tract2. climate (noun) band; climate; clime; latitude; meridian; region3. district (noun) district; precinct; sector; ward4. band (verb) band; encircle; gird; girdle5. designate (verb) designate; mark; section -
13 quarter
'kwo:tə
1. noun1) (one of four equal parts of something which together form the whole (amount) of the thing: There are four of us, so we'll cut the cake into quarters; It's (a) quarter past / (American) after four; In the first quarter of the year his firm made a profit; The shop is about a quarter of a mile away; an hour and a quarter; two and a quarter hours.) cuarto2) (in the United States and Canada, (a coin worth) twenty-five cents, the fourth part of a dollar.) veinticinco centavos3) (a district or part of a town especially where a particular group of people live: He lives in the Polish quarter of the town.) barrio4) (a direction: People were coming at me from all quarters.) dirección, (de todas) partes5) (mercy shown to an enemy.) gracia6) (the leg of a usually large animal, or a joint of meat which includes a leg: a quarter of beef; a bull's hindquarters.) cuarto7) (the shape of the moon at the end of the first and third weeks of its cycle; the first or fourth week of the cycle itself.) cuarto8) (one of four equal periods of play in some games.) cuarto9) (a period of study at a college etc usually 10 to 12 weeks in length.) trimestre
2. verb1) (to cut into four equal parts: We'll quarter the cake and then we'll all have an equal share.) cortar en cuatro2) (to divide by four: If we each do the work at the same time, we could quarter the time it would take to finish the job.) dividir en cuatro, cuartear3) (to give (especially a soldier) somewhere to stay: The soldiers were quartered all over the town.) acuartelar, alojar•
3. adverb(once every three months: We pay our electricity bill quarterly.) trimestralmente
4. noun(a magazine etc which is published once every three months.) publicación trimestral- quarters- quarter-deck
- quarter-final
- quarter-finalist
- quartermaster
- at close quarters
quarter n1. cuarta parte / cuarto2. cuarto5:15 is the same as a quarter past five 5:15 es lo mismo que las cinco y cuarto3. barriotr['kwɔːtəSMALLr/SMALL]1 cuarto2 (area) barrio3 (time) cuarto4 (weight) cuarto de libra5 (of moon) cuarto6 (three months) trimestre nombre masculino1 dividir en cuatro2 (reduce) reducir a la cuarta parte3 SMALLHISTORY/SMALL descuartizar4 (lodge) alojar1 alojamiento m sing\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLat close quarters desde muy cercafrom all quarters de todas partesto give no quarter no dar cuartelfirst quarter cuarto crecientelast quarter cuarto menguanteofficer's quarters residencia f sing de oficialesquarter ['kwɔrt̬ər] vt1) : dividir en cuatro partes2) lodge: alojar, acuartelar (tropas)quarter n1) : cuarto m, cuarta parte fa foot and a quarter: un pie y cuartoa quarter after three: las tres y cuarto2) : moneda f de 25 centavos, cuarto m de dólar3) district: barrio mbusiness quarter: barrio comercial4) place: parte ffrom all quarters: de todas partesat close quarters: de muy cerca5) mercy: clemencia f, cuartel mto give no quarter: no dar cuartel6) quarters npllodging: alojamiento m, cuartel m (militar)n.• moneda de veinticinco centavos de dólar s.f. (Ship)n.• camarote s.m.adj.• cuarto, -a adj.n.• barrio s.m.• cuadra s.f.• cuarta s.f.• cuartel s.m.• cuarterón s.m.• cuarto s.m.• cuarto de luna s.m.• moneda de 25 centavos s.f.• trimestre (Académico) s.m.v.• acantonar v.• acuartelar v.• alojar v.• cuartear v.• cuartelar v.• descuartizar v.
I 'kwɔːrtər, 'kwɔːtə(r)1) ca) ( fourth part) cuarta parte f, cuarto ma quarter of a mile/century — un cuarto de milla/siglo
four and a o one quarter gallons — cuatro galones y cuarto
b) (as adv)2) ca) (US, Canadian coin) moneda f de 25 centavosb) ( of moon) cuarto m3) ca) ( in telling time) cuarto mit's a quarter of o (BrE) to one — es la una menos cuarto or (AmL exc RPl) un cuarto para la una
a quarter after o (BrE) past one — la una y cuarto
at (a) quarter after o (BrE) past — a las y cuarto
b) ( three months) trimestre mto pay by the quarter — pagar trimestralmente or por trimestres
4) ca) ( district of town) barrio mb) ( area) parte f5) quarters pl ( accommodations)married quarters — ( Mil) viviendas fpl para familias
6) u ( mercy) (liter)he showed o gave them no quarter — no tuvo clemencia para con ellos
II
transitive verb (often pass) ( divide) \<\<carcass/body\>\> descuartizar*; \<\<apple\>\> dividir en cuatro partesto be hung, drawn and quartered — ser* ahorcado, destripado y descuartizado
III
adjective cuarto['kwɔːtǝ(r)]1. N1) (=fourth part) [of kilo, kilometre, second] cuarto m ; [of price, population] cuarta parte fto divide sth into quarters — dividir algo en cuartos or en cuatro
•
it's a quarter gone already — ya se ha gastado la cuarta parte2) (in time) cuarto ma quarter of an hour/century — un cuarto de hora/siglo
•
it's a quarter to or (US) of seven — son las siete menos cuarto, es un cuarto para las siete (LAm)a) (US, Canada) (=25 cents) (moneda f de) cuarto m de dólarb) [of year] trimestre m•
to pay by the quarter — pagar trimestralmente or al trimestre or cada tres mesesc) [of moon] cuarto m•
when the moon is in its first/ last quarter — cuando la luna está en cuarto creciente/menguante4) (=part of town) barrio m•
the business quarter — el barrio comercial•
the old quarter — el casco viejo or antiguo5) (=direction, area)•
from all quarters — de todas partes•
at close quarters — de cerca•
they are spread over the four quarters of the globe — se extienden por todos los rincones or por todas partes del mundo•
help came from an unexpected quarter — la ayuda nos llegó de un lugar inesperado6) (Naut, Geog) [of compass] cuarta f7) (Heraldry) cuartel m•
they knew they could expect no quarter — sabían que no podían esperar clemencia9) quarters (=accommodation)living 4.married 2.the crew's/officers' quarters — (on ship) las dependencias de la tripulación/de los oficiales
2.ADJ cuartoa quarter pound/century — un cuarto de libra/siglo
3. VT1) (=divide into four) [+ apple, potato] cortar en cuatro (trozos); [+ carcass, body] descuartizar; hang 1., 3), a)2) (Mil) acuartelar, alojar3) (=range over) [person] recorrer4.CPDquarter day N — (gen) primer día del trimestre ; (Econ) el día del vencimiento de un pago trimestral
quarter light N — (Brit) (Aut) ventanilla f direccional
quarter note N — (US) (Mus) negra f
quarter pound N — cuarto m de libra
quarter tone N — cuarto m de tono
quarter turn N — cuarto m de vuelta
* * *
I ['kwɔːrtər, 'kwɔːtə(r)]1) ca) ( fourth part) cuarta parte f, cuarto ma quarter of a mile/century — un cuarto de milla/siglo
four and a o one quarter gallons — cuatro galones y cuarto
b) (as adv)2) ca) (US, Canadian coin) moneda f de 25 centavosb) ( of moon) cuarto m3) ca) ( in telling time) cuarto mit's a quarter of o (BrE) to one — es la una menos cuarto or (AmL exc RPl) un cuarto para la una
a quarter after o (BrE) past one — la una y cuarto
at (a) quarter after o (BrE) past — a las y cuarto
b) ( three months) trimestre mto pay by the quarter — pagar trimestralmente or por trimestres
4) ca) ( district of town) barrio mb) ( area) parte f5) quarters pl ( accommodations)married quarters — ( Mil) viviendas fpl para familias
6) u ( mercy) (liter)he showed o gave them no quarter — no tuvo clemencia para con ellos
II
transitive verb (often pass) ( divide) \<\<carcass/body\>\> descuartizar*; \<\<apple\>\> dividir en cuatro partesto be hung, drawn and quartered — ser* ahorcado, destripado y descuartizado
III
adjective cuarto -
14 department
department [dɪˈpα:tmənt](in office) service m ; [of shop, store] rayon m ; (in school) section f ; (University) ≈ département m ; ( = government department) ministère m• the French Department (in school) la section de français ; (University) le département de français► Department for Education and Employment noun (British) ≈ ministère m de l'Éducation et de l'Emploi* * *[dɪ'pɑːtmənt]2) ( governmental) ministère m; ( administrative) service m3) ( in store) rayon melectrical department — rayon m électricité
4) ( in hospital) service m5) ( in university) département m; cf UFR f6) School section f ( regroupement des professeurs par matière)7) Administration, Geography ( district) département m8) (colloq) ( area) domaine m -
15 Introduction
Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.LAND AND PEOPLEThe Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into theAtlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)1864 4,287,000 first census1890 5,049,7001900 5,423,0001911 5,960,0001930 6,826,0001940 7,185,1431950 8,510,0001960 8,889,0001970 8,668,000* note decrease1980 9,833,0001991 9,862,5401996 9,934,1002006 10,642,8362010 10,710,000 (estimated) -
16 ESD
1) Общая лексика: Evaluation and Support Department2) Компьютерная техника: Electronic Software Download, Enhanced Swap Disc, External Symbol Dictionary3) Медицина: end-systolic dimension, Endoscopic Submucosa Dissection (эндоскопическое иссечение в пределах подслизистого слоя)4) Американизм: Emergency Services District5) Военный термин: Electromagnetic Status Display, Electronic Systems Division, Electronics Support Detachment, Engineering Standardization Directive, Environmental Services Division, Ephemeris Support Data, Exercise and Simulations Directorate, earliest start date, end of screening date, engineer stores depot, equipment statistical data, Electronic Systems Division (Air Force Systems Command), Exploitation Support Section (JSIPS)6) Минералогия: Equivalent Sphere Diameter7) Техника: Electronics Systems Division, electrostatic discharge chamber, emergency service division, energy storage device, Electrical Static Discharge8) Математика: Estimated Standard Deviation9) Метеорология: Electromagnetic Static Disruption10) Сокращение: Electro Static Discharge, Electronic Systems Division (Now ESC (USAF)), Electronique Serge Dassault (France), Electrostatic Discharge, Equipment Supply Depot, Exploitation Support Data, Electrostatic Sensitive Device (Устройство, чувствительное к электростатическому разряду)11) Электроника: Electro Static Dissipative, Electron- Stimulated Desorption, Electronically Sensitive Device12) Нефть: emergency shut down, emergency shut-in13) Генетика: эстераза-D14) Фирменный знак: Education Software Distributors, Electronic Sales Distributor, Education Software and Devices Company (NZ)16) Деловая лексика: Electronic Software Delivery, Electronically Scanned Document17) Бурение: аварийное отключение (emergency shutdown)18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: equivalent circulating density, система аварийного отключения (emergency shutdown system)19) Нефтегазовая техника аварийная система закрытия (emergency shutdown system)20) Образование: Education For Sustainable Development, Educational Service District, English Skills Development, Evergreen School District, образование в целях/в интересах устойчивого развития - ОУР (Education for Sustainable Development)21) Сетевые технологии: End of Stream Delimiter, electronic software distribution, автоматическое распространение программ, электронная рассылка программного обеспечения, электронное распространение программного обеспечения, электростатические разряды22) Автоматика: electronic shop documentation23) Сахалин Р: Emergency ShutDown, Emergency Shutdown System, emergency shutdown system24) Химическое оружие: Environmental Sciences Division, event sequence diagram25) Макаров: электронно-стимулированная десорбция26) Безопасность: Electronic Secure Delivery, Event Summary Data27) Расширение файла: Emergency Startup Disk, Ending Sequence Done28) Нефть и газ: emergency shutdown device, система аварийного выключения29) Фантастика Experimental Starship Design30) Должность: Enterprise Service Director31) Обувная промышленность: electro static dissapative -
17 Esd
1) Общая лексика: Evaluation and Support Department2) Компьютерная техника: Electronic Software Download, Enhanced Swap Disc, External Symbol Dictionary3) Медицина: end-systolic dimension, Endoscopic Submucosa Dissection (эндоскопическое иссечение в пределах подслизистого слоя)4) Американизм: Emergency Services District5) Военный термин: Electromagnetic Status Display, Electronic Systems Division, Electronics Support Detachment, Engineering Standardization Directive, Environmental Services Division, Ephemeris Support Data, Exercise and Simulations Directorate, earliest start date, end of screening date, engineer stores depot, equipment statistical data, Electronic Systems Division (Air Force Systems Command), Exploitation Support Section (JSIPS)6) Минералогия: Equivalent Sphere Diameter7) Техника: Electronics Systems Division, electrostatic discharge chamber, emergency service division, energy storage device, Electrical Static Discharge8) Математика: Estimated Standard Deviation9) Метеорология: Electromagnetic Static Disruption10) Сокращение: Electro Static Discharge, Electronic Systems Division (Now ESC (USAF)), Electronique Serge Dassault (France), Electrostatic Discharge, Equipment Supply Depot, Exploitation Support Data, Electrostatic Sensitive Device (Устройство, чувствительное к электростатическому разряду)11) Электроника: Electro Static Dissipative, Electron- Stimulated Desorption, Electronically Sensitive Device12) Нефть: emergency shut down, emergency shut-in13) Генетика: эстераза-D14) Фирменный знак: Education Software Distributors, Electronic Sales Distributor, Education Software and Devices Company (NZ)16) Деловая лексика: Electronic Software Delivery, Electronically Scanned Document17) Бурение: аварийное отключение (emergency shutdown)18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: equivalent circulating density, система аварийного отключения (emergency shutdown system)19) Нефтегазовая техника аварийная система закрытия (emergency shutdown system)20) Образование: Education For Sustainable Development, Educational Service District, English Skills Development, Evergreen School District, образование в целях/в интересах устойчивого развития - ОУР (Education for Sustainable Development)21) Сетевые технологии: End of Stream Delimiter, electronic software distribution, автоматическое распространение программ, электронная рассылка программного обеспечения, электронное распространение программного обеспечения, электростатические разряды22) Автоматика: electronic shop documentation23) Сахалин Р: Emergency ShutDown, Emergency Shutdown System, emergency shutdown system24) Химическое оружие: Environmental Sciences Division, event sequence diagram25) Макаров: электронно-стимулированная десорбция26) Безопасность: Electronic Secure Delivery, Event Summary Data27) Расширение файла: Emergency Startup Disk, Ending Sequence Done28) Нефть и газ: emergency shutdown device, система аварийного выключения29) Фантастика Experimental Starship Design30) Должность: Enterprise Service Director31) Обувная промышленность: electro static dissapative -
18 esd
1) Общая лексика: Evaluation and Support Department2) Компьютерная техника: Electronic Software Download, Enhanced Swap Disc, External Symbol Dictionary3) Медицина: end-systolic dimension, Endoscopic Submucosa Dissection (эндоскопическое иссечение в пределах подслизистого слоя)4) Американизм: Emergency Services District5) Военный термин: Electromagnetic Status Display, Electronic Systems Division, Electronics Support Detachment, Engineering Standardization Directive, Environmental Services Division, Ephemeris Support Data, Exercise and Simulations Directorate, earliest start date, end of screening date, engineer stores depot, equipment statistical data, Electronic Systems Division (Air Force Systems Command), Exploitation Support Section (JSIPS)6) Минералогия: Equivalent Sphere Diameter7) Техника: Electronics Systems Division, electrostatic discharge chamber, emergency service division, energy storage device, Electrical Static Discharge8) Математика: Estimated Standard Deviation9) Метеорология: Electromagnetic Static Disruption10) Сокращение: Electro Static Discharge, Electronic Systems Division (Now ESC (USAF)), Electronique Serge Dassault (France), Electrostatic Discharge, Equipment Supply Depot, Exploitation Support Data, Electrostatic Sensitive Device (Устройство, чувствительное к электростатическому разряду)11) Электроника: Electro Static Dissipative, Electron- Stimulated Desorption, Electronically Sensitive Device12) Нефть: emergency shut down, emergency shut-in13) Генетика: эстераза-D14) Фирменный знак: Education Software Distributors, Electronic Sales Distributor, Education Software and Devices Company (NZ)16) Деловая лексика: Electronic Software Delivery, Electronically Scanned Document17) Бурение: аварийное отключение (emergency shutdown)18) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: equivalent circulating density, система аварийного отключения (emergency shutdown system)19) Нефтегазовая техника аварийная система закрытия (emergency shutdown system)20) Образование: Education For Sustainable Development, Educational Service District, English Skills Development, Evergreen School District, образование в целях/в интересах устойчивого развития - ОУР (Education for Sustainable Development)21) Сетевые технологии: End of Stream Delimiter, electronic software distribution, автоматическое распространение программ, электронная рассылка программного обеспечения, электронное распространение программного обеспечения, электростатические разряды22) Автоматика: electronic shop documentation23) Сахалин Р: Emergency ShutDown, Emergency Shutdown System, emergency shutdown system24) Химическое оружие: Environmental Sciences Division, event sequence diagram25) Макаров: электронно-стимулированная десорбция26) Безопасность: Electronic Secure Delivery, Event Summary Data27) Расширение файла: Emergency Startup Disk, Ending Sequence Done28) Нефть и газ: emergency shutdown device, система аварийного выключения29) Фантастика Experimental Starship Design30) Должность: Enterprise Service Director31) Обувная промышленность: electro static dissapative -
19 residential
[-'denʃəl]1) ((of an area of a town etc) containing houses rather than offices, shops etc: This district is mainly residential; a residential neighbourhood/area.) stanovanjski2) (requiring a person to live in the place where he works: a residential post.) (služba) za katero je potrebno bivališče v istem kraju3) (of, concerned with, living in a place.) stanovanjski* * *[rezidénšəl]adverb ( residentially adverb)stanovanjski; primeren, pripraven za zasebne hiše, zaseden z zasebnimi hišamiresidential club — klub, v katerem imajo člani stanovanje in oskrboresidential quarter (area, district) — stanovanjska četrt (z vilami itd.) -
20 ISD
1) Военный термин: Individual Soldier Detector, Industrial Support Detachment, Intelligence Security Division, Intelligence Support Detachment, Intelligence Support Division, Internal Security Division, in-service date, information service division, information systems division, infrared suppression device, initial ship design, installation start date, installation supply division, instructional systems development, internal symbol dictionary2) Техника: instructional system design3) Телекоммуникации: Information Services Division, International Standard Dial4) Сокращение: International Subscriber Dialing, intrinsic sphincter deficiency, Image Section Descriptor5) Университет: Instructional Support Department, Instructional Systems Design6) Электроника: Interface State Density7) Вычислительная техника: Interface Summary Design, Integrated Sensor Device (Wacom, LCD)8) Нефть: individual equipment shutdown9) Космонавтика: Information Systems Division (INTELSAT)10) Геофизика: Intermediate Storage Device11) Транспорт: Interim Simulation Display12) Деловая лексика: Investment Services Directive13) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Industrial Safety Declaration14) Образование: Independent School District, Intermediate School District15) Медицинская техника: interscan delay16) Расширение файла: Initial Selection Done, Spelling Checker dictionary (RapidFile)17) Космогония и космология: межзвёздная пыль (interstellar dust)18) Ценные бумаги: Директива об инвестиционных услугах19) Фантастика Imperial Star Destroyer20) Имена и фамилии: Ian Stuart Donaldson21) Правительство: Income Support Division22) Программное обеспечение: Integrated Solutions Division
См. также в других словарях:
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