Перевод: с греческого на английский

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  • 61 ὀρρωδέω

    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `to shudder, to fear, to dread' (Att.),
    Other forms: Ion. ἀρρωδέω (Hp., Hdt.).
    Compounds: Aslo w. prefix, esp. κατ-.
    Derivatives: ὀρρωδία, ἀρρωδίη f. `fear, dread' (Hdt., Th., E.).
    Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]X [probably]
    Etymology: Not certainly explained. Semantically attractive is the proposal by Bréal MSL 8, 309 (agreeing Lasso de la Vega Emer. 23, 121 f.): ὀρρωδέω from ὄρρος through *ὀρρώδης `afraid, anxious' like Fr. couard, It. codardo from Lat. coda. But one has to assume then that the Att. form came into Ionic with transition of ὀρρ- into ἀρρ- (after ἀρρωστέω. - ία?), what cannot be easily argued. After J. Schmidt KZ 25, 112; 32, 170 Att. ὀρρ- stands for older ἀρρ- through assimilation to the folowing ω (cf. Schwyzer 255); possible is also folketym. influence of ὄρρος. Vain attempys by Prellwitz BB 24, 217, Solmsen IF 13, 134ff., Ehrlich Betonung 54 (s. Bq s.v. a. p. 717 n. 1; also WP. 1, 278 a. 292). - Taillardat, RPh. 71(1997) 170, defends the old interpretation as τὸν ὄρρον ἱδροῦν; the α- would be due to Ionic dissimilation of ο-ω. - Furnée 342 thinks that the word is Pre-Greek, which explains the variation ἀ-\/ὀ-.
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    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀρρωδέω

  • 62 πένομαι

    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `to exert oneself, to toil, to work, to prepare, to provide' (Il.), `to exert onself, to (have to) do hard labour, to be poor, to lack smth.' (Sol., trag., Pl.).
    Other forms: only pres. a. ipf.
    Compounds: Often w. ἀμφι-, also w. συν-.
    Derivatives: 1. πενία, ion. - ίη f. `poverty, lack' (ξ 157; Scheller Oxytonierung 23 a. 39); 2. πενιχρ-ός `poor, devoid of smth.' (γ 348; cf. zu μελιχρός s. μέλι) with - ότης f. (S. E.). - αλέος `id.' (AP). 3. πένης, - ητος m. (f. πένησσα πτωχή H.) `who has to live from the labour of his hands, needy, poor' in opposition both to πλούσιος and to πτωχός = `begging, destitute' (IA.) with πενέσ-τερος, - τατος (X., D.); after ἀσθενέσ-τερος a.o.; not with Schwyzer 535 from *πενετ-τερος); from it πενητ-εύω `to be poor' (Emp.), - υλίδας m. "son of poverty" (Cerc.), from a hypocor. *Πενητ-ύλος (as Φειδ-ύλος, Πενθ-ύλος a.o.). -- 4. πόνος m. `(hard) labour, effort, struggle, sorrow, pain, fruit of the labour' (Il.; on the meaning Trümpy Fachausdrücke 148 ff.); also as 2. member, e.g. παυσί-πονος `ending pain' (E., Ar. in lyr.); but ματαιο-πόνος a.o. to πονέομαι, s. v. From it πον-ηρός `toilsome, useless, bad, evil' (IA.) with - ηρία, - ηρεύομαι, - ήρευμα; πονόεις `id.' (Man.). -- 5. Iterative deverbative πονέομαι, also w. ἀμφι-, δια- a.o. (Il., mostly in the older language), πονέω, also w. δια-, ἐκ-, κατα- a.o. (posthom.) `to exert oneself, to provide, to suffer', trans. `to cause pain'. As 2. member a.o. in ματαιο-πονέω `to labour in vain' (Democr.) with - πονία (Str.), - πόνημα (Iamb.), - πόνος (Plu., Gal.). From it πόν-ημα ( δια-) n. `labour, work' (Pl., E. u.a.), - ησις ( δια-, κατα-) f. `labour, effort' (Plu., D. L.); as backformation e.g. διάπον-ος `working hard, weary' (Plu.) from δια-πονέω. 6. Beside it πονάω only in ἐπονάθη (Pi.) and ἐπόνασαν (Theoc.); s. Schwyzer 719 w. n. 1.
    Origin: XX [etym. unknown]
    Etymology: Not certainly explained. The primary present πένομαι, which was pushed back and replaced by its own iterative πονέομαι, - έω and by its synonyms, e.g. κάμνω, δέω, is in the epos used esp. of domestic labour (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 15). The meaning `want, lack, be poor' (from where πενία and πενιχρός already since Od.) developed from there like Lat. laborare `exert oneself', also `be in need, be pressed' (unargumented doubt in WP. 2, 661). Unclear is however the earlier history of the meaning. Possible is, that πένομαι orig. indicated a certain kind of domesic labour and from there was generalized. One may compare in that case expressions for `stretch, twist, weave' in Lith. pìnti `twist', OCS pęti `stretch', Arm. hanum and henum `weave', further OHG etc. spin. As the basic meaning of this verb seems to have been `unharness', one may also from there through `harness oneself' come to `exert oneself' (cf. Arm. y-enum `stem or stut smthing with hands or shoulders'?). Thus (after Schleicher, Benfey, Fick; s. Curtius 271f.) Pedersen KZ 39, 414 and Persson Beitr. 1, 411 ff.; further combinations in WP. 2, 660ff., Pok. 988, W.-Hofmann s. pendeō. As however the semantic development can be interpreted in diff. ways, this etymology, though quite possible, cannot be proven. A loan is hard to envisage. -- On the meaning of πένητες and πλούσιοι and synonyms and of πενία and πλοῦτος s. J. Hemelrijk Πενία en Πλοῦτος. Diss. Utrecht 1925. Cf. πεῖνα und σπάνις.
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  • 63 πί̄πτω

    πί̄πτω
    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `to fall, to fall off, to drop down, to fall out' (Il.).
    Other forms: Fut. πεσέομαι (ep. Ion.), - οῦμαι (Att.), aor. πετεῖν, ἔπετον (Dor. Aeol.), πεσεῖν, ἔπεσον (IA.), perf. ptc. acc. πεπτ-εῶτ', - εῶτας (ep.), nom. - ηώς (Ion.; also of πτήσσω), - ώς (trag.), ind. πέπτωκα, ptc. - ωκώς (Att.).
    Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. εἰσ-, ἐκ-, ἐμ-, ἐπι-, κατα-, μετα-, περι-, προ-, συμ-, ὑπο-.
    Derivatives: Many derivv. 1. πότ-μος m. `(falling) fate, destiny, (the fate of) death' (ep. poet. Il.). 2. πτῶ-μα n., often w. prefix ( σύμ-πί̄πτω etc. from συμ-πίπτειν etc.) in diff. senses, `fall, plunge, the fallen, the corpse' (Att. A., hell.) with dimin. - μάτιον (inscr. Asia Minor), - ματίς f. `tumbling cup' (Mosch. ap. Ath.), - ματικός `inclined towards falling etc.' (hell.), - ματίζω `to bring down' (hell.) with - ματισμός m. `falling sickness' (Ptol.). 3. πτῶ-σις ( σύμ-πί̄πτω etc.) f. `fall' (Hp., Att.), a.o. `fall of the die', from where as gramm. term `form of flection, case' (Arist.), with - σιμος `brought down' (A.; after ἁλώσιμος? Arbenz 80), - τικός ( μετα-πί̄πτω a.o.) `inflectable' (Gramm.). 4. πέσ-ος n. `corpse' (E. in lyr.), - ημα n. `fall, the fallen down, the corpse' (trag.; Chantraine Form. 184, v. Wilamowitz Eur. Her. to v. 1131), - ωμα n. `plunge' (vase-inscr.; after πτῶμα). 5. - πετής a.o. in περι-, προ-πετής `falling down, blundering into smth.' resp. `falling over, prepared, rash' with περι-, προ-πέτ-εια f. (IA.); also in compounds as εὑ-πετής `to turn out well, convenient, fortunate' with - εια f. (IA.); διι-πετής s. v. 6. - πτώς in ἀ-πτώς, - ῶτος `not falling' (Pi., Pl.); also - πτης in ἀπτης (inscr. Olympia)? -- On ποταμός s. v.
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [825] * petH- `fly, fall'.
    Etymology: The remarkable σ for τ in IA. πεσέομαι, - οῦμαι and πεσεῖν is secondary and not convincingly explained; cf. Schwyzer 271 Zus. 2 w. lit., 746 n. 6 and Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 451. -- The pair πί̄πτω (with ī after ῥί̄πτω?): πετεῖν agrees with γίγνομαι: γενέσθαι; to this the disyllabic fut. πεσέ-ομαι for *πετέ-[σ]ομαι and the full grades πτω-, πτη- in πέ-πτω-κα, πτῶ-μα, - σις, πε-πτη-ώς cannot be compared with γενέ-τωρ, γνή-σιος which has *ǵenh₁-, ǵn̥h₁- (not here γνωτός?; s. on γίγνομαι), s. Schwyzer 746, 784 a. 360. The origin of the alternative root forms is not well known. An innovation is πίτ-νω (- νῶ) with ι as in several ν-presents (Schwyzer 695). -- The whole system is a specific Greek development of the old verb also found in πέτομαι `fly'; the meaning `fall' is also found a.o. in Skt. pátati. A point of contact show the fut. *πετέ-[σ]ομαι: Skt. pati-ṣyáti; morpholog. close are also πότμος and Skt. pát-man- n. `flight, course, path' (would be Gr. *πέτμα). -- Further s. πέτομαι; cf. also πτήσσω and πίτυλος (which hardly belongs here).
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  • 64 πίτῡρα

    πίτῡρα
    Grammatical information: n. pl.,
    Meaning: `husks of corn, bran', also metaph. = `bran-like rash, sediment' (Hp., D., Thphr.).
    Other forms: rarely - ον sg.
    Derivatives: πιτῡρ-ίς (- ις) f. `bran-coloured olive' (Call.), - ίας m. `bread baked of bran' (Gal., Poll.), - ίτης ( ἄρτος) `id.' (Philem. Gloss. ap. Ath., Gal.), - ώδης `bran-like' (Hp., Thphr.), - όομαι `to suffer from pituriasis' (Hp.), - ίζω `to have bran on oneself' (pap.) with - ισμα n. `scab' (Hdn. Gr.); - ίασις f. `bran, scab' (medic.: *-ιάω; after ψωρίασις a.o.). -- On PN Πιτυρεύς Bosshardt 119.
    Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]
    Etymology: Formation like the close λέπῡρον; not certainly explained. Note the synonymous πήτεα πίτυρα, πητῖται πιτύρι\<ν\> οι ἄρτοι H., which is connected with πῆν, πάσσω (s. v.). With this πίτυρα because of its ĭ cannot without force be brought together. Whether from *πύτῡρον with dissimilation (cf. Schwyzer 258, Specht KZ 61, 277 ff.) to Lat. pŭtus `clean' with putāre `purify etc.', Skt. pávate `purify', a.o. of grain, with pávanam n. `winnow, sieve', OHG fowen `sieve, purify grain' etc. (WP. 2, 13, Pok. 827)? For connection with πίτυλος (with semant. parallels) Thumb KZ 36, 180. -- Cf. πτύον. - Prob. Pre-Greek.
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  • 65 ῥαιβός

    Grammatical information: adj.
    Meaning: `crooked, bent inward', esp. of legs (cf. Fraenkel, Μνήμης χάριν 1, 100; Arist., Nic.).
    Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in ῥαιβο-ειδής `crooked of shape' (Hp.).
    Derivatives: ῥαιβ-ηδόν `in bendings' (Euph.), - όω `to bend' (Lyc., Gal.), - ότης f. `bendedness' (Eust.).
    Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]
    Etymology: The words in - βός express often a corporeal defect, e.g. κολοβός, κλαμβός, σκαμβός, ὑβός; the β may belong to the root ( στραβός). Also in ῥαιβός the β is old and inherited, if the comparison with Germ., e.g. Goth. wraiqs ' σκολιός' is reliable: IE *u̯roigʷo- or *u̯roig-u̯o- (Aufrecht KZ 12, 400, Persson Beitr. 1, 502 n.1). On the α-vowel cf. κλαμβός a.o. above, also λαιός, σκαιός (w. old u̯o-suffix). Other proposal, not to be preferred by Solmsen KZ 34, 552: to Lith. sráigė `snail' (s. Fraenkel s.v.). -- Further details (parly diff.) w. lit. in Bq, WP. 1, 279, Pok. 1158, Feist Vgl. Wb. s. wraiqs. Cf. ῥοικός, also ῥυβός. -- The vocalism can only be explained if we assume *wreh₂ig-u̯-, which cannot be combined with *u̯roig-u̯-; so the word is prob. not IE, and may be Pre-Greek.
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  • 66 ῥίμφα

    Grammatical information: Adv.
    Meaning: `rapid, agile, nimble' (ep. Il.).
    Compounds: ῥιμφ-άρματος `with a quick cart' (Pi., S. in lyr.; Sommer Nominalkomp. 13f.).
    Derivatives: - αλέος (EM, Suid., Hdn. Gr.; cf. ὀτραλέος).
    Origin: XX [etym. unknown]
    Etymology: Formation like τάχα, ὦκα etc.; not well explained. As the sequence - ιμφ- cannot have been inherited, the ι must stand for ε before nasal (s. Schwyzer 275) or the nasal must have been introduced later. PGr. *Ϝρέμφα (*ϜρέγχϜα?; Schwyzer 302) can be combined with Lith. rangùs `dexterous, flexible', rangiúos, rángtis `hasten', rengiúos, reñgtis `prepare oneself, be prepared' under IE *u̯rengʷʰ-; but then must OHG ringi `levis', MHG ( ge)ringe `light and quickly prepared, dexterous' a. other Germ. words remain away (attempt at an explanation in WP. 2, 373). -- Details w. lit. in WP. l.c., Pok. 1155; older lit. in Bq.
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  • 67 σχάζω

    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `to make an incision, to tear open, to open a vein, to let (the blood) flow, to let something take its course, to release, to drop, to abandon' (Hp., X., Arist. etc.).
    Other forms: Also σχάω (Hp., com., Arist. a.o.), mostly aor. σχάσαι (Pi., B., Hp., E., com., X., Arist., hell. a. late) with pass. σχασθ-ῆναι, fut. pass. - ήσομαι, act. σχάσω, perf. midd. ἔσχασμαι (in ἐσχασμένη as plantname; Strömberg 43).
    Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, κατα-
    Derivatives: 1. σχάσις ( ἀπό-, κατά-) f. `the tearing, blood-letting, release' (medic., Ph. Bel.). 2. σχάσμα ( κατά-) n. `incision, release' (Hp., Dsc., Ph. Bel.). 3. κατα-σχασμός m. `draft' (medic.). 4. σχαστήρ = Lat. tendicula (gloss.); κατασ[χ]αστήρ meaning unknown (IG 11: 2, 165, 11 [Delos IIIa]). 5. σχαστηρ-ία f. `trigger, release in mechanisms etc.' (Arist., Ph. Bel., Hero, Plb. etc.; Scheller Oxytonierung 58 n. 4); - ιον n. `lancet' ( Hippiatr.).
    Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [cf. 919] * skeh₂-? `split'?
    Etymology: As orig. meaning is above assumed as usual `make an incision, tear open', from where `open, let loose etc.'; the word would be esp. characteristic for the language of the physician. Also a basic meaning `let loose, free v. t.' sceems however possible, while the usual professional expression φλέβα σχάσαι in MLG āderlāten `let (flow) from the vein' would get a direct agreement. -- As the whole formal system is clearly built on the aor. σχάσαι, from which σχάζω, σχάω as well as all other verbal and nominal forms, the etymolog has to start from this. A certain non-Greek agreement has not been found. Since Fick 1, 143 a. 567 σχάω is generally compared (Bq, WP. 2, 541 f., Pok. 919f., W.-Hofmann s. sciō) a.o. with Skt. chyati ( anu-, ava-, vi- etc.), ptc. chā-ta-, chi-tá-, caus. chāy-áyati (IE * skeh₂-, *skh₂i̯-) `split, hurt, esp. of the skin' (on the meaning Hoffmann Münch. Stud. 19, 61 ff., on phonetics Hiersche Ten. asp. 103 f., 214f.). To this semant. certainly unobjectionable connection it should be remarked, that of the Skt. verb non-present finite forms, e.g. the full grade s-aorist a-chā-s-it, occur only in the grammarians. The further combinations (s. the lit. above), e.g. with Lat. sciō, are no less hypothetic. -- So σχάσαι Greek innovation (perh. through cross of σχίσαι and ἐάσαι, χαλάσαι v.t.)? Note that σχ- cannot be directly explained from the assumed IE form.
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  • 68 νεκρός

    νεκρός, ά, όν
    A. as adj. (perh. as early as Hom., certainly Pind.; in Ath. only R. title)
    ① pert. to being in a state of loss of life, dead, of pers.: lit. καταπίπτειν νεκρόν fall dead Ac 28:6. ἤρθη νεκρός he was taken up dead 20:9 (another possibility is as dead, for dead: Lucian, Ver. Hist. 1, 22; Eunapius, Vi. Soph. 76 συγχωρήσατε τῷ νεκρῷ [the one who is deathly sick] με δοῦναι φάρμακον.—ἤρθη ν. as TestJud 9:3). νεκρὸς κεῖται (Mel., P. 90, 672) lies dead AcPt Ox 849 recto, 15.—Ac 5:10; Js 2:26a. ἔπεσα πρὸς τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ ὡς ν. I fell at his feet as if I were dead Rv 1:17 (ὡς ν. as Diod S 36, 8, 4; TestAbr A 9 p. 86, 17 [Stone p. 20]). ἐγενήθησαν ὡς νεκροί Mt 28:4. ἐγένετο ὡσεὶ νεκρός Mk 9:26. Of Christ ἐγενόμην ν. I was dead Rv 1:18; cp. 2:8.
    ② pert. to being so morally or spirtually deficient as to be in effect dead, dead, fig. ext. of 1
    ⓐ of pers. (Soph., Philoct. 1018 ἄφιλον ἔρημον ἄπολιν ἐν ζῶσιν νεκρόν; Menand., Colax 50; Epict. 3, 23, 28; schol. on Aristoph., Ran. 423 διὰ τὴν κακοπραγίαν νεκροὺς τοὺς Ἀθηναίους καλεῖ; Sextus 175 ν. παρὰ θεῷ; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 35, Conf. Lingu. 55, Fuga 56) of the prodigal son either thought to be dead, missing, or morally dead, depraved Lk 15:24, 32. Of a congregation that is inactive, remiss Rv 3:1. Of persons before baptism Hs 9, 16, 3f; 6. W. dat. of disadvantage ν. τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ dead to sin Ro 6:11.—ἐκ νεκρῶν ζῶντας Ro 6:13; sim. on the mng. of baptism ν. τοῖς παραπτώμασιν dead in sins Eph 2:1, 5; Col 2:13. Of worldly-minded Christians: τὸ ἥμισυ ν. ἐστι Hs 8, 8, 1 v.l.
    ⓑ of things ν. ἔργα dead works that cannot bring eternal life Hb 6:1; 9:14; Hs 9, 21, 2. ἡ πίστις χωρὶς ἔργων ν. ἐστιν faith apart from deeds (i.e. without practical application) is dead, useless Js 2:26b (κενή P74), cp. vss. 17, 20 v.l. (DVerseput, Reworking the Puzzle of Faith and Deeds in Js 2:14–26: NTS 43, ’97, 97–115). Of sin χωρὶς νόμου ἁμαρτία ν. where there is no law, sin is dead, i.e. sin is not perceptible Ro 7:8 (cp. 5:20). Of the believer, in whom Christ lives: τὸ σῶμα νεκρόν the body (of σάρξ and sin) is dead 8:10 (Herm. Wr. 7, 2 visible corporeality is called ὁ αἰσθητικὸς νεκρός. Sim. Philo, Leg. All. 3, 69ff, Gig. 15).
    ③ pert. to having never been alive and lacking capacity for life, dead, lifeless (Wsd 15:5; Ar. 3:2; Just., A I, 9, 1 ἀψυχα καὶ νεκρά) of the brass serpent 12:7. Of polytheistic objects of cultic devotion PtK 2 p. 14, 21. νεκροὶ θεοί 2 Cl 3:1; D 6:3. (On the borderline between 1 and 2: τὰ μὲν ὀνόματα … θεῶν ὀνόματά ἐστιν νεκρῶν ἀνθρώπων Theoph. Ant. 1, 9 [p. 76, 8]).
    B. as subst. ὁ ν. (so mostly Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En 103:5; TestGad 4:6; ApcEsdr 4:36; Philo; Jos., Bell. 4, 331 al.; Ar. 15, 3; Just., Mel., Ath., R. title; Jos.)
    ① one who is no longer physically alive, dead person, a dead body, a corpse, lit. Lk 7:15; Hb 9:17; 11:35; Rv 20:5; 12:13. μακάριοι οἱ ν. οἱ ἐν κυρίῳ ἀποθνῄσκοντες 14:13; cp. 1 Th 4:16. Without art. νεκροῦ βληθέντος AcPlCor 2:32 (w. ζῶν as Appian, Liby. 129 §617 τ. νεκροὺς κ. τ. ζῶντας; Aesop, Fab. 69 H.=288 P.; EpArist 146) of God οὐκ ἔστιν (ὁ) θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων Mt 22:32; Mk 12:27; Lk 20:38. καὶ ν. καὶ ζώντων κυριεύειν rule over the living and the dead i.e. over all humankind past and present Ro 14:9. κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς 2 Ti 4:1; 1 Pt 4:5; 7:2; κριτὴς ζώντων καὶ ν. Ac 10:42; 2 Cl 1:1; Pol 2:1. In this combination ν. without the article means all the dead, all those who are in the underworld (νεκροί=the dead: Thu. 4, 14, 5; 5, 10, 12; Lucian, Ver. Hist. 1, 39; Polyaenus 4, 2, 5). Of deceased Christians νεκροῖς εὐαγγελίσθη 1 Pt 4:6 (Selwyn, comm. 337–39). The art. can also be used without special significance: ὁ καιρὸς τῶν ν. κριθῆναι Rv 11:18; οἱ ν. ἀκούσουσιν τῆς φωνῆς τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ J 5:25. In prepositional phrases oft. without the art. ἐκ. ν. and ἀπὸ ν. (B-D-F §254, 2; Rob. 791f). ἐγείρειν ἐκ ν., ἐγείρεσθαι ἐκ ν. Mt 17:9; Mk 6:14; Lk 9:7; 24:46; J 2:22; 12:1, 9, 17; 21:14; Ac 3:15; 4:10; 13:30; Ro 4:24; 6:4, 9; 7:4; 8:11ab, 34 v.l.; 10:9; 1 Cor 15:12a, 20; Gal 1:1; Eph 1:20; Col 2:12; 2 Ti 2:8; Hb 11:19; 1 Pt 1:21; IMg 9:3; ITr 9:2; Pol 2:1f; 5:2; AcPlCor 2:6; 5:2. ἀναστῆναι ἐκ ν. and ἀναστῆσαί τινα ἐκ ν. (Just.; Mel., P.) Mk 9:9f; 12:25; Lk 16:31; J 20:9; Ac 10:41; 13:34; 17:3, 31; 1 Cl 24:1; 15:9; GPt 8:30 (KKuhn, NTS 7, ’61, 343f); Papias (11:3); Qua. ἡ ἐκ ν. ἀνάστασις (Mel., P. 3, 20) 5:6; Lk 20:35; Ac 4:2. Also ἡ ἐξανάστασις ἡ ἐκ ν. Phil 3:11; ζωὴ ἐκ ν. Ro 11:15; ἀνάγειν ἐκ ν. (Just., A I, 45, 1; 50, 12 al.) bring up from the realm of the dead Ro 10:7; Hb 13:20. ἀπὸ ν. πορεύεσθαι πρός τινα come up to someone fr. the realm of the dead Lk 16:30. Somet. the art. is included in these prep. combinations without appreciable difference in mng.: ἐγείρεσθαι ἀπὸ τῶν ν. Mt 14:2; 27:64; 28:7 (but ἐγείρεσθαι ἐκ ν. 17:9). ἐγείρειν ἐκ τῶν ν. 1 Th 1:10 v.l.; πρωτότοκος ἐκ τῶν ν. Col 1:18 beside ὁ πρωτότοκος τῶν ν. Rv 1:5. The art. is often omitted w. the gen.; so as a rule in ἀνάστασις ν. (Did., Gen. 96, 13) resurrection of the dead, an expr. that is explained by the locution ἀναστῆναι ἐκ ν. (also Ar. 15, 3; Just., D. 80, 4) Ac 17:32; 23:6; 24:21; 26:23; Ro 1:4; 1 Cor 15:12b, 13, 21; D 16:6. νεκροῦ ἀνάστασιν Papias (2:9). ἀνάστασις ἐκ ν. 1 Pt 1:3; ἐκ ν. ἀνάστασις AcPlCor 2:35. Also ἀνάστασις τῶν ν. Mt 22:31; 1 Cor 15:42 (Just., D. 45, 2). νεκροὺς ἐγείρειν raise the dead Mt 10:8; Ac 26:8; AcPl Ha 8, 35=BMM verso 8f. Pass. (Theoph. Ant. 1, 8 [p. 74, 6]) Mt 11:5; Lk 7:22 (cp. 4Q 521:12; on the fig. understanding s. κωφός 2); 1 Cor 15:15f, 29b, 32. Also τοὺς ν. ἐγείρειν J 5:21; 2 Cor 1:9. Pass. Mk 12:26; Lk 20:37; 1 Cor 15:35, 52. Of God ζωοποιεῖν τοὺς ν. Ro 4:17. μετὰ τῶν ν. among the dead Lk 24:5. βαπτίζεσθαι ὑπὲρ τῶν ν. be baptized for the dead 1 Cor 15:29a (s. βαπτίζω 2c; JWhite, JBL 116, 97, 487–99). τάφοι νεκρῶν IPhld 6:1. ὀστέα νεκρῶν the bones of the dead Mt 23:27. ἄτονος ὥσπερ νεκροῦ νεῦρα powerless as the sinews of a corpse Hm 12, 6, 2. αἷμα ὡς νεκροῦ blood like that of a dead person Rv 16:3.
    ② one who is so spiritually obtuse as to be in effect dead, dead pers., fig. ext. of 1 (cp. Philo, Fuga 56) ἄφες τοὺς ν. θάψαι τοὺς ἑαυτῶν ν. let the dead bury their dead of those who do not give priority to discipleship Mt 8:22; Lk 9:60 (cp. Theophyl. Sim., Ep. 25 τ. θνητοῖς τὰ θνητὰ καταλείψομεν.—FPerles, ZNW 19, 1920, 96; 25, 1926, 286f; Bleibtreu [s. μισέω 2]. AEhrhardt, Studia Theologica VI, 2, ’53, 128–64.—θάπτειν τοὺς ν. lit. Jos., Bell. 5, 518). The words ἀνάστα ἐκ τ. νεκρῶν Eph 5:14 appear to belong to a hymn (s. Rtzst., Erlösungsmyst. 1921, 136) that may have become part of the baptism ritual (MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.; FDölger, Sol Salutis2, 1925, 364ff).—B. 290. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > νεκρός

  • 69 ἀρσενοκοίτης

    ἀρσενοκοίτης, ου, ὁ (ἄρσην ‘male’ + κοίτη ‘bed’; Bardesanes 719 Fgm. 3b 10, 25 p. 653 Jac. [in Eus., PE 6, 10, 25]; Anth. Pal. 9, 686, 5 and Cat. Cod. Astr. VIII/4 p. 196, 6 and 8 have the sp. ἀρρενοκοίτης; Theoph. Ant. 1, 2 [p. 60, 27]; in a vice list—ἀρσενοκοιτεῖν SibOr 2, 73; AcJ 36 [Aa II/1, 169]; cp. the association of ἄρσην and κοίτη Lev 20:13, s. Soph. Lex.: ἀ.= ὁ μετὰ ἄρσενος κοιμώμενος κοίτην γυναικείαν=‘one who has intercourse w. a man as w. a woman’; cp. the formation of μητροκοίτης [μήτηρ + κοίτη] ‘one who has intercourse w. his mother’ Hipponax 15, 2 Diehl3 [=Degani 20, 2]) a male who engages in sexual activity w. a pers. of his own sex, pederast 1 Cor 6:9 (on the impropriety of RSV’s ‘homosexuals’ [altered to ‘sodomites’ NRSV] s. WPetersen, VigChr 40, ’86, 187–91; cp. DWright, ibid. 41, ’87, 396–98; REB’s rendering of μαλακοὶ οὔτε ἀρσενοκοῖται w. the single term ‘sexual pervert’ is lexically unacceptable), of one who assumes the dominant role in same-sex activity, opp. μαλακός (difft. DMartin, in Biblical Ethics and Homosexuality, ed. RBrawley, ’96, 117–36); 1 Ti 1:10; Pol 5:3. Cp. Ro 1:27. Romans forbade pederasty w. free boys in the Lex Scantinia, pre-Cicero (JBremmer, Arethusa 13, ’80, 288 and notes); Paul’s strictures against same-sex activity cannot be satisfactorily explained on the basis of alleged temple prostitution (on its rarity, but w. some evidence concerning women used for sacred prostitution at Corinth s. LWoodbury, TAPA 108, ’78, 290f, esp. note 18 [lit.]), or limited to contract w. boys for homoerotic service (s. Wright, VigChr 38, ’84, 125–53). For condemnation of the practice in the Euphrates region s. the ref. to Bardesanes above.—RBurton, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, 1934, vol. 6, 3748–82, lit. reff. and anthropological data relating to a variety of Mediterranean cultures; DBailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, ’55; KDover, Greek Homosexuality ’78; RScroggs, The NT and Homosexuality ’83; JBoswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality ’80; JBremmer, Greek Pederasty, in JBremmer, ed. From Sappho to de Sade2 ’91, 1–14; ECantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World ’92.—Pauly-W. 8, 1333f; 1459–68. DELG s.v. ἄρσην. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἀρσενοκοίτης

  • 70 ὑπόστασις

    ὑπόστασις, εως, ἡ (ὑφίστημι; Hippocr.+; Polyb. 4, 50, 10; 6, 55, 2; Diod S 16, 32, 3; 16, 33, 1; M. Ant. 10, 5; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 15:5; 17:24; TestReub 2:7; TestZeb 2:4; Tat.; Ath. 21, 3; Iren. 5, 36, 1 [Harv. II 426, 1]; Hippol., Ref. 10, 17, 2; Did., Gen. 128, 11 in widely different meanings. See Dörrie 4 below.)
    ① the essential or basic structure/nature of an entity, substantial nature, essence, actual being, reality (underlying structure, oft. in contrast to what merely seems to be: Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 395a, 29f; Plut., Mor. 894b; Diog. L., Pyrrh. 9, 91; Artem. 3, 14; Ps 38:6; Wsd 16:21; TestReub 2:7; SJCh 78, 30; Philo, Aet. M. 88; 92; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 1; Tat. 6, 2; Ath. 21, 3; cp. the answer of a certain Secundus, who, when asked ‘Quid fides?’, answered: ‘ignotae rei mira certitudo’=a marvelous certainty about someth. otherwise unknown [FPhGr I 516]; s. also Lexicon Sabbaiticum: Lexica Graeca Minora ’65, 53)
    ⓐ of the Son of God as χαρακτὴρ τῆς ὑποστάσεως αὐτοῦ a(n) exact representation of (God’s) real being (i.e. as one who is in charge of the universe) Hb 1:3. Sim. of polytheists’ deities, whose basic reality is someth. material like stone, metal etc. Dg 2:1.
    ⓑ of things: among the meanings that can be authenticated for Hb 11:1 a strong claim can be made for realization (Diod S 1, 3, 2 of the realization of a plan; Cornutus 9 p. 9, 3 of the realization of humanity; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 1 that of the Jewish people, both by a divine act; Tat. 5, 1 of God τοῦ παντὸς ἡ ὑπόστασις): ἔστιν πίστις ἐλπιζομένων ὑπ.=in faith things hoped for become realized, or things hoped for take on (but s. 3 and 4 below) reality. Conversely, ‘without faith things hoped for would have no reality’. HKöster (s. bibliog. 4 below) argues for this sense also in 3:14, but s. 2. Cp. the rendering ‘substance’ (e.g. KJV, REB).
    ② a plan that one devises for action, plan, project, undertaking, endeavor (Diod. Sic 15, 70, 2; 16, 32, 3; 16, 82, 6; 17, 69, 7; Ezk 19:5) ἐν τῇ ὑποστάσει ταύτῃ in connection with this undertaking i.e. the collection for Jerusalem 2 Cor 9:4. The fact that meeting a financial obligation is the main theme (vss. 1–2) might well suggest association of ὑπ. with its use e.g. as a t.t. of expectation of rent due PTebt 61b, 194. To emphasize the importance of steadfast commitment to professed obligation (opp. καρδία πονηρὰ ἀπιστίας ἐν τῷ ἀποστῆναι), the author of Hb 3:14 uses ὑπ. in a way that invites an addressee to draw on the semantic component of obligation familiar in commercial usage of the term (s. PTebt above), an association that is invited by use of μέτοχος, a standard term for a business partner (PHib 109, 3; PCairZen 176, 102 [both III B.C.]), μέχρι τέλους (s.v. τέλος 2bβ), and βέβαιος (s. M-M s.v.). S. Köster 1b above for focus of ὑπ. on ‘reality’.—Satirically, ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ὑποστάσει τῆς καυχήσεως in this boasting project of mine 2 Cor 11:17.
    ③ The interp. situation, condition (Cicero, Ad Attic. 2, 3, 3 ὑπόστασιν nostram=our situation), also specif. frame of mind (Dio Cass. 49, 9; Themist., Or. 13 p. 178b; Jos., Ant. 18, 24 of determination in desperate circumstances; sim. Polyb. 6, 55, 2) has been suggested for some of the passages cited in 1 and 2 above: 2 Cor 9:4 (explained in a v.l. via the epexegetical gen. καυχήσεως); 11:17; Hb 3:14 (s. Dörrie [bibliog. 4 below], p. 39: the frame of mind described in Hb 3:6). The sense ‘confidence’, ‘assurance’ (based on LXX [Ruth 1:12; Ps 38:8; Ezk 19:5], where it renders תִּקְוָה etc.) favored by Melanchthon and Luther (also Tyndale, NRSV, but not KJV) for Hb 11:1 has enjoyed much favor but must be eliminated, since examples of it cannot be found (s. Dörrie and Köster [4 below]). More prob. for Hb 4:11 is
    ④ guarantee of ownership/entitlement, title deed (Sb 9086 III, 1–11 [104 A.D.]; Spicq III 423 n. 14; cp. M-M s.v.) Hb 11:1 (cp. 2 above for commercial use of ὕπ.).—ASchlatter, Der Glaube im NT4 1927, 614ff; MMathis, The Pauline πίστισ-ὑπόστασις acc. to Hb 11:1, diss. Cath. Univ. of Amer., Washington, D.C. 1920, also Biblica 3, 1922, 79–87; RWitt, Hypostasis: ‘Amicitiae Corolla’ (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 319–43; MSchumpp, D. Glaubensbegriff des Hb: Divus Thomas 11, ’34, 397–410; FErdin, D. Wort Hypostasis, diss. Freiburg ’39; CArpe, Philologus 94, ’41, 65–78; HDörrie, Ὑπόστασις, Wort-u. Bedeutungsgeschichte: NAWG 1955, no. 3, ZNW 46, ’55, 196–202; HKöster, TW VIII 571–88 (Köster prefers plan, project [Vorhaben] for the passages in 2 Cor, and reality [Wirklichkeit] for all 3 occurrences in Hb, contrasting the reality of God with the transitory character of the visible world). S. also the lit. s.v. πίστις 2a.—DELG s.v. ἵστημι. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ὑπόστασις

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