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21 peine
peine [pεn]feminine nouna. ( = chagrin) sorrowb. ( = effort) effort• on lui a donné 500 € pour sa peine he was given 500 euros for his trouble► être or valoir la peine• est-ce que c'est la peine d'y aller ? is it worth going?• c'était bien la peine ! (ironic) after all that trouble!c. ( = difficulté) difficulty• j'ai peine à croire que... I find it hard to believe that...• peine alternative or de substitution alternative sentence• « défense d'entrer sous peine de poursuites » "trespassers will be prosecuted"* * *pɛn
1.
1) ( chagrin) sorrow, griefavoir de la peine — to feel sad ou upset
faire de la peine à quelqu'un — [personne] to hurt somebody; [événement, remarque] to upset somebody
2) ( effort) effort, troubledonnez-vous or prenez la peine d'entrer — fml please do come in
il n'est pas au bout de ses peines — ( dans une situation pénible) his troubles are far from over; ( pour accomplir une tâche) he's still got a long way to go
ce n'est pas la peine de crier — ( c'est inutile) there's no point shouting; ( ton critique) there's no need to shout
pour la peine or ta/votre peine — ( en récompense) for your trouble
3) ( difficulté) difficulty4) ( punition) gén punishment; Droit penalty, sentence‘défense de fumer sous peine d'amende’ — ‘no smoking, offenders will be fined’
pour la or ta peine — as punishment
2.
à peine locution adverbiale hardly, barelyil était à peine arrivé qu'il pensait déjà à repartir — no sooner had he arrived than he was thinking of leaving again
‘je n'étais pas au courant’ - ‘à peine (colloq)!’ — ( incrédulité) ‘I didn't know about it’ - ‘I don't believe it!’ ou ‘I don't buy that (colloq)!’
Phrasal Verbs:* * *pɛn nf1) (= affliction) sorrow, sadnessÇa me fait de la peine de la voir pleurer. — It upsets me to see her crying.
2) (= effort) troubleIl a pris la peine de me rapporter ma valise. — He went to the trouble of returning my case to me.
Il s'est donné beaucoup de peine pour obtenir ces renseignements. — He went to a lot of trouble to get this information.
en valoir la peine — to be worth it, to be worth the trouble
Cela n'en vaut pas la peine. — It isn't worth it.
ce n'est pas la peine de le faire — there's no point doing it, it's not worth doing
Ce n'est pas la peine de téléphoner. — There's no point phoning.
Ce n'est pas la peine que vous veniez. — There's no point you coming., There's no point in your coming.
donnez-vous la peine d'entrer; veuillez vous donner la peine d'entrer — please come in
3) (= difficulté) (à voir, entendre, marcher) difficultyJ'ai eu beaucoup de peine à la convaincre. — I had a lot of trouble persuading her.
être à la peine — to be in trouble, to be in difficulties
4) (= punition) punishment, DROIT sentenceà peine [bouger] — hardly, [commencer] only just
J'ai à peine eu le temps de me changer. — I hardly had time to get changed.
Elle vient à peine de se lever. — She's only just got up.
à peine sorti du ventre de sa mère — barely out of his mother's belly, [animal] barely out of its mother's belly
c'est à peine si...; c'est à peine si elle m'a dit bonjour — she barely said hello to me
à peine... que; À peine venait-il d'emménager qu'il dut entreprendre des travaux. — He'd only just moved in when he had to start doing building work.
* * *A nf1 ( chagrin) sorrow, grief; avoir de la peine to feel sad ou upset; faire de la peine à qn to hurt sb; ça me fait de la peine de le voir si triste it hurts me to see him so sad; tu leur as fait de la peine en leur disant ça you hurt their feelings when you said that; il faisait peine à voir he looked a sorry sight; cela faisait peine à voir it was sad to see;2 ( effort) effort, trouble; c'est peine perdue it's a waste of effort; en être pour sa peine to waste one's time and effort; se donner de la peine pour faire to go to a lot of trouble to do; se donner or prendre la peine de faire to take the trouble to do; tu pourrais réussir si seulement tu te donnais la peine d'essayer you could succeed if only you tried ou if only you made the effort; il ne s'est même pas donné la peine de nous prévenir he didn't even bother to tell us; il a quand même pris la peine de te remercier/de venir he still took the trouble to thank you/to come; donnez-vous or prenez la peine d'entrer fml please do come in; il n'est pas au bout de ses peines ( dans une situation pénible) his troubles are far from over; ( pour accomplir une tâche) he's still got a long way to go; me voilà au bout de mes peines! ( dans une situation difficile) my troubles are over now; ( en finissant un travail) there, I've finished!; se mettre en peine pour qn to go out of one's way for sb('s sake); ce n'est pas la peine de crier, je ne suis pas sourd there's no need to shout, I'm not deaf; ce n'est pas la peine de te fâcher comme ça! there's no need to get so angry!; est-ce vraiment la peine que je vienne? do I really need to come?; ce n'est pas la peine d'aller voir ce film, il est nul there's no point in going to see that film, it's awful; ce n'est pas la peine qu'il se déplace, le bureau est fermé there's no point in him going, the office is closed; c'était bien la peine que je me donne tant de mal! I went to all that trouble for nothing!; c'est/c'était bien la peine! what's/what was the point!; c'était bien la peine de venir de si loin pour trouver porte close! what was the point of coming all this way to find nobody home!; ça en valait vraiment la peine it was really worth it; ce n'est pas la peine de faire un si long voyage pour un jour it's not worth travellingGB so far just for one day; la pièce vaut la peine d'être vue the play is worth seeing; concentrez vos efforts sur ce qui en vaut la peine concentrate on worthwhile activities; cette idée vaut la peine d'être soumise à qn it's worth ou worthwhile submitting the idea to sb; pour la peine or ta/votre peine ( en récompense) for your trouble; tu m'as bien aidé, pour la peine je t'offre à boire you've been a great help to me, I'll buy you a drink for your trouble; ⇒ suffire;3 ( difficulté) difficulty; sans peine easily; avec peine with difficulty; avoir or éprouver de la peine à faire to have difficulty doing, to find it hard to do; j'ai eu toutes les peines du monde à le persuader/à trouver la maison I had the greatest difficulty (in) persuading him/(in) finding the house; j'ai peine à le croire I find it hard to believe; l'allemand/le jardinage sans peine German/gardening without tears; il n'est pas en peine pour trouver du travail he has no difficulty finding work; être bien en peine de faire to be hard put to do; il serait bien en peine de te prêter de l'argent, il n'a pas un sou he would be hard put to lend you any money, he doesn't have a penny;4 ( punition) gén punishment; Jur penalty, sentence; peine de prison prison sentence; une peine de cinq ans de prison a five-year prison sentence; ‘défense de fumer sous peine d'amende’ ‘no smoking, offenders will be fined’; ‘défense d'entrer sous peine de poursuites’ ‘trespassers will be prosecuted’; sous peine de mort on pain of death; sous peine de décevoir because of the risk of causing disappointment; sous peine de perdre de l'argent at the risk of losing money; pour la or ta peine ( comme punition) as punishment; pour la peine, tu feras la vaisselle as punishment, you'll do the dishes.B à peine loc adv hardly, barely; tu pars déjà, il est à peine cinq heures! you're not leaving already? it's barely five o'clock; il est resté à peine une heure he stayed (for) barely an hour; on a à peine de quoi finir le mois we've barely ou hardly enough to get by on until the end of the month; une allusion à peine voilée a thinly veiled allusion; il gagne à peine 5 euros de l'heure he barely earns 5 euros an hour; c'est à peine si je l'ai reconnu I hardly recognized him; il a à peine touché à son assiette he hardly touched his food; il sait à peine lire he can hardly read; il tenait à peine debout he could hardly stand; c'est à peine si elle dit bonjour/répond quand on lui parle she barely says hello/replies if you speak to her; il exagère à peine! he's not really exaggerating!; à peine était-il arrivé or il était à peine arrivé qu'il pensait déjà à repartir no sooner had he arrived than he was thinking of leaving again; ‘je t'assure que je n'étais pas au courant’-‘à peine○!’ ( exprimant l'incrédulité) ‘I tell you I didn't know about it’-‘I don't believe it!’, ‘I don't buy that○!’peine capitale Jur capital punishment; condamné à la peine capitale sentenced to death; peine de cœur heartache ¢; il a des peines de cœur his heart is aching; peine correctionnelle Jur penalty of two months to five years imprisonment; peine criminelle sentence for serious crime; peine incompressible Jur prison term with no provision for remission; peine de mort Jur death penalty; peine de police Jur penalty of one day to two months imprisonment; peine de substitution Jur alternative sentence.[pɛn] nom fémininA.peine correctionnelleimprisonment for between two months and five years, or a finela peine de mort capital punishment, the death penaltyB.1. [tourment, inquiétude] troubleavoir de la peine to be sad ou upsetC.ce n'est pas la peine it's not worth it, it's pointlessce n'est pas la peine de tout récrire/que tu y ailles there's no point writing it all out again/your goingc'était bien la peine que je mette une cravate! (ironique) it was a real waste of time putting a ou my tie on!ne pas épargner ou ménager sa peine to spare no effortpeine perdue: n'essaie pas de le convaincre, c'est peine perdue don't try to persuade him, it's a waste of time ou you'd be wasting your breath2. [difficulté]elle a eu toutes les peines du monde à venir à la réunion she had a terrible time ou the devil's own job getting to the meetingêtre (bien) en peine de: je serais bien en peine de vous l'expliquer I'd have a hard job explaining it to you, I wouldn't really know how to explain it to youn'être pas en peine pour (soutenu) : je ne suis pas en peine pour y aller it's no trouble for me to get there, I'll have no problem getting there————————à peine locution adverbialej'arrive à peine à soulever mon sac I can hardly ou barely lift my bagelle sait à peine lire she can hardly ou barely read2. [tout juste] barelyil y a à peine une semaine/deux heures not quite a week/two hours ago, barely a week/two hours agoelle gagne à peine de quoi payer son loyer she barely earns enough ou she only just earns enough to pay her rent3. [à l'instant] just4. [aussitôt]à peine guérie, elle a repris le travail no sooner had she recovered than she went back to workà peine... que: à peine était-elle couchée que le téléphone se mit à sonner no sooner had she gone to bed than ou she'd only just gone to bed when the phone rangavec peine locution adverbiale1. [difficilement] with difficulty2. (soutenu) [à regret]————————sans peine locution adverbiale————————sous peine de locution prépositionnelle‘défense de fumer sous peine d'amende’ ‘smokers will be prosecuted’The death penalty was abolished in France in 1981. -
22 absorber
v.1 to absorb.esta aspiradora no absorbe el polvo muy bien this vacuum doesn't pick up dust very wellesta crema se absorbe muy bien this cream works into the skin very wellLa esponja absorbe agua y fluidos The sponge absorbs water and fluids.La película absorbe a María The film absorbs=captivates Mary.El amortiguador absorbe energía The shock absorber absorbs energy.El tema absorbe a Pedro The topic absorbs=engrosses Peter.2 to take up, to soak up.esta tarea absorbe mucho tiempo this task takes up a lot of time3 to absorb by merger (empresa).4 to assimilate.El estómago absorbe los nutrientes The stomach assimilates nutrients.* * *1 (líquidos) to absorb, soak up2 figurado (conocimientos) to absorb3 figurado (consumir) to use up4 figurado (cautivar) to captivate* * *verbto absorb, soak up* * *1. VT1) [+ líquido] to absorb, soak up2) [+ información] to absorb, take in; [+ recursos] to use up; [+ energías] to take up; [+ atención] to command2.See:* * *verbo transitivo1)a) <líquido/ruido/calor> to absorbb) < tiempo> to occupy, take up; <recursos/energía> to absorb2) < empresa> to take over* * *= absorb, steep + Reflexivo + in, take up, hijack, take in, soak in, co-opt, soak up, sop up, pick up, suck up.Ex. For the majority, however, IT was regarded as simply another topic to absorb into syllabuses.Ex. The great storyteller, FC Sayers, having advised the beginner to ' steep himself in folklore until the elemental themes are part of himself,' explains how best to get command of a tale.Ex. The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.Ex. Information may have been hijacked as the province of computer operators rather than librarians.Ex. People like to browse the books and magazines, take in the ambiance, and be seen and perceived as a patron of the arts and literature.Ex. Among the visual attributes found to be most useful were: absorption ( soaks in, sits on top), luster (shiny, dull), flakiness (doesn't flake off, flakes off), and thickness (thin, thick).Ex. Social workers accused librarians of moving into their territory, of co-opting their activity, of doing social work without training, of being representative of establishment interests.Ex. They gradually soak up language, discovering the rules by which it works almost without noticing it.Ex. Here are activities to sop up those extra minutes by reinforcing what you're taught.Ex. Then these suggestion can be picked up by the editor, and communicated to the author.Ex. Cinder blocks do suck up paint quickly but mine are light because I only used the left over paint from the walls.----* absorber tiempo = absorb + time.* * *verbo transitivo1)a) <líquido/ruido/calor> to absorbb) < tiempo> to occupy, take up; <recursos/energía> to absorb2) < empresa> to take over* * *= absorb, steep + Reflexivo + in, take up, hijack, take in, soak in, co-opt, soak up, sop up, pick up, suck up.Ex: For the majority, however, IT was regarded as simply another topic to absorb into syllabuses.
Ex: The great storyteller, FC Sayers, having advised the beginner to ' steep himself in folklore until the elemental themes are part of himself,' explains how best to get command of a tale.Ex: The rows over Britain's contributions to the Community budget and runaway spending on the the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which took up two thirds of the budget, were documented blow by blow in the press.Ex: Information may have been hijacked as the province of computer operators rather than librarians.Ex: People like to browse the books and magazines, take in the ambiance, and be seen and perceived as a patron of the arts and literature.Ex: Among the visual attributes found to be most useful were: absorption ( soaks in, sits on top), luster (shiny, dull), flakiness (doesn't flake off, flakes off), and thickness (thin, thick).Ex: Social workers accused librarians of moving into their territory, of co-opting their activity, of doing social work without training, of being representative of establishment interests.Ex: They gradually soak up language, discovering the rules by which it works almost without noticing it.Ex: Here are activities to sop up those extra minutes by reinforcing what you're taught.Ex: Then these suggestion can be picked up by the editor, and communicated to the author.Ex: Cinder blocks do suck up paint quickly but mine are light because I only used the left over paint from the walls.* absorber tiempo = absorb + time.* * *absorber [E1 ]vtA1 ‹líquido› to absorb, soak up; ‹humedad› to absorb; ‹ruido/calor/luz› to absorbla vitamina D ayuda a que se absorba el calcio vitamin D helps to absorb calciumlas plantas absorben el oxígeno del aire plants take in o absorb oxygen from the air2 ‹tiempo› to occupy, take up; ‹recursos/energía› to absorbabsorben un tercio del total de nuestras exportaciones they take o absorb a third of our total exportses un tipo de actividad que te absorbe totalmente it's the sort of activity that takes up all your time and energylos salarios absorben un 70% del presupuesto salaries take up o swallow up 70% of the budgetB ‹empresa› to take over* * *
absorber ( conjugate absorber) verbo transitivo
‹recursos/energía› to absorb
absorber verbo transitivo to absorb
' absorber' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amortiguador
- aspirar
- chupar
- sorber
English:
absorb
- grip
- shock absorber
- soak up
- suck
- suck up
- take over
- engross
- shock
- soak
- take
* * *absorber vt1. [líquido, gas, calor] to absorb;esta aspiradora no absorbe el polvo muy bien this vacuum doesn't pick up dust very well;absorbió el refresco con la pajita he sucked the soft drink through a straw;esta crema se absorbe muy bien this cream works into the skin very well2. [consumir] to take up, to soak up;esta tarea absorbe mucho tiempo this task takes up a lot of timesu mujer lo absorbe mucho his wife is very demanding;la televisión los absorbe television dominates their lives4. [empresa] to take over;Roma Inc. absorbió a su mayor competidor Roma Inc. took over its biggest rival* * *v/t1 absorb2 ( consumir) take (up)3 ( cautivar) absorb4 COM take over* * *absorber vt1) : to absorb, to soak up2) : to occupy, to take up, to engross* * *absorber vb to absorb -
23 compartir
v.1 to share (out) (ganancias, gastos).Ricardo comparte gustos con María Richard shares tastes with Mary.2 to share.compartir algo con alguien to share something with somebody3 to share (ideas, pesimismo).no comparto tu opinión I don't share your opinion4 to share in, to partake of, to go shares in.Ellos comparten su pena They share in their grief.5 to split, to share, to divide up, to divide in equal parts.Ella comparte su pastel She splits her cake.6 to partake in.Ella comparte la celebración She partakes in the celebration.7 to enjoy in common, to share.Ellos comparten su afición They enjoy their interest in common.* * *1 (dividir) to divide (up), split, share (out)2 (poseer en común) to share* * *verb* * *VT1) [+ casa, cuarto, comida, ropa] to share2) [+ ganancias] to share (out), divide (up); [+ gastos] to sharecompartimos las ganancias a medias — we shared (out) o divided (up) the profits between us
3) [+ opinión] to share; [+ objetivos] to agree with; [+ sentimientos] to share* * *verbo transitivoa) <oficina/comida/ganancias> to shareb) <opinión/responsabilidad> to share* * *= have + Nombre + in common, share, share + Nombre + in common, hold in + common, tread + common ground, syndicate, partake (in/of).Ex. This record is related to the previous article because it has four references in common with that article.Ex. If responsibility is shared between more than three persons or corporate bodies (and no principal author is indicated), then entry is made under the title.Ex. The study aims to identify low use current journals that are held in common.Ex. Libraries and education tread a great deal of common ground, e.g., continuing education, staff qualities, library use education for students, and adult literacy.Ex. If electronic journal vendors and publishers syndicated their content, users could choose to receive desktop notification for newly-published relevant articles by journal title or discipline.Ex. The objective should be to create and entrepreneurial spirit in the midst of bureaucracy whereby all partake in the responsibilities and risks of the library's activities.----* compartir el conocimiento = knowledge sharing, pool + knowledge.* compartir el viaje en coche = car-pool [carpool].* compartir esfuerzos = share + efforts.* compartir espacio = share + space.* compartir experiencias = share + experience.* compartir ideas = pool + ideas, share + ideas, share + thoughts, pool + ideas, bounce off + ideas.* compartir ideas con Alguien = bounce + ideas off + Nombre.* compartir la experiencia profesional = pool + expertise.* compartir la opinión de que = share + the view that.* compartir la responsabilidad = share + burden.* compartir recursos = pool + resources.* * *verbo transitivoa) <oficina/comida/ganancias> to shareb) <opinión/responsabilidad> to share* * *= have + Nombre + in common, share, share + Nombre + in common, hold in + common, tread + common ground, syndicate, partake (in/of).Ex: This record is related to the previous article because it has four references in common with that article.
Ex: If responsibility is shared between more than three persons or corporate bodies (and no principal author is indicated), then entry is made under the title.Ex: The study aims to identify low use current journals that are held in common.Ex: Libraries and education tread a great deal of common ground, e.g., continuing education, staff qualities, library use education for students, and adult literacy.Ex: If electronic journal vendors and publishers syndicated their content, users could choose to receive desktop notification for newly-published relevant articles by journal title or discipline.Ex: The objective should be to create and entrepreneurial spirit in the midst of bureaucracy whereby all partake in the responsibilities and risks of the library's activities.* compartir el conocimiento = knowledge sharing, pool + knowledge.* compartir el viaje en coche = car-pool [carpool].* compartir esfuerzos = share + efforts.* compartir espacio = share + space.* compartir experiencias = share + experience.* compartir ideas = pool + ideas, share + ideas, share + thoughts, pool + ideas, bounce off + ideas.* compartir ideas con Alguien = bounce + ideas off + Nombre.* compartir la experiencia profesional = pool + expertise.* compartir la opinión de que = share + the view that.* compartir la responsabilidad = share + burden.* compartir recursos = pool + resources.* * *compartir [I1 ]vt1 ‹oficina/comida› to sharecompartimos las ganancias we share the profitscomparten los gastos de teléfono entre todos they split the phone bill between themcompartir algo CON algn to share sth WITH sbcomparto la habitación con mi hermana I share the room with my sistercompartí mi almuerzo con él I shared my lunch with him, I let him have some of my lunch[ S ] se comparte casa room to let in shared house2 ‹opinión/criterio/responsabilidad› to shareno comparto tu optimismo I don't share your optimism* * *
compartir ( conjugate compartir) verbo transitivo
to share;
compartir algo con algn to share sth with sb
compartir verbo transitivo to share: ¿por qué no compartimos lo que queda de tarta?, why don't we share what's left of the pie?
' compartir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
participar
English:
job share
- share
* * *compartir vt1. [ganancias, gastos] to share (out);lo compartieron entre los familiares they shared it (out) among their relations2. [casa, vehículo] to share;compartir algo con alguien to share sth with sb3. [ideas, pesimismo] to share;no comparto tu opinión I don't share your opinion* * *v/t share ( con with)* * *compartir vt: to share* * *compartir vb to share -
24 mejora
f.1 improvement (progreso).2 increase (aumento).pres.indicat.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: mejorar.* * *1 (progreso) improvement1 (obras) alterations, improvements* * *noun f.1) improvement2) upgrade* * *SF1) (=progreso) improvement2) (=aumento) increase3) pl mejoras (=obras) improvements, alterations4) [en subasta] higher bid5) Méx (Agr) weeding* * *1)a) ( perfeccionamiento) improvement2) (Chi) ( choza): makeshift dwelling built on another person's land* * *= boost, enhancement, improvement, amelioration, betterment, upturn, optimising [optimizing, -USA], upgrade, brightening, scale-up, pickup [pick-up].Ex. Consequently, Leforte came to expect -- perhaps even take for granted -- the periodic boosts of ego and income that the evaluations provided.Ex. Editors consider content of abstracts and their languages as a primary factor in retrieval enhancement.Ex. The 1949 code does boast some improvements on the 1908 code.Ex. Now this may sound somewhat Draconian as an approach to the problem, but I really do believe, and I have studied this and thought about it very carefully for many years, that this is the only answer, that anything else is just an amelioration of the problem and is building up problems for the future.Ex. The new danger is that new technologies will be used for the betterment of only a small part of the world's population.Ex. The only hope for the future of the industry lies in a general upturn in the economy.Ex. One of the critical responsibilities of management level personnel within any organisation is measuring and optimising the performance of activities within their sphere of influence.Ex. The review led to an upgrade of one third of support staff positions and has led to a flatter hierarchical structure in the library.Ex. Further evidence for the historian includes the relative eminence of authors in terms of citedness, the brightening or dimming of reputations.Ex. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the scale-up of bread dough mixers.Ex. All this will definitely have a rub-off effect on the aluminium industry which will benefit because of the pick-up in the global economy.----* acción de mejora = improvement action.* con mejoras = stepped-up.* dar mejora (en) = give + improvement (in).* hacer mejoras = make + improvements.* introducir mejoras = make + improvements.* mejora de las condiciones laborales = horizontal ladder.* mejora de la situación social = upward social mobility.* mejora de situación social = upward mobility.* mejora social = social improvement.* plan de mejora = improvement plan.* que mejora el estatus social = status-enhancing.* ser una mejora con respecto a = be an improvement on.* * *1)a) ( perfeccionamiento) improvement2) (Chi) ( choza): makeshift dwelling built on another person's land* * *= boost, enhancement, improvement, amelioration, betterment, upturn, optimising [optimizing, -USA], upgrade, brightening, scale-up, pickup [pick-up].Ex: Consequently, Leforte came to expect -- perhaps even take for granted -- the periodic boosts of ego and income that the evaluations provided.
Ex: Editors consider content of abstracts and their languages as a primary factor in retrieval enhancement.Ex: The 1949 code does boast some improvements on the 1908 code.Ex: Now this may sound somewhat Draconian as an approach to the problem, but I really do believe, and I have studied this and thought about it very carefully for many years, that this is the only answer, that anything else is just an amelioration of the problem and is building up problems for the future.Ex: The new danger is that new technologies will be used for the betterment of only a small part of the world's population.Ex: The only hope for the future of the industry lies in a general upturn in the economy.Ex: One of the critical responsibilities of management level personnel within any organisation is measuring and optimising the performance of activities within their sphere of influence.Ex: The review led to an upgrade of one third of support staff positions and has led to a flatter hierarchical structure in the library.Ex: Further evidence for the historian includes the relative eminence of authors in terms of citedness, the brightening or dimming of reputations.Ex: This paper presents the results of an investigation into the scale-up of bread dough mixers.Ex: All this will definitely have a rub-off effect on the aluminium industry which will benefit because of the pick-up in the global economy.* acción de mejora = improvement action.* con mejoras = stepped-up.* dar mejora (en) = give + improvement (in).* hacer mejoras = make + improvements.* introducir mejoras = make + improvements.* mejora de las condiciones laborales = horizontal ladder.* mejora de la situación social = upward social mobility.* mejora de situación social = upward mobility.* mejora social = social improvement.* plan de mejora = improvement plan.* que mejora el estatus social = status-enhancing.* ser una mejora con respecto a = be an improvement on.* * *1 (perfeccionamiento) improvementla empresa prometió mejoras en las condiciones de trabajo the company promised (to make) improvements in working conditions o promised to improve working conditions* * *
Del verbo mejorar: ( conjugate mejorar)
mejora es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
mejora
mejorar
mejora sustantivo femenino
improvement
mejorar ( conjugate mejorar) verbo transitivo ‹condiciones/situación/oferta› to improve;
‹ marca› to improve on, beat;
verbo intransitivo [tiempo/calidad/situación] to improve, get better;
[ persona] (Med) to get better;
mejorarse verbo pronominal [ enfermo] to get better;
que te mejores get well soon, I hope you get better soon
mejora sustantivo femenino improvement
mejorar
I verbo transitivo
1 to improve: han mejorado la educación, education has been improved
2 Dep (un tiempo, una marca) to break
II verbo intransitivo to improve, get better: espero que el tiempo mejore, I hope the weather gets better
su salud no mejora, his health is not improving
' mejora' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adelanto
- escritura
- experimentar
- mejorar
- susceptible
- notorio
- significar
English:
decided
- improvement
- slight
- upturn
- refinement
- up
* * *mejora nf1. [progreso] improvement;se nota una clara mejora you can see a clear improvement;un factor que contribuye a la mejora de la calidad de vida a factor which contributes to a better quality of life2. [cambio] improvement;este trabajo necesita varias mejoras several things about this piece of work need improving* * *f improvement* * *mejora nf: improvement* * *mejora n improvement -
25 κατά
κατά (Hom.+) prep. (s. the lit. s.v. ἀνά beg., also LfgrE s.v. κατά 1346; with the gen. 74 times in NT; w. acc. 391 times in NT).A. w. the gen.ⓐ of location that is relatively lower, down from someth. (Hom. et al.; LXX; Ath. 1, 4 κ. κόρρης προπηλακίζειν=to smack on one side of the head) ὁρμᾶν κ. τοῦ κρημνοῦ rush down (from) the bank (cp. Polyb. 38, 16, 7 κ. τῶν κρημνῶν ῥίπτειν; Jos., Bell. 1, 313) Mt 8:32; Mk 5:13; Lk 8:33. κ. κεφαλῆς ἔχειν have someth. on one’s head (lit. hanging down fr. the head, as a veil. Cp. Plut., Mor. 200f ἐβάδιζε κ. τῆς κεφαλῆς ἔχων τὸ ἱμάτιον.; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 499, 5 of a mummy ἔχων τάβλαν κ. τοῦ τραχήλου) 1 Cor 11:4.ⓑ of position relatively deep, into someth. (Od. 9, 330 κ. σπείους ‘into the depths of the cave’; Hdt. 7, 235; X., An. 7, 1, 30) ἡ κ. βάθους πτωχεία extreme (lit. ‘reaching down into the depths’; cp. Strabo 9, 3, 5 [419] ἄντρον κοῖλον κ. βάθους) or abysmal poverty 2 Cor 8:2. This may perh. be the mng. of πλήσσειν τινὰ κ. τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν strike someone deep into the eyes ApcPt 11:26 (cp. Demosth. 19, 197 ξαίνει κ. τοῦ νώτου; PPetr II, 18 [2b], 15 [246 B.C.] ἔτυπτεν αὐτὸν κ. τοῦ τραχήλου).—κ. γαστρός Just., D. 78, 3 for ἐν γαστρί Mt 1:18 (cp. Ath. 35, 2 τὸ κ. γαστρὸς ζῶον εἶναι).ⓒ extension in various directions within an area, throughout (so in Luke’s writings; Polyb. 3, 19, 7 κ. τῆς νήσου διεσπάρησαν; PGiss 48, 8 κ. κυριακῆς γῆς; Jos., Ant. 8, 297; SibOr 3, 222; 4, 24; 5, 305) γνωστὸν γενέσθαι καθʼ ὅλης Ἰόππης become known throughout all Joppa Ac 9:42. καθʼ ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας 9:31; 10:37; Lk 23:5. φήμη ἐξῆλθεν καθʼ ὅλης τῆς περιχώρου 4:14.② down upon, toward, against someone or someth, fig. ext. of 1.ⓐ w. verbs of swearing, to denote what one swears by (Thu. 5, 47, 8; Lysias 32, 13; Isaeus 7, 28; Demosth. 21, 119; 29, 26; SIG 526, 4ff; 685, 25; UPZ 110, 39 [164 B.C.]; BGU 248, 13; Jdth 1:12; Is 45:23; 2 Ch 36:13) by ἐξορκίζειν (q.v.) Mt 26:63. ὀμνύναι (q.v.) Hb 6:13, 16. ὁρκίζειν (q.v.) Hs 9, 10, 5. Sim. ἐρωτᾶν κ. τινος request, entreat by someone Hv 3, 2, 3.ⓑ in a hostile sense, againstα. after verbs that express hostile action, etc. διχάζειν Mt 10:35. ἐπαίρεσθαι 2 Cor 10:5. ἰσχύειν Ac 19:16. κακοῦν 14:2. στρατεύεσθαι 1 Pt 2:11. φυσιοῦσθαι 1 Cor 4:6β. after words and expressions that designate hostile speech, esp. an accusation ἔχειν (τι) κ. τινος have or hold someth. against someone Rv 2:4, 14, 20. φέρειν J 18:29. ἐγκαλεῖν Ro 8:33. ἐντυγχάνειν τινὶ κ. τινος 11:2 (TestJob 17:5). κατηγορεῖν Lk 23:14. ποιεῖν κρίσιν Jd 15a. τὸ κ. ἡμῶν χειρόγραφον the bond that stands against us Col 2:14. ἐμφανίζειν Ac 24:1; 25:2. αἰτεῖσθαί τι 25:3, 15. αἱ κ. τινος αἰτίαι vs. 27. εἰπεῖν πονηρόν Mt 5:11 (cp. Soph., Phil. 65 κακὰ λέγειν κ. τινος. X., Hell. 1, 5, 2; Isocr., C. Nic. 13; Plut., Mor. 2a λέγειν κ.; SIG 1180, 1 λέγειν κ. τινος; Just., A I, 23, 3; 49, 6 κ. τῶν … ὁμολογούντων). λαλεῖν ῥήματα Ac 6:13; cp. Jd 15b (TestDan 4:3; JosAs 23:15). μαρτυρεῖν κ. τ. θεοῦ give testimony in contradiction to God 1 Cor 15:15. ζητεῖν μαρτυρίαν κ. τινος testimony against someone Mk 14:55. ψευδομαρτυρεῖν 14:56f. ψευδομαρτυρία Mt 26:59. γογγύζειν 20:11. στενάζειν Js 5:9. διδάσκειν Ac 21:28. συμβούλιον διδόναι (ποιεῖν v.l.) Mk 3:6; ς. λαβεῖν Mt 27:1. ψεύδεσθαι Js 3:14 (Lysias 22, 7; X., Ap. 13; Ath. 35, 1 καθʼ ἡμῶν … κατεψεύσατο).γ. after expressions that designate such a position or state of mind in a different way εἶναι κ. τινος be against someone (opp. ὑπέρ) Mk 9:40 (WNestle, ZNW 13, 1912, 84–87; AFridrichsen, ibid., 273–80); Ro 8:31; (opp. μετά) Mt 12:30; Lk 11:23. δύνασθαί τι κ. τινος be able to do someth. against someone 2 Cor 13:8. ἔχειν τι κ. τινος have someth. against someone (in one’s heart) Mt 5:23; Mk 11:25; Hs 9, 24, 2; cp. ibid. 23, 2, where the acc. is to be supplied. ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν J 19:11. ἐπιθυμεῖν Gal 5:17. μερίζεσθαι καθʼ ἑαυτῆς Mt 12:25. Cp. 1 Cl 39:4 (Job 4:18).—κατά prob. means against also in ἔβαλεν κατʼ αὐτῆς ἄνεμος Ac 27:14. ἐτελείωσαν κ. τ. κεφαλῆς αὐτῶν τὰ ἁμαρτήματα they completed the full measure of sins against their own head GPt 5:17.B. w. acc. (so in the NT 399 times [besides καθʼ εἷς and κατὰ εἷς])ⓐ of extension in space, along, over, through, in, upon (Hom. et al.; OGI 90, 7 ἐκ τῶν κ. τ. χώραν ἱερῶν; PHib 82, 19; PTebt 5, 188; LXX; Just.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 5) Ac 24:12. καθʼ ὅλην τ. πόλιν throughout the city Lk 8:39 (cp. Diod S 4, 10, 6 καθʼ ὅλην τὴν Ἐλλάδα). ἐγένετο λιμὸς κ. τὴν χώραν ἐκείνην 15:14. κ. τὰς κώμας 9:6. κ. πόλεις καὶ κώμας 13:22 (Appian., Maced. 9 §1 and 4 κ. πόλεις; Just., A I, 67, 3 κ. πόλεις ἢ ἀγρούς).—κ. τόπους in place after place Mt 24:7; Mk 13:8; Lk 21:11 (Theophr., περὶ σημ. 1, 4 p. 389 W.; Cat. Cod. Astr. III 28, 11 ἐν μέρει τ. ἀνατολῆς κ. τόπους, VIII/3, 186, 1 λιμὸς καὶ λοιμὸς καὶ σφαγαὶ κ. τόπους). οἱ ὄντες κ. τὴν Ἰουδαίαν those throughout Judea or living in Judea Ac 11:1. διασπαρῆναι κ. τὰς χώρας τῆς Ἰουδαίας be scattered over the regions of Judea 8:1. κ. τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν in the congregation there 13:1. τοῖς κ. τὴν Ἀντιόχειαν καὶ Συρίαν καὶ Κιλικίαν ἀδελφοῖς 15:23. τοὺς κ. τὰ ἔθνη Ἰουδαίους the Judeans (dispersed) throughout the nations 21:21. τοῖς κ. τὸν νόμον γεγραμμένοις throughout the law = in the law 24:14b. κ. τὴν ὁδόν along or on the way (Lucian, Catapl. 4; Jos., Ant. 8, 404) Lk 10:4; Ac 25:3; 26:13. τὸ κ. Κιλικίαν καὶ Παμφυλίαν πέλαγος the sea along the coast of Cilicia and Pamphylia 27:5; but the geographical designation τὰ μέρη τ. Λιβύης τῆς κ. Κυρήνην 2:10 prob. belongs to b: the parts of Libya toward Cyrene.ⓑ of extension toward, toward, to, up to ἐλθεῖν (γίνεσθαι v.l.) κ. τὸν τόπον come up to the place (Jos., Vi. 283) Lk 10:32. ἐλθόντες κ. τὴν Μυσίαν to Mysia Ac 16:7; cp. 27:7. πορεύεσθαι κ. μεσημβρίαν (s. μεσημβρία 2) toward the south 8:26 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 505). κ. σκοπὸν διώκειν run (over the course) toward the goal Phil 3:14. λιμὴν βλέπων κ. λίβα καὶ κ. χῶρον a harbor open to the southwest and northwest Ac 27:12 (s. βλέπω 8).—κ. πρόσωπον to the face (cp. Jos., Ant. 5, 205) Gal 2:11. ἔχειν τινὰ κ. πρόσωπον meet someone face to face (Thieme 19 has reff. for the use of κατὰ πρόσωπον as a legal formula) Ac 25:16. κ. πρόσωπον ταπεινός humble when personally present 2 Cor 10:1. κ. πρόσωπόν τινος in the presence of someone Lk 2:31; Ac 3:13. τὰ κ. πρόσωπον what lies before one’s eyes, i.e. is obvious 2 Cor 10:7. κ. ὀφθαλμοὺς προγράφειν portray before one’s eyes Gal 3:1.ⓒ of isolation or separateness, by (Thu. 1, 138, 6 οἱ καθʼ ἑαυτοὺς Ἕλληνες ‘the Greeks by themselves’; Polyb. 1, 24, 4; 5, 78, 3; 11, 17, 6; Diod S 13, 72, 8; Gen 30:40; 43:32; 2 Macc 13:13; Philo, Migr. Abr. 87; 90; Just., D. 4, 5 αὐτὴ καθʼ ἑαυτήν γενομένη; Tat. 13, 1 ἡ ψυχὴ καθʼ ἑαυτήν; Ath. 15, 2 ὁ πηλὸς καθʼ ἑαυτόν) ἔχειν τι καθʼ ἑαυτόν keep someth. to oneself Ro 14:22 (cp. Jos., Ant. 2, 255; Heliod. 7, 16, 1). καθʼ ἑαυτὸν μένειν live by oneself of the private dwelling of Paul in Rome Ac 28:16. πίστις νεκρὰ καθʼ ἑαυτήν faith by itself is dead Js 2:17 (Simplicius in Epict. p. 3, 43 τὸ σῶμα καθʼ αὑτὸ νεκρόν ἐστιν). ἡ κατʼ οἶκον ἐκκλησία the congregation in the house Ro 16:5; 1 Cor 16:19. κατʼ ἰδίαν s. ἴδιος 5. κ. μόνας (Thu. 1, 32, 5; Menand., Epitr. 988 S. [658 Kö.], Fgm. 146 Kö. [158 Kock]; Polyb. 4, 15, 11; Diod S 4, 51, 16; BGU 813, 15 [s. APF 2, 1903, 97]; LXX) alone, by oneself Mk 4:10; Lk 9:18; Hm 11:8 (here, as well as BGU loc. cit. and LXX, written as one word καταμόνας).ⓓ of places viewed serially, distributive use w. acc., x by x (Arrian., Anab. 4, 21, 10 κ. σκηνήν=tent by tent) or from x to x: κατʼ οἶκον from house to house (PLond III, 904, 20 p. 125 [104 A.D.] ἡ κατʼ οἰκίαν ἀπογραφή) Ac 2:46b; 5:42 (both in ref. to various house assemblies or congregations; w. less probability NRSV ‘at home’); cp. 20:20. Likew. the pl. κ. τοὺς οἴκους εἰσπορευόμενος 8:3. κ. τὰς συναγωγάς 22:19. κ. πόλιν (Jos., Ant. 6, 73) from city to city IRo 9:3, but in every (single) city Ac 15:21; 20:23; Tit 1:5. Also κ. πόλιν πᾶσαν (cp. Herodian 1, 14, 9) Ac 15:36; κ. πᾶσαν πόλιν 20:23 D. κ. πόλιν καὶ κώμην Lk 8:1; cp. vs. 4.② marker of temporal aspect (Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, apolog.)ⓐ in definite indications of time: at, on, during (Hdt. 8, 17; Polemon Soph. B 43 Reader κατʼ ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν ‘in the course of that day’) κατʼ ἀρχάς in the beginning (cp. ἀρχή 1b) Hb 1:10 (Ps 101:26). κ. τὴν ἡμέραν τοῦ πειρασμοῦ in the day of trial 3:8 (Ps 94:8.—Cp. Antig. Car. 173 κ. τὸν σπόρου καιρόν). νεκροῦ … ἀνάστασιν κατʼ αὐτὸν γεγονυῖαν ἱστορεῖ (Papias) reports that a resurrection from the dead occurred in his time Papias (2, 9; so, with personal names, Hdt.; Just., D. 23, 1 τοῦ θεοῦ … τοῦ κ. τὸν Ἐνώχ; Tat. 31, 2 Θεαγένης … κ. Καμβύσην γεγονώς). Of the future: κ. τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον at that time, then Ro 9:9 (Gen 18:10). Of the past: κ. ἐκεῖνον τὸν καιρόν at that time, then (2 Macc 3:5; TestJos 12:1; Jos., Ant. 8, 266; cp. κατʼ ἐκεῖνο τοῦ καιροῦ Konon: 26 Fgm. 3 p. 191, 25 Jac.; Just., A I, 17, 2; 26, 3 al.) Ac 12:1; 19:23. κ. καιρόν at that time, then Ro 5:6 (Just., D. 132, 1; cp. OGI 90, 28 καθʼ ὸ̔ν καιρόν), unless καιρός here means the right time (s. καιρός 1b end). κατʼ ὄναρ (as καθʼ ὕπνον Gen 20:6; Just., D 60, 5 κ. τοὺς ὕπνους) during a dream, in a dream Mt 1:20; 2:12 (s. s.v. ὄναρ for ins).ⓑ with indefinite indications of time: toward, about κ. τὸ μεσονύκτιον about midnight Ac 16:25; cp. 27:27.—8:26 (s. μεσημβρία 1).ⓒ distributively (cp. 1d): x period by x period: κατʼ ἔτος every year (s. ἔτος) Lk 2:41. Also κατʼ ἐνιαυτόν (s. ἐνιαυτός 1) Hb 9:25; 10:1, 3. καθʼ ἡμέραν daily, every day (s. ἡμέρα 2c) Mt 26:55; Mk 14:49; Lk 16:19; 22:53; Ac 2:46f; 3:2; 16:5; 17:11; 19:9; 1 Cor 15:31; Hb 7:27; 10:11. Also τὸ καθʼ ἡμέραν (s. ἡμέρα 2c) Lk 11:3; 19:47; Ac 17:11 v.l. ἡ ἐπίστασις ἡ καθʼ ἡμέραν (s. ἐπίστασις) 2 Cor 11:28. κ. πᾶσαν ἡμέραν every day (Jos., Ant. 6, 49) Ac 17:7. Also καθʼ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν (s. ἡμέρα 2c) Hb 3:13. κ. μίαν σαββάτου on the first day of every week 1 Cor 16:2. κ. πᾶν σάββατον every Sabbath Ac 13:27; 15:21b; 18:4. κ. μῆνα ἕκαστον each month Rv 22:2 (κ. μῆνα as SIG 153, 65; POxy 275, 18; 2 Macc 6:7). κ. ἑορτήν at each festival Mt 27:15; Mk 15:6.③ marker of division of a greater whole into individual parts, at a time, in detail, distributive use apart from indications of place (s. above 1d) and time (s. 2c)ⓐ w. numerals: κ. δύο ἢ τὸ πλεῖστον τρεῖς two or, at the most, three at a time (i.e. in any one meeting, cp. ἀνὰ μέρος) 1 Cor 14:27 (Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 42 κ. δύο καὶ τρεῖς; Jos., Ant. 3, 142 κ. ἕξ; 5, 172 κ. δύο καὶ τρεῖς). καθʼ ἕνα (on this and the foll. s. εἷς 5e) singly, one after the other vs. 31. κ. ἕνα λίθον each individual stone Hs 9, 3, 5; καθʼ ἕνα λίθον 9, 6, 3. κ. ἓν ἕκαστον one by one, in detail Ac 21:19; 1 Cl 32:1 (Ath. 28, 4 καθʼ ἕκαστον). εἷς καθʼ εἷς Mk 14:19; J 8:9; cp. Ro 12:5 (B-D-F §305; Rob. 460). κ. ἑκατὸν καὶ κ. πεντήκοντα in hundreds and in fifties Mk 6:40.ⓑ περί τινος λέγειν κ. μέρος speak of someth. in detail Hb 9:5 (s. μέρος 1c). κατʼ ὄνομα (each one) by name (ἀσπάζομαι … τοὺς ἐνοίκους πάντες κα[τʼ] ὄνομα PTebt [III A.D.] 422, 11–16; Jos., Vi. 86) J 10:3; 3J 15 (cp. BGU 27, 18); ISm 13:2.④ marker of intention or goal, for the purpose of, for, to (Thu. 6, 31, 1 κ. θέαν ἥκειν=to look at something; cp. Sb 7263, 6 [254 B.C.]; X., An. 3, 5, 2 καθʼ ἁρπαγὴν ἐσκεδασμένοι; Arrian, Anab. 1, 17, 12; 4, 5, 1; 21, 9; 6, 17, 6; 26, 2; Lucian, Ver. Hist. 2, 29; Anton. Lib., Fab. 24, 1 Δημήτηρ ἐπῄει γῆν ἅπασαν κ. ζήτησιν τῆς θυγατρός; 38; Jdth 11:19) κ. τὸν καθαρισμὸν τῶν Ἰουδαίων for the Jewish ceremonial purification J 2:6. κατὰ ἀτιμίαν λέγω to my shame 2 Cor 11:21 (cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 268 κ. τιμὴν τ. θεοῦ τοῦτο ποιῶν). ἀπόστολος … κ. πίστιν … καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν an apostle … for the faith … and the knowledge Tit 1:1 (but the mng. ‘in accordance with’ is also prob.).⑤ marker of norm of similarity or homogeneity, according to, in accordance with, in conformity with, according toⓐ to introduce the norm which governs someth.α. the norm of the law, etc. (OGI 56, 33; Mitt-Wilck., I/2, 352, 11 κ. τὰ κελευσθέντα [as Just., D. 78, 7]; POxy 37 II, 8) κ. τὸν νόμον (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51; Just., D. 10, 1 al.; Ath. 31, 1; κ. τοὺς νόμους Ἀρεοπαγείτης, letter of MAurelius: ZPE 8, ’71, 169, ln. 27) Lk 2:22; J 18:31; 19:7; Hb 7:5. τὰ κ. τ. νόμον what is to be done according to the law Lk 2:39 (cp. EpArist 32). κ. τὸ ὡρισμένον in accordance w. what has been determined 22:22. Cp. 1:9; 2:24, 27, 42; Ac 17:2; 22:3. κ. τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου Ro 2:16; 16:25a; 2 Ti 2:8. κ. τὸ εἰρημένον Ro 4:18 (cp. Ath. 28, 1 κ. τὰ προειρημένα). κ. τὰς γραφάς (Just., D. 82, 4; cp. Paus. 6, 21, 10 κ. τὰ ἔπη=according to the epic poems; Just., A I, 32, 14 κ. τὸ λόγιον, D. 67, 1 κ. τὴν προφητείαν ταύτην) 1 Cor 15:3; cp. Js 2:8. κ. τὴν παράδοσιν Mk 7:5 (Tat. 39, 1 κ. τὴν Ἑλλήνων παράδοσιν).—κ. λόγον as one wishes (exx. in Dssm., B 209 [not in BS]; also PEleph 13, 1; 3 Macc 3:14) Ac 18:14 (though 5bβ below is also prob.).—It can also stand simply w. the acc. of the pers. according to whose will, pleasure, or manner someth. occurs κ. θεόν (cp. Socrat., Ep. 14, 5 κ. θεόν; 26, 2; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 4 p. 332, 1 Jac. and Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 84 §352 κ. δαίμονα; Jos., Ant. 4, 143 ὁ κ. τοῦτον[=θεόν] βίος; Just., D. 5, 1 κ. τινας … Πλατωνικούς; Tat. 1, 3 κ. … τὸν κωμικόν) Ro 8:27; 2 Cor 7:9–11; κ. Χριστὸν Ἰ. Ro 15:5. κ. κύριον 2 Cor 11:17. Cp. 1 Pt 1:15. κ. τ. Ἕλληνας in the manner of the Greeks, i.e. polytheists PtK 2, p. 14, 1; 7. κ. Ἰουδαίους ln. 25.β. the norm according to which a judgment is rendered, or rewards or punishments are given ἀποδοῦναι τινι κ. τ. πρᾶξιν or ἔργα αὐτοῦ (Ps 61:13; Pr 24:12; Just., A I, 12, 1; 17, 4 al.; κατʼ ἀξίαν τῶν πράξεων) Mt 16:27; Ro 2:6; 2 Ti 4:14; Rv 2:23. μισθὸν λήμψεται κ. τ. ἴδιον κόπον 1 Cor 3:8. κρίνειν κ. τι J 7:24; 8:15; 1 Pt 1:17; cp. Ro 2:2.γ. of a standard of any other kind κ. τ. χρόνον ὸ̔ν ἠκρίβωσεν in accordance w. the time which he had ascertained Mt 2:16. κ. τ. πίστιν ὑμῶν acc. to your faith 9:29. κ. τ. δύναμιν acc. to his capability 25:15 (Just., D. 139, 4; Tat. 12, 3; cp. Just., A II, 13, 6 κ. δύναμιν). Cp. Lk 1:38; 2:29; Ro 8:4; 10:2; Eph 4:7. ἀνὴρ κ. τ. καρδίαν μου Ac 13:22 (καρδία 1bε).δ. Oft. the norm is at the same time the reason, so that in accordance with and because of are merged: οἱ κ. πρόθεσιν κλητοί Ro 8:28. κατʼ ἐπιταγὴν θεοῦ 16:26; 1 Ti 1:1; Tit 1:3. κ. ἀποκάλυψιν Eph 3:3 (Just., D. 78, 2). οἱ καθʼ ὑπομονὴν ἔργου ἀγαθοῦ Ro 2:7. κατʼ ἐκλογήν 11:5 (Just., D. 49, 1). Cp. κ. τὴν βουλήν Eph 1:11 (Just., A I, 63, 16 al.); 2 Th 2:9; Hb 7:16. κ. τί γνώσομαι τοῦτο; by what shall I know this? (cp. Gen 15:8) Lk 1:18.—Instead of ‘in accordance w.’ κ. can mean simply because of, as a result of, on the basis of (Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 219 D.: κ. τοὺς νόμους; Jos., Ant. 1, 259; 278; Just., A I, 54, 1 κατʼ ἐνέργειαν τῶν φαύλων δαιμόνων; Ath. 7, 1 κ. συμπάθειαν τῆς παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ πνοῆς; 32, 1 κ. χρησμόν). κ. πᾶσαν αἰτίαν for any and every reason (αἰτία 1) Mt 19:3. κ. ἀποκάλυψιν Gal 2:2. Cp. Ro 2:5; 1 Cor 12:8 (κ. τ. πνεῦμα = διὰ τοῦ πν.); Eph 1:5; 4:22b; Phil 4:11; 1 Ti 5:21; 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 3:5; κ. ἀνάγκην Phlm 14 (Ar. 1, 2; 4, 2 al.; Just., A I, 30, 1; 61, 10; Ath. 24, 2); IPol 1:3. ὁ κ. τὸ πολὺ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς 1 Pt 1:3.—καθʼ ὅσον (Thu. 4, 18, 4) in so far as, inasmuch as Hb 3:3. καθʼ ὅσον …, κ. τοσοῦτο in so far as …, just so far (Lysias 31, 8; Galen, De Dignosc. Puls. 3, 2, VIII 892 K.) 7:20, 22.ⓑ as a periphrasis to express equality, similarity, or example in accordance with, just as, similar(ly) to (TestJob 32:6 τίς γὰρ κ. σε ἐν μέσῳ τῶν τέκνων σου; Tat. 25, 1 κ. … τὸν Πρωτέα like Proteus; schol. on Nicander, Ther. 50: sheep are not burden-bearers κ. τοὺς ὄνους=as donkeys are).α. κ. τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν μὴ ποιεῖτε do not do as they do Mt 23:3. κ. Ἰσαάκ just as Isaac Gal 4:28. κ. θεὸν κτισθείς Eph 4:24 (Synes., Prov. 2, 2 p. 118c κ. θεόν=just as a god). Cp. Col 3:10. κ. τὸν τύπον Hb 8:5 (Ex 25:40; Mel., P. 58, 424 [νόμον v.l.]). Cp. 5:6 (Ps 109:4); 8:9 (Jer 38: 32); Js 3:9.—κ. τὰ αὐτά in (just) the same way (OGI 56, 66; PEleph 2, 6; 1 Macc 8:27; 12:2; Just., D. 1, 2; 3, 5; 113, 3) Lk 6:23, 26; 17:30; Dg 3:1. On the other hand, the sing. κ. τὸ αὐτό Ac 14:1 means together (marriage contract PEleph 1, 5 [IV B.C.] εἶναι ἡμᾶς κ. ταὐτό; 1 Km 11:11). καθʼ ὸ̔ν τρόπον just as (2 Macc 6:20; 4 Macc 14:17) Ac 15:11; 27:25. καθʼ ὅσον …, οὕτως (just) as …, so Hb 9:27. κ. πάντα τρόπον in every way (PSI 520, 16 [250 B.C.]; PCairZen 631, 2; 3 Macc 3:24) Ro 3:2. κ. μηδένα τρόπον (PMagd 14, 9 [221 B.C.]; PRein 7, 31; 3 Macc 4:13; 4 Macc 4:24; Just., D. 35, 7; s. Reader, Polemo 262) 2 Th 2:3. Cp. Johannessohn, Kasus, 1910, 82. κατά w. acc. serves in generalβ. to indicate the nature, kind, peculiarity or characteristics of a thing (freq. as a periphrasis for the adv.; e.g. Antiochus of Syracuse [V B.C.]: 555 Fgm. 12 Jac. κ. μῖσος=out of hate, filled with hate) κατʼ ἐξουσίαν with authority or power Mk 1:27. κ. συγκυρίαν by chance Lk 10:31. κ. ἄγνοιαν without knowing Ac 3:17 (s. ἄγνοια 2a). κ. ἄνθρωπον 1 Cor 3:3 al. (s. Straub 15; Aeschyl., Th. 425; ἄνθρωπος 2b). κ. κράτος powerfully, Ac 19:20 (κράτος 1a). κ. λόγον reasonably, rightly (Pla.; Polyb. 1, 62, 4; 5; 5, 110, 10; Jos., Ant. 13, 195; PYale 42, 24 [12 Jan., 229 B.C.]) 18:14 (but s. above 5aα). λέγειν τι κ. συγγνώμην οὐ κατʼ ἐπιταγήν say someth. as a concession, not as a command 1 Cor 7:6; cp. 2 Cor 8:8. κ. τάξιν in (an) order(ly manner) 1 Cor 14:40 (τάξις 2). κατʼ ὀφθαλμοδουλίαν with eye-service Eph 6:6. μηδὲν κατʼ ἐριθείαν μηδὲ κ. κενοδοξίαν Phil 2:3. κ. ζῆλος zealously 3:6a, unless this pass. belongs under 6 below, in its entirety. κ. σάρκα on the physical plane Ro 8:12f; 2 Cor 1:17; also 5:16ab, if here κ. ς. belongs w. οἴδαμεν or ἐγνώκαμεν (as Bachmann, JWeiss, H-D Wendland, Sickenberger take it; s. 7a below). καθʼ ὑπερβολήν (PTebt 42, 5f [c. 114 B.C.] ἠδικημένος καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν ὑπὸ, Ἁρμιύσιος; 4 Macc 3:18) beyond measure, beyond comparison Ro 7:13; 1 Cor 12:31; 2 Cor 4:17. καθʼ ὁμοιότητα (Aristot.; Gen 1:12; Philo, Fug. 51; Tat. 12, 4 κ. τὸ ὅμοιον αὐτῇ) in a similar manner Hb 4:15b. κ. μικρόν in brief B 1:5 (μικρός 1eγ).⑥ denoting relationship to someth., with respect to, in relation to κ. σάρκα w. respect to the flesh, physically of human descent Ro 1:3; 4:1; 9:3, 5 (Ar. 15, 7 κ. σάρκα … κ. ψυχήν; Just., D. 43, 7 ἐν τῷ γένει τῷ κ. σάρκα τοῦ Ἀβραάμ al.). κ. τὸν ἔσω ἄνθρωπον 7:22 (cp. POxy 904, 6 πληγαῖς κατακοπτόμενον κ. τὸ σῶμα). Cp. Ro 1:4; 11:28; Phil 3:5, 6b (for vs. 6a s. 5bβ above); Hb 9:9b. τὰ κ. τινα (Hdt. 7, 148; Diod S 1, 10, 73; Aelian, VH 2, 20; PEleph 13, 3; POxy 120, 14; Tob 10:9; 1 Esdr 9:17; 2 Macc 3:40; 9:3 al.) someone’s case, circumstances Ac 24:22 (cp. PEleph 13, 3 τὰ κ. σε; Just., A I, 61, 13 τὰ κ. τὸν Ἰησοῦν πάντα, D. 102, 2 τὰ κ. αὐτόν; Ath. 24, 4 τὸ κ. τοὺς ἀγγέλους); 25:14; Eph 6:21; Phil 1:12; Col 4:7. κ. πάντα in all respects (since Thu. 4, 81, 3; Sb 4324, 3; 5761, 22; SIG 834, 7; Gen 24:1; Wsd 19:22; 2 Macc 1:17; 3 Macc 5:42; JosAs 1:7; Just., A II, 4, 4, D. 35, 8 al.); Ac 17:22; Col 3:20, 22a; Hb 2:17 (Artem. 1, 13 αὐτῷ ὅμοιον κ. π.); 4:15a.⑦ Somet. the κατά phrase, which would sound cumbersome in the rendering ‘such-and-such’, ‘in line with’, or ‘in accordance with’, is best rendered as an adj., a possessive pron., or with a genitival construction to express the perspective from which something is perceived or to be understood. In translation it thus functions asⓐ an adj. (Synes., Kingdom 4 p. 4d τὰ κατʼ ἀρετὴν ἔργα i.e. the deeds that are commensurate with that which is exceptional = virtuous deeds; PHib 27, 42 ταῖς κ. σελήνην ἡμέραις; 4 Macc 5:18 κ. ἀλήθειαν=ἀληθής; Just., A I, 2, 1 τοὺς κ. ἀλήθειαν εὐσεβεῖς; Tat. 26, 2 τῆς κ. ἀλήθειαν σοφίας) οἱ κ. φύσιν κλάδοι the natural branches Ro 11:21. ἡ κατʼ εὐσέβειαν διδασκαλία 1 Ti 6:3; cp. Tit 1:1b. οἱ κ. σάρκα κύριοι the earthly masters (in wordplay, anticipating the κύριος who is in the heavens, vs. 9) Eph 6:5. Cp. 2 Cor 5:16b, in case (s. 5bβ above) κ. ς. belongs w. Χριστόν (as the majority, incl. Ltzm., take it): a physical Christ, a Christ in the flesh, in his earthly relationships (σάρξ 5). Correspondingly in vs. 16a κ. ς. would be taken w. οὐδένα: no one simply as a physical being.—JMartyn, JKnox Festschr., ’67, 269–87.ⓑ a possessive pron., but with limiting force (Demosth. 2, 27 τὰ καθʼ ὑμᾶς ἐλλείμματα [i.e. in contrast to the activities of others: ‘your own’]; Aelian, VH 2, 42 ἡ κατʼ αὐτὸν ἀρετή; 3, 36; OGI 168, 17 παραγεγονότες εἰς τοὺς καθʼ ὑμᾶς τόπους; SIG 646, 6; 807, 15 al.; UPZ 20, 9 [II B.C.] ἐπὶ τῆς καθʼ ἡμᾶς λειτουργίας; PTebt 24, 64; 2 Macc 4:21; Tat. 42, 1 τίς ὁ θεὸς καὶ τίς ἡ κατʼ αὐτὸν ποίησις; Mel., HE 4, 26, 7 ἡ καθʼ ἡμᾶς φιλοσοφία) τῶν καθʼ ὑμᾶς ποιητῶν τινες some of your (own) poets Ac 17:28. ἡ καθʼ ὑμᾶς πίστις Eph 1:15. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς νόμος Ac 18:15. τὸ κατʼ ἐμὲ πρόθυμον my eagerness Ro 1:15.ⓒ a gen. w. a noun (Polyb. 3, 113, 1 ἡ κ. τὸν ἥλιον ἀνατολή; 2, 48, 2; 3, 8, 1 al.; Diod S 14, 12 ἡ κ. τὸν τύραννον ὠμότης; Dionys. Hal. 2, 1; SIG 873, 5 τῆς κ. τ. μυστήρια τελετῆς; 569, 22; 783, 20; PTebt 5, 25; PLond III, 1164k, 20 p. 167 [212 A.D.] ὑπὸ τοῦ κ. πατέρα μου ἀνεψιοῦ) τὰ κ. Ἰουδαίους ἔθη the customs of the Judeans Ac 26:3 (Tat. 12, 5 τῇ κ. Βαβυλωνίους προγνωστικῇ; 34, 2 ἡ κ. τὸν Ἀριστόδημον πλαστική). Cp. 27:2. ἡ κ. πίστιν δικαιοσύνη the righteousness of faith Hb 11:7. ἡ κατʼ ἐκλογὴν πρόθεσις purpose of election Ro 9:11.—Here also belong the titles of the gospels εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Ματθαῖον etc., where κατά is likew. periphrasis for a gen. (cp. JLydus, De Mag. 3, 46 p. 136, 10 Wünsch τῆς κ. Λουκανὸν συγγραφῆς; Herodian 2, 9, 4 of an autobiography ἐν τῷ καθʼ αὑτὸν βίῳ; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 18 τ. καθʼ αὐτὸν ἱστορίαν; 2 Macc 2:13. Cp. B-D-F §163; 224, 2; Zahn, Einleitung §49; BBacon, Why ‘According to Mt’? Exp., 8th ser., 16, 1920, 289–310).—On the periphrasis of the gen. by κατά s. Rudberg (ἀνά beg.) w. many exx. fr. Pla. on. But it occurs as early as Thu. 6, 16, 5 ἐν τῷ κατʼ αὐτοὺς βίῳ.—M-M. DELG. EDNT. TW. -
26 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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27 Santos-Dumont, Alberto
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 20 July 1873 Cabangu, Rocha Dias, Brazild. 23 July 1932 d. Santos, Sâo Paulo, Brazil[br]Brazilian pioneer in airship and aeroplane flights.[br]Alberto Santos-Dumont, the son of a wealthy Brazilian coffee planter, was sent to Paris to study engineering but developed a passion for flying. After several balloon flights he turned his attention to powered airships. His first small airship, powered by a motorcycle engine, flew in 1898. A series of airships followed and his flights over Paris—and his narrow escapes—generated much public interest. A large cash prize had been offered for the first person to fly from Saint-Cloud around the Eiffel Tower and back inside thirty minutes. Santos-Dumont made two attempts in his airship No. 5, but engine failures caused him to crash, once in a tree and once on a hotel roof. Undismayed, he prepared airship No. 6 and on 19 October 1901 he set out and rounded the Tower, only to suffer yet another engine failure. This time he managed to restart the engine and claim the prize. This flight created a sensation in Paris and beyond. Santos-Dumont continued to create news with a series of airship exploits, and by 1906 he had built a total of fourteen airships. In 1904 Santos-Dumont visited the United States and met Octave Chanute, who described to him the achievements of the Wright brothers. On his return to Paris he set about designing an aeroplane which was unlike any other aeroplane of the period. It had box-kite-like wings and tail, and flew tail-first (a canard) powered by an Antoinette engine at the rear. It was built for him by Gabriel Voisin and was known as the "14 bis" because it was air-tested suspended beneath airship No. 14. It made its first free take-off on 13 September 1906, and then a series of short hops, including one of 220 m (720 ft) which won Santos-Dumont an Aero-Club prize and recognition for the first aeroplane flight in Europe; indeed, it was the first officially witnessed aeroplane flight in the world. Santos-Dumont's most successful aeroplane was his No. 20 of 1909, known as the Demoiselle: a tiny machine popular with sporting pilots. About this time, however, Santos-Dumont became ill and had to abandon his aeronautical activities. Although he had not made any great technical breakthroughs, Santos-Dumont had played a major role in arousing public interest in flying.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAéro Club de France Grand Prix de l'Aéronautique 1901. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1904.Bibliography1904, Dans l'air, Paris; 1904, pub. as My Airships (repub. 1973, New York: Dover).Further ReadingPeter Wykeham, 1962, Santos-Dumont, A Study in Obsession, London.F.H.da Costa, c. 1971, Alberto Santos-Dumont, O Pai da Aviaçāo; pub. in English asAlberto Santos Dumont, Father of Aviation, Rio de Janeiro.JDS -
28 unir
v.1 to join (juntar) (pedazos, habitaciones).unió los dos palos con una cuerda he joined o tied the two sticks together with a piece of stringEllos unieron las telas They joined the fabrics.Ellos unieron los equipos They merged the teams.2 to connect, to link (comunicar) (ciudades, terminales, aparatos).El cable une la tubería The wire connects the tubing.3 to combine.en su obra une belleza y técnica her work combines beauty with techniqueunir algo a algo to add something to something4 to draw together, to assemble, to unify.El amor une a las personas Love draws people together.* * *1 (juntar) to unite, join, join together2 (combinar) to combine (a, with)3 (enlazar) to link (a, to)\unirse en matrimonio formal to unite in marriage* * *verbto unite, join, link- unirse- unirse a* * *1. VT1) (=acercar)a) [+ grupos, tendencias, pueblos] to uniteb) [sentimientos] to unitea nuestros dos países los unen muchas más cosas de las que los dividen — there are far more things that unite our two countries than divide them
c) [lazos] to link, bindlos lazos que unen ambos países — the ties that bind o link both countries
2) (=atar) [contrato] to bindcon el periódico me unía un mero contrato — I was bound to the newspaper by nothing more than a simple contract
el jugador ha rescindido el contrato que lo unía al club — the player has terminated the contract binding him to the club
3) (=asociar, agrupar) to combineuniendo los dos nombres resulta un nuevo concepto — a new concept is created by combining the two nouns
el esquí de fondo une dos actividades: montañismo y esquí — cross-country skiing combines two activities: mountaineering and skiing
decidieron unir sus fuerzas para luchar contra el crimen — they decided to join forces in the fight against crime
ha logrado unir su nombre al de los grandes deportistas de este siglo — he has won a place among the great sporting names of this century
5) [+ objetos, piezas] [gen] to join, join together; [con pegamento, celo] to stick together; [con clavos, puntas] to fasten togethervan a tirar el tabique para unir el salón a la cocina — they are going to knock together the lounge and the kitchen
6) (Culin) [+ líquidos] to mix; [+ salsa] to blend7) (Com) [+ compañías, intereses] to merge2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) < cables> to join; (con cola, pegamento) to stick... together; < esfuerzos> to combinelos unió en matrimonio — (frml) he joined them in matrimony (frml)
b) sentimientos/intereses to uniteunida sentimentalmente a... — (period) romantically involved with...
c) <características/cualidades/estilos> to combine3) ( fusionar) <empresas/organizaciones> to merge4) < salsa> to mix2.unirse v pron1)a) ( aliarse) personas/colectividades to join togetherse unieron para hacer un frente común — they joined forces o united in a common cause
b) características/cualidades to combine3) ( fusionarse) empresas/organizaciones to merge* * *= aggregate, bridge, connect, join together, link, marry, string, unite, confound, piece together, weld into/together, splice, bundle, pool, band, bind + Nombre + together, knit, knit, federate, conjoin, cement.Ex. You have attempted to aggregate the UDC class number incorrectly.Ex. BLAISE offers a variety of services bridging the cataloguing and information retrieval functions.Ex. Plainly, it is not always the case that there is a connection between farming and spelling, and many other documents can be identified where these subjects are not connected.Ex. A portfolio is a container for holding loose materials, e.g. paintings, drawings, papers, unbound sections of a book, and similar materials, consisting of two covers joined together at the back.Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.Ex. At that time OCLC was already going strong, and we tried to find some backing from the State of New York and possibly from the federal government to marry those two systems.Ex. There is no question of stringing together simple concepts in a preferred citation order to produce a single index description of the summarized subject content of a document.Ex. It has become increasingly difficult to unite both categories in one union and demands for a trade union of library employees have been raised.Ex. The confounding of opposites is also common though, again, care has to be taken to see that we do not confound two subjects on which extensive literature exists.Ex. During his stay in Laputa, Captain Gulliver was very impressed by a book-writing machine which produced fragments of sentences which were dictated to scribes and later pieced together.Ex. The Department of Trade and Industry has undergone many changes over the years; it has been split into two separate departments and welded together again.Ex. A filmloop is a short length of film enclosed in a cassette and with the end of the film spliced on to the beginning so that it requires no rewinding.Ex. CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.Ex. The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.Ex. The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.Ex. People value the public library highly as an educational and community resource and the library acts as an 'information junction' to bind the community together.Ex. I want to knit that to another Internet format, which is the Web log -- the 'blog'.Ex. I want to knit that to another Internet format, which is the Web log -- the 'blog'.Ex. The usefulness of the many online periodicals and scientific digital libraries that exist today is limited by the inability to federate these resources through a unified interface.Ex. The grotesque is an effect achieved by conjoining disparate framents which do not realistically belong together.Ex. An in-house bulletin may serve to cement firm relationships with the library's personnel.----* conseguir unir = rally.* unir a = tie (to), couple with.* unir esfuerzos = join + hands.* unir fuerzas = join + forces, pool + forces.* unir inextricablemente = interweave.* unir mediante espigas = tenon.* unir mediante hiperenlaces = hotlink [hot-link].* unir mediante mortaja = mortise.* unirse = come together, partner, bond, stand up as + one.* unirse a = ally with, join, hop on, join + Posesivo + ranks.* unirse a una conversación = chime in.* unirse en matrimonio = tie + the knot.* unir sin solapar = butt together.* volverse a unir a = rejoin.* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) < cables> to join; (con cola, pegamento) to stick... together; < esfuerzos> to combinelos unió en matrimonio — (frml) he joined them in matrimony (frml)
b) sentimientos/intereses to uniteunida sentimentalmente a... — (period) romantically involved with...
c) <características/cualidades/estilos> to combine3) ( fusionar) <empresas/organizaciones> to merge4) < salsa> to mix2.unirse v pron1)a) ( aliarse) personas/colectividades to join togetherse unieron para hacer un frente común — they joined forces o united in a common cause
b) características/cualidades to combine3) ( fusionarse) empresas/organizaciones to merge* * *= aggregate, bridge, connect, join together, link, marry, string, unite, confound, piece together, weld into/together, splice, bundle, pool, band, bind + Nombre + together, knit, knit, federate, conjoin, cement.Ex: You have attempted to aggregate the UDC class number incorrectly.
Ex: BLAISE offers a variety of services bridging the cataloguing and information retrieval functions.Ex: Plainly, it is not always the case that there is a connection between farming and spelling, and many other documents can be identified where these subjects are not connected.Ex: A portfolio is a container for holding loose materials, e.g. paintings, drawings, papers, unbound sections of a book, and similar materials, consisting of two covers joined together at the back.Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.Ex: At that time OCLC was already going strong, and we tried to find some backing from the State of New York and possibly from the federal government to marry those two systems.Ex: There is no question of stringing together simple concepts in a preferred citation order to produce a single index description of the summarized subject content of a document.Ex: It has become increasingly difficult to unite both categories in one union and demands for a trade union of library employees have been raised.Ex: The confounding of opposites is also common though, again, care has to be taken to see that we do not confound two subjects on which extensive literature exists.Ex: During his stay in Laputa, Captain Gulliver was very impressed by a book-writing machine which produced fragments of sentences which were dictated to scribes and later pieced together.Ex: The Department of Trade and Industry has undergone many changes over the years; it has been split into two separate departments and welded together again.Ex: A filmloop is a short length of film enclosed in a cassette and with the end of the film spliced on to the beginning so that it requires no rewinding.Ex: CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.Ex: The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.Ex: The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.Ex: People value the public library highly as an educational and community resource and the library acts as an 'information junction' to bind the community together.Ex: I want to knit that to another Internet format, which is the Web log -- the 'blog'.Ex: I want to knit that to another Internet format, which is the Web log -- the 'blog'.Ex: The usefulness of the many online periodicals and scientific digital libraries that exist today is limited by the inability to federate these resources through a unified interface.Ex: The grotesque is an effect achieved by conjoining disparate framents which do not realistically belong together.Ex: An in-house bulletin may serve to cement firm relationships with the library's personnel.* conseguir unir = rally.* unir a = tie (to), couple with.* unir esfuerzos = join + hands.* unir fuerzas = join + forces, pool + forces.* unir inextricablemente = interweave.* unir mediante espigas = tenon.* unir mediante hiperenlaces = hotlink [hot-link].* unir mediante mortaja = mortise.* unirse = come together, partner, bond, stand up as + one.* unirse a = ally with, join, hop on, join + Posesivo + ranks.* unirse a una conversación = chime in.* unirse en matrimonio = tie + the knot.* unir sin solapar = butt together.* volverse a unir a = rejoin.* * *unir [I1 ]vtA1«persona»: unió los trozos con un pegamento she stuck the pieces together with glueunió los cables con cinta aislante he joined the wires with insulating tapeha unido dos estilos muy diferentes he has combined two very different stylesunamos nuestros esfuerzos let us combine our efforts2 «sentimientos/intereses» to unitelos unía el deseo de … they were united by their desire to …los une su afición al deporte their love of sport binds them together o acts as a bond between them o unites themel amor que nos une the love which unites usunida sentimentalmente a … ( period); romantically involved with …3 ‹características/cualidades› unir algo A algo to combine sth WITH sthune a su inteligencia una gran madurez he combines intelligence with great maturityB (comunicar) to linkla nueva carretera une los dos pueblos the new road links the two townsel puente aéreo que une las dos ciudades the shuttle service which runs between o links the two citiesC ‹salsa› to mix■ unirseA1 (aliarse) «personas/colectividades» to join togetherse unieron para hacer un frente común they joined forces o united in a common causelos dos países se unieron en una federación the two countries joined together to form a federationse unieron en matrimonio they were married, they were joined in matrimony ( frml)varias empresas se unieron para formar un consorcio several companies joined together o came together o combined to form a consortiumunirse A algo:se unió a nuestra causa he joined our cause2 «características/cualidades» to combineen él se unen la ambición y el orgullo ambition and pride come together o combine in him, he combines ambition with pridea su belleza se une una gran simpatía her beauty is combined with a very likable personalityB (juntarse) «caminos» to converge, meetdonde el tráfico del oeste se une con el del norte where traffic from the west converges with o meets traffic from the north* * *
unir ( conjugate unir) verbo transitivo
1
(con cola, pegamento) to stick … together;
‹ esfuerzos› to combine
unir algo a algo to combine sth with sth
2 ( comunicar) ‹ lugares› to link
3 ( fusionar) ‹empresas/organizaciones› to merge
unirse verbo pronominal
1 ( aliarse) [personas/colectividades] to join together;
2 ( juntarse) [ caminos] to converge, meet
3 ( fusionarse) [empresas/organizaciones] to merge
unir verbo transitivo
1 (cables, conexiones) to join, unite
2 (esfuerzos, intereses) to join
(asociar, fusionar) unieron sus empresas, they merged their companies
3 (comunicar) to link: ese camino une las dos aldeas, that path links the two villages
' unir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acercar
- casar
- empalmar
- fundir
- juntar
- ligar
- remachar
- vincular
English:
bond
- cement
- connect
- couple
- join
- join up
- link
- neither
- screw together
- stick together
- unite
- yoke
- amalgamate
- bring
- marry
- reunite
- splice
- unify
* * *♦ vt1. [juntar] [pedazos, piezas, habitaciones] to join;[empresas, estados, facciones] to unite; Informát [archivos] to merge;unió los dos palos con una cuerda he joined o tied the two sticks with a piece of string;debemos unir fuerzas we must combine forcesles une una fuerte amistad they are very close friends, they share a very close friendship;les une su pasión por la música they share a passion for music;los lazos que nos unen the ties that bind us;Formalunir a dos personas en (santo) matrimonio to join two people in (holy) matrimony3. [comunicar] [ciudades, terminales, aparatos] to connect, to link;la línea férrea que une la capital a o [m5] con la costa the railway o US railroad between o which links the capital and the coast4. [combinar] to combine;en su obra une belleza y técnica her work combines beauty with technique;unir algo a algo [añadir] to add sth to sth;a la desinformación hay que unir también el desinterés de la gente in addition to the lack of information, we have to take into account people's lack of interest5. [mezclar] to mix o blend in;una la mantequilla con el azúcar cream together the butter and the sugar* * *v/t1 join2 personas unite3 características combine ( con with)4 ciudades link* * *unir vt1) juntar: to unite, to join, to link2) combinar: to combine, to blend* * *unir vb1. (juntar) to join2. (comunicar) to link3. (relacionar) to unite -
29 Slater, Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 9 June 1768 Belper, Derbyshire, Englandd. 21 April 1835 USA[br]Anglo-American manufacturer who established the first American mill to use Arkwright's spinning system.[br]Samuel's father, William, was a respected independent farmer who died when his son was aged 14; the young Slater was apprenticed to his father's friend, Jedediah Strutt for six and a half years at the beginning of 1783. He showed mathematical ability and quickly acquainted himself thoroughly with cotton-spinning machinery made by Arkwright, Hargreaves and Crompton. After completing his apprenticeship, he remained for a time with the Strutts to act as Supervisor for a new mill.At that time it was forbidden to export any textile machinery or even drawings or data from England. The emigration of textile workers was forbidden too, but in September 1789 Slater left for the United States in disguise, having committed the details of the construction of the cotton-spinning machinery to memory. He reached New York and was employed by the New York Manufacturing Company.In January 1790 he met Moses Brown in Providence, Rhode Island, and on 5 April 1790 he signed a contract to construct Arkwright's spinning machinery for Almy \& Brown. It took Slater more than a year to get the machinery operational because of the lack of skilled mechanics and tools, but by 1793 the mill was running under the name of Almy, Brown \& Slater. In October 1791 Slater had married Hannah Wilkinson, and in 1798 he set up his own mill in partnership with his father-in-law, Orziel Wilkinson. This mill was built in Pawtucket, near the first mill, but other mills soon followed in Smithville, Rhode Island, and elsewhere. Slater was the Incorporator, and for the first fifteen years was also President of the Manufacturer's Bank in Pawtucket. It was in his business role and as New England's first industrial capitalist that Slater made his most important contributions to the emergence of the American textile industry.[br]Further ReadingG.S.White, 1836, Memoirs of Samuel Philadelphia (theearliestaccountofhislife). Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. XVII. Scientific American 63. P.E.Rivard, 1974, Samuel Slater, Father of American Manufactures, Slater Mill. D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of TextileTechnologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (covers Slater's activities in the USA very fully).RLH -
30 contener
v.1 to contain.¿qué contiene esa maleta? what's in this suitcase?Ese estudio contiene mucha información That study contains a lot of info.Esa bolsa contiene melocotones That bag contains peaches.2 to restrain, to hold back.tuvieron que contenerlo para que no agrediera al fotógrafo he had to be restrained from attacking the photographerno pudo contener la risa/el llanto he couldn't help laughing/cryingPedro contiene su ira Peter holds back his anger.3 to stanch, to stop, to staunch.* * *1 (incluir) to contain, hold2 (detener) to hold back, restrain3 (reprimir) to restrain, hold back, contain; (respiración) to hold1 to control oneself, contain oneself, keep a hold on oneself* * *verb1) to contain2) hold•* * *1. VT1) (=incluir) to containno contiene alcohol — alcohol-free, does not contain alcohol
2) (=frenar) [+ gente, muchedumbre] to contain, hold back; [+ revuelta, epidemia, infección] to contain; [+ invasión, lágrimas, emoción] to contain, hold back; [+ aliento, respiración] to hold; [+ hemorragia] to stop; [+ bostezo] to stifle; [+ inflación] to check, curb; [+ precios, déficit, consumo] to keep down3) Cono Sur (=significar) to mean2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1) recipiente/producto/libro to contain2) (parar, controlar) <infección/epidemia> to contain; < tendencia> to curb; < movimiento político> to keep...in check; < respiración> to hold; <risa/lágrimas> to contain (frml), to hold back; <invasión/revuelta> to contain2.dejó estallar toda su furia contenida — he let out all his pent up o bottled up anger
contenerse v pron (refl) to contain oneself* * *1.verbo transitivo1) recipiente/producto/libro to contain2) (parar, controlar) <infección/epidemia> to contain; < tendencia> to curb; < movimiento político> to keep...in check; < respiración> to hold; <risa/lágrimas> to contain (frml), to hold back; <invasión/revuelta> to contain2.dejó estallar toda su furia contenida — he let out all his pent up o bottled up anger
contenerse v pron (refl) to contain oneself* * *contener11 = bear, contain, contain in, enclose, gather, hold, host, include, possess, carry, be stocked with, harbour [harbor, -USA], offer, provide.Ex: Use a uniform title for an entry if the item bears a title proper that differs from the uniform title.
Ex: The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.Ex: A printed index is a pointer, or indicator, or more fully, a systematic guide to the items contained in, or concepts derived from a collection.Ex: The building encloses an art gallery, tourist office, conference room, concert hall and cinema.Ex: A bibliography is a list of materials or items which is restricted in its coverage by some feature other than the materials being gathered in one library collection.Ex: If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.Ex: Most computer bureaux which host the factual data bases have their own world-wide networks.Ex: Document descriptions may be included in catalogues, bibliographies and other listings of documents.Ex: Not every index necessarily exhibits all the features of either of these types of indexing systems, and indeed, some will possess elements of both types of systems.Ex: Europe Environment carries useful reports on the activities of the lobby groups in the environmental, consumer protection and research fields.Ex: The paperback shelves in many retail outlets are stocked with books which, in spite of their print-runs, may or may not be a financial success.Ex: When the reference collection fails or the question is broad in nature, the stacks may harbor exactly what is wanted.Ex: Thus some current awareness services can be purchased from external vendors, whilst others may be offered by a library or information unit to its particular group of users.Ex: To start with, most catalogues, indexes, data bases and bibliographies provide access to information or documents.* contener en abundancia = abound in/with.* contener en cantidad = abound in/with.* contener en cantidad + Nombre = contain + its share of + Nombre.* contener hiperenlaces = hotlink [hot-link].* contener información = carry + information.* contener mucho = be high in.contener22 = staunch [stanch, -USA], dam (up), smother, keep at + bay, hold + the line, repress, force back, bottle up, hold at + bay, rein in, hold + Nombre + in.Ex: Some notable progress is being made worldwide in staunching publishers' losses.
Ex: But to prevent any meandering at all, or to dam the flow of talk too soon and too often by intruding, generally only frustrates spontaneity = Aunque evitar cualquier divagación o cortar el flujo de la conversación demasiado pronto y con demasiada frecuencia con interrupciones generalmente sólo coarta la espontaneidad.Ex: Smothering an excusable curse, Modjeski asked: 'How much longer is Wade likely to be out?'.Ex: A new approach is needed to maintain the freshness, vitality and humour that will keep at bay the dryer mode of academic examination.Ex: The standpatters argue, and the progressives agree, that the tax line must be held in the interest of attracting industry = Los conservadores proponen y los progresistas están de acuerdo en que se deben contener los impuestos para atraer a la industria.Ex: Friends of Cuban Libraries draw attention to the extent to which intellectual freedom is being repressed in Cuba.Ex: Then tears began to well in her eyes and the trembling of her breath showed that she was forcing back a lump in her throat.Ex: Instead of showing her anger towards her parents, Jamie continued to keep her feelings bottled up inside of her.Ex: If librarians hope to rein in escalating periodical prices, they must become more assertive consumers.Ex: The longer a fart is held in, the larger the proportion of inert nitrogen it contains, because the other gases tend to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the intestine.* contener Algo = keep + Nombre + in check.* contener el aliento = hold + Posesivo + breath.* contener la respiración = hold + Posesivo + breath.* contener las lágrimas = hold back + Posesivo + tears.* contener los gastos = contain + costs.* contenerse = hold back on, forbear, check + Reflexivo.* sin poder contenerse = helplessly.* * *vtA «recipiente/producto/mezcla» to containla carta contenía acusaciones muy serias the letter contained some very serious accusations[ S ] contiene lanolina contains lanolinB (parar, controlar) ‹infección/epidemia› to contain; ‹respiración› to hold; ‹risa/lágrimas› to contain ( frml), to hold back; ‹invasión/revuelta› to containla policía intentaba contener a la gente the police tried to hold back o contain o restrain the crowddejó estallar aquella furia contenida he let out all that pent up o bottled up rage( refl) to contain oneselfno me pude contener y me eché a llorar I couldn't contain myself and I burst into tearstuve que contenerme para no insultarlo it was all I could do not to insult him, I had to control myself to stop myself insulting him* * *
contener ( conjugate contener) verbo transitivo
‹ tendencia› to curb;
‹ respiración› to hold;
‹risa/lágrimas› to contain (frml), to hold back;
‹invasión/revuelta› to contain
contenerse verbo pronominal ( refl) to contain oneself;
contener verbo transitivo
1 to contain: ¿qué contiene esa caja?, what does that box contain?
2 (refrenar una pasión) to hold back, restrain: ¡contén tus ansias de vengarte!, restrain your desire for revenge!
' contener' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aguantarse
- albergar
- contenerse
- dominar
- frenar
- incluir
- resistir
- respiración
- tener
- aguantar
- comprender
English:
accommodate
- breath
- check
- choke back
- contain
- curb
- dam up
- face
- hold
- hold back
- repress
- restrain
- stem
- straight
- suppress
- fight
- keep
- stifle
* * *♦ vt1. [encerrar] to contain;¿qué contiene esa maleta? what's in this suitcase?;la novela contiene elementos diversos the novel has many different aspects;no contiene CFC [en etiqueta] does not contain CFCs2. [detener, reprimir] [epidemia] to contain;[respiración] to hold; [conflicto, crisis] to contain; [éxodo] to contain, to stem; [inflación, salarios] to keep down;no pudo contener la risa/el llanto he couldn't help laughing/crying;tuvieron que contenerlo para que no agrediera al fotógrafo he had to be restrained from attacking the photographer* * *v/t1 contain2 respiración hold; muchedumbre hold back* * *contener {80} vt1) : to contain, to hold2) atajar: to restrain, to hold back* * *contener vb1. (tener) to contain -
31 White, Sir William Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 2 February 1845 Devonport, Englandd. 27 February 1913 London, England[br]English naval architect distinguished as the foremost nineteenth-century Director of Naval Construction, and latterly as a consultant and author.[br]Following early education at Devonport, White passed the Royal Dockyard entry examination in 1859 to commence a seven-year shipwright apprenticeship. However, he was destined for greater achievements and in 1863 passed the Admiralty Scholarship examinations, which enabled him to study at the Royal School of Naval Architecture at South Kensington, London. He graduated in 1867 with high honours and was posted to the Admiralty Constructive Department. Promotion came swiftly, with appointment to Assistant Constructor in 1875 and Chief Constructor in 1881.In 1883 he left the Admiralty and joined the Tyneside shipyard of Sir W.G. Armstrong, Mitchell \& Co. at a salary of about treble that of a Chief Constructor, with, in addition, a production bonus based on tonnage produced! At the Elswick Shipyard he became responsible for the organization and direction of shipbuilding activities, and during his relatively short period there enhanced the name of the shipyard in the warship export market. It is assumed that White did not settle easily in the North East of England, and in 1885, following negotiations with the Admiralty, he was released from his five-year exclusive contract and returned to public service as Director of Naval Construction and Assistant Controller of the Royal Navy. (As part of the settlement the Admiralty released Philip Watts to replace White, and in later years Watts was also to move from that same shipyard and become White's successor as Director of Naval Construction.) For seventeen momentous years White had technical control of ship production for the Royal Navy. The rapid building of warships commenced after the passing of the Naval Defence Act of 1889, which authorized directly and indirectly the construction of around seventy vessels. The total number of ships built during the White era amounted to 43 battleships, 128 cruisers of varying size and type, and 74 smaller vessels. While White did not have the stimulation of building a revolutionary capital ship as did his successor, he did have the satisfaction of ensuring that the Royal Navy was equipped with a fleet of all-round capability, and he saw the size, displacement and speed of the ships increase dramatically.In 1902 he resigned from the Navy because of ill health and assumed several less onerous tasks. During the construction of the Cunard Liner Mauretania on the Tyne, he held directorships with the shipbuilders Swan, Hunter and Wigham Richardson, and also the Parsons Marine Turbine Company. He acted as a consultant to many organizations and had an office in Westminster. It was there that he died in February 1913.White left a great literary legacy in the form of his esteemed Manual of Naval Architecture, first published in 1877 and reprinted several times since in English, German and other languages. This volume is important not only as a text dealing with first principles but also as an illustration of the problems facing warship designers of the late nineteenth century.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKCB 1895. Knight Commander of the Order of the Danneborg (Denmark). FRS. FRSE. President, Institution of Civil Engineers; Mechanical Engineers; Marine Engineers. Vice- President, Institution of Naval Architects.Bibliography1877, A Manual of Naval Architecture, London.Further ReadingD.K.Brown, 1983, A Century of Naval Construction, London.FMWBiographical history of technology > White, Sir William Henry
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32 fonction
c black fonction [fɔ̃ksjɔ̃]feminine nouna. functionc black b. ( = métier) office━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━✎ Le mot anglais s'écrit avec - un- au début.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━The term la fonction publique has great cultural significance in France, and covers a much broader range of activities than the English term « civil service ». There are almost three million « fonctionnaires » (also known as « agents de l'État ») in France. They include teachers, social services staff, post office workers and employees of the French rail service.Because this status theoretically guarantees total job security, « fonctionnaires » are sometimes stereotyped as being unfairly privileged compared to private sector employees. → CONCOURS* * *fɔ̃ksjɔ̃prendre ses fonctions, entrer en fonctions — to take up one's post
2) ( dépendance)3) ( rôle) function4) Mathématique, Informatique, Chimie, Biologie function5) ( secteur) profession6) Technologie function7) Linguistique function•Phrasal Verbs:* * *fɔ̃ksjɔ̃1. nf1) (= rôle) function2) (= emploi, poste) post, positionvoiture de fonction [salarié] — company car, [ministre] official car
3) MATHÉMATIQUE, LINGUISTIQUE function4) (locutions)être fonction de (= dépendre de) — to depend on
en fonction de (= selon) — according to
2. fonctions nfpl(professionnelles) dutiesentrer en fonctions (entreprise, administration) — to take up one's post, to take up one's duties, POLITIQUEto take up office
* * *fonction nf1 Admin, Entr ( poste) post; ( activité) duties (pl); prendre ses fonctions, entrer en fonctions to take up one's post; depuis votre prise de or entrée en fonctions since you took up your post; se démettre/être démis de ses fonctions gén to resign/to be dismissed from one's post; [membre du gouvernement] to resign/to be dismissed from office; dans le cadre de mes fonctions as part of my duties; dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions while carrying out their duties; la formation n'entre pas dans leurs fonctions training is not part of their duties; occuper la fonction de secrétaire to hold the position of secretary; quitter ses fonctions to leave one's job; être/rester en fonction(s) to be/stay in office; logement de fonction accommodation provided with the job; voiture de fonction company car; occuper d'importantes fonctions to hold important office; être appelé à de hautes fonctions to be called to high office;2 ( dépendance) en fonction de according to; être fonction de to vary according to; réagir en fonction de cinq paramètres to react according to five parameters; le salaire est fonction des diplômes the salary varies according to qualifications;3 ( rôle) function; fonction d'une machine/un produit function of a machine/a product; avoir pour fonction de faire to be designed to do; faire fonction de to serve as; faire fonction de dessert/levier to serve as dessert/a lever;4 Biol function; les fonctions hépatiques liver functions; la fonction crée l'organe the organ is shaped by its function;5 Math, Ordinat function; fonction du deuxième degré second degree function; fonction continue/dérivée/exponentielle/périodique continuous/derived/exponential/periodic function;6 ( secteur) profession; fonction enseignante/médicale teaching/medical profession;7 Tech function; la fonction avance rapide est en panne the fast forward function does not work;8 Chimie function; fonction acide/base acid/base function;9 Ling function; fonctionsujet/complément subject/complement function; fonction connotative/dénotative connotative/denotative function.fonction de fonctions Math functional; fonction primitive Ordinat primitive; fonction publique Admin civil service; entrer dans la fonction publique to join the civil service.[fɔ̃ksjɔ̃] nom féminin1. [emploi] officeentrer en fonction ou fonctions to take up one's postremplir ses fonctions to carry out one's job ou functionsse démettre de ses fonctions to resign one's post ou from one's duties2. [rôle] functionla pièce a pour fonction de maintenir l'équilibre de la balance the part serves to keep the scales balanced3. [dépendre de]————————de fonction locution adjectivale————————en fonction de locution prépositionnelle————————fonction publique nom fémininla fonction publique the civil ou public service -
33 vocation
vocation [vɔkasjɔ̃]feminine noun• avoir/ne pas avoir la vocation to have/lack a vocation* * *vɔkasjɔ̃1) ( de personne) vocation, calling2) ( d'institution) purpose* * *vɔkasjɔ̃ nfvocation, callingavoir la vocation — to have a vocation, to have a calling
* * *vocation nf1 ( de personne) vocation, calling; vocation sacerdotale vocation for the priesthood; vocation artistique/littéraire artistic/literary vocation; vocation contrariée frustrated calling; manquer sa vocation to miss one's vocation; se sentir une vocation de médecin to feel that medicine is one's vocation; se sentir une vocation de comptable to feel drawn to accountancy; il n'a pas la vocation de l'enseignement he's not cut out to be a teacher, teaching isn't his vocation;2 ( d'institution) purpose; il assigne à l'école une double vocation he thinks schools should serve a dual purpose; l'association a pour vocation d'aider les malades or l'aide aux malades the association is intended to help the sick; salles à vocation récréative rooms intended for leisure activities; région à vocation touristique/agricole tourist/farming area; école à vocation technique technical school; chaîne à vocation culturelle cultural channel.[vɔkasjɔ̃] nom fémininne pas avoir/avoir la vocation (de) to feel no/a vocation (for)manquer ou rater sa vocation: voilà un pansement bien fait, tu as manqué ou raté ta vocation what a professional-looking bandage, you should have been a nurse ou you missed your vocation2. [rôle, mission]la vocation du nouveau musée est d'éduquer les jeunes the new museum is designed to be of educational value to young peopleavoir vocation à ou pour faire to be empowered to do -
34 πορνεία
πορνεία, ας, ἡ (of various kinds of ‘unsanctioned sexual intercourse’: Demosth. et al.; LXX, En, Test12Patr; GrBar [in vice lists]; AscIs, Philo, apolog. exc. Ar. W. φθορά Iren. 1, 28, 1 [Harv. I 220, 14])① unlawful sexual intercourse, prostitution, unchastity, fornication, 1 Cor 5:1ab (CdeVos, NTS 44, ’98, 104–14); 6:13 (on 1 Cor 5–6 s. PTomson, Paul and the Jewish Law: CRINT III/1, ’90, 97–102); Hm 4, 1, 1. In a vice list (cp. AscIs 2:5) Ro 1:29 v.l. W. ἀκαθαρσία 2 Cor 12:21; Gal 5:19; Eph 5:3; Col 3:5. Differentiated fr. μοιχεία (Philo, Mos. 1, 300; s. also πορνεύω 1) Mt 15:19; Mk 7:21 (WGabriel, Was ist ‘porneia’ im Sprachgebr. Jesu?: Ethik 7, ’31, 106–9; 363–69); Hm 8:3; D 5:1 (the pl. denotes individual acts). On the other hand μοιχεία appears as πορνεία (cp. Sir 23:23) Hm 4, 1, 5. Of the sexual unfaithfulness of a married woman Mt 5:32; 19:9 (for the view that ref. is made in these pass. to forbidden degrees of marriage, s. 2 below.—JSickenberger, TQ 123, ’42, 189–206, ZNW 42, ’49, 202ff; KStaab [παρεκτός 2]; AAllgeier, Angelicum 20, ’43, 128–42. Cp. AFridrichsen, SEÅ 9, ’44, 54–58; AIsaksson, Marriage and Ministry in the New Temple, ’65, 127–42 [lit.]; s. also JFitzmyer, TS 37, 76, 197–226). Caused by lust D 3:3. διὰ τὰς πορνείας 1 Cor 7:2 (the pl. points out the various factors that may bring about sexual immorality; PTomson [s. above] 103–8). BMalina, Does Porneia Mean ‘Fornication’? NovT 14, ’72, 10–17. φεύγειν τὴν π. 6:18. Also ἀπέχεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς π. 1 Th 4:3 (cp. Tobit 4:12). ἐκ π. γεννηθῆναι be an illegitimate child, a bastard (cp. Cephalion [II A.D.]: 93 Fgm. 5 p. 444, 5 Jac. ἐγέννησε ἐκ πορ.; Gen 38:24) J 8:41. On ἀπέχεσθαι τῆς πορνείας καὶ πνικτοῦ Ac 15:20 (cp. vs. 29; 21:25 and s. 2 below) s. the lit. s.v. πνικτός and in BBacon, The Apost. Decree against πορνεία: Exp. 8th ser., 7, 1914, 40–61.② participation in prohibited degrees of marriage, fornication (s. Lev. 18:16–18; cp. Acts 15:20–29, s. Bruce, comm. Ac; 21:25) Mt 5:32; 19:9 (w. some favor RSmith, Matthew [Augsburg] ’89,100; RGundry, Matthew ’82, 91: “no need to adopt obscure definitions of πορνείας, such as marriage within the forbidden degrees. … The specific word for adultery does not appear in the exceptive phrase simply because a general expression occurs in Deuteronomy” [24:1], but s. BWitherington, NTS 31, ’85, 571–76: ‘except in the case of incest’. On these pass. s. 1.).③ immorality of a transcendent nature, fornication, in imagery, of polytheistic cult in the mystic city Babylon, which appears in Rv as a prostitute with an international clientele. Fr. the time of Hosea the relationship betw. God and his people was regarded as a marriage bond. This usage was more easily understandable because some Semitic and Graeco-Roman cults were at times connected w. sexual debauchery (cp. Hos 6:10; Jer 3:2, 9; 4 Km 9:22; on the positive side, for concern about propriety on the part of some cults s. e.g. SIG 820 [83/84 A.D.], in which an Ephesian official assures Rome that the annual autumn fertility festival is conducted ‘with much chastity and due observance of established customs’. This level of conduct prob. stands up well against activities associated with celebration of a modern Mardi Gras.) Rv 19:2. μετανοῆσαι ἐκ τῆς π. αὐτῆς repent of her immorality 2:21; cp. 9:21. ὁ οἶνος τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς π. the wine of her passionate immorality 14:8; 18:3 (on these passages s. θυμός 1 and 2). ὁ οἶνος τῆς π. 17:2. τὰ ἀκάθαρτα τῆς π. vs. 4 (ἀκάθαρτος 2).—V.l. for πονηρίας Hv 1, 1, 8 (Leutzsch, Hermas 447 n. 53). S. next entry 2.—DELG s.v. πέρνημι. M-M. EDNT. -
35 involve
in'volv1) (to require; to bring as a result: His job involves a lot of travelling.) suponer, implicar2) ((often with in or with) to cause to take part in or to be mixed up in: He has always been involved in/with the theatre; Don't ask my advice - I don't want to be/get involved.) implicar, envolver•- involved- involvement
involve vb1. implicar / enredarI don't mind what you do, as long as you don't involve me no me importa lo que hagas, mientras no me impliques a mí2. suponer / implicartr[ɪn'vɒlv]1 (entail) suponer, implicar, conllevar; (give rise to) acarrear, ocasionar■ what does the job involve? ¿en qué consiste el trabajo?■ this course involves studying abroad esta carrera comprende un período de estudio en el extranjero2 (include, affect, concern) tener que ver con, afectar a■ a police operation involving officers from different countries una operación policial que incluía a oficiales de diferentes países3 (implicar) implicar, involucrar, meter\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto involve oneself in something tomar parte en algo1) engage: ocuparworkers involved in construction: trabajadores ocupados con la construcción2) implicate: involucrar, enredar, implicarto be involved in a crime: estar involucrado en un crimen3) concern: concernir, afectar4) connect: conectar, relacionar5) entail, include: suponer, incluir, consistir enwhat does the job involve?: ¿en qué consiste el trabajo?6)to be involved with someone : tener una relación (amorosa) con alguienv.• complicar v.• comprometer v.• concernir v.• encubrir v.• enredar v.• entrañar v.• envolver v.• enzarzar v.• implicar v.• importar v.• interesar v.• involucrar v.• liar v.ɪn'vɑːlv, ɪn'vɒlv1)a) (entail, comprise) suponer*what exactly does your work involve? — ¿en qué consiste exactamente tu trabajo?
b) (affect, concern)where national security is involved... — cuando se trata de la seguridad nacional...
2)to involve somebody IN something/-ING — ( implicate) implicar* or involucrar a alguien en algo; ( allow to participate) darle* participación a alguien en algo
he doesn't involve himself in the day-to-day running of the business — no toma parte en la gestión diaria del negocio
3) involved past pa)to be/get involved IN something — (implicated, associated)
whenever there's an argument, he has to get involved — siempre que hay una pelea, él tiene que meterse
several high-ranking officials were involved in the affair — había varios oficiales de alto rango implicados en el asunto
to be/get involved WITH somebody/something: the people you're involved with la gente con la que andas metido or mezclado; how did you get involved with people like them? — ¿cómo te mezclaste con gente de esa calaña?
b)to be involved IN something — ( engrossed) estar* absorto or enfrascado en algo; ( busy) estar* ocupado con algo
to be/get involved WITH somebody/something — estar* dedicado/dedicarse* a alguien/algo
c) ( emotionally)to be/get involved WITH somebody: she doesn't want to get too involved with him — no quiere llegar a una relación muy seria con él
[ɪn'vɒlv]VT1) (=implicate, associate) implicar, involucrara dispute involving a friend of mine — una disputa en la que estaba implicado or involucrado un amigo mío
we would prefer not to involve the children — preferiríamos no meter or involucrar a los niños
they are trying to involve him in the theft — están intentando implicarlo or involucrarlo en el robo
try to involve him in your leisure activities — intenta hacer que participe contigo en tus actividades de tiempo libre
the persons involved — (gen) los interesados; (=culprits) los implicados
•
to be involved (in sth), how did he come to be involved? — ¿cómo llegó a meterse en esto?he/his car was involved in an accident — él/su coche se vio involucrado en un accidente
she was only involved in the final stages of the project — solo tomó parte en las fases finales del proyecto
I was so involved in my book that... — estaba tan absorto en el libro que...
•
to become or get involved (in sth), the police became involved — la policía tomó cartas en el asunto•
to be/become/get involved with sth/sb, she's so involved with the project she doesn't have time for me — está tan liada * con el proyecto que no tiene tiempo para mí, el proyecto la absorbe tanto que no tiene tiempo para míshe likes him but she doesn't want to get involved — él le gusta, pero no quiere comprometerse
2) (=entail, imply) suponerit involved a lot of expense — supuso or acarreó muchos gastos
there's a good deal of work involved — supone or implica bastante trabajo
what does your job involve? — ¿en qué consiste su trabajo?
how much money is involved? — ¿cuánto dinero hay en juego?
* * *[ɪn'vɑːlv, ɪn'vɒlv]1)a) (entail, comprise) suponer*what exactly does your work involve? — ¿en qué consiste exactamente tu trabajo?
b) (affect, concern)where national security is involved... — cuando se trata de la seguridad nacional...
2)to involve somebody IN something/-ING — ( implicate) implicar* or involucrar a alguien en algo; ( allow to participate) darle* participación a alguien en algo
he doesn't involve himself in the day-to-day running of the business — no toma parte en la gestión diaria del negocio
3) involved past pa)to be/get involved IN something — (implicated, associated)
whenever there's an argument, he has to get involved — siempre que hay una pelea, él tiene que meterse
several high-ranking officials were involved in the affair — había varios oficiales de alto rango implicados en el asunto
to be/get involved WITH somebody/something: the people you're involved with la gente con la que andas metido or mezclado; how did you get involved with people like them? — ¿cómo te mezclaste con gente de esa calaña?
b)to be involved IN something — ( engrossed) estar* absorto or enfrascado en algo; ( busy) estar* ocupado con algo
to be/get involved WITH somebody/something — estar* dedicado/dedicarse* a alguien/algo
c) ( emotionally)to be/get involved WITH somebody: she doesn't want to get too involved with him — no quiere llegar a una relación muy seria con él
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36 screen
N1. परदाWhy there is a screen between two walls.2. आड़He was using his business activities as a screen for crime.3. चित्रपटA screen in a theatre can able to show upto 70mm.--------V1. आड़ देनाThe trees screen the house from view.2. छिपानाHe screened my necklace from every one because it is very costly.3. जाँचनाGovernment employees are regularly screened by the security services.4. प्रदर्शित करनाThe wild life documentary will be screened tonight on discovery channel.
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