a+devil+of+a...

⁺ V 2-1-5-10-15=33 Gn 42,27; Ex 3,5; Jos 5,15; Is 5,27; 14,17

A: to loose, to untie (bounds) [τι] Jb 39,5; to unbind, to unfasten, to open (a sack) [τι] Gn 42,27; to untie, to loose

M: to dishevel (hair) [τι] 3 Mc 1,4

ἐν τῷ λῦσαι τὸν νόμον when he opened the (book of the) law, when he explained or set forth the law 1 Ezr 9,46; οἳ ἔλυσαν μήτραν παρθένου who loosened, opened up the womb of a virgin (used euph- emistically of sexual intercourse) Jdt 9,2, cpr. Am 1,11

Cf. BASSER 1985, 297-300; HILL 1967, 49; MOORE 1985, 191; →TWNT

(→ἀναλύω, ἀπολύω, διαλύω, ἐκλύω, καταλύω, παραλύω, περιλύω, συλλύω, ὑπολύω,,)

διάβολ-ος, ον,

A slanderous, backbiting,

γραῦς Men.878

, cf. Phld.Lib.p.24O.: [comp] Sup.

- ώτατος Ar.Eq.45

; διάβολόν τι, aliquid invidiae, And.2.24;

τὸ δ. Plu.2.61d

.

II Subst., slanderer, Pi. Fr. 297, Arist.Top. 126a31, Ath.11.508d; enemy, LXX Es.7.4, 8.1: hence, = Sâtân, ib.1Chr.21.1; the Devil, Ev.Matt.4.1, etc.

III Adv.

- λως

injuriously, invidiously,

Th.6.15

;

χρῆσθαί τινι Procop. Arc.2

.

κᾰκοδαίμ-ων, ον, gen. ονος,

A possessed by an evil genius, Antipho 5.43;

ὁ κ. Σωκράτης Ar.Nu. 104

; ill-starred, E.Hipp. 1362 (anap.), Max.Tyr.36.4: freq. in Com., ὦ κακόδαιμον poor devil! Ar.Pl. 386;

οἴμοι κακοδαίμων Pherecr.117

, etc.;

- ονος ἔπαρμα Phld.Mort.31

: [comp] Comp.

- έστερος Luc.Lex.25

: [comp] Sup., Id.Deor.Conc.7. Adv.

- μόνως Id.Vit.Auct.7

.

II evil genius,

τοῦ δαίμονος δέδοιχ' ὅπως μὴ τεύξομαι κακοδαίμονος Ar.Eq. 112

, cf. Arr.Epict.4.4.38.

κᾰκός, ή, όν,

A bad:

I of persons,

1 of appearance, ugly,

εἶδος μὲν ἔην κακός Il.10.316

, cf. Paus.8.49.3.

2 of birth, ill-born, mean,

γένος ἐστὲ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων.., ἐπεὶ οὔ κε κακοὶ τοιούσδε τέκοιεν Od.4.64

;

Ζεὺς δ' αὐτὸς νέμει ὄλβον.. ἐσθλοῖς ἠδὲ κακοῖσι 6.189

;

οὐ κακὸν οὐδὲ μὲν ἐσθλόν 22.415

;

οὐδ' ἐὰν.. φανῶ τρίδουλος, ἐκφανῇ κακή S.OT 1063

; κακός τ' ὢν κἀκ κακῶν ib. 1397.

3 of courage, craven, base, Il.2.365, 6.489; κακοῦ τρέπεται Χρὼς ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ (called δειλὸς ἀνήρ in the line above) 13.279;

Ἕκτωρ σε κ. καὶ ἀνάλκιδα φήσει 8.153

, cf. Od.3.375;

κ. καὶ ἀνήνορα 10.301

;

οἵτινες.. ἐγένοντο ἄνδρες κ. ἢ ἀγαθοὶ ἐν τῇ ναυμαχίῃ Hdt.6.14

;

κ. καὶ ἄθυμος Id.7.11

; οὐδαμῶν κακίονες ib. 104;

κακοὺς πρὸς αἰχμήν S.Ph. 1306

;

κακή τ' ἐς ἀλκὴν καὶ σίδηρον εἰσορᾶν E.Med. 264

;

οὐδενὶ ἐπιτρέψοντας κακῷ εἶναι X.An.3.2.31

.

4 bad of his kind, i. e. worthless, sorry, unskilled,

ἡνίοχοι Il. 17.487

; [ τοξότης] ἢ κ. ἢ ἀγαθός ib. 632;

νομῆες Od.17.246

; κ. ἀλήτης a bad beggar, ib. 578;

ἰατρός A.Pr. 473

; κυβερνήτης, ναύτης, E.Supp. 880, Andr. 457;

μάγειρος Pl.Phdr. 265e

: c. acc. modi, πάντα γὰρ οὐ κακός εἰμι I am not bad in all things, Od.8.214;

κ. γνώμην S.Ph. 910

: also c. dat.,

κακοὶ γνώμαισι Id.Aj. 964

: c. inf.,

κ. μανθάνειν Id.OT 545

; [ νῆσος]

φυτεύεσθαι κακή Trag.Adesp.393

; cf. 11.

5 in moral sense, base, evil, Od.11.384, Hes.Op. 240; opp. Χρηστός, S.Ant. 520;

ὦ κακῶν κάκιστε Id.OT 334

, Ph. 984;

πλεῖστον κάκιστος Id.OC 744

;

κ. πρός τινας Th.1.86

;

εἰς φίλους E.Or. 424

codd.;

περὶ τὰ Χρήματα Pl.Clit. 407c

.

6 wretched, Herod.3.42.

II of things, evil, pernicious, freq. in Hom., etc., as δαίμων, θάνατος, μοῖρα, αἶσα, κῆρες, νοῦσος, ἕλκος, φάρμακα, ὀδύναι, Od.10.64, Il.3.173, 13.602, 1.418, Od.2.316, Il.1.10, 2.723, 22.94, 5.766; Χόλος, ἔρις, Il.16.206, Od.3.161; πόλεμος, ἔπος, ἔργα, Il.4.82, 24.767, Od.2.67, al.; ἦμαρ, ἄνεμος, Il.9.251, Od.5.109; of omens and the like , unlucky, ὄρνις, ὄναρ, σῆμα, Il.24.219, 10.496, 22.30: also in Trag., κ. τύχη, δαίμων, μόρος, S.Tr. 328, A.Pers. 354, 369, etc.; of words, abusive, foul,

κ. λόγοι S.Ant. 259

, cf. Tr. 461; κ. ποιμήν, i.e. the storm, A.Ag. 657: Astrol., unlucky,

τόποι Heph.Astr.1.12

; κ. τύχη, name for the sixth region, Paul.Al.M.1.

B κακόν, τό, and κακά, τά, as Subst., evil, ill,

δίδου δ' ἀγαθόν τε κακόν τε Od.8.63

;

ἀθάνατον κακόν 12.118

;

ἐκ μεγάλων κακῶν πεφευγέναι Hdt.1.65

; so κ. ἄμαχον, ἄπρηκτα, Pi.P.2.76, I.8(7).8; ἔκπαγλον, ἄφερτον, ἀμήχανον, etc., A.Ag. 862, 1102, E.Med. 447, etc.; κακὸν ἥκει τινί there's trouble in store for some one, Ar.Ra. 552; δυοῖν ἀποκρίνας κακοῖν the least of two evils, S.OT 640, cf. OC 496; κακῶν Ἰλιάς, v. Ἰλιάς; κακόν τι ῥέξαι τινά to do harm or ill to any one, Il.2.195, etc.;

πολλὰ κάκ' ἀνθρώποισιν ἐώργει Od.14.289

; κακὰ φέρειν, τεύχειν τινί, Il.2.304, Hes.Op. 265; κακόν τι (or κακὰ) ποιεῖν τινα (v. δράω, ποιέω, ἐργάζομαι) ; κακὸν πάσχειν ὑπό τινος to suffer evil from one, Th.8.48, etc.: in Trag. freq. repeated, κακὰ κακῶν, = τὰ κάκιστα, S.OC 1238 (lyr.);

εἴ τι πρεσβύτερον ἔτι κακοῦ κακόν Id.OT 1365

(lyr.);

δεινὰ πρὸς κακοῖς κακά Id.OC 595

, cf. Ant. 1281;

δόσιν κακὰν κακῶν κακοῖς A.Pers. 1041

(lyr.).

2 κακά, τά, evil words, reproaches,

πολλά τε καὶ κακὰ λέγειν Hdt.8.61

, cf.A.Th. 571, S.Aj. 1244,Ph. 382, etc.

3 Philos., κακόν, τό, Evil, Stoic.3.18, al., Plot.1.8.1, al.

4 of a person, pest, nuisance,

τουτὶ παρέξει τὸ κ. ἡμῖν πράγματα Ar.Av. 931

; also, comically, ὅσον συνείλεκται κακὸν ὀρνέων what a devil of a lot of birds, ib. 294.

C degrees of Comparison:

1 regul. [comp] Comp. in [dialect] Ep.,

κακώτερος Od.6.275

, 15.343, Theoc.27.22, A.R.3.421, etc.: also in late Prose, Alciphr.3.62: irreg. κακίων, ον [with [pron. full] ῐ], Od.2.277, Thgn.262, etc., with [pron. full] ῑ in Trag., exc. E.Fr. 546 (anap.);

κακῑότερος AP12.7

([place name] Strato).

2 [comp] Sup.

κάκιστος Hom.

, etc.--Cf. also Χείρων, Χείριστος, and ἥσσων, ἥκιστος.

D Adv. κακῶς ill,

ἢ εὖ ἦε κακῶς Il.2.253

, etc.; κακῶς ποιεῖν τινα to treat one ill; κακῶς ποιεῖν τι to hurt, damage a thing; κακῶς ποιεῖν τινά τι to do one any evil or harm; κ. πράσσειν to fare ill, A.Pr. 266, etc.;

κάκιον ἢ πρότερον πράττειν And.4.11

;

κ. ἔχειν Ar.Ra.58

, etc.; of illness, Ev.Matt.4.24; rarely

κακῶς πάσχειν A.Pr. 759

, 1041 (anap.); Χρῆν Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κ. Hdt.1.8;

κ. ὄλοισθε S.Ph. 1035

, etc.; with play on two senses,

ὡς κ. ἔχει ἅπας ἰατρός, ἂν κ. μηδεὶς ἔχῃ Philem.Jun.2

; κ. ἐρεῖν τινά, λέγειν τὴν πόλιν, Mimn.7.4, Ar.Ach. 503; κ. εἰδότες, = ἀγνοοῦντες, X.Cyr.2.3.13, Isoc.8.32, cf. Hyp.Eux.33; κακῶς ἐκπέφευγα I have barely escaped, D.21.126: [comp] Comp.

κάκιον Hdt.1.109

, S.OT 428, And.l.c., Pl.Mx. 236a, etc.: [comp] Sup.

κάκιστα Ar. Ra. 1456

, Pax2, Pl.R. 420b, etc.

2 Adv. and Adj. freq. coupled in Trag., [dialect] Att., etc.,

κακὸν κακῶς νιν.. ἐκτρῖψαι βίον S.OT 248

;

κακὸς κακῶς ταφήσῃ E.Tr. 446

(troch.);

ἀπό σ' ὀλῶ κακὸν κακῶς Ar.Pl.65

, cf. Eq. 189, 190, D.32.6, Procop.Pers.1.24;

κακοὺς κακῶς ἀπολέσει αὐτούς Ev.Matt.21.41

;

κακοὺς κάκιστα S.Aj. 839

; in reversed order,

ὥσπερ ἀξία κακῶς κακὴ θανεῖται E.Tr. 1055

; with intervening words,

κακῶς.. ἀπόλλυσθαι κακούς S.Ph. 1369

, cf. E.Cyc. 268, Ar.Eq.2. (Perh. cogn. with Avest. kasu-, [comp] Comp. kasyah-, [comp] Sup. kasišta- 'small', Lith. nukašëti 'grow feeble, thin', Germ. hager.)

προσοιμώζω,

A lament,

πάθει J.BJ1.17.3

.

II προσοιμώζειν [μοι] ἔλεγε told me to 'go to the devil', Lib.Decl.29.27.

Σᾰτάν or [full] Σατᾶν, ὁ, Satan, Hebr. word for

A adversary, opponent, LXX 3 Ki.11.14,23; transl. by ἐπίβουλος in LXX 1 Ki.29.4; also accuser, transl. by ὁ διάβολος in Jb.1.6 sq., Za.3.1:—hence as chief of the evil spirits, the Devil, 2 Ep.Cor.12.7 (indecl., as gen.); also [full] Σᾰτᾰνᾶς, ᾶ, ὁ, LXX Jb.2.3 (cod. A), Si.21.27, freq. in NT, Ev.Matt.4.10, al.:—Adj. [full] Σατανικός, ή, όν, PLond.5.1731.11 (vi A.D.).

τόλμ-ιλλος, ὁ,

A dare-devil, Theognost. Can.Prooem.

τρῠγο-δαίμων, ονος, ὁ, in Ar.Nu. 296, for τρυγῳδός, with a play on κακοδαίμων,

A a poor-devil poet.

φθείρω, [dialect] Aeol. [full] φθέρρω Hdn.Gr.2.303, al.; Arc. [full] φθήρω IG5(2).6.17 (Tegea, iv B. C.): [dialect] Ion. [tense] impf. φθείρεσκε ([etym.] δια-) Hdt.1.36: [tense] fut.

A

φθερῶ X.HG7.2.11

, ([etym.] δια-) A.Ag. 1266, etc.; [dialect] Ion. φθερέω ([etym.] δια-) Hdt. 5.51; [dialect] Ep. φθέρσω ([etym.] δια-) Il.13.625: [tense] aor. 1

ἔφθειρα A.Pers. 244

(troch.), X.HG7.2.4; poet.

ἔφθερσα Lyc.1402

; Arc. [ per.] 3sg. opt. (?)

φθέραι IG5(2).6.8

(Tegea, iv B. C.): [tense] pf.

ἔφθαρκα Din.1.64

, ([etym.] δι-) E.Med. 226; Arc. part.

ἐφθορκώς IG5(2).6.10

(Tegea, iv B. C.): —[voice] Med., [tense] fut. φθεροῦμαι (in pass. sense) S.OT 272, E.Andr. 708, Th.7.48; [dialect] Ion. φθερέομαι ([etym.] δια-) Hdt.8.108 (v.l. δια-φθαρέεται), 9.42 (vv. ll. δια-φθαρέονται, δια-φθορεῦνται); later

φθαροῦμαι Archig.

ap. Orib.8.23.5:— [voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

φθᾰρήσομαι Hp.VM13

, Arist.Metaph. 1066b30, Epicur.Ep. 1p.7U., ([etym.] δια-) E.Hec. 802, etc., [dialect] Dor.

- ησοῦμαι Ti.Locr.94d

: [tense] aor. ἐφθάρην [ᾰ] S.OT 1502, Th.7.13, Pl.Lg. 708c; poet. [ per.] 3pl.

ἔφθαρεν Pi.P. 3.36

: also part.

κατα-φθερείς Epich.35.13

: [tense] pf.

ἔφθαρμαι S.El. 765

, [ per.] 3pl.

ἐφθάραται Th.3.13

; inf.

ἐφθάρθαι Arist.Metaph. 1021b27

, ([etym.] δι-) Is.9.37, [dialect] Aeol.

ἔφθορθαι Eust.790.8

: [tense] plpf. [ per.] 3pl.

ἐφθάρατο App.BC3.15

, ([etym.] δι-) Hdt.8.90. The compd. διαφθείρω is much more freq. than the simple Verb:— destroy things,

μῆλα κακοὶ φθείρουσι νομῆες Od. 17.246

; φ. τῶν Συρίων τοὺς κλήρους waste them, Hdt.1.76, cf. X.HG 7.2.11, An.4.7.20;

τοὺς θεῶν νόμους S.Aj. 1344

; τὰς ναῦς v. l. in Th. 2.91;

τὴν πόλιν καὶ νόμους Pl.Lg. 958c

, cf. X.Mem.1.5.3;

εὐδαιμονίαν Din.

l. c.;

ἔμβρυα Dsc.2.163

;

τὸ συλληφθέν Sor.1.60

(also abs., miscarry, ib.59); τὸν κοινὸν οἶκον Mitteis Chr.284.11 (ii B. C.): —[voice] Pass., to be destroyed, S.Aj.25, etc.;

ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν καὶ διὰ τῶν αὐτῶν καὶ γίνεται πᾶσα ἀρετὴ καὶ φθείρεται Arist.EN 1103b8

;

εἰς τὸ μὴ ὂν φ.

pass away, cease to be,

Epicur.Ep.1p.5U.

;

δυὰς προσθέσει μονάδος εἰς τριάδα φθείρεται μηκέτι μένουσα δυάς Ph.2.509

; of animals, perish, PStrassb.24.15 (ii A. D.).

2 of persons, μαψαῦραι... ναύτας φ. destroy them, Hes.Th. 876 (but perh. only [voice] Act. of signf. 11.4);

στρατόν A. Pers. 244

(troch.), Ag. 652:—[voice] Pass., Id.Pers. 272, 283(lyr.);

γειτόνων πολλοὶ ἁμᾷ.. ἔφθαρεν Pi.P.3.36

;

νόσῳ ἐφθάραται Ἀθηναῖοι Th.3.13

, cf. 7.48;

πρόρριζον ἔφθαρται γένος S.El. 765

; ἔφθαρμαι I am undone! Men. Her.13;

μὴφθαρῶσιν PMich.Zen.80.4

(iii B. C.).

3 corrupt, bribe, τινα D.S.4.73; lure, entice, trap,

κημοῖσι πλεκτοῖς πορφύρας φθείρει γένος S.Fr. 504

(s. v. l.);

φθείρει γὰρ ἡ πρόνοια τὴν ἀβουλίαν

entices to its ruin, entraps,

Trag.Adesp.484

(s. v.l.); pervert,

φθείρουσιν ἤθη χρήσθ' ὁμιλίαι κακαί E.Fr. 1024

:—[voice] Pass., v. infr. 11.3.

b seduce a woman,

ὑπὸ τῆς θυγατρὸς ἀδικούμενον καὶ Διονυσίου τοῦ φθείραντος αὐτὴν κιναίδου PEnteux.26.11

(iii B. C.):—[voice] Pass., E.Fr. 485, D.Chr.11.153 (but not [dialect] Att. acc. to Phryn.53, Moer.p.103 P.), Artem.5.17.

4 ruin, spoil, ποσὶν φθείροντα πλοῦτον ἀργυρωνήτους θ' ὑφάς, of one who treads on rich carpets, A.Ag. 949; βαφὰς φθείρουσα τοῦ ποικίλματος, of blood, Id.Ch. 1013; of a poison,

ὧνπερ ἂν θίγῃ, φθείρει τὰ πάντα S.Tr. 716

;

φαρμάκων φθείρειν πεφυκότων τὰ σώματα Gal.15.541

; δούλην (wet-nurse)

μὴ φθείρουσαν τὸ γάλα BGU1058.29

(i B. C.), cf. Sor.1.88; τοῦ σώματος (sc. τῶν νοσούντων) φθείροντος τὸ θρέψαι δυνάμενον ib.90, cf. 63, al.

5

τὰ μιγνύμενα τῶν χρωμάτων οἱ βαφεῖς φθείρεσθαι καὶ φθοράν τὴν μῖξιν ὀνομάζουσιν Plu.2.393c

(where

μιαίνω 1

is compared).

II [voice] Pass. (cf. supr. 1.1, 2),

1 φθείρεσθε (as a curse) may you perish! ruin take you! Il.21.128, Sannyr. 10; φθείρου as an imprecation, go to the devil! be off! Ar.Ach. 460, Pl. 598, 610(anap.), E.Fr. 610;

ἐκποδὼν ἡμῖν φθείρεσθε Herod.6.16

:c. gen., φθείρεσθε τῆσδε off from her! unhand her, let her go, E.Andr. 715 (so in [tense] fut. indic., εἰ μὴ φθερῇ τῆσδ' ὡς τάχιστ' ἀπὸ στέγης if thou dost not depart... ib. 708).

b with a Prep., φθείρεσθαι πρὸς τοὺς πλουσίους, of hangers-on and flatterers, D.21.139, cf. Plu.Phoc.21, Eum. 14, Ant.24;

εἰς ἡδονὰς ἀπὸ.. πόνων Anon.

ap. Stob.4.31.84;

ἀκούω σε λυρῳδοῦ γυναικὸς ἐρᾶν καὶ εἰς ἐκείνης φθειρόμενον πᾶσαν τὴν ἐφήμερον ἄγραν κατατίθεσθαι Alciphr.1.18

.

2 Medic.,

ἡ κοιλίη φθαρήσεται

will be deranged, disordered,

Hp.VM13

.

3 to be morally corrupted,

ἐφθάρη ἡ γῆ ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ LXXGe.6.11

, cf. Ho.9.9, al.;

ἔστι ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείᾳ σκηνῶν ἐν τοῖς Ἀριστοβούλου φθειρόμενος PCair.Zen.37.7

(iii B. C.); φθαρεὶς Εὔτυχος ὑπὸ τῆς Ἀρσινόης ib.620.7 (iii B. C.); but ἐν Σικυωνίαι ἐφθαρμένους is f.l. for ἐν Σικυῶνι διεφθ. (cj. Sintenis) in Plu.Arat.40.

4 of seafarers, wander, drift (cf. supr. 1.2,

πολύφθορος 11.2

,

φθορά 8

),

πόσον χρόνον πόντου 'πὶ νώτοις ἅλιον ἐφθείρου πλάνον; E.Hel. 774

; ναυτίλους ἐφθαρμένους sailors driven out of their course, Id.IT 276;

ἱκέτας δέχεσθαι ποντίους ἐφθαρμένους Id.Cyc. 300

; of shipwrecked persons, νεῶν ( ἐκ νεῶν Elmsl.)

φθαρέντες A.Pers. 451

; also of travellers or wanderers by land, οὐχ ἕνα νομίζων φθείρεται πόλεως νόμον (v.l. τόπον) E.El. 234;

ὁ Μενέλαος χρόνον πολὺν ἐφθείρετο πανταχόσε τῆς Ἐλλάδος D.Chr.7.95

; οὐδὲν δεῖ φθείρεσθαι περιόντα ( = περιιόντα)

τὴν ἀρχὴν ἅπασαν Aristid.Or.26(14).33

;

ἄνω κάτω διαθέοντας τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ φθειρομένους Id.1.420

J.;

τῶν μετοίκων τῶν ἐξ Ἑρμιόνης οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως εἰς Πειραιᾶ φθαρέντων Alciphr. 1.13

; μὴ περιΐδῃς ἀγαθοὺς γείτονας εἰς στενὸν τοῦ καιροῦ φθειρομένους ib.24; [

Ἀλέξανδρον] ὑπὲρ τὸν Ἰνδὸν κτλ. φθειρόμενον Arr.An.7.4.2

; φθαρῆναι εἰς βάρβαρα ἔθνη ( ἐν βαρβάροις ἔθνεσι or ἔθεσι codd.) Phalar. Ep.49; φθαρέντων ἐς ἀλλήλους falling foul of one another, App. Praef.10 (s. v. l.).

5 of women, χέρσους φθαρῆναι pine away in barrenness, S.OT 1502, cf. El. 1181 (unless wander, cf. supr. 11.4). (Cf. Skt. ksárati 'flow', later 'wane, perish', Avest. γζ?φθείρωXαρ- and ζ?φθείρωXγαρ- 'flow'.)

ἀνθρωπο-δαίμων, ονος, ὁ, ἡ,

A man-god, i.e. deified man, E.Rh. 971; semi-devil, Procop. Arc.12.

ἐκφθείρω,

A destroy utterly, Scymn.344, Str.17.1.44, etc.:—[voice] Pass., ἐκφθείρομαι to be undone, ruined,

ἐξεφθαρμένη E.Hec. 669

: Com., 'go to the devil',

ἐκφθαρεὶς οὐκ οἶδ' ὅποι Ar. Pax72

;

ἐκφθείρου Luc.DMeretr.15.2

.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `danger, risk' (Thgn., Pi., IA.; on the meaning Mette Hermes 80, 409ff.);

Other forms: (dat. - υνι Alc. Z 92; also gen. - υνος Sapph. 184?)

Compounds: as 2. member e. g. in ἐπι-κίνδυνος `connected with danger' (IA.).

Derivatives: κινδυνώδης `dangerous' (Hp., Plb.), κινδυνεύω `take (the) risk' (IA.) with κινδύνευμα `risk' (S., E., Pl.), - ευτής `dare-devil' (Th., D. C.; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 73), - ευτικός `dangerous, adventurous' (Arist.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: No etymology. The formally attractive connection with κίνδαξ, ὀνο-κίνδιος (which does not belong to κινεῖν! s.s.v.) from Prellwitz Wb., Vendryes REGr. 25, 461f., who compare further Lat. solli-citus `be in danger') gives semantically only one theoretical possibility. Hypothetical is also the proposal by Schulzes (in Sittig KZ 52, 207f.; agreeing a. o. Schwyzer 335, Specht KZ 66, 5), that κίνδυνος is an old expression of the game of dices with assimilation for *κύν-δυ-νος, from κύων as designation of an unsuccesful throw (as Skt. śvan-, Lat. canis; cf. on Κανδαύλης) and a word for `dice, -game' in Skt. dī́vyati `dice', dyūtá- n. `-game'; both phonetically and morphologically doubtfull, s. Kretschmer KZ 55, 90f.; rejected by Kuiper Μνήμης χάριν 1, 217 n. 26. S. also Taillardat, REAnc. 1956, 189-194. For foreign (Pre-Greek or (=) Anatolian) origin Debrunner Eberts Reallexikon 526, Kretschmer l. c. - On κίνδυνος = ἡ ἐν πρῴρα σελίς (H.), from where NGr. (Naxos) `bed', Andriotis Glotta 25, 19f. - Kuiper, GS Kretschmer. 1956, 217 gives κίνδῡν (Alc., Sapph.) as a true ending of a Pre-Greek word (not in Fur.).

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `want, wish' (Epich., Ar., Theoc., Dor, El. inscr.)

Other forms: λῃ̃ς, λῃ̃, λῶμες etc., El. opt. λΕοιταν, Cret. opt. λΕ(ι)οι, λΕιοιεν, subj. λΕιωντι, ptc. λΕιοντος, -α etc., inf. (coni. Ahrens Th. 5, 77) λῆν; the gloss λεῳμι seems Ion.

Derivatives: 1. λῆμα n. `will, spirit, courage, insolence' (Hdt.; Aly Glotta 15, 116) with λημάτια φρονήματα, βουλεύματα H., ληματίας m. `high-spirited, dare-devil' (Ar. Ra. 494; Chantraine Form. 93; v. l. ληματιᾳ̃ς as from *ληματιάω), ληματόομαι in λελημάτωμαι λῆμα ἔχω εἰς τὸ ἔργον H.; 2. λῆσις (also λῆϊς Dor.) βούλησις, αἵρεσις H.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Unexplained. Because of forms like λΕιοι, λΕιωντι etc. an orig. long diphthong lēi- was supposed, to which also λαιδρός, λιλαίομαι (WP. 2, 393 with Solmsen KZ 44, 171); this however, is impossible. Diff. s. vv.; also λίαν was wrongly adduced. Against an orig. Ϝλη- (from *u̯lēi-?) to Lat. vel-le, wollen etc. s. WP. l.c., where also other, decidedly wrong interpretations are rejected (also in Bq). Further lit. in Schwyzer 676 w. n. 2. One might start from *lē-i̯ō, Bechtel, Gr. Dial. 2, 192. - Cf. λωΐων.

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αἰχμαλωτίζω 1 aor. ᾐχμαλώτισα LXX; pf. 3 pl. ᾐχμαλωτίκασιν 1 Macc 5:13. Pass.: 1 fut. αἰχμαλωτισθήσομαι; 1 aor. ᾐχμαλωτίσθην; pf. 3 sg. ᾐχμαλώτισται (TestJob 16:5) (s. αἰχμάλωτος; since Diod S 14, 37; Plut., Mor. 233c; Epict. 1, 28, 26; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 4, 3; 2, 6, 5 [pass.]; 3, 4, 6 [pass.]; SIG 763, 7; 10 [64 B.C.]; LXX; TestJob 16:5; EpArist 12; Test12Patr; AscIs 3:2; Jos., Bell. 1, 433 [mid.], Ant. 10, 153 [pass.]; Theoph. Ant. 3, 25 [p. 256, 27] s. Nägeli 29).

① to cause someone to become a prisoner of war

ⓐ lit. take captive εἰς τὰ ἔθνη πάντα be scattered as captives among all nations Lk 21:24 (αἰ. εἰς as Tob 1:10; 1 Macc 10:33).

ⓑ fig. (so Dio Chrys. 15 [32], 90 αἰχμάλωτος and αἰχμαλωσία) make captive of the ἕτερος νόμος: αἰκμαλωτίζοντά με ἐν τῷ νόμῳ τῆς ἁμαρτίας makes me a prisoner to the law of sin Ro 7:23. αἰχμαλωτίζοντες πᾶν νόημα εἰς τὴν ὑπακοὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ we take every thought captive and make it obey Christ 2 Cor 10:5. Of the devil μὴ αἰχμαλωτίσῃ ὑμᾶς ἐκ τοῦ προκειμένου ζῆν lest he lead you captive from the life which lies before you IEph 17:1.

② the military aspect may give way to the more gener. sense gain control of, in which case αἰ. connotes carry away=mislead, deceive (Jdth 16:9 αἰ. ψυχήν; Iren. 1, praef. 1 [Harv. I 2, 4]) αἰ. γυναικάρια 2 Ti 3:6 (αἰχμαλωτεύοντες v.l.); τινά τινι αἰ. mislead someone w. someth. IPhld 2:2 (w. dat., and acc. to be supplied TestReub 5:3). ἵνα μὴ αἰχμαλωτισθήσεται ἡ καρδία αὐτῆς ἐκ ναοῦ κυρίου so that her heart be not enticed away from the Lord’s temple GJs 7:2.—DELG s.v. αἰχμή. M-M. TW.

αἰών, ῶνος, ὁ (Hom.+; gener. ‘an extended period of time’, in var. senses)

① a long period of time, without ref. to beginning or end,

ⓐ of time gone by, the past, earliest times, readily suggesting a venerable or awesome eld οἱ ἅγιοι ἀπʼ αἰῶνος προφῆται the holy prophets fr. time immemorial (cp. Hes., Theog. 609; Περὶ ὕψους 34, 4 τοὺς ἀπʼ αἰ. ῥήτορας; Cass. Dio 63, 20 τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ αἰ. Ῥωμαίων; IMagnMai 180, 4; SIG index; Gen 6:4; Tob 4:12; Sir 14:17; 51:8; En 14:1; 99:14; Jos., Bell. 1, 12; Just., D. 11, 1) Lk 1:70; Ac 3:21; make known from of old Ac 15:18; πρὸ παντὸς τ. αἰ. before time began Jd 25a (for the combination with πᾶς cp. Sallust. 20 p. 36, 5 τὸν πάντα αἰῶνα=through all eternity); pl. πρὸ τῶν αἰ. 1 Cor 2:7 (cp. Ps 54:20 θεὸς ὁ ὑπάρχων πρὸ τῶν αἰ. [PGM 4, 3067 ἀπὸ τ. ἱερῶν αἰώνων]); ἐξ αἰ. since the beginning D 16:4 (Diod S 1, 6, 3; 3, 20, 2; 4, 83, 3; 5, 2, 3; Sext. Emp., Math. 9, 62; OGI 669, 61; Philo, Somn. 1, 19; Jos., Bell. 5, 442; Sir 1:4; SibOr Fgm. 1, 16 of God μόνος εἰς αἰῶνα κ. ἐξ αἰῶνος). W. neg. foll. ἐκ τοῦ αἰῶνος οὐκ ἠκούσθη never has it been heard J 9:32.

ⓑ of time to come which, if it has no end, is also known as eternity (so commonly in Gk. lit. Pla. et al.); εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα (since Isocr. 10, 62, also Diod S 1, 56, 1 εἰς τ. αἰ.=εἰς ἅπαντα τ. χρόνον; 4, 1, 4; SIG 814, 49 and OGI index VIII; POxy 41, 30=‘Long live the Caesars’; PGM 8, 33; 4, 1051 [εἰς αἰ.]; LXX; En 12:6; 102:3; PsSol 2:34, 37; ParJer 8:5; JosAs 15:3 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα χρόνον 4:10 al. Jos., Ant. 7, 356 [εἰς αἰ.]) to eternity, eternally, in perpetuity: live J 6:51, 58; B 6:3; remain J 8:35ab; 12:34; 2 Cor 9:9 (Ps. 111:9); 1 Pt 1:23 v.l., 25 (Is 40:8); 1J 2:17; 2J 2; be with someone J 14:16. Be priest Hb 5:6; 6:20; 7:17, 21, 24, 28 (each Ps 109:4). Darkness reserved Jd 13. W. neg.=never, not at all, never again (Ps 124:1; Ezk 27:36 al.) Mt 21:19; Mk 3:29; 11:14; 1 Cor 8:13. ἕως αἰῶνος (LXX) 1 Cl 10:4 (Gen 13:15); Hv 2, 3, 3; Hs 9, 24, 4. In Johannine usage the term is used formulaically without emphasis on eternity (Lackeit [s. 4 below] 32f): never again thirst J 4:14; never see death 8:51f; cp. 11:26; never be lost 10:28; never (= by no means) 13:8. εἰς τὸν αἰ. τοῦ αἰῶνος (Ps 44:18; 82:18 al.) Hb 1:8 (Ps 44:7). ἕως αἰῶνος (LXX; PsSol 18:11) Lk 1:55 v.l. (for εἰς τὸν αἰ.); εἰς ἡμέραν αἰῶνος 2 Pt 3:18.—The pl. is also used (Emped., Fgm. 129, 6 αἰῶνες=generations; Theocr. 16, 43 μακροὺς αἰῶνας=long periods of time; Philod. περὶ θεῶν 3 Fgm. 84; Sext. Emp., Phys. 1, 62 εἰς αἰῶνας διαμένει; SibOr 3, 767; LXX, En; TestAbr B 7 p. 112, 3 [Stone p. 72].—B-D-F §141, 1), esp. in doxologies: εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας (Ps 60:5; 76:8) Mt 6:13 v.l.; Lk 1:33 (cp. Wsd 3:8); Hb 13:8. εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰ. (Tob 13:4; Da 3:52b; En 9:4; SibOr 3, 50) Jd 25b. εὐλογητὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας to all eternity (cp. Ps 88:53) Ro 1:25; 9:5; 2 Cor 11:31. αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰ. Ro 11:36; ᾧ κτλ. 16:27 (v.l. αὐτῷ). τὸ κράτος εἰς τοὺς αἰ. 1 Pt 5:11; more fully εἰς τοὺς αἰ. τῶν αἰώνων (Ps 83:5; GrBar 17:4; PGM 4, 1038; 22b, 15) for evermore in doxologies Ro 16:27 v.l.; Gal 1:5; Phil 4:20; 1 Ti 1:17; 2 Ti 4:18; Hb 13:21; 1 Pt 4:11; 5:11 v.l.; Rv 1:6, 18; 5:13; 7:12; 11:15 al. 1 Cl 20:12; 32:4; 38:4; 43:6; εἰς πάσας τὰς γενεὰς τοῦ αἰῶνος τῶν αἰ. Eph 3:21 (cp. Tob 1:4; 13:12; En 103:4; 104:5). Of God ὁ ζῶν εἰς τοὺς αἰ. (cp. Tob 13:2; Sir 18:1; Da 6:27 Theod.) Rv 4:9f; 10:6; 15:7; formulaically= eternal 14:11; 19:3; 20:10; 22:5.—κατὰ πρόθεσιν τῶν αἰώνων according to the eternal purpose Eph 3:11. All-inclusive ἀπὸ αἰώνων καὶ εἰς τ. αἰῶνας from (past) eternity to (future) eternity B 18:2 (cp. Ps 40:14 and Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 7, 401a, 16 ἐξ αἰῶνος ἀτέρμονος εἰς ἕτερον αἰῶνα; M. Ant. 9, 28, 1 ἐξ αἰῶνος εἰς αἰῶνα; SibOr Fgm. 1, 16 of God μόνος εἰς αἰῶνα κ. ἐξ αἰῶνος).

② a segment of time as a particular unit of history, age

ⓐ ὁ αἰὼν οὗτος (הָעוֹלָם הַזֶּה) the present age (nearing its end) (Orig., C. Cels. 1, 13, 15, in ref. to 1 Cor 3:18; s. Bousset, Rel. 243ff; Dalman, Worte 120ff; Schürer II 537f; NMessel, D. Einheitlichkeit d. jüd. Eschatol. 1915, 44–60) contrasted w. the age to come (Philo and Joseph. do not have the two aeons) Mt 12:32. A time of sin and misery Hv 1, 1, 8; Hs 3:1ff; ending of Mk in the Freer ms. 2; ἡ μέριμνα τοῦ αἰ. (v.l. + τούτου) the cares of the present age Mt 13:22; pl. cp. Mk 4:19. πλοῦτος earthly riches Hv 3, 6, 5. ματαιώματα vain, futile things Hm 9:4; Hs 5, 3, 6. πραγματεῖαι m 10, 1, 4. ἐπιθυμία m 11:8; Hs 6, 2, 3; 7:2; 8, 11, 3. πονηρία Hs 6, 1, 4. ἀπάται Hs 6, 3, 3 v.l. οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰ. τούτου the children of this age, the people of the world (opp. children of light, enlightened ones) Lk 16:8; 20:34.—The earthly kingdoms βασιλεῖαι τοῦ αἰ. τούτου IRo 6:1. συσχηματίζεσθαι τῷ αἰ. τούτῳ be conformed to this world Ro 12:2. As well as everything non-Christian, it includes the striving after worldly wisdom: συζητητὴς τοῦ αἰ. τούτου searcher after the wisdom of this world 1 Cor 1:20. σοφία τοῦ αἰ. τούτου 2:6. ἐν τῷ αἰ. τούτῳ 3:18 prob. belongs to what precedes=those who consider themselves wise in this age must become fools (in the estimation of this age). The ruler of this age is the devil: ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰ. τούτου 2 Cor 4:4 (θεός 5). ἄρχων τοῦ αἰ. τούτου IEph 17:1; 19:1; IMg 1:3; ITr 4:2; IRo 7:1; IPhld 6:2; his subordinate spirits are the ἄρχοντες τοῦ αἰ. τούτου 1 Cor 2:6, 8 (ἄρχων 1c).—Also ὁ νῦν αἰών (Did., Gen. 148, 21): πλούσιοι ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰ. 1 Ti 6:17; ἀγαπᾶν τὸν νῦν αἰ. 2 Ti 4:10; Pol 9:2. Cp. Tit 2:12. Or (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 42, 30) ὁ αἰ. ὁ ἐνεστώς the present age Gal 1:4 (cp. SIG 797, 9 [37 A.D.] αἰῶνος νῦν ἐνεστῶτος). The end of this period (cp. SibOr 3, 756 μέχρι τέρματος αἰῶνος) συντέλεια (τοῦ) αἰ. Mt 13:39f, 49; 24:3; 28:20 (cp. TestJob 4:6; TestBenj 11:3; JRobinson, Texts and Studies V introd. 86). συντέλεια τῶν αἰ. Hb 9:26; on GMary 463, 1 s. καιρός end.

ⓑ ὁ αἰὼν μέλλων (הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא) the age to come, the Messianic period (on the expr. cp. Demosth. 18, 199; Hippocr., Ep. 10, 6 ὁ μ. αἰ.=the future, all future time; Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 310 D.: ἡ τοῦ παρελθόντος χρόνου μνεία κ. ὁ τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος λόγος; Jos., Ant. 18, 287; Ar. 15, 3; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 24, 20; Did., Gen. 164, 2) in 2 Cl 6:3, cp. Hs 4:2ff, opposed to the αἰὼν οὗτος both in time and quality, cp. Mt 12:32; Eph 1:21; δυνάμεις μέλλοντος αἰ. Hb 6:5. Also αἰ. ἐκεῖνος: τοῦ αἰ. ἐκείνου τυχεῖν take part in the age to come Lk 20:35. ὁ αἰ. ὁ ἐρχόμενος Mk 10:30; Lk 18:30; Hs 4:2, 8. ὁ αἰ. ὁ ἐπερχόμενος Hv 4, 3, 5: pl. ἐν τοῖς αἰῶσιν τοῖς ἐπερχομένοις in the ages to come Eph 2:7. As a holy age ὁ ἅγιος αἰ. (opp. οὗτος ὁ κόσμος; cp. εἰς τὸν μείζονα αἰ. TestJob 47:3) B 10:11 and as a time of perfection αἰ. ἀλύπητος an age free from sorrow 2 Cl 19:4 (cp. αἰ. … τοῦ ἀπαραλλάκτου TestJob 33:5), while the present αἰών is an ‘aeon of pain’ (Slav. Enoch 65, 8).—The plurals 1 Cor 10:11 have been explained by some as referring to both ages, i.e. the end-point of the first and beginning of the second; this view urges that the earliest Christians believed that the two ages came together during their own lifetimes: we, upon whom the ends of the ages have come (JWeiss. A Greek would not refer to the beginning as τέλος. The Gordian knot has οὔτε τέλος οὔτε ἀρχή: Arrian, Anab. 2, 3, 7). But since τὰ τέλη can also mean ‘end’ in the singular (Ael. Aristid. 44, 17 K.=17 p. 406 D.: σώματος ἀρχαὶ κ. τέλη=‘beginning and end’; 39 p. 737 D.: τὰ τέλη … δράματος; Longus 1, 23, 1 ms. ἦρος τέλη; Vi. Thu. 2, 2 [=OxfT ΘΟΥΚΥΔΙΔΟΥ ΒΙΟΣ 2] τέλη τοῦ πολέμου; Aëtius, Eye Diseases p. 120, 25 Hirschb. after Galen: τὰ τέλη τ. λόγου=the close of the section; Philo, Virt. 182) and, on the other hand, the pl. αἰῶνες is often purely formal (s. above 1a and b, 2a at end) τὰ τέλη τῶν αἰ. can perh. be regarded as equal to τέλος αἰώνων (SibOr 8, 311)=the end of the age(s). Cp. TestLevi 14:1 ἐπὶ τὰ τέλη τῶν αἰώνων.—For the essential equivalence of sing. and pl. cp. Maximus Tyr. 14, 8b τὰ τῆς κολακείας τέλη beside τέλος τῆς σπουδῆς. Cp. also τέλος 5.

③ the world as a spatial concept, the world (αἰ. in sg. and pl. [B-D-F §141, 1]: Hippocr., Ep. 17, 34; Diod S 1, 1, 3 God rules ἅπαντα τὸν αἰῶνα; Ael. Aristid. 20, 13 K.=21 p. 434 D.: ἐκ τοῦ παντὸς αἰῶνος; Maximus Tyr. 11, 5e; IAndrosIsis, Cyrene 4 [103 A.D.] P. p. 129]; Ps 65:7; Ex 15:18 [cp. Philo, Plant. 47; 51]; Wsd 13:9; 14:6; 18:4; αἰῶνες οἱ κρείττονε Tat. 20:2) ApcPt 4:14. Created by God through the Son Hb 1:2; through God’s word 11:3. Hence God is βασιλεὺς τῶν αἰ. 1 Ti 1:17; Rv 15:3 (v.l. for ἐθνῶν); 1 Cl 61:2 (cp. PGM 12, 247 αἰώνων βασιλεῦ; Tob 13:7, 11, cp. AcPh 2 and 11 [Aa II/2, 2, 20 and 6, 9]); πατὴρ τῶν αἰ. 35:3 (cp. Just., A I, 41, 2; AcPh 144 [Aa II/2, 84, 9]); θεὸς τῶν αἰ. 55:6 (cp. Sir 36:17; ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰ.; En 1:4; PGM 4, 1163; TSchermann, Griech. Zauber-pap 1909, 23; AcJ 82 [Aa II/1, 191, 24f]). But many of these pass. may belong under 2.

④ the Aeon as a person, the Aeon (Rtzst., Erlösungsmyst. 268 index under Aion, Taufe 391 index; Epict. 2, 5, 13 οὐ γάρ εἰμι αἰών, ἀλλʼ ἄνθρωπος=I am not a being that lasts forever, but a human being [and therefore I know that whatever is must pass away]; Mesomedes 1, 17=Coll. Alex. p. 197, 17; Simplicius in Epict. p. 81, 15 οἱ αἰῶνες beside the μήτηρ τῆς ζωῆς and the δημιουργός; En 9:4 κύριος τ. κυρίων καὶ θεὸς τ. θεῶν κ. βασιλεὺς τ. αἰώνων; PGM 4, 520; 1169; 2198; 2314; 3168; 5, 468; AcPh 132 [Aa II/2, 63, 5]; Kephal. I p. 24, 6; 45, 7) ὁ αἰ. τοῦ κόσμου τούτου Eph 2:2. The secret hidden from the Aeons Col 1:26; Eph 3:9 (Rtzst., Erlösungsmyst. 235f); IEph 19:2 (Rtzst. 86, 3); cp. 8:1 (Rtzst. 236, 2). Various other meanings have been suggested for these passages.—CLackeit, Aion I, diss. Königsbg. 1916; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 426–32; HJunker, Iran. Quellen d. hellenist. Aionvorstellung: Vortr. d. Bibl. Warburg I 1923, 125ff; ENorden, D. Geburt des Kindes 1924; MZepf, D. Gott Αιων in d. hellenist. Theologie: ARW 25, 1927, 225–44; ANock, HTR 27, 1934, 78–99=Essays I, ’72, 377–96; RLöwe, Kosmos u. Aion ’35; EOwen, αἰών and αἰώνιος: JTS 37, ’36, 265–83; 390–404; EJenni, Das Wort ˓ōlām im AT: ZAW 64, ’52, 197–248; 65, ’53, 1–35; KDeichgräber, RGG I³ 193–95; HSasse, RAC I 193–204; MNilsson, Die Rel. in den gr. Zauberpapyri, K. humanist. Vetenskapssamfundets Lund II ’47/48, 81f; GJennings, A Survey of αιων and αιωνιος and their meaning in the NT, ’48; GStadtmüller, Aion: Saeculum 2, ’51, 315–20 (lit.); EDegani, ΑΙΩΝ da Omero ad Aristotele ’61 (s. Classen, Gnomon 34, ’62, 366–70; D.’s reply in RivFil 91, ’63, 104–10); MTreu, Griech. Ewigkeitswörter, Glotta 43, ’65, 1–24; JBarr, Biblical Words for Time² ’69; OCullman, Christus u. die Zeit³ ’62.—B. 13. EDNT. DDD s.v. Aion. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

Βεελζεβούλ, ὁ indecl. (v.l. Βεελζεβούβ and Βεεζεβούλ W-S. §5, 31, cp. 27 n. 56) Beelzebul, orig. a Philistine deity; the name בַּעַל זְבוּב means Baal (lord) of flies (4 Km 1:2, 6; Sym. transcribes βεελζεβούβ; Vulgate Beelzebub; TestSol freq. Βεελζεβούλ,-βουέλ). Whether בַּעַל זְבוּל (=lord of filth?) represents an intentional change or merely careless pronunciation cannot be determined w. certainty. For various derivations from Ugaritic and various periods of Hebrew, including the Dead Sea Scrolls, see IDB s.v. ‘Beelzebul’. In NT Β. is prince of hostile spirits: ἄρχων τῶν δαιμονίων Mt 12:24; Lk 11:15. Β. ἔχειν be possessed by the devil himself Mk 3:22. Jesus is called Β. by his enemies Mt 10:25; his exorcisms are ascribed to the help of Β. (practically a charge of witchcraft) Mt 12:24ff; Lk 11:15, 18f.—WGrafBaudissin, RE II 514ff; EKautzsch, Gramm. d. bibl. Aram. 1884, 9; PJensen, D. Gilgameschepos I 1906, 644; WAitken, Beelzebul: JBL 31, 1912, 34–53; HBauer, D. Gottheiten von Ras Schamra: ZAW 51, ’33, 89; LGaston, Beelzebul: TZ 18, ’62, 247–55.—TW.

Βελιάρ, ὁ indecl. Beliar (βελίαρ some edd.; also βελιάλ [Belial, the sp. used by most translators]=בְּלִיַּעַל ‘worthlessness’; on the interchange of λ and ρ s. W-S. §5, 27a; other variants Βελιάβ, Βελιάν; s. B-D-F §39, 6) name for the devil (e.g. TestReub 2; 4; 6; TestSol 1:2, 5 D; AscIs; Jubil. 15, 33; CD 4:13 al. and oft. in 1QM and 1QH). The Antichrist, too, is given this name (TestDan 5; SibOr 2, 167; 3, 63; 73; perh. also AscIs 4:2 [not pap]). Both mngs. are prob. 2 Cor 6:15 (cp. ‘either-or’ TestNapht 2).—WBousset, D. Antichrist 1895, 86f; 99ff, Rel.³ 528a (index); WGrafBaudissin, RE II 548f; MFriedlaender, D. Antichrist 1901, 118ff; RCharles, Rev. of St. John 1920 II 76ff. On B. in the OT: PJoüon, Biblica 5, 1924, 178–83; JHogg, JSL 44, 1928, 56–61.—HHuppenbauer, TZ 15, ’59, 81–89 (Qumran texts); DThomas in RCasey memorial vol. ’63, 11–19; Pvon der Osten-Sacken, Gott u. Belial, ’69.—TW.

βοτάνη, ης, ἡ (fr. βόσκω q.v.; Hom.+; pap, LXX; En 7:1; TestSol; TestAbr A 4 p. 80, 23 [Stone p. 8]; AscIs 2:11; Philo) a generic term for smaller green plants, freq. serving as pasturage for animals, s. βόσκω.

① vegetation in general, herb, plant, lit. Hs 9, 1, 5ff; 9, 21, 1; 3; 9, 22, 1; 9, 23, 1; 9, 24, 1; β. εὔθετος useful vegetation Hb 6:7; πᾶσαν φάγε β. eat every plant GEg 252, 53; s. also under 2, ITr 6:1; semina et herbam Pa (1, 3).—Esp. of weeds (for pap s. Preis.) Hm 10, 1, 5; Hs 5, 2, 3ff; 5, 4, 1; 5, 5, 3; 9, 26, 4.

② someth. likened to a plant, plant, of evil persons (foll. Mt 13:24ff) β. τοῦ διαβόλου a plant of the devil IEph 10:3; ἀπέχεσθαι κακῶν βοτανῶν IPhld 3:1. Of false teachings ἀλλοτρίας βοτάνης ἀπέχεσθαι ITr 6:1.—B. 521. DELG s.v. βόσκω. M-M.

γνώμη, ης, ἡ (s. γινώσκω; w. var. mngs. since Pind., Pre-Socr.; BSnell, Die Ausdrücke f. den Begriff des Wissens in der vorplatonischen Philosophie 1924, 20–30; Hdt.+)

① that which is purposed or intended, purpose, intention, mind, mind-set ἐν αὐτῇ γνώμῃ in unity of mind 1 Cor 1:10; sim. Rv 17:13 (μία γνώμη as Demosth. 10, 59; Plut., Cam. 150 [40, 2]; Ael. Aristid. 23, 31 K.=42 p. 778 D.; SIG 135, 21; Pollux 8, 151 μίαν γ. ἔχειν; Philo, Mos. 1, 235; Jos., Ant. 7, 60; 276; s. WvanUnnik in: Studies in John Presented to Prof. Dr. JSevenster, ’70, 209–20). ἐν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ γνώμῃ under the control of the mind of J. C. IEph 3:2; IPhld ins; ἡ εἰς θεὸν γ. mind directed toward God IRo 7:1; IPhld 1:2; ἡ ἐν θεῷ γ. mind fixed in God IPol 1:1. γ. τοῦ θεοῦ purpose/will of God IEph 3:2 (here also Christ as τοῦ πατρὸς ἡ γ., i.e., the personification of what God has in mind for appropriate conduct.—Jos., Ant. 2, 309; 3, 16; 17 τοῦ θεοῦ γ. is clearly God’s will. Likew. Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 100 §421 κατὰ γνώμην θεῶν; IAndrosIsis, Kyme 40 p. 124 Peek; OGI 383, 110 [I B.C.]; Just., D. 95, 2; 125, 4; Tat. 32, 2); IRo 8:3; ISm 6:2; IPol 8:1; ἡ τ. ἐπισκόπου γ. IEph 4:1; of the devil θλιβέντες τῇ γνώμῃ αὐτοῦ oppressed by his design IPhld 6:2 (γνώμῃ as instrumental dat. in Pind., N. 10, 89). γ. ἀγαθή good will or motive B 21:2 (cp. SIG 75, 28).—γ. ὀρθή IEph 1:1 v.l. (Lghtf.); γ. ἀλλοτρία=(behaves) in a contrary state of mind IPhld 3:3 (cp. 2 below).—As used in diplomatic parlance (s. OGI 315, 82f al.) B 2:9 of divine attitude or disposition = mind-set.

② a viewpoint or way of thinking about a matter, opinion, judgment, way of thinking (earliest use Hdt. 1, 120 [Parm. 8, 61 is questionable]; Dio Chrys. 55 [72], 12 ἑπτὰ σοφῶν τ. γνώμας; Vi. Aesopi G 20 ἡ τοῦ φίλου γνώμη; Sir 6:23; 2 Macc 14:20; 4 Macc 9:27; Jos., Ant. 13, 416) Ac 4:18 D; κατὰ τὴν ἐμὴν γ. in my judgment 1 Cor 7:40 (κατὰ τ. γ. as PPetr II, 11; I, 1; Wsd 7:15); γ. διδόναι express an opinion, appraise a matter, offer counsel or direction (for the phrase cp. Diod S 20, 16, 1 τ. ἐναντίαν δοὺς γνώμην; for the sense ‘direction, guidance’ s. also Iren. 4, 37, 2 [Harv. II 287, 8]) 1 Cor 7:25; 2 Cor 8:10; ἀλλοτρία γ. alien view IPhld 3:3 (cp. Just., D. 35, 6 of heresies). This mng. is poss. Phlm 14, and the phrase χωρὶς τῆς σῆς γ. can be understood in the sense without your input, but s. 3 below.

③ the act of expressing agreement with a body of data, approval (Polyb. 2, 21, 3 Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 96 §403 γ. δημοκρατικῆς διανοίας=showing preference for republican government; Jos., Ant. 18, 336) χωρὶς τῆς σῆς γ. Phlm 14: numerous versions (incl. NRSV, REB) and comm. favor approval, consent (s. 2 above); also ἄνευ γνώμης σου IPol 4:1 (exx. fr. Hellenistic times for both in Nägeli 33; also Diod S 16, 50, 8 ἄνευ τῆς ἐκείνου γνώμης; IAndrosIsis [δοξάζω 2]; UPZ 112, III 3 [III B.C.] al.). μετὰ γνώμης τινός w. someone’s approval (Isaeus 2, 8; Demosth. 25, 10; Diod S 16, 91, 2 μετὰ τῆς τῶν θεῶν γνώμης; UPZ 27, 1 [II B.C. al.) IPol 5:2. S. Renehan ’82, 49.

④ a declaration that expresses formal consideration of a matter, declaration, decision, resolution (freq. used as a t.t. for official proposals and proclamations: s. Herodas 2, 86 γνώμῃ δικαίῃ of judges; IPriene 105, 31 [9 B.C.] γνώμη τοῦ ἀρχιερέως; POxy 54, 12; PFay 20, 4; PBrem 15, 8 al.) of God Rv 17:17; w. impv. foll. γ. ἀγαθή gracious pronouncement i.e. a declaration that displays God’s gracious disposition 1 Cl 8:2. Sim. resolve, decision (Thu. 1, 53, 2; 2, 86, 5 γ. ἔχοντες μὴ ἐκπλεῖν; POxy 1280, 5 ἑκουσίᾳ καὶ αὐθαιρέτῳ γνώμῃ; En 6:4; Philo, In Flacc. 145, Spec. Leg. 2, 88 al.; Jos., Ant. 10, 253; Tat. 7:2 αὐτεξουσίῳ γ.; Ath. 34, 1 ὑπὸ χειρὸς καὶ γνώμης) Ac 20:3 (γίνομαι 7); of a proposal Hs 5, 2, 8.—SMouraviev, Glotta 51, ’73, 69–78. B. 1240. DELG s.v. γιγνώσκω. M-M. TW. Sv.

δεσμεύω 1 aor. 3 sg. ἐδέσμευσε (TestSol); subj. 2 sg. (Sir 12:12 B^corr). Pass.: impf. ἐδεσμευόμην; aor. inf. δεσμευθῆναι (TestSol 13:7)

① bind (Eur.; X.; Pla., Leg. 7, 808d; Epict. 4, 1, 127; PGM 4, 1246:5, 320; Judg 16:11 B; cp. 3 Macc 5:5; TestSol; ParJer 7:26 [ABH]; Jos., Ant. 14, 348) τινά Lk 8:29; Ac 22:4; τὴν πᾶσαν σάρκα ἀνθρώπων πρὸς ἡδονὴν ἐδέσμευεν (the devil) bound all flesh of humans to pleasure AcPlCor 2:11.

② tie up (in a bundle) (Hes., Op. 481 grain in a sheaf; Polyb.; PHib 214, 1 [c. 250 B.C.]; Sb 9386, 4; 9409 [1], 76 and 77; PLond I, 131 recto, 426 and 437 p. 182f; PFlor 322, 31; Gen 37:7; Jdth 8:3; Am 2:8) in imagery φορτίον tie up a burden, load which is then put on a person’s shoulder Mt 23:4 (cp. Cicero, Tusc. Disp. II, 4, 11).—DELG s.v. δέω 1. M-M.