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1 σκίγγος
Greek: ̀ σκίγγοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: alizard found in Asia Minor and used as medicine (Dsc. 2, 66 Welm.).).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin] (V)Etymology: Seen the variation Pre-Greek.Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκίγγος
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2 οὖραξ
οὖραξ, - αγοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: Att. `name of the bird τέτριξ' (Arist.).Derivatives: PG [Pre-Greek] [Pre-Greek]Origin: The suffix occurs in Pre-Greek, and it has parallels with the three Pre-Greek vowels, -υγ- -ῑγ- (with long vowel as often in Pre-Greek), Chantraine Form. 397, cf. λάταξ. This means that the word is Pre-Greek, and has prob. nothing to do with the word for `tail'.See also: s. οὑρά.Page in Frisk: 2,447Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οὖραξ
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3 κύλιξ
κύλιξ, - ικοςGrammatical information: f. (m.)Meaning: `(drinking) cup' (posthom.).Compounds: Some compp., e.g. κυλικ-ήρυτος `scooped with a cup' (Call.), εὑ-κύλικος `with beautiful cups' (AP).Derivatives: Diminut.: κυλίκιον (Thphr.), κυλίσκη (D. H., Poll., hardly from - ικ-ίσκη Schwyzer 542), - ίσκιον (Poll.); - ίχνη (Alc., Ar.; Chantraine Formation 195); Lat. LW [loanword] culigna (cf. W.-Hofmann s. calix); - ίχνιον (Ar., hell.), - ιχνίς (Achae.); further κυλικ-εῖον `cup-stander' (comp., pap.), - ειος `belonging to a cup' (Poll.), - ώδης 'κ.-like' (sch.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Agrees but for the stem-vowel with Lat. calix `deep bowl, cup' (from where NHG Kelch etc.), but a variation a\/u is unknown. The word κάλυξ (s.v.) `seed-vessel, husk' is not identical with our word for the same reason. With anlaut sk Umbr. skalçe-ta `ex patera', cf. σκαλλίον κυλίκιον μικρόν, σκαλίς σκαφεῖον H. does not belong here for the same reason (s. v.). (Also not here Skt. kaláśa- m. `jar, pot, dish'.) As with so many names of cups etc. we must reckon with loans. Wrong Pok. 550 f., W.-Hofmann s. calix (also Ernout-Meillet) who consider the word as IE. Connecting IE * (s)kel- is (in spite of NHG Schale a. o.) not convincing. See Fur. 110, 132 with n. 65, who points to κυλί-σκ-η and κυλίχν-ιον etc. with aspiration before the nasal (which is un-Greek and un-IE). So the word is Pre-Greek. - ικ is a typical Pre-Greek suffix (Beekes, Pre-Greek, suffixes); κυλ-ικ- has a typical Pre-greek structure (ib.)Page in Frisk: 2,46-47Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κύλιξ
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4 Άσγελάτας
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: epithet of Apollo on Anaphe.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The epithets Άπόλλων Άσγελάτας (Anaphe) and Άπόλλων Αἰγλάτας (Anaphe, Thera) are often compared, though they may be unrelated. The epithet of Apollo is typical of pre-Greek words. The explanation as Greek by Schwyzer 27 (ασ \> αι[σ]) is rightly criticized by Chantr. s.v. αἴγλη; part of Schwyzer's evidence is itself Pre-Greek. We find the variation clearly in the name of Asklepios (q.v.): aC-\/aiC- and asC-\/aisC-; here we have (only) aiC- and asC-; Fur. 293, 295; see Beekes, Pre-Gr. Furnée further (234, 335) connects ἀγλα(Ϝ)ός (and ἄγλαυρος), which deserves consideration. Remarkable is the resemblance of Akkadian azugallatu `great physician' (Burkert, Orient. Revolution 1992, 78.) So prob. a loan through (Pre-)Anatolian\/Pre-Greek. A connection with αἴγλη (q.v.) is improbable.Page in Frisk: 1, 161Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Άσγελάτας
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5 Έρῑνῡς
Έρῑνύ̄ς, -ύοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: name of a revenging god(dess), orig. perh. the revenging soul of the the murdered man; appellativ. `revenge, curse' (Il.), name of Demeter in Arcadia (Antim., Call., Paus. 8, 25, 6).Other forms: On the length of the υ see LSJ. Εριννυς rejected by LSJDialectal forms: Myc. Erinu.Derivatives: ἐρινυώδης `like the E.' (Plu.); ἐρινύω = θυμῳ̃ χρῆσθαι (Arc., Paus. l. c., EM), cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 390.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Uncertain; diff. proposals: to ἔρις, ὀρίνω (Solmsen KZ 42, 230 n. 2), to Skt. ríṣyati `be damaged' (Ehrlich Sprachgesch. 35, Prellwitz KZ 47, 187); to Skt. roṣati, ruṣyati `be unpleasant, be angry' with dissimilation υ-υ to ι-υ (Froehde BB 20, 187f.); cf. Kretschmer Glotta 9, 233. Etym. from Sanskrit are improbable - A connection with the mythical stallion Έρίων ( Άρίων, ΌρίϜων; Bechtel Dial. 1, 349; s. also v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 399f.) requires further demonstration. - On the Erinyes Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 100f. - It is to be expected that the name is Pre-Greek. Cf. Herter, Lexis 3(1954)232 and Arena, Helikon 6 (1966)144f. Neumann, Sprache 32 (1986) 43-51 proposes * eri-snh₁-u- `who provokes struggle', from * sneh₁- as in νεῦρον. This would give, however, * eri-san-u- \> * eri-(h)anu-; this could be avoided by assuming that the laryngeal was lost in the compound. But does `provoke struggles' fit? Heubeck, Glotta 64 (1986), who accepts Neumann, answers no; (in fact he says that such a meaning "zwar nicht restlos geschwunden, aber doch... weitgehend zurückgedrängt worden ist", p. 164. The Erinyes have nothing to do with ἔρις, and the proposal cannot be correct; their primary function is to punish. So there is no good IE etymology and the word will be Pre-Greek. (The ending -ῡς would have to be from - uH-s, i.e. - u-h₂- (there is no suffix - uH-_), but Motionsfem. of this type in Greek are not known). I think that the ending is Pre-Greek. Also the variation ν\/νν may represent a palatal (phoneme) ny (cf. ly in Α᾽χιλ(λ)εύς; for the phenomenon see Beekes, Pre-Greek B 1).Page in Frisk: 1,559Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Έρῑνῡς
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6 βόλβιτον
Grammatical information: n.Other forms: - ος m. (Thphr.), βόλβιθος (PMag. Par.; after σπύραθος, σπέλεθος ?, s. Chantr. Form. 367); also βόλιτον, - ος (Cratin.); βόλβιτα ἀφόδευμα βοός H. (i.e. βόλβις), βόλβυθον τὸ αὐτό H.Derivatives: βολίτινος (Ar.); βολίταινα cuttle fish, which smells badly (Arist.), also βολβίτιον (Gal.) and βολβίς (Epich.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: "The usual assumption that βόλιτον arose from βόλβιτον through progressive dissimilation, is hardly convincing" (Frisk). But that βόλβιτον is euphemistical through the influence of βολβός (Frisk) is not very convincing either. To derive βόλιτον from βάλλω, βόλος, and βολεών `Düngerhaufen' leaves the formation unexplained. It is much more natural to assume variation in a Pre-Greek word, which is confirmed by the fact that the suffix - ιτον is known from there (Fur. 163; further 180, 187; further the θ and the υ are typical variations. I wonder whether the variation β\/zero, to which Furnée devotes a chapter, derived from a labial [l]: * balʷ-it-, on which see αὖλαξ and Beekes, Pre-Greek. - The discussions in Frisk and DELG are examples of the wrong approach of Pre-Greek words: explaining away the characteristics of Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,249Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βόλβιτον
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7 κεράμβυξ
κεράμβυξ, - υκοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `longicorn beetle, `Hornschröter' (Nic. Fr. 39, H.; on the meaning Goossens L'Ant. Class. 17, 263ff.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Cf. σήραμβος, κόλυμβος, κόρυμβος a. o. (Chantraine Formation 261), and βόμβυξ, ὄρτυξ etc. (ib. 383 and 397). Another formation is κεράμβηλον, glossed by H. a. o. with κάνθαρος; cf. πέτηλος, κίβδηλος a. o. - The form cannot be derived from κέρας `horn'. If they have prenasalization, as seems probable, it is a Pre-Greek word. We know that - ηλ(ο)- is a Pre-Greek suffix. Also the suffix - υκ- is Pre-Greek. Fur. (passim) compares κᾱ́ραβος, καρά(μ)βιος and καραβίδες, as well as *σκαραβαῖος, all beetles; the form κερα- may have been adapted to κέρας. It is surprising that th etymology with κέρας is so long retained and that the Pre-Greek character has not been observed.Page in Frisk: 1,822-823Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κεράμβυξ
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8 κόμβος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `roll, band, girth' (Anon. ap. Suid.);Compounds: as 1. member in κομβο-λύτης βαλαντιοτόμος H., κομβο-θηλεία f. `buckle' (sch.; from κόμβος θῆλυς [ θήλεια]); also κομπο-θηλαία `band, girth' (sch.) and κομπο-θήλυκα pl. (Hippiatr.; v. l. for πόρπακας) after κόμπος = `boast'(?).Derivatives: κομβίον = περόνη (Eust., Sch.), κομβώσασθαι στολίσασθαι, κόμβωμα στόλισμα H., κομβώματα = καλλωπίσματα etc. (Suid., H.). Better attested is the hypostasis ἐγκομβόομαι `bind on, draw on' (Epich., hell. Com., 1 Ep. Pet. 5, 5) with ἐγκόμβωμα `protecting upper garment worn by slaves' (Longus, Thd.); further ἀνακομβόομαι `gird oneself' (Gp.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Technical word without certain explanation. One compares since Fick 1, 383; 3, 71, Zupitza Die germ. Gutt. 22f. on the one hand some Baltoch-Slavic words for `hang etc.', e. g. Lith. kabìnti `hang on, hook on', kìbti `hang on oneself, hook on', S.-Csl. skoba `fibula', Russ. skobá `iron hook, clamp', on the other Gr. σκαμβός `crooked (legs)', Σκόμβος PN (after Bechtel KZ 44, 358 "the limper"); further the isolated Norw. hempa `Kleiderstrippe, strap, handle' (can hardly be separated from hamp `hemp'). "Das Resultat dieser Vergleiche ist offenbar eine sowohl lautlich wie begrifflich wenig befriedigende Approximation." Frisk - Pok. 918, W.-Hofmann s. cambiō and campus, Vasmer s. skobá. - The IE connections are quite dubious. The forms κομβοθηλεία, κομποθηλαία, κομποθήλυκα clearly show a Pre-Greek word (a confusion of κόμβος with κόμπος is improbable, so the variation β\/π points to a Pre-Greek word; note also the variation - εια, - αια (and - υκα!), which we have seen more often in Pre-Greek (Beekes, Pre-Greek, suffixes sub - αι\/- ε(ι)). But does it contain the word κόμβος? The derivation of the second element from θῆλυς is clearly wrong.Page in Frisk: 1,907-908Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κόμβος
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9 μέσπιλον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `medlar, -tree, Mespilus germanica' (Archil., Hp., Amphis, Dsc.), also `thorn, Crataegus (orientalis, oxyacantha', Thphr.).Other forms: - ίλη f. (Thphr.)Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Foreign word of unknown origin, cf. Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 2, 65, Lewy Fremdw. 52. Improbable Carnoy REGr. 71, 9 6 f. Lat. LW [loanword] mespilum, -a (cf. W.-Hofmann s. v.), from where OHG mespila etc. From μέσπιλον, -α Osman. mušmula, from there NGr. τὸ μούσμουλο `medlar' (Maidhof Glotta 10, 15). - Prob. Pre-Greek; - ιλ- is a PG [Pre-Greek] [Pre-Greek] suffix (Beekes, Pre-Greek, suffixes).Page in Frisk: 2,215Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέσπιλον
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10 μίσχος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: 1. `stalk of a leaf, fruit or flower' (Thphr., Porph.), also 2. name of a Thessalisan apparatus for field work, " ἰσχυρότερον ἔτι τῆς δικέλλης,... ὅ μᾶλλον εἰς βάθος κατιὸν πλείω γῆν περιτρέπει καὶ κατωτέρωθεν" (Thphr.). Acc. to H. = ὁ παρὰ τῳ̃ φύλλῳ κόκκος, what can hardly be correct. As difficult is μίσκος = `pod, shell' (Poll. 6, 94). Extensively on μίσχος Strömberg Theophrastea 115f. Orig. agricultural term, by the botanic Theophrastos used for botany(?).Compounds: Compp., e.g. ἄ-μισχος `withou stalk' (Thphr.).Origin: 1. PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]; 2. PGX [probably a word of Pre-Greek origin] [probably a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: No etymology; the connection with μίσκαιος κῆπος H., which is further connected with Lith. mìškas `wood, forest', also `wood for burning or building' (Specht Ursprung 255 n. 2, Fraenkel Wb. s.v.), is semantically void, unless one accepts for the Lith. word a basic meaning `treetrunk, bar'. After Bechtel Dial. 1, 208 first from *μιχ-σκ-ος like μάσκη from *μάκ-σκη (s. μακέλη); "but μιχ- can nowhere be placed". Fur. 133 connects μίσχος and μίσκος, which means that the word is Pre-Greek. -- Fur. 133 does not want to connect the stalk and the Thessal. apparatus. On the other hand he may be right in connecting the latter with μίσκαιος, where σχ\/σκ rather points to Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,245Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μίσχος
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11 πύργος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `tower, wall-tower', also the fortification wall itself (Il.), metaph. `closed division of warriors, column' (Il.), `siege-tower' (X.), `farm-building', (LXX, pap., NT; lit. in Bauer Gr.-dt. Wb. s.v.).Compounds: Compp., e.g. πυργο-δάϊκτος `destroying towers' (A. Pers. 105 [lyr.]; prop. `with destroyed towers'? Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 82; s. also E. Williger Sprachl. Unt. zu den Kompp. der gr. Dicht. des V.Jh.s [Göttingen 1928] 45 n. 1), εὔ-πυργος `with fair towers, well-towered' (Η 71 a.o.).Derivatives: 1. Dimin. πυργ-ίον, - ίδιον, - ίς, - ίσκος, - ίσκιον, - ισκάριον (mostly hell. a. late); 2. - ωμα, mostly pl. - ώματα n. `tower structures' (Orac. ap. Hdt., A., E.); 3. πυργιτρον n. form a. meaning unclear (pap.VIp); 4. πυργ-ίτης n. `kind of sparrow' (Gal. a.o.; s. Redard 84 and on σποργίλος); - ῖτις βοτάνη H. 5. Adj. πύργ-ινος `consisting of towers' (A. in lyr.), - ειος `tower-like' (Ion., trag.), - ώδης `id.' (S.), - ῶτις `towered' (A. in lyr.; f. on *-ώτης, Redard 8); - ήρης `provided with towers, enclosed within towers or walls' (Orac. ap. Paus.) with - ηρέομαι `to be enclosed within towers or walls, to be besieged' (A., E.). 6. Adv. - ηδόν `columnwise' (Il.), `towerwise' (Aret.). 7. Verb πυργ-ῶσαι, - όω `to fence with towers, to pile up' (λ 264) with - ωτός `piled up' (Str. a.o.). 8. Πυργ-αλίδαι m. pl. n. of a guild in Kameiros (inscr.); after Τανταλ-ίδαι?Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Building technical expression; because of the striking similarity with NHG Burg, Goth. baurgs `town, tower' by Kretschmer Glotta 22, 100ff. taken as German. LW [loanword] through Northbalkan. (Macedon. ?) mediation. By others taken as Pre-Greek (Pelasgian as a form of Indo-European can now be forgotten. s. Furnée 40-55; s. Heubeck Praegraeca 63ff. w. further lit. In the same way is considered Πέργαμος, - ον, -α `the citadel (of Troy)', also PlN, to NHG Berg, Hitt. parkuš `high' etc.), s. Heubeck l.c. (Pok. 140f.), where also on the H.-glosses φύρκος τεῖχος and φ\<ο\> ύρκορ ὀχύρωμα (on this also Pisani Rev. int. ét. balk. 3, 22 n. 1); there is also a stronghold in Elis called Πύργος (Hdt. 4, 148, Str.) and a Φύρκος (Th. 5,49) -- On Lat. burgus (from Germ. or only influenced by it?) W.-Hofmann s.v. with Nachträgen. -- The forms with φυρκ- show well-known Pre-Greek alternations. To Asia Minor may point Urart. burgana `palace'. As to Περγαμον, the suffix - αμο- is Pre-Greek (cf. κάρδαμον). (Its non-IE character is confirmed by the place names Περγασα\/ Παργασα\/ Βαργασα, Furnée 64 n. 268, cf. on πάγασα) So the word is a normal Pre-Greek word.Page in Frisk: 2,629-630Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πύργος
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12 σκινδαλμός
σκινδαλμός, σκινδάλαμοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `splinter, hair-splitting etc.' (Dsc., Alciphr.), also σκινδάλαμος (Ar., Luc. a.o.), also σχινδαλμός, σχιδαλαμός a.o. (v. l. Hp. Mul. 2, 133).Derivatives: Besides σκινδύλιον n. `shingle' (Delph. IIa), ἀνα-σχινδυλεύω `to pierce' (Pl.), - σκινδυλεύω, - σκινδαλεύω (H., EM, Phryn.), after σκυλεύω, σκαλεύω a.o.; σχινδύλησις f. `split' (Hp. ap. Gal.). 2. On σκιδαρόν ἀραιόν H. s.v. 3. On σκοῖδος s.v. On all the words under C in Frisk s. Hiersche Ten. asp. 215ff. w. lit.; there also on the initial σχ-.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin] (S, V)Etymology: The group has nothing to do with σχίζω: σχίζω never has σκ-, and it never has - νδ-. The variation κ\/χ is Pre-Greek, but the χ may also have been taken from σχίζω. The suffix - αλμ- is not IE, but it is Pre-Greek, cf. ὀφθαλμός (s. v.); thus Beekes Devel. 193f., FS Kortlandt. The second α is a secondary prop vowel, which is requent in Pre-Greek (Furnée 378-385). The suffix - υλ- too is Pre-Greek. On the other forms I have no opinion ( σκοιδ-, σκινδυλ-; not in Furnée).See also: s. σχίζω.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκινδαλμός
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13 σκινδάλαμος
σκινδαλμός, σκινδάλαμοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `splinter, hair-splitting etc.' (Dsc., Alciphr.), also σκινδάλαμος (Ar., Luc. a.o.), also σχινδαλμός, σχιδαλαμός a.o. (v. l. Hp. Mul. 2, 133).Derivatives: Besides σκινδύλιον n. `shingle' (Delph. IIa), ἀνα-σχινδυλεύω `to pierce' (Pl.), - σκινδυλεύω, - σκινδαλεύω (H., EM, Phryn.), after σκυλεύω, σκαλεύω a.o.; σχινδύλησις f. `split' (Hp. ap. Gal.). 2. On σκιδαρόν ἀραιόν H. s.v. 3. On σκοῖδος s.v. On all the words under C in Frisk s. Hiersche Ten. asp. 215ff. w. lit.; there also on the initial σχ-.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin] (S, V)Etymology: The group has nothing to do with σχίζω: σχίζω never has σκ-, and it never has - νδ-. The variation κ\/χ is Pre-Greek, but the χ may also have been taken from σχίζω. The suffix - αλμ- is not IE, but it is Pre-Greek, cf. ὀφθαλμός (s. v.); thus Beekes Devel. 193f., FS Kortlandt. The second α is a secondary prop vowel, which is requent in Pre-Greek (Furnée 378-385). The suffix - υλ- too is Pre-Greek. On the other forms I have no opinion ( σκοιδ-, σκινδυλ-; not in Furnée).See also: s. σχίζω.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκινδάλαμος
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14 ἀντικρύ
Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `right opposite' (Il.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: With ἀντι- ?, further unclear. Kretschmer Glotta 4, 356 connects ἀντικρούω `come into collision'. Improbable Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2, 148: to κάρη. Improb. also vW. (to Lat. crūs). Beekes - Cuypers, Mnem. 56 (2003): -υ short, but metrically lengthened. The Attic form hardly substituted ἀντα- for ἀντι- (the anticipation of the ρ and the assimilation would then be strange); but this also suggests that ἀντα\/ι- is not the Greek word (assimilation ο \> υ is also rare in Greek). If the word was Pre-Greek (* ant(r)ak(r)u-) identification with ἀντι would not surprise. Interchange ο\/ι is known from Pre-Greek words (Fur. 191 n. 37), so the word will be Pre-Greek. Then, it is also uncertain what the original position of the ρ was; if *ἀντρα-κυ, the last element might be compared with μεσσηγυ, ἐγγύς.Page in Frisk: 1,114Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀντικρύ
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15 ἕλμις
Grammatical information: f.Other forms: (Arist.), gen. ἕλμινθος (with new nom. ἕλμινς Hp.), also ἕλμιγγος etc.; also acc. ἕλμιθα (epid.); nom. pl. ἕλμεις (Dsc.). Difficult λίμινθες ἕλμινθες. Πάφιοι H.Compounds: As 1. member in ἑλμινθο-βότανον `herb used against worms' (medic.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: If the dental- and velar enlargements are removed (Schwyzer 510 and 498, Chantr. Form. 366 and 400) we get a word, that agrees in its ending with two other names for `worm'. (One is found in Indo-Iranian (e. g. Skt. kŕ̥mi-), in Albanian ( krimp), Baltic (e. g. Lith. kirmìs), Slavic (e. g. OCS črъmьnъ `red' \< * črъmь, slov. čr̂m `fingerworm, carbuncle'), Celtic (e. g. OIr. cruim). The other is limited to Latin ( vermis) and Germanic (e. g. Goth. waurms), but has relatives in Balto-Slavic (e. g. OPr. vormyan `red', ORuss. vermie `ἀκρίδες') and Greek (Boeot. PN Ϝάρμιχος; cf. also, with different formation, ῥόμος σκώληξ ἐν ξύλοις H.). Of these IE *kʷr̥mi- seems to be the oldest, both for its wide distribution, especially in frontier areas, as because it is etymologically isolated (cf. Porzig Gliederung 208f.). The riming *u̯r̥mi- may have been adapted to the verb *u̯er- `turn, bend' (cf. ῥόμος and ῥατάναν). A further innovation would be found in Greek because it connected the verb u̯el- `turn, wind' (s. 2. εἰλέω), which gave two further forms for `worm', εὑλή and Ϝάλη (written ὑάλη). (From Tocharian A one adds walyi pl. `worms'.) - The last mentioned (three) forms (with -l-) are clearly unrelated. The IE forms have -r-, but our word has -l- (so the word is not IE, as Furnée 290 holds). Though DELG does not think it necessary to take the - νθ- as a sign of Pre-Greek, I don't see why. Note that the form ἔλμιγγος also shows the typical Pre-Greek prenasalization (cf. acc. ἔλμιθα IG IV 12, 122,10 Epidauros). The form λίμινθες also rather suggests a Pre-Greek variant. Was it *lymi(n)t-? (with proothetic vowel a- which became e- before the palatal l?). Note that the NGr. forms λεβίθα, - ίδες confirm the vowel right of the l (see DELG).Page in Frisk: 1,501Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἕλμις
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16 θρόνος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `throne, seat', also `chair of state, judge's seat'.Dialectal forms: Myc. tono, toronowokoCompounds: Compp., e. g. χρυσό-θρονος `with golden throne' (Il.)Derivatives: Diminutives θρονίς f. (Them.), θρόνιον (EM, Ptol.); further θρονίτης (cod. - τις) πρώτιστος H. (cf. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 24); θρονιτικός `throne-like' (Sidyma); denomin. verb θρονίζομαι `be placed on the throne' (LXX) with θρονιστής `enthroner' (liter. pap.), θρονισμός `enthronisation' (D. Chr.); also θρόνωσις `id.' (Pl. Euthd. 277d; as Rite of the Corybantes) as if from *θρονόομαι; cf. Chantraine Formation 279; on the facts v. Wilamowitz Glaube 2, 187.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation like κλ-όνος (from κέλομαι(?); cf. also χρόνος and Κρόνος), from a verb `hold, support, bear', seen e. g. in Skt. perf. dā̆dhā́ra (would be Gr. *τέ-θορ-α), in the athem. root aor. dhr̥-thās (2. sg.), perhaps also in ἐν-θρ-εῖν φυλάσσειν H. (s. θρησκεύω); θρόνος would then be prop. "supporter, bearer". Greek relatives are: θόρναξ ὑποποδιον. Κύπριοι. η ἱερὸν Άπόλλωνος ἐν τῃ̃ Λακωνικῃ̃ H., prob. for *θρόναξ through metathesis and so directly derived from θρόνος. Forms with θρᾱ- are too far away: θρή-σασθαι with θρᾶ-νος (s. v.), θρῆ-νυς; θρά̄-σκω with θρησκεύω (s. v.); there is no indication that they have enything to do with θρόνος. - Representatives in other languages, e. g. Lat. ferē, frētus, firmus, Skt. caus. dhāráyati, dhárma- `right, custom', dháraṇa- `holding', give nothing new for Greek. More forms Pok. 252f., W.-Hofmann s. firmus, ferē, Mayrhofer s. dhāráyati. - However, Greek has no forms in - ον-ος, only - ων, - ων-ος and - ων, - ον-ος (Chantr. Form. 159ff); there is no certain instance of IE - ον-ος (as opposed to roots with o-vocalism, like βρόμ-ος); on the other hand most Greek words in - ον-ος are suspected to be of Pre-Greek origin; also there is no word for `chair' derived from the root * dher- (Pok. 252f, nor is there any Greek substantive which is certainly derived from this root (Pok. 252). So we can be rather certain that this word is Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,686-687Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θρόνος
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17 γρῡπός
γρῡπόςGrammatical information: adj.Meaning: `hook-nosed, curved' (Pl.).Derivatives: γρυπότης (X.). Denom. γρυπόομαι `get curbed, of nails' (Hp.), γρύπωσις (medi.); γρύπτω, γρυπαίνω and, γρυμπαίνειν γρυποῦσθαι, συγκάμπτειν H. Thematic aorist ἔγρυπον (like ἔκτυπον) `become wrinkled', of the earth in an earthquake' (Melanth. Hist. 1); thus γᾶν ἐγρυμμέναν (Gortyn); idem γρυπανίζω (Antiph. Soph.) and γρυπάνιος (ib.); γρυπάλιον γερόντιον. η γρυπάνιον H. γρυπνόν στυγνόν (s. DELG) - Root noun γρῡ́ψ, - πός m. the mythological `griffin' (Aristeas ap. Hdt., A.), later the real `Lämmergeier' (LXX); cf. γύψ, σκώψ, γλαῦξ; also γρῦπαι αἱ νεοσσιαὶ τῶν γυπῶν. οἱ δε γῦπαι H. - γρυβός γρυψ H. after the nouns in - βος? (Chantr. Form. 261). Metaph. γρῦπες μέρος τῶν τῆς νεὼς σκευῶν καὶ ἄγκυραι H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: A connection with OE crumb, OHG krump ` krumm' is not very probable (the nasal difficult). The nasal in γρυμπαίνω could be Pre-Greek prenasalization but may be of Greek origin. The long u is difficult for IE (requires *- uH-). - Güntert Reimwortbildungen 132f. thought that γρύψ was γύψ influenced by γρυπός; which is not convincing. Grimme Glotta 14, 17 assumed a loan from Akkadian ( karūbu `griffin, cherub'; cf. Hebr. kerūb and Lewy Fremdw. 11f.) through Hittite. From the archaeological perspective origin in Asia Mindor (and the Near East: Elam) is very probable; DNP s.v. Greif; Hemmerdinger Glotta 48 (1970) 51f. (but not toAkk. karūbu); Wild, SBWien 241\/4 (1963) 3-28. It is not certain that γρύψ is related to γρυπός. The adjective makes the impression of a Pre-Greek word ( γρυμπ-) and this will be true of the mythical bird as well (whatever it ultimate origin); note γρυβός, which may well show Pre-Greek alternation. Fur. 175 assumes more variations on the basis of the Latin forms. Note also γρῦνος γρύψ H., which fits in Furnée's system as showing π\/F (236).- Through Lat. gryphus the word came in the WEur. languages (griffin. Greif).Page in Frisk: 1,329-330Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γρῡπός
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18 ἐμύς
ἐμύς, - ύδοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `sweet water-tortoise' (Arist.) (in LSJ only in Suppl.)Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: S. Chantraine Formation 126 and 347; origin unknown. Sommer Lautstud. 100 derives it from ἐμέω because the animal, when breathing out below the water-level lets go continuously air-bubbles. But - ud- is not an IE suffix, so prob. a Pre-Greek word; s. Chantr. Form. 348 πηλαμύς "sans doute prèhellénique," χλαμύς "arrangement d'un mot emprunté.") Cf. Beekes Pre-Greek suff. - υδ-. It has apparently escaped researchers that there are two forms; this prob. points to Pre-Greek origin (Fur. 346f.), though I cannot explain the variation ἀ-\/ἐ-. There is no support for the suggestion that πηλαμύς is compounded with it (which would make no difference for the interpretation). - So not to Celtic with Stokes BB 21, 132.Page in Frisk: 1,508Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐμύς
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19 θώραξ
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `cuirass' (Il.), `trunk, chest' (Hp.).Dialectal forms: Myc. to-ra-ke n.pl.Derivatives: θωρακεῖον (A., inscr.), θωράκιον (Plb.) `breastwork, parapet'; θωρηκτής `soldier with cuirass' (Il.; on the formation Trümpy [s. below] Redard Les noms grecs en - της 14, 232 n. 8), θωρακίτης `id.' (Plb.); θωρακικός `belonging to the trunk' (Aët.), θωρακαῖος `with cuirass (?)' (Delos IIa). Denomin. verbs: 1. θωρήσσομαι, -ω `put on a cuirass, armour yourself' (Il.), also metaph. `strengthen onseself (with wine, οἴνῳ, etc.)' (Hp., Thgn.) with θώρηξις `drinking to intoxication' (medic.). 2. θωρακίζω `armour' (Th., X.) with θωρακισμός (LXX).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Technical word without etymology, probably a loan. Earlier as inherited connected with Skt. dhāraka- `container' (cf. on θρᾶνος, θρόνος), but also as LW [loanword] compared with Lat. lōrīca. The meaning `trunk etc.' is prob. as medical term secondary against `cuirass, armour'. - Ample treatment by Trümpy Fachausdrücke 10ff. Also Hester, Lingua 13 (1965) 354. - Most prob. a Pre-Greek word; Fur. 302 n. 35 points to a v.l. θύραξ, which would prove Pre-Greek origin (Fur. gives more examples of ω\/υ; I think that Pre-Gr. u often was rendered by ω, as it did not have a phoneme ω, nor ο); the suffix -ᾱκ- is very frequent in Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,700Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θώραξ
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20 ἴμβηρις
Grammatical information: ?Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: The ending as in λεβηρίς `snake-skin' (Muller Altital. Wb. 30; so accent ἰμβηρίς?). The word resembles BaltoSlavic words for `eel', e. g. Lith. ungurỹs, Russ. úgorь, IE *engu- (? de Saussure MSL 6, 78f.) with ε \> ι before nasal (which is not a Greek rule) and Aeolic development of the idg. gu̯ (Schwyzer 275f.; cf. ibd. 352; also 300 and 302). - Unclear is the relation to ἔγχελυς, Lat. anguilla etc., s. v. and W.-Hofmann (s. anguis), for which no IE protoform can be reconstructed (Frisk). The assumption of Illyrian origin (Bonfante, Barić) has little support, cf. Mayer Glotta 32, 67. - The ending, seen also in λεβηρίς, rather points to a Pre-Greek word; see on - ηρ- Beekes, Pre-Greek, Suffixes. (If one removes the λ-, and assumes prenasalization, we would get *εμβηρις; ε\/ι is frequent in Pre-Greek.)Page in Frisk: 1,725Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἴμβηρις
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