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whose+home+is+it+

  • 1 home

    I [həʊm] n
    1) дом, жилище, домашний очаг, семья

    The population was forced out of their homes. — Людей безжалостно выгоняли из их жилищ.

    Only three saw their homes again. — Только трое остались в живых и увидели родной дом.

    Make yourself at home. — Располагайтесь, как дома/чувствуйте себя как дома.

    I'd be glad to see the old home once more. — Я с удовольствием побывал бы в нашем старом доме

    - pleasant home
    - noisy home
    - good home
    - broken home
    - clean home
    - humble home
    - perfect home
    - hereditory home
    - convenient home
    - modest home
    - well-ordered home
    - one's paternal home
    - exclusive home
    - frugal home
    - devout home
    - simple peasant home
    - bachelor home
    - one's a city home
    - Boston home
    - Ideal Home Exhibition
    - one's last home
    - one's home town
    - home address
    - home interests
    - home cooking
    - home economics
    - home craft
    - home help
    - home lessons
    - home folks
    - home life
    - home truth
    - home treatment
    - home medical attendence
    - home of elephants
    - love of home
    - pleasures of home     - on home ground
    - be away from home
    - be at home
    - be not at home to anyone
    - be without home or friends
    - break away from home
    - come home from sea
    - direct one's steps towards home
    - establish a home
    - feel at home
    - find no one at home
    - fit up a home
    - forsake one's home
    - flee from home
    - banish smb from home
    - furnish one's home
    - have no home
    - get smb back to one's home
    - guard one's home from smth
    - hang around smb's home
    - have a longing for one's home
    - have a home
    - give smb a home
    - leave home for a year
    - leave smth at home
    - live away from home
    - make a home for smb
    - live at home
    - make one's home abroad
    - make one's home attractive
    - manage one's home
    - marry for a home
    - return to one's own home
    - see smb home
    - set up one's own home
    - stay at home
    - think of home
    - use smb's home as headquarters
    - want a home
    - welcome smb to one's home
    - wreck smb's home
    2) приют, пристанище, убежище, учреждение

    The island provides a home for thousands of birds. — Осторов служит пристанищем множеству птиц.

    The picture has found a safe home in the National Gallery. — Национальная картинная галерея безопасное, постоянное место для этой картины.

    - rest home
    - maternity home
    - children's home
    - infants' home
    - orphan's home
    - sailors' home
    - detention home
    - funeral home
    - remand home
    - mental home
    - convalescent home
    - nursing home
    - old people's home
    - home for the aged
    - cherished home of all the artists
    - home for the blind
    - home for lost dogs and cats
    - end up in a mental home
    - provide a suitable home for collection of pictures
    - run a rest home
    3) родина, родной дом, место распространения, метрополия

    France is the home of cosmetics. — Косметика идет из Франции.

    England is the home of constitutional. — Конституционная форма правления впервые зародилась в Англии.

    Plastic containers make very good homes for geranium. — Герань хорошо держать в пластиковых контейнерах.

    Newspapers both at home and abroad ignored the incident. — Как свои, так и зарубежные газеты обошли это событие молчанием.

    to bring smth (closer to) home — ◊ сделать что-либо (более) понятным;

    it was a home thrust in his argument — ◊ его аргумент попал прямо в цель/его аргумент не в бровь, а в глаз;

    East or West, home is best. — ◊ В гостях хорошо, а дома лучше

    - home market
    - home goods
    - home industry
    - home manufacture     - home news
    - home guard
    - home rule
    - home countries
    - home service
    - home defence
    - Home Office
    - Home secretary
    - Home Fleet
    - Home Guard
    - home base
    - home station
    - home team
    - home match
    - home stretch
    - home position
    - home thrust
    - home of free enterprize
    - events at home
    - our policy at home
    - service at home
    - play two games at home and one away     II [həʊm] adv
    - bring smb home
    - bring smth home

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > home

  • 2 home side

    ■ The team on whose ground a match is played.
    ■ Auf eigenem Platz antretende Mannschaft.

    Englisch-deutsch wörterbuch fußball > home side

  • 3 home team

    ■ The team on whose ground a match is played.
    ■ Auf eigenem Platz antretende Mannschaft.

    Englisch-deutsch wörterbuch fußball > home team

  • 4 home team

    1. хозяева (льда/площадки)

     

    хозяева (льда/площадки)
    команда хозяев
    Хоккейная команда, на чьей ледовой площадке проводится игра.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    home team
    Ice hockey team in whose arena the game is being played.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > home team

  • 5 home team

    EN definition: Ice hockey team in whose arena the game is being played.
    хозяева (льда / площадки); команда хозяев
    RU definition: Хоккейная команда, на чьей ледовой площадке проводится игра.

    English-Russian glossary of hockey terms > home team

  • 6 from whose bourn no traveller returns

    книжн.
    откуда ещё никто не возвращался, т. е. в царстве смерти [шекспировское выражение; см. цитату]

    Hamlet: "The undiscover'd country from whose bourne No traveller returns..." (W. Shakespeare ‘Hamlet’, act III, sc. I) — Гамлет: "Безвестный край, откуда нет возврата Земным скитальцам..." (перевод М. Лозинского)

    You see one of the boys has... departed to that mysterious country from whose bourn no traveller returns. (M. Twain, ‘The Innocents at Home’, ch. II) — Один из наших молодцов отправился в тот далекий и таинственный край, откуда никому нет возврата.

    ...the House of Lords, like death, has been the bourn from which no traveller returned. (‘The Sunday Times’) —...палата лордов подобна царству теней: из нее никто еще не возвращался.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > from whose bourn no traveller returns

  • 7 beheimatet

    I P.P. beheimaten
    II Adj. resident; beheimatet sein in (+ Dat) come from; Tiere etc.: auch be native to; er / es ist in X beheimatet auch his / its home is (in) X; der in Wien beheimatete Künstler the artist whose home is in Vienna
    * * *
    be|hei|ma|tet [bə'haimatət]
    adj
    (= ansässig) resident ( in +dat in); (= heimisch) Pflanze, Tier, Volk indigenous, native ( in +dat to)

    wo sind Sie behéímatet? — where is your home?

    eine in Schottland behéímatete Pflanze — a plant (that is) indigenous to Scotland

    * * *
    be·hei·ma·tet
    [bəhaima:tət]
    ▪ [irgendwo] \beheimatet sein to be resident [somewhere]
    wo bist du eigentlich \beheimatet? where do you actually come from?
    2. BOT, ZOOL native, indigenous
    in Kalifornien \beheimatet sein to be native [or indigenous] to [or a native of] California
    * * *

    an einem Ort/in einem Land beheimatet sein — <plant, animal, tribe, race> be native or indigenous to a place/country; < person> come from a place/country

    * * *
    A. pperf → beheimaten
    B. adj resident;
    beheimatet sein in (+dat) come from; Tiere etc: auch be native to;
    er/es ist in X beheimatet auch his/its home is (in) X;
    der in Wien beheimatete Künstler the artist whose home is in Vienna
    * * *

    an einem Ort/in einem Land beheimatet sein — <plant, animal, tribe, race> be native or indigenous to a place/country; < person> come from a place/country

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > beheimatet

  • 8 कृपनीळअ


    kṛipá-nīLa
    mfn. (for kṛipā́-n-) one whose home is splendour, dwelling in splendour (N. of Agni) RV. X, 20, 3 ;

    <« the support of sacred rites» Sāy. >
    seeﾠ 1. kṛíp

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > कृपनीळअ

  • 9 COCOLIZTLI

    cocôliztli:
    Maladie.
    Angl., illness, disease.
    " ômpa quicuîz hueyi cocôliztli ", alors il attrapera une grave maladie. Sah11,69.
    " in zan cocôliztli ic miquih ", ceux qui ne meurent que de maladie. Sah3,41
    Une liste de maladies, cocôliztli envoyées par Tezcatlipoca. Sah3,11.
    " quinêxtia miquiztli, cocôliztli, miquiztetzahuitl ", il signifie mort et maladie, il est un présage de mort - it signified dead or sickness; it was an omen of dead.
    Est dit du cri de la chouette, tecolotl. Sah5,161.
    " no huel nemâcuextîlo in xiuhtomoltetl in îpampa cocôliztli ", tambien se pueden hazer brazaletes de xiuhtomoltetl para la enfermedad. Cod Flor XI 178v = ECN9,210.
    " in ihcuâc cocôliztli momanaya ", quand l'épidémie se répandait. Une prière à Tezcatlipoca à cette occasion. Sah6,1.
    " pahtli, mochi înâmic in cocôliztli ", c'est un médicament, un remède contre toutes les maladies - it is a medecine, a remedy for all ailments.
    Est dit de l'ôlli. Sah11,112. Cf. aussi Acad Hist MS 205r = ECN11,68.
    " quihtoâya, ca ic ôquîz, ic ôtechtlalcahuih in cocôliztli, in mayânazliztli ", they said: 'for thus it is ended; thus sickness and famine have left us'. Après la ligature des années. Sah7,31.
    " hueyi cocôliztli, totomônaliztli ", une grande maladie, la variole. Sah12,83.
    " in cocôliztli, in tlahîlli, in tlatlaciztli, in âtônaliztli, in tetzauhcocôlli ", les maladies, la diarrhée, la toux, la fièvre, la consomption. W.Lehmann 1938,158.
    " ce tlâcatl cihuâtl îchân Tenochtitlan mic îca cocôliztli ", une dame, habitant Tenochtitlan, est morte de maladie - a wooman of quality. whose home was in Tenochtitlan died of a sickness. Sah8,3.
    " tlacôpahtli: quincôzcatiah in pîpiltotôntin îpampa in huel ihyac; ic ilôti in tle in cocôliztli ", tlacopahtli: ils en font des collier pour les petits enfants car elle est très arômatique, ainsi régresse ce qui est maladie - les ponen collares (de esta planta) a los ninitos porque es muy hedionda: asi debilita lo que constituye la enfermedad. Acad Hist MS 238v = ECN9,194.
    " cocôliztli quitêittîtia ", il apporte la maladie aux gens. Sah4,94.
    * à la forme possédée, " cihuah încocôliz ", menstrues.
    * à la forme possédée inaliénable.
    " in îcocolizyo in tonacayo ", les maladies du corps. Sah10,139.
    " in îcocôlizyo îhuân in îpahyo in toquechtepol ", les maladies et les remèdes du cou - the ailments and their cures of the neck. Sah lo,149.
    Note: F.Karttunen transcrit cocoliztli.
    Form: est tiré du radical 'coco-' qui donne 'cocôc', 'cocôya', 'cocôxqui' etc. et non du verbe cocoa (lequel peut donner en revanche "têcocôliztli", action de faire mal à quelqu'un.

    Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique > COCOLIZTLI

  • 10 TLACATL

    tlâcatl. plur. tlâcah ou tlâcaltin (rare). Dycherhoff 1970,317.
    1.\TLACATL homme, personne humaine.
    " inihqueh on tlâcah zan nô titehhuân ", ces personnes sont comme nous. Launey Introd 247.
    " zan mâcêhualli, zan tlâcatl ", il n'est qu'un homme du peuple, il n'est qu'un homme - only a common man, just a man. Est dit de Huitzilopochtli. Sah1,1.
    " mochi tlâcatl îtlaôl quitquîtiuh ", tout le monde est en train d'emporter ses grains de maïs. Sah2,153.
    " in cualli in tlâcatl oquichpiltôntli, cihuâpiltôntli ", le bon fils, petit garçon ou petite fille - der gute, der sittige Knabe und das Mädchen. Sah 1952,10:27.
    " in amehhuântin in nicân antlâcah ", vous qui êtes les gens d'ici. Sah1,55.
    " ahmo tlâcacemelehqueh ahmo tlâcah tlahuêlîlôqueh ", pervers, inhumains, mauvais. Est dit de ceux qui sont nés sous un chiffre cinq. Sah4,71.
    *\TLACATL avec négation, " ahnitlâcatl ", je suis inhumain - Ynhumano ser (M I 75r.b).
    2.\TLACATL seigneur.
    'tlâcatl' peut être un titre honorifique. Launey II 119.
    "tlâcatlé", ô maître.
    Invocation à Tlaloc. Launey II 153.
    à Tezcatlipoca. Sah6,1.
    Egalement en Launey II 134 "tlâcatlé, totêcué, tlâlôcântêuctlé", ô maître. ô notre seigneur, ô seigneur de Tlalocan.
    "tlâcatlé, totêcué", ô maître, ô notre seigneur. Dit un vieillard en s'adressant à un jeune homme. Sah6,183.
    "ca zan ôtictlâltemolicoh in tlâcatl. in tetzâhuitl. Huitzilopochtli", nous ne sommes venus que pour chercher de la terre pour le maître, le prodige Huitzilopochtli. Sah 1952, 133:15 13.
    "in tlâcatl, in totêucyo in tetzâhuitl Huitzilopochtli", le seigneur, notre maître, le prodige Huitzilopochtli. SGA II 354.
    " anca canah cetzin ômonêxîtih in îcocôcauh in tlâcatl totêucyo ", car quelque part le seigneur notre maître a montré une de ses richesses - because somewhere some of the wealth of the master, our lord, hath been shown me. Il s'agit d'Huitzilopochtli. Sah9,55.
    Et de même pour désigner le dieu du feu: "in tlâcatl totêucyo in tlôqueh nâhuaqueh in tlâlticpacqueh". SGA II 654.
    "in tlâcatl, in totêucyo, in tloqueh nâhuaqueh, in totêucyo, in yohualli, in ehecatl", désigne la divinité, invoquée par le pénitent qui se confesse. Sah1,24.
    "in tlâcatl, in yohualli, in ehecatl. i totêucyo, in tlôqueh, nâhuaqueh", le maître qui est la nuit, qui est le vent, Notre Seigneur qui est près de toutes choses.
    Est dit de la divinité sous les traits de Quetzalcôâtl. Launey II 293 = Sah10, 190.
    "ce tlâcatl cihuâtl îtôcâ Itzpapalôtl", une dame nommée Itzpapalotl - eine Herrin namens Itzpapalotl. W.Lehmann 1938,35 § 43.
    " ce tlâcatl cihuâtl îchân Tenochtitlan mic îca cocôliztli ", une dame, habitant Tenochtitlan, est morte de maladie - a wooman of quality. whose home was in Tenochtitlan died of a sickness. Sah8,3.
    " in tlâcatl cihuâpilli nonântzin îtôcâtzin Doña Francisca de Moteuhcçoma ", la noble princesse ma mère Doña Francisca de Moctezuma - trad. La persona de la princesa, mi reverenciada madre Doña Francisca de M. Cron.Mexicayotl 7.
    " tlâcatl ", une noble personne - the noble person. Texte espagnol. la persona generosa o de gran linaje. Sah10,15.
    " tlâcatl " peut également désigner une noble dame comme dans Sah10,49.
    Texte espagnol, la muger noble.
    " in tochpôchtzin, ca pilli, ca têcpilli, têcpilpan tlâcatl, têcpilconêtl, pillamecayôtl îtech quîzqui ", la jeune fille est noble, elle est une dame, une dame parmi la noblesse, une enfant de seigneur, issue d'une lignée de seigneurs - the maid is noble, a noble among the nobles, a child of nobility. (She is one) from whom noble lineage issues. Sah10,46.
    " înamictzin catca in tlâcatl Don Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin ", son mari était le seigneur Don Diego - Trad. Su estimado marido fué la persona de Don Diego. Cron.Mexicayotl 7.
    " mâ tiquiztlacahuîti in tlâcatl motêuczomatzin ", ne trompons pas le seigneur Moctezuma - let us not deceive the lord Moctezuma. Sah12,5.
    "tlâ quimocaquitin tlâcatl", que le seigneur daigne nous entendre.
    S'adresse à Cortés. Sah12,16.
    "ca ahmo tonâhuatîl in quimonequiltia tlâcatl". mais ce que desire le seigneur n'est guère de notre ressort. S'adresse à Cortés. Sah12,18.
    "in tlâcatl tlahtcâni motêuczoma", le seigneur, le souverain Moctezuma. Sah12,17.
    "îtôtôuh in tlâcatl", Le seigneur des oiseaux. désigne le teôtzanatl. Sah11,59.
    'tlâcatl' peut également désigner le souverain, "îtôltêcahuân in tlâcatl". les artisans du souverain. Sah9,31.
    *\TLACATL à la forme possédée "tlâcatl" peut signifier 'esclave'.
    Launey II 319.
    " îtlâcauh ye cholôz ", son esclave s'enfuira - his slave would flee. Sah5,101.
    " inic ahmo quimahhuazqueh quincuecuenochihchîhuazqueh ahnozo quinhuîtequiz întlâcahuân ", qu'ils n'insultent pas, qu'ils ne traitent pas avec une folle arrogance, qu'ils ne battent pas leurs esclaves. Sah4,34.

    Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique > TLACATL

  • 11 μέτοικος

    μέτοικος, ὁ, ἡ,
    A settler from abroad, alien resident in a foreign city, denizen, A.Th. 548, Supp. 994, Hdt.4.151, etc.; esp. at Athens, Th. 2.13, And.1.15, etc.; ξένος λόγῳ μ., opp. ἐγγενής, S.OT 452, cf. Ar. Ach. 508, Eq. 347, SIG799.25 (Cyzic., i A.D.); μ. γῆς one who has settled in a country, A.Pers. 319; μ. δόμων, χώρας, Id.Ch. 971 (lyr.), S.OC 934;

    ἐν τῇ τῶν πλησίον And.1.144

    ; βροτοῖς οὔτε < νεκρὸς> νεκροῖσιν μέτοικος, οὐ ζῶσιν, οὐ θανοῦσιν whose home is neither with the living nor the dead, S.Ant. 852 (lyr.): metaph., of birds, as sojourners in the heavens, A.Ag.57 (anap.).
    2 occupant of the same house with another, Sammelb. 5837 (ii A.D.).

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > μέτοικος

  • 12 ירושלמי

    יְרוּשַׁלְמִיm. (preced.) of Jerusalem, Jerusalemite. Lam. R. introd. (R. Joh. 1) כל נביא … י׳ היה every prophet whose home is not mentioned was a citizen of Jerusalem (v. יְרוּשָׁלַיִם). Ib. to I, 1 רבתי (חד מאת׳ 8) אזל י׳ לאתינס the Jerusalemite went to Athens. Tosef.Keth.XIII (XII), 3 איזהו כסף צורי זה י׳ what does Tyrian currency mean? It means the Jerusalem standard. Num. R. s. 14 לשון י׳ Jerusalem (Palestinean) dialect, v. כִּיסּוּפָא.תלמוד י׳ Jer. Talmud, the Palestinean collection of Mishnah and Gemarah, contrad. to the Babylonian (תלמוד בַּבְלִי).תרגום י׳ (abbr. ת״י, misnamed Targ. Jonathan) Targum Yrushalmi, name of a Chaldaic version of the Pentateuch, contrad. to Targ. Onkelos (v. Berliner Targ. O. II, p. 100, a. Sm. Dict. of the Bible s. v. Versions).Fem. יְרוּשלְמִית Ḥull.65a, v. יוֹחָנָא II. Erub.83a, v. סְאָה.Pl. יְרוּשַׁלְמִיּוֹת. Y.Keth.I, 25b top, v. הָגַן. Yoma 44b; a. e.

    Jewish literature > ירושלמי

  • 13 יְרוּשַׁלְמִי

    יְרוּשַׁלְמִיm. (preced.) of Jerusalem, Jerusalemite. Lam. R. introd. (R. Joh. 1) כל נביא … י׳ היה every prophet whose home is not mentioned was a citizen of Jerusalem (v. יְרוּשָׁלַיִם). Ib. to I, 1 רבתי (חד מאת׳ 8) אזל י׳ לאתינס the Jerusalemite went to Athens. Tosef.Keth.XIII (XII), 3 איזהו כסף צורי זה י׳ what does Tyrian currency mean? It means the Jerusalem standard. Num. R. s. 14 לשון י׳ Jerusalem (Palestinean) dialect, v. כִּיסּוּפָא.תלמוד י׳ Jer. Talmud, the Palestinean collection of Mishnah and Gemarah, contrad. to the Babylonian (תלמוד בַּבְלִי).תרגום י׳ (abbr. ת״י, misnamed Targ. Jonathan) Targum Yrushalmi, name of a Chaldaic version of the Pentateuch, contrad. to Targ. Onkelos (v. Berliner Targ. O. II, p. 100, a. Sm. Dict. of the Bible s. v. Versions).Fem. יְרוּשלְמִית Ḥull.65a, v. יוֹחָנָא II. Erub.83a, v. סְאָה.Pl. יְרוּשַׁלְמִיּוֹת. Y.Keth.I, 25b top, v. הָגַן. Yoma 44b; a. e.

    Jewish literature > יְרוּשַׁלְמִי

  • 14 хозяева (льда/площадки)

    1. home team

     

    хозяева (льда/площадки)
    команда хозяев
    Хоккейная команда, на чьей ледовой площадке проводится игра.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    home team
    Ice hockey team in whose arena the game is being played.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > хозяева (льда/площадки)

  • 15 encontrar

    v.
    1 to find.
    lo encontré durmiendo I found him sleeping
    Ella encuentra monedas en la calle She finds coins in the street.
    Ella encontró su destino She found her destiny.
    2 to encounter (dificultades).
    3 to find.
    no lo encuentro tan divertido como dice la gente I don't find it o think it is as funny as people say
    no sé qué le encuentran a ese pintor I don't know what they see in that painter
    4 to meet, to encounter, to come upon, to find.
    Ella encontró a su media naranja She met her better half.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ CONTAR], like link=contar contar
    1 (gen) to find
    2 (una persona sin buscar) to come across, meet, bump into
    3 (dificultades) to run into, come up against
    4 (creer) to think, find
    5 (notar) to find
    6 (chocar) to collide
    1 (estar) to be
    2 (persona) to meet; (por casualidad) to bump into, run into, meet
    3 (dificultades) to run into
    4 (chocar) to collide
    5 figurado (sentirse) to feel, be
    \
    encontrarse con ganas de hacer algo / encontrarse con fuerzas para hacer algo to feel like doing something
    * * *
    verb
    2) meet
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=hallar buscando) to find

    no encuentro mi nombre en la lista — I can't find o see my name on the list

    2) [por casualidad] [+ objeto, dinero] to find, come across; [+ persona] to meet, run into

    le encontraron un tumor — they found him to have a tumour, he was found to have a tumour

    • encontrar a algn haciendo algo — to find sb doing sth

    3) [+ oposición] to meet with, encounter; [+ problema] to find, encounter, come across

    encontrar dificultades — to encounter difficulties, run into trouble

    4) (=percibir) to see
    5) (=considerar) to find

    ¿encuentras el libro fácil de leer? — do you find the book easy to read?

    ¿cómo encontraste a tus padres después del viaje? — how did you find your parents after the trip?

    ¿qué tal me encuentras? — how do I look?

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( buscando) <casa/trabajo/persona> to find
    b) ( casualmente) <cartera/billete> to find, come across
    2) ( descubrir) <falta/error> to find, spot; <cáncer/quiste> to find, discover
    3) <obstáculo/dificultad> to meet (with), encounter

    allí encontró la muerte — (period) he met his death there

    4) (+ compl)

    ¿cómo encontraste el país? — how did the country seem to you?

    2.
    1) encontrarse v pron
    2)

    encontrarse con alguien — to meet somebody, bump into somebody (colloq)

    b) (refl) (Psic) tb
    3) (recípr)
    a) ( reunirse) to meet; ( por casualidad) to meet, bump into each other (colloq)
    b) carreteras/líneas to meet
    4) (enf) ( inesperadamente) < persona> to meet, bump into (colloq); <billete/cartera> to find, come across
    5) (frml) ( estar) to be
    * * *
    = dig up, encounter, find, locate, spot, trace, track, turn up, find + Posesivo + way to, disinter, ferret out, root out, lay + hands on, come by, track down, bump into.
    Ex. The list of changed headings is almost literally endless if you have the patience to dig them all up.
    Ex. This simple observation also goes some of the way towards explaining the variety of tools, methods and systems which are encountered in the organisation knowledge.
    Ex. Wherever abstracts are found they are included to save the user's time in information gathering and selection.
    Ex. This order suffices for a list whose purpose is to identify and locate documents, whose bibliographic details are already known.
    Ex. When all necessary amendments have been spotted, edit the draft abstract and make any improvements to the style that are possible.
    Ex. The author approach remains an important means of tracing a specific document.
    Ex. The index fields are used for tracking annual indexes.
    Ex. Although I have not done a complete analytical search of library literature for discussions of the structures of catalogs, preliminary searches have turned up little except for historical discussions.
    Ex. He found his way quickly and easily to the materials he needed.
    Ex. Tests such as this one will often disinter the real citation intended but it is a time consuming task.
    Ex. As a rule analysts are left on their own to ferret out useful and appropriate areas to be investigated.
    Ex. The article has the title ' Rooting out journals on the Net'.
    Ex. It is, therefore, expedient to look into history to lay hands on the root of the problem.
    Ex. This article shows how teachers came by such information and the use they made it of in their work.
    Ex. In stepping away from the genre's glamorous robberies and flashy lifestyle, this stealthy, potent movie tracks down the British gangster icon to its inevitable end.
    Ex. Slake is such a dreamer that he bumps into lampposts.
    ----
    * buscar y encontrar = match.
    * difícil de encontrar = hard-to-find.
    * dificultad + encontrarse = difficulty + lie.
    * el que lo encuentre se lo queda = finders keepers.
    * encontrar aceptación = find + favour, find + acceptance, find + a home.
    * encontrar + Adjetivo + de + Infinitivo = find it + Adjetivo + to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar afinidades = find + common ground.
    * encontrar Algo demasiado difícil = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * encontrar Algo difícil = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.
    * encontrar alojamiento = find + a home.
    * encontrar aplicación práctica = find + application.
    * encontrar casa = find + a home.
    * encontrar confortable = find + comfortable.
    * encontrar cosas comunes = find + common ground.
    * encontrar defectos = fault.
    * encontrar defectos en = find + fault with, see + faults in.
    * encontrar difícil de explicar = be hard put to explain.
    * encontrar difícil + Infinitivo = find it hard to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar dificultades = encounter + difficulties, encounter + limitations.
    * encontrar eco en = find + echo in.
    * encontrar el camino = wayfinding, wind + Posesivo + way.
    * encontrar el camino de vuelta = find + Posesivo + way back.
    * encontrar el dinero = come up with + the money.
    * encontrar el equilibrio = strike + the right note.
    * encontrar el modo de = find + way of/to.
    * encontrar el modo de paliar un problema = find + way (a)round + problem.
    * encontrar el modo de regresar = find + Posesivo + way back.
    * encontrar el punto medio = strike + the right note.
    * encontrar el tiempo = make + an opportunity.
    * encontrar en abundancia = find + in abundance.
    * encontrar evidencias = find + evidence.
    * encontrar expresión = find + expression.
    * encontrar información = dredge up + information.
    * encontrar justificación = build + a case for.
    * encontrar la forma de = devise + ways.
    * encontrar la horma de + Posesivo + zapato = meet + Posesivo + match.
    * encontrar la realización de Uno = be + Posesivo + big scene.
    * encontrar la salida a = find + a/the way out of.
    * encontrarle defectos a todo = nitpick.
    * encontrarle el truco a Algo = have + a handle on, get + a handle on.
    * encontrarle el truquillo a Algo = have + a handle on, get + a handle on.
    * encontrarle faltas a todo = nitpick.
    * encontrar limitaciones = encounter + limitations.
    * encontrar muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * encontrar oposición = meet with + opposition, find + opposition.
    * encontrar placer = find + delight, find + enjoyment.
    * encontrar por casualidad = come across, chance on/upon, stumble on.
    * encontrar pruebas = find + evidence.
    * encontrarse = occur, be positioned, reside, stand on, come upon, be poised, meet up, find + Reflexivo.
    * encontrarse a gusto = be at ease.
    * encontrarse ante un reto = in the face of + challenge.
    * encontrarse cara a cara = come + face to face.
    * encontrarse con = meet, run into, cross + Posesivo + path.
    * encontrarse con dificultades = run up against + difficulties.
    * encontrarse confortable = be at ease.
    * encontrarse con problemas = run into + trouble.
    * encontrarse con sorpresas = encounter + surprises.
    * encontrarse con una barrera = face + barrier.
    * encontrarse con una limitación = face + limitation.
    * encontrarse con una situación = come across + situation, meet + situation.
    * encontrarse con una sorpresa desagradable = rude awakening + be in store, be in for a rude awakening.
    * encontrarse con una traba = face + limitation, face + barrier.
    * encontrarse con un obstáculo = face + obstacle.
    * encontrarse con un problema = encounter + problem, meet with + problem, run up against + issue, come across + problem.
    * encontrarse en = lie (in), be based at.
    * encontrarse en casa = be in.
    * encontrarse en dificultades = find + Reflexivo + in difficulties.
    * encontrarse en el trasfondo de = lie at + the root of.
    * encontrarse en una mejor situación económica = be economically better off.
    * encontrarse en un dilema = be caught in a conundrum.
    * encontrarse en un impás = face + impasse.
    * encontrarse en ventaja = find + Reflexivo + at an advantage.
    * encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.
    * encontrar simpatizadores = find + friends.
    * encontrar suerte = be in for a good thing, come in for + a good thing, be into a good thing.
    * encontrar su propio modo de actuar = find + Posesivo + own way.
    * encontrar su sitio = find + a home.
    * encontrar tiempo = find + time.
    * encontrar trabajo = find + a job.
    * encontrar trabajo en una biblioteca = join + library.
    * encontrar una salida a = find + a/the way out of.
    * encontrar una solución = find + solution, develop + solution.
    * encontrar un chollo = come in for + a good thing, be in for a good thing, be into a good thing.
    * encontrar un equilibrio = find + a balance.
    * encontrar un hueco = find + a home.
    * encontrar un término medio entre... y = tread + a middle path between... and.
    * intentar encontrar un término medio entre... y... = tread + a delicate line between... and.
    * no encontrar nada + Adjetivo = find far from + Adjetivo.
    * no encontrar palabras = be at a loss for words, be lost for words.
    * orígenes + encontrarse = origins + lie.
    * problema + encontrarse = problem + lie.
    * respuesta + encontrar = answer + lie.
    * ser difícil de encontrar = be hard to find.
    * solución + encontrarse en = solution + lie in.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( buscando) <casa/trabajo/persona> to find
    b) ( casualmente) <cartera/billete> to find, come across
    2) ( descubrir) <falta/error> to find, spot; <cáncer/quiste> to find, discover
    3) <obstáculo/dificultad> to meet (with), encounter

    allí encontró la muerte — (period) he met his death there

    4) (+ compl)

    ¿cómo encontraste el país? — how did the country seem to you?

    2.
    1) encontrarse v pron
    2)

    encontrarse con alguien — to meet somebody, bump into somebody (colloq)

    b) (refl) (Psic) tb
    3) (recípr)
    a) ( reunirse) to meet; ( por casualidad) to meet, bump into each other (colloq)
    b) carreteras/líneas to meet
    4) (enf) ( inesperadamente) < persona> to meet, bump into (colloq); <billete/cartera> to find, come across
    5) (frml) ( estar) to be
    * * *
    = dig up, encounter, find, locate, spot, trace, track, turn up, find + Posesivo + way to, disinter, ferret out, root out, lay + hands on, come by, track down, bump into.

    Ex: The list of changed headings is almost literally endless if you have the patience to dig them all up.

    Ex: This simple observation also goes some of the way towards explaining the variety of tools, methods and systems which are encountered in the organisation knowledge.
    Ex: Wherever abstracts are found they are included to save the user's time in information gathering and selection.
    Ex: This order suffices for a list whose purpose is to identify and locate documents, whose bibliographic details are already known.
    Ex: When all necessary amendments have been spotted, edit the draft abstract and make any improvements to the style that are possible.
    Ex: The author approach remains an important means of tracing a specific document.
    Ex: The index fields are used for tracking annual indexes.
    Ex: Although I have not done a complete analytical search of library literature for discussions of the structures of catalogs, preliminary searches have turned up little except for historical discussions.
    Ex: He found his way quickly and easily to the materials he needed.
    Ex: Tests such as this one will often disinter the real citation intended but it is a time consuming task.
    Ex: As a rule analysts are left on their own to ferret out useful and appropriate areas to be investigated.
    Ex: The article has the title ' Rooting out journals on the Net'.
    Ex: It is, therefore, expedient to look into history to lay hands on the root of the problem.
    Ex: This article shows how teachers came by such information and the use they made it of in their work.
    Ex: In stepping away from the genre's glamorous robberies and flashy lifestyle, this stealthy, potent movie tracks down the British gangster icon to its inevitable end.
    Ex: Slake is such a dreamer that he bumps into lampposts.
    * buscar y encontrar = match.
    * difícil de encontrar = hard-to-find.
    * dificultad + encontrarse = difficulty + lie.
    * el que lo encuentre se lo queda = finders keepers.
    * encontrar aceptación = find + favour, find + acceptance, find + a home.
    * encontrar + Adjetivo + de + Infinitivo = find it + Adjetivo + to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar afinidades = find + common ground.
    * encontrar Algo demasiado difícil = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * encontrar Algo difícil = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.
    * encontrar alojamiento = find + a home.
    * encontrar aplicación práctica = find + application.
    * encontrar casa = find + a home.
    * encontrar confortable = find + comfortable.
    * encontrar cosas comunes = find + common ground.
    * encontrar defectos = fault.
    * encontrar defectos en = find + fault with, see + faults in.
    * encontrar difícil de explicar = be hard put to explain.
    * encontrar difícil + Infinitivo = find it hard to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar dificultades = encounter + difficulties, encounter + limitations.
    * encontrar eco en = find + echo in.
    * encontrar el camino = wayfinding, wind + Posesivo + way.
    * encontrar el camino de vuelta = find + Posesivo + way back.
    * encontrar el dinero = come up with + the money.
    * encontrar el equilibrio = strike + the right note.
    * encontrar el modo de = find + way of/to.
    * encontrar el modo de paliar un problema = find + way (a)round + problem.
    * encontrar el modo de regresar = find + Posesivo + way back.
    * encontrar el punto medio = strike + the right note.
    * encontrar el tiempo = make + an opportunity.
    * encontrar en abundancia = find + in abundance.
    * encontrar evidencias = find + evidence.
    * encontrar expresión = find + expression.
    * encontrar información = dredge up + information.
    * encontrar justificación = build + a case for.
    * encontrar la forma de = devise + ways.
    * encontrar la horma de + Posesivo + zapato = meet + Posesivo + match.
    * encontrar la realización de Uno = be + Posesivo + big scene.
    * encontrar la salida a = find + a/the way out of.
    * encontrarle defectos a todo = nitpick.
    * encontrarle el truco a Algo = have + a handle on, get + a handle on.
    * encontrarle el truquillo a Algo = have + a handle on, get + a handle on.
    * encontrarle faltas a todo = nitpick.
    * encontrar limitaciones = encounter + limitations.
    * encontrar muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * encontrar oposición = meet with + opposition, find + opposition.
    * encontrar placer = find + delight, find + enjoyment.
    * encontrar por casualidad = come across, chance on/upon, stumble on.
    * encontrar pruebas = find + evidence.
    * encontrarse = occur, be positioned, reside, stand on, come upon, be poised, meet up, find + Reflexivo.
    * encontrarse a gusto = be at ease.
    * encontrarse ante un reto = in the face of + challenge.
    * encontrarse cara a cara = come + face to face.
    * encontrarse con = meet, run into, cross + Posesivo + path.
    * encontrarse con dificultades = run up against + difficulties.
    * encontrarse confortable = be at ease.
    * encontrarse con problemas = run into + trouble.
    * encontrarse con sorpresas = encounter + surprises.
    * encontrarse con una barrera = face + barrier.
    * encontrarse con una limitación = face + limitation.
    * encontrarse con una situación = come across + situation, meet + situation.
    * encontrarse con una sorpresa desagradable = rude awakening + be in store, be in for a rude awakening.
    * encontrarse con una traba = face + limitation, face + barrier.
    * encontrarse con un obstáculo = face + obstacle.
    * encontrarse con un problema = encounter + problem, meet with + problem, run up against + issue, come across + problem.
    * encontrarse en = lie (in), be based at.
    * encontrarse en casa = be in.
    * encontrarse en dificultades = find + Reflexivo + in difficulties.
    * encontrarse en el trasfondo de = lie at + the root of.
    * encontrarse en una mejor situación económica = be economically better off.
    * encontrarse en un dilema = be caught in a conundrum.
    * encontrarse en un impás = face + impasse.
    * encontrarse en ventaja = find + Reflexivo + at an advantage.
    * encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.
    * encontrar simpatizadores = find + friends.
    * encontrar suerte = be in for a good thing, come in for + a good thing, be into a good thing.
    * encontrar su propio modo de actuar = find + Posesivo + own way.
    * encontrar su sitio = find + a home.
    * encontrar tiempo = find + time.
    * encontrar trabajo = find + a job.
    * encontrar trabajo en una biblioteca = join + library.
    * encontrar una salida a = find + a/the way out of.
    * encontrar una solución = find + solution, develop + solution.
    * encontrar un chollo = come in for + a good thing, be in for a good thing, be into a good thing.
    * encontrar un equilibrio = find + a balance.
    * encontrar un hueco = find + a home.
    * encontrar un término medio entre... y = tread + a middle path between... and.
    * intentar encontrar un término medio entre... y... = tread + a delicate line between... and.
    * no encontrar nada + Adjetivo = find far from + Adjetivo.
    * no encontrar palabras = be at a loss for words, be lost for words.
    * orígenes + encontrarse = origins + lie.
    * problema + encontrarse = problem + lie.
    * respuesta + encontrar = answer + lie.
    * ser difícil de encontrar = be hard to find.
    * solución + encontrarse en = solution + lie in.

    * * *
    vt
    A
    1 (buscando) ‹casa/trabajo/persona› to find
    por fin encontró el vestido que quería she finally found the dress she wanted
    no encuentro mi nombre en la lista I can't see o find my name on the list
    ¿dónde puedo encontrar al director? where can I find the manager?
    no encontré entradas para el teatro I couldn't get tickets for the theater
    yo a esto no le encuentro lógica I can't see the logic in this
    lo encontré llorando I found him crying
    2 (casualmente) ‹cartera/billete› to find, come across, come upon o on
    lo encontré (de casualidad) I found it o came across it o came on o upon it (by chance)
    B (descubrir) ‹falta/error› to find, spot; ‹cáncer/quiste› to find, discover
    le encontraron un tumor they found o discovered that he had a tumor
    C ‹obstáculo/dificultad› to meet with, meet, encounter
    no encontró ninguna oposición a su plan his plan didn't meet with o come up against o encounter any opposition
    el accidente donde encontró la muerte ( period); the accident in which he met his death
    Sentido II (+ compl):
    te encuentro muy cambiado you've changed a lot, you look very different
    ¡qué bien te encuentro! you look so well!
    encuentro ridículo todo este protocolo I find all this formality ridiculous, all this formality seems ridiculous to me
    ¿cómo encontraste el país después de tantos años? what did you make of the country o how did the country seem to you after all these years?
    encontré muy acertadas sus intervenciones I found his comments very relevant, I thought his comments were very relevant
    la encuentro muy desmejorada she seems a lot worse
    lo encuentro muy aburrido I find him very boring, I think he is very boring
    encontré la puerta cerrada I found the door shut
    A
    1 (por casualidad) encontrarse CON algn to meet sb, bump o run INTO sb ( colloq)
    2 ( refl) ( Psic) tb
    encontrarse a sí mismo to find oneself
    B ( recípr)
    1 (reunirse) to meet; (por casualidad) to meet, bump o run into each other ( colloq)
    hemos quedado en encontrarnos en la estación we've arranged to meet at the station
    2 «carreteras/líneas» to meet
    C ( enf) (inesperadamente) ‹persona› to meet, bump o run into ( colloq); ‹billete/cartera› to find, come across, come on
    cuando volvió se encontró la casa patas arriba when he returned he found the house in a mess
    encontrarse CON algo:
    cuando volví me encontré con que todos se habían ido I got back to find that they had all gone, when I got back I found they had all gone
    A (en un estado, una situación) to be
    hoy me encuentro mucho mejor I am feeling a lot better today
    el enfermo se encuentra fuera de peligro the patient is out of danger
    la oficina se encontraba vacía the office was empty
    no se encuentra con fuerzas para continuar he doesn't have the strength to go on
    el jefe se encuentra en una reunión the boss is in a meeting
    la catedral se encuentra en el centro de la ciudad the cathedral is situated in the city center
    entre las obras expuestas se encuentra su famosa Última Cena among the works on display is his famous Last Supper
    en este momento el doctor no se encuentra the doctor is not here o is not in at the moment
    * * *

     

    encontrar ( conjugate encontrar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( buscando) ‹casa/trabajo/persona› to find;


    no le encuentro lógica I can't see the logic in it
    b) ( casualmente) ‹cartera/billete› to find, come across

    c) ( descubrir) ‹falta/error› to find, spot;

    ‹cáncer/quiste› to find, discover
    d) ‹obstáculo/dificultad› to meet (with), encounter

    2 (+ compl):

    lo encuentro ridículo I find it ridiculous;
    ¿cómo encontraste el país? how did the country seem to you?
    encontrarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( por casualidad) encontrarse con algn to meet sb, bump into sb (colloq)
    2 ( recípr)

    ( por casualidad) to meet, bump into each other (colloq)
    b) [carreteras/líneas] to meet

    3 ( enf) ( inesperadamente) ‹billete/cartera› to find, come across;

    4 (frml) ( estar) to be;

    el hotel se encuentra cerca de la estación the hotel is (located) near the station
    encontrar verbo transitivo
    1 (algo/alguien buscado) to find: no encuentro el momento adecuado para decírselo, I can't find the right time to tell him
    2 (tropezar) to meet: encontré a Luisa en el cine, I met Luisa at the cinema
    encontrarás serias dificultades, you'll come up against serious difficulties
    3 (considerar, parecer) lo encuentro de mal gusto, I find it in bad taste
    ' encontrar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acertar
    - aparecer
    - aterrizar
    - atinar
    - colocarse
    - desconocer
    - discografía
    - fórmula
    - hallar
    - horma
    - mariposear
    - parte
    - buscar
    - dar
    - encuentra
    - esquivo
    - solución
    - ver
    English:
    bear
    - difficulty
    - dig around
    - discover
    - find
    - fit in
    - flesh
    - forgetful
    - get
    - grade
    - housekeeper
    - intensify
    - intimate
    - locate
    - lodging
    - loophole
    - pent-up
    - replacement
    - scrabble
    - speed up
    - store up
    - strike
    - traceable
    - trail
    - try
    - be
    - come
    - encounter
    - explain
    - fumble
    - high
    - meet
    - run
    - seek
    - solve
    - spot
    - stumble
    - time
    - word
    - work
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [buscando, por casualidad] to find;
    he encontrado el paraguas I've found my umbrella;
    encontré el libro que buscaba I found the book I was looking for;
    le han encontrado un cáncer they've diagnosed her as having cancer;
    encontré la mesa puesta I found the table already set;
    lo encontré durmiendo I found him sleeping;
    no encuentro palabras para expresar mi gratitud I can't find the words to express my gratitude;
    CSur Fam
    encontrar la vuelta a algo to get to grips with sth
    2. [dificultades] to encounter;
    no encontraron ninguna oposición al proyecto they encountered no opposition to the project
    3. [juzgar, considerar] to find;
    encontré muy positivos tus comentarios I found your comments very positive;
    encuentro infantil tu actitud I find your attitude childish;
    encuentro la ciudad/a tu hermana muy cambiada the city/your sister has changed a lot, I find the city/your sister much changed;
    no lo encuentro tan divertido como dice la gente I don't find it o think it is as funny as people say;
    no sé qué le encuentran a ese pintor I don't know what they see in that painter
    * * *
    v/t find
    * * *
    encontrar {19} vt
    1) hallar: to find
    2) : to encounter, to meet
    * * *
    encontrar vb to find [pt. & pp. found]
    ¿has encontrado las llaves? have you found your keys?

    Spanish-English dictionary > encontrar

  • 16 herauskommen

    v/i (unreg., trennb., ist -ge-)
    1. come out ( aus of); (erscheinen) appear, emerge (from); (wegkommen) get out (of); aus den nassen Kleidern / Schuhen herauskommen get out of ( oder take off) one’s wet clothes / shoes; zu wenig ( aus dem Haus) herauskommen not get out (of the house) enough; sie ist noch nie aus i-m Dorf herausgekommen she’s never been out of ( oder away from) her home village yet
    2. umg., fig. aus einer Situation: get out (of) ( heil safely, unscathed); aus Schwierigkeiten, Sorgen: get over; aus dem Minus oder den roten Zahlen herauskommen get out of the red; wir kamen aus dem Lachen / Staunen nicht mehr heraus we just couldn’t stop laughing / we couldn’t believe our eyes
    3. fig. (deutlich werden) Details, Farben, Unterschiede etc.: come out, emerge; Bässe, Höhen: be clear; der Unterschied ist nicht richtig herausgekommen the difference didn’t really come out
    4. umg., fig., Äußerung: come out; i-e Kritik kam schärfer heraus als beabsichtigt the criticism came out sharper than she intended
    5. Erzeugnis: come out; Buch etc.: auch be published, appear; Briefmarken etc.: be issued
    6. umg., fig. (bekannt werden) come out
    7. umg., fig., als Ergebnis: be the result; bei Aufgabe: auch be the answer; herauskommen bei (resultieren) come (out) of s.th.; es kommt nichts dabei heraus it’s not worth it, it doesn’t pay; dabei ist nichts Gutes herausgekommen nothing good has come (out) of it; was ist dabei herausgekommen? what was the outcome?; als Entscheidung: auch what was decided?; ist irgend etwas dabei herausgekommen? was it any good?, did you etc. get anywhere?; es kommt aufs Gleiche oder auf dasselbe heraus it boils ( oder comes) down to the same thing; siehe auch herausspringen 2
    8. umg., fig.: herauskommen mit (äußern) come out with; (gestehen) admit
    9. umg., fig., beim Kartenspiel: herauskommen mit lead with; wer kommt heraus? who leads?, whose turn is it to lead?
    10. umg., fig.: groß herauskommen (erfolgreich sein) be a great success
    11. umg., fig., aus dem Rhythmus etc.: lose it, get out of the rhythm etc.; beim Nachdenken, Gedichtaufsagen etc.: lose it, lose the thread; (aus der Übung kommen) get out of practice
    * * *
    to come out
    * * *
    he|raus|kom|men
    vi sep irreg aux sein
    1) (= nicht innen bleiben) to come out (aus of)

    ich bin schon seit Tagen aus den Kleidern/dem Haus nicht herausgekommen — I haven't had these clothes off/I haven't been out of the house in days

    er ist nie aus seinem Land/Dorf herausgekommen — he has never been out of or has never left his country/village

    sie kommt zu wenig heraus (inf) — she doesn't go or get out enough

    aus sich heráúskommen — to come out of one's shell

    er kam aus dem Staunen/der Verwunderung nicht heraus — he couldn't get over his astonishment/amazement

    wie kommen wir bloß hier heraus? — how do or shall we get out of here?

    2) (aus bestimmter Lage) to get out (aus of)

    aus seinen Schwierigkeiten/Sorgen heráúskommen — to get over one's difficulties/worries

    aus den Schulden heráúskommen — to get out of debt

    mit einem Gewinn heráúskommen — to get or win a prize

    3) (= auf den Markt kommen) to come out; (neues Modell) to come out, to be launched

    mit einem neuen Modell heráúskommen — to bring out a new model, to come out with a new model

    4) (= bekannt gegeben werden) to come out; (Gesetz) to come into force; (= bekannt werden Schwindel, Betrug etc) to come to light, to come out

    es wird bald heráúskommen, dass du das Auto gestohlen hast — they'll soon find out or it will soon come out that you stole the car

    5) (= sichtbar werden) to come out; (Fleck) to appear; (= zur Geltung kommen, hörbar werden) to come over

    ganz groß heráúskommen (inf) — to make a big splash (inf), to have a big impact

    6) (= geäußert werden) to come out

    mit etw heráúskommen — to come out with sth

    mit der Sprache heráúskommen — to come out with it (inf)

    7)

    (= Resultat haben) bei etw heráúskommen — to come of sth, to emerge from sth

    und was soll dabei heráúskommen? — and what is that supposed to achieve?, and where is that supposed to get us?

    bei dieser Rechenaufgabe kommt 10 heraus — this sum comes to 10, the answer to this sum is 10

    es kommt nichts dabei heraus, da kommt nichts bei heraus (inf) — it doesn't get us anywhere, it doesn't achieve anything

    dabei wird nichts Gutes heráúskommen — no good will come of it

    8) (Sw = ausgehen) to turn out
    9) (inf = aus der Übung kommen) to get out of practice
    10) (CARDS) to lead

    wer kommt heraus? — whose lead is it?, who leads?

    * * *
    1) (to leave or escape: No-one knows how the lion got out.) get out
    2) ((of information) to become known: I've no idea how word got out that you were leaving.) get out
    3) (to become known: The truth finally came out.) come out
    4) (to be published: This newspaper comes out once a week.) come out
    5) (to flow or come out (from something): A strange noise issued from the room.) issue
    6) ((of a crowd) to come out; to get together for a (public) meeting, celebration etc: A large crowd turned out to see the procession.) turn out
    * * *
    he·raus|kom·men
    [hɛrauskɔmən]
    vi irreg Hilfsverb: sein
    1. (nach draußen kommen)
    ▪ [aus etw dat] \herauskommen to come out [of sth]
    2. (nach außen dringen)
    ▪ [irgendwo] \herauskommen to come out [somewhere]
    3. (etw ablegen können)
    ▪ aus etw dat kaum/nicht \herauskommen to hardly/not have sth off [or be out of sth
    4. (etw verlassen können)
    ▪ aus etw dat \herauskommen to get out of sth
    viele Bewohner sind noch nie aus diesem Dorf herausgekommen many of the residents have never [even] left [or been out of] this village
    5. (aufhören können)
    ▪ aus etw dat kaum/nicht \herauskommen to hardly/not be able to stop doing sth
    da kommt man aus dem Staunen/der Verwunderung kaum mehr heraus one can hardly get over one's astonishment/surprise
    ▪ aus etw dat \herauskommen to get out of sth
    aus den Problemen \herauskommen to solve one's problems
    aus den Schulden \herauskommen to get out of debt, to settle [or to clear] one's debts
    aus Schwierigkeiten/Sorgen \herauskommen to get over one's difficulties/worries
    7. (auf den Markt kommen) to come out [or be launched]
    ▪ mit etw dat \herauskommen to come out with [or sep bring out] [or launch] sth; (erscheinen) to come out [or be published
    8. (bekannt gegeben werden) to be published; Gesetz, Verordnung to be enacted
    9. (bekannt werden) to come out
    ▪ es kam heraus, dass/warum/wer/wo... it came out that/why/who/where...
    ▪ mit etw dat \herauskommen to come out with sth
    11. (Resultat haben)
    ▪ bei etw dat \herauskommen to come of sth
    und was soll dabei \herauskommen? and what good will that do? [or what good is supposed to come of that?]
    auf eins [o dasselbe] \herauskommen, auf das [o aufs] Gleiche \herauskommen to [all] amount to the same thing
    12. SCHWEIZ (ausgehen) to turn out
    etw kommt gut/schlecht heraus sth turns out well/badly
    ▪ [aus etw dat] \herauskommen to get out of practice [in sth], to get rusty
    14. KARTEN (die erste Karte ausspielen) to lead
    ▪ irgendwie \herauskommen to show [off] somehow
    bei Tageslicht kommt das Muster viel besser heraus you can see the pattern much better in the daylight
    16.
    ▶ [mit etw dat] groß \herauskommen (fam) to be a great success, to have great success with sth
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) (nach außen kommen) come out ( aus of)
    2) (ein Gebiet verlassen)

    wir kamen aus dem Staunen/Lachen nicht heraus — (fig.) we couldn't get over our surprise/stop laughing

    3) (ugs.): (einen Ausweg finden) get out ( aus of); (in + Dat. in)
    4) (ugs.): (auf den Markt kommen) come out

    mit einem Produkt herauskommen — bring out or launch a product

    5) (erscheinen) <book, timetable, etc.> come out, be published, appear; <postage stamp, coin> be issued; < play> be staged
    6) (ugs.): (bekannt werden) come out
    7) (ugs.): (etwas zur Sprache bringen)
    8) (ugs.): (sich erfolgreich produzieren)
    9) (deutlich werden) come out; < colour> show up
    10) (ugs.): (sich als Resultat ergeben)

    bei etwas herauskommen — come out of or emerge from something

    11) (ugs.): (ausspielen) lead
    * * *
    herauskommen v/i (irr, trennb, ist -ge-)
    1. come out (
    aus of); (erscheinen) appear, emerge (from); (wegkommen) get out (of);
    aus den nassen Kleidern/Schuhen herauskommen get out of ( oder take off) one’s wet clothes/shoes;
    zu wenig (aus dem Haus) herauskommen not get out (of the house) enough;
    sie ist noch nie aus i-m Dorf herausgekommen she’s never been out of ( oder away from) her home village yet
    2. umg, fig aus einer Situation: get out (of) (
    heil safely, unscathed); aus Schwierigkeiten, Sorgen: get over;
    den roten Zahlen herauskommen get out of the red;
    wir kamen aus dem Lachen/Staunen nicht mehr heraus we just couldn’t stop laughing/we couldn’t believe our eyes
    3. fig (deutlich werden) Details, Farben, Unterschiede etc: come out, emerge; Bässe, Höhen: be clear;
    der Unterschied ist nicht richtig herausgekommen the difference didn’t really come out
    4. umg, fig, Äußerung: come out;
    i-e Kritik kam schärfer heraus als beabsichtigt the criticism came out sharper than she intended
    5. Erzeugnis: come out; Buch etc: auch be published, appear; Briefmarken etc: be issued
    6. umg, fig (bekannt werden) come out
    7. umg, fig, als Ergebnis: be the result; bei Aufgabe: auch be the answer;
    herauskommen bei (resultieren) come (out) of sth;
    es kommt nichts dabei heraus it’s not worth it, it doesn’t pay;
    dabei ist nichts Gutes herausgekommen nothing good has come (out) of it;
    was ist dabei herausgekommen? what was the outcome?; als Entscheidung: auch what was decided?;
    ist irgendetwas dabei herausgekommen? was it any good?, did you etc get anywhere?;
    auf dasselbe heraus it boils ( oder comes) down to the same thing; → auch herausspringen 2
    8. umg, fig:
    herauskommen mit (äußern) come out with; (gestehen) admit
    9. umg, fig, beim Kartenspiel:
    herauskommen mit lead with;
    wer kommt heraus? who leads?, whose turn is it to lead?
    10. umg, fig:
    groß herauskommen (erfolgreich sein) be a great success
    11. umg, fig, aus dem Rhythmus etc: lose it, get out of the rhythm etc; beim Nachdenken, Gedichtaufsagen etc: lose it, lose the thread; (aus der Übung kommen) get out of practice
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) (nach außen kommen) come out ( aus of)

    wir kamen aus dem Staunen/Lachen nicht heraus — (fig.) we couldn't get over our surprise/stop laughing

    3) (ugs.): (einen Ausweg finden) get out ( aus of); (in + Dat. in)
    4) (ugs.): (auf den Markt kommen) come out

    mit einem Produkt herauskommen — bring out or launch a product

    5) (erscheinen) <book, timetable, etc.> come out, be published, appear; <postage stamp, coin> be issued; < play> be staged
    6) (ugs.): (bekannt werden) come out
    7) (ugs.): (etwas zur Sprache bringen)
    8) (ugs.): (sich erfolgreich produzieren)
    9) (deutlich werden) come out; < colour> show up
    10) (ugs.): (sich als Resultat ergeben)

    bei etwas herauskommen — come out of or emerge from something

    11) (ugs.): (ausspielen) lead
    * * *
    adj.
    to come out v. v.
    to issue v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > herauskommen

  • 17 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 18 tocar

    v.
    Ella toca su mano She touches his hand.
    Ese dolor lo tocó muy profundamente That pain touched him very deeply.
    2 to play (hacer sonar) (instrumento, canción).
    el reloj tocó las doce the clock struck twelve
    Ella toca bellísimo She plays beautifully.
    Toca el piano! Play the piano!
    3 to touch on (abordar) (tema).
    no toques ese tema don't mention that subject
    4 to touch.
    5 to be supposed to, to have to, to have the obligation of, to have the obligation to.
    Me toca hacer esto I am supposed to do this=have to do this.
    6 to touch upon, to make reference to, to get on to.
    Ellos tocaron el tema They touched upon the subject.
    7 to be in for.
    Le toca un escarmiento He is in for a lesson.
    8 to be time to.
    Toca ir al doctor It is time to go to the doctor.
    9 to be ringing, to ring.
    Tocan las campanas The bells are ringing.
    10 to knock, to knock at the door.
    Ella toca pero no le abren She knocks but no-one opens.
    11 to be one's turn to.
    Me toca jugar It's my turn to play.
    12 to reproduce, to replay, to play.
    Ellos reproducen la cinta They play the cassette.
    13 to clang.
    María hizo sonar la campMaría Mary clanged the bell.
    14 to feel.
    El médico toca su piel The doctor feels her skin.
    15 to bunt.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to touch
    ■ tócalo, está frío feel it, it's cold
    3 (revolver) to rummage amongst, root around
    4 (hacer sonar - instrumento, canción) to play; (timbre) to ring; (bocina) to blow, honk; (campanas) to strike
    5 figurado (retocar) to change, alter
    6 (la hora) to strike
    7 MILITAR (diana) to sound
    8 DEPORTE (diana) to hit; (esgrima) to touch
    9 figurado (mencionar) to touch on
    10 figurado (impresionar) to touch, reach
    1 (ser el turno) to be one's turn
    2 (corresponder) to be up to
    3 (ganar) to win
    5 (un destino) to be posted
    6 (tener que) to have to
    7 (afectar) to concern, affect
    8 (ser parientes) to be a relative of, be related
    9 (barco, avión) to call (en, at), stop over (en, at)
    1 (uso reflexivo) to touch oneself; (uso recíproco) to touch each other
    \
    por lo que a mí toca as far as I am concerned
    tocar a su fin figurado to be coming to an end
    tocar con to be next to
    tocar en figurado to border on, verge on
    tocarse la nariz to pick one's nose
    ————————
    1 (peinar) to do the hair of
    1 (cubrirse) to cover one's head
    * * *
    verb
    2) feel
    3) play
    4) ring, knock
    5) concern, affect
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [gen] to touch; [para examinar] to feel

    ¡no me toques! — don't touch me!

    tócalo, verás qué suave — feel it and see how soft it is

    tócale la frente, la tiene muy caliente — feel his forehead, it's very hot

    2) (=estar en contacto con) to touch

    ponte ahí, tocando la pared — stand up against the wall over there

    • tocar tierra — to touch down, land

    3) (=hacer sonar) [+ piano, violín, trompeta] to play; [+ campana, timbre] to ring; [+ tambor] to beat; [+ silbato] to blow; [+ disco] to play

    • tocar la bocina o el claxon — to hoot o sound one's horn

    • tocar la generala — (Mil) to sound the call to arms

    4) [+ tema] to refer to, touch on

    no tocó para nada esa cuestión — he didn't refer to o touch on that matter at all

    5) (=afectar) to concern
    6) (=estar emparentado con) to be related to
    7) (=conmover) to touch
    8) (Dep) to hit
    9) (Náut)
    10) (Caza) to hit
    11) (Arte) to touch up
    2. VI
    1) (Mús) to play

    toca en un grupo de rock — he's in o he plays in a rock group

    2) (=sonar)
    3) (=llamar)
    4) (=corresponder)

    tocar a algn: les tocó un dólar a cada uno — they got a dollar each

    ¿les tocará algo de herencia? — will they get anything under the will?

    ¿a quién le toca? — whose turn is it?

    • tocar a algn hacer algo, te toca jugar — it's your turn (to play), it's your go

    5) (=rayar)

    • tocar en algo — to border on sth, verge on sth

    esto toca en lo absurdo — this borders o verges on the ridiculous

    6) (=chocar)

    • tocar con algo — to touch sth

    7)

    • tocar a su fin — to be drawing to a close

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) persona to touch; ( palpar) to feel; ( manosear) to handle

    si le toca un pelo al niño... — if he lays a hand o finger on that child...

    b) ( entrar en contacto con) to touch
    2) (Aviac) to make a stopover in; (Náut) to put in
    3) ( en béisbol) to bunt
    4) < tema> ( tratar) to touch on, refer to; ( sacar) to bring up
    5)
    a) (conmover, impresionar) to touch
    b) (atañer, concernir) to affect
    c) (Esp fam) ( estar emparentado con)

    ¿Victoria te toca algo? — is Victoria related to you?

    6)
    a) ( hacer sonar) <timbre/campana> to ring; < claxon> to blow, sound
    b) (Mús) <instrumento/pieza> to play
    2.
    tocar vi
    1) ( concernir)

    por or en lo que toca a la ecología — (frml) as far as ecology is concerned

    2) ( rayar)

    tocar EN algo — to border o verge on something

    3)
    a) (AmL) ( llamar) persona to knock at the door
    b) campana/timbre to ring

    tocar a rebato/a retirada — (Mil) to sound the alarm/the retreat

    c) (Mús) ( hacer música) to play
    4)
    a) (corresponder en reparto, concurso, sorteo) (+ me/te/le etc)
    b) ( ser el turno) (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿a quién le toca cocinar? — whose turn is it to do the cooking?

    5) (en 3a pers) (fam)

    vamos, toca ponerse a estudiar — come on, it's time we/you got down to some studying

    3.
    tocarse v pron
    a) (refl) <herida/grano> to touch

    siempre se toca la barba/la nariz — he always plays with his beard/touches his nose

    b) (recípr) personas to touch each other; cables to touch
    * * *
    = touch, play, lay + a finger on.
    Ex. He repeatedly comments on my appearance, makes sexual innuendoes, and touches me.
    Ex. In another style of lesson, the book is approached through film clips, dramatizations on TV, or played on records or tapes made commercially.
    Ex. That's why he's in prison for the rest of his life when he never laid a finger on the victims -- he was the general who ordered his troops into battle.
    ----
    * dejar sin tocar = leave + Nombre + alone, leave + Nombre + undisturbed.
    * en lo que toca a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned.
    * eso es lo que toca = that's + Posesivo + lot (in life).
    * no tocar = hands off, leave + Nombre + alone, leave + Nombre + undisturbed.
    * que toca aquí y allá = wandering.
    * sin tocar = untouched.
    * tocar a muerto = sound + the death knell for.
    * tocar a su fin = draw to + a close, draw to + an end, wind down.
    * tocar con arco = bowing.
    * tocar de refilón = brush past.
    * tocar distraídamente = finger.
    * tocar donde duele = touch on + raw nerve, touch on + a sore spot.
    * tocar el claxon = honk.
    * tocar fondo = hit + rock-bottom, reach + rock-bottom, bottom out, touch + rock bottom, strike + bottom.
    * tocar juntos = play along with.
    * tocar la bocina = honk.
    * tocar la fibra sensible de = strike + a chord with.
    * tocar la lotería = win + the lottery.
    * tocar las pelotas = piss + Nombre + off.
    * tocarle un pelo a = lay + a finger on.
    * tocar ligeramente = skim + the surface of, stroke, brush past, tip.
    * tocar ligeramente con el codo = nudge.
    * tocar los cojones = piss + Nombre + off.
    * tocar los huevos = piss + Nombre + off.
    * tocar música = play + music.
    * tocar una cuestión = touch on/upon + issue.
    * tocar una vena sensible = hit + home.
    * tocar un instrumento musical = play + instrument.
    * tocar un problema = touch on/upon + problem.
    * tocar un punto = touch on + a point.
    * tocar un tema = touch on + a point.
    * todo lo que toca se convierte en oro = Midas touch, the.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) persona to touch; ( palpar) to feel; ( manosear) to handle

    si le toca un pelo al niño... — if he lays a hand o finger on that child...

    b) ( entrar en contacto con) to touch
    2) (Aviac) to make a stopover in; (Náut) to put in
    3) ( en béisbol) to bunt
    4) < tema> ( tratar) to touch on, refer to; ( sacar) to bring up
    5)
    a) (conmover, impresionar) to touch
    b) (atañer, concernir) to affect
    c) (Esp fam) ( estar emparentado con)

    ¿Victoria te toca algo? — is Victoria related to you?

    6)
    a) ( hacer sonar) <timbre/campana> to ring; < claxon> to blow, sound
    b) (Mús) <instrumento/pieza> to play
    2.
    tocar vi
    1) ( concernir)

    por or en lo que toca a la ecología — (frml) as far as ecology is concerned

    2) ( rayar)

    tocar EN algo — to border o verge on something

    3)
    a) (AmL) ( llamar) persona to knock at the door
    b) campana/timbre to ring

    tocar a rebato/a retirada — (Mil) to sound the alarm/the retreat

    c) (Mús) ( hacer música) to play
    4)
    a) (corresponder en reparto, concurso, sorteo) (+ me/te/le etc)
    b) ( ser el turno) (+ me/te/le etc)

    ¿a quién le toca cocinar? — whose turn is it to do the cooking?

    5) (en 3a pers) (fam)

    vamos, toca ponerse a estudiar — come on, it's time we/you got down to some studying

    3.
    tocarse v pron
    a) (refl) <herida/grano> to touch

    siempre se toca la barba/la nariz — he always plays with his beard/touches his nose

    b) (recípr) personas to touch each other; cables to touch
    * * *
    = touch, play, lay + a finger on.

    Ex: He repeatedly comments on my appearance, makes sexual innuendoes, and touches me.

    Ex: In another style of lesson, the book is approached through film clips, dramatizations on TV, or played on records or tapes made commercially.
    Ex: That's why he's in prison for the rest of his life when he never laid a finger on the victims -- he was the general who ordered his troops into battle.
    * dejar sin tocar = leave + Nombre + alone, leave + Nombre + undisturbed.
    * en lo que toca a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned.
    * eso es lo que toca = that's + Posesivo + lot (in life).
    * no tocar = hands off, leave + Nombre + alone, leave + Nombre + undisturbed.
    * que toca aquí y allá = wandering.
    * sin tocar = untouched.
    * tocar a muerto = sound + the death knell for.
    * tocar a su fin = draw to + a close, draw to + an end, wind down.
    * tocar con arco = bowing.
    * tocar de refilón = brush past.
    * tocar distraídamente = finger.
    * tocar donde duele = touch on + raw nerve, touch on + a sore spot.
    * tocar el claxon = honk.
    * tocar fondo = hit + rock-bottom, reach + rock-bottom, bottom out, touch + rock bottom, strike + bottom.
    * tocar juntos = play along with.
    * tocar la bocina = honk.
    * tocar la fibra sensible de = strike + a chord with.
    * tocar la lotería = win + the lottery.
    * tocar las pelotas = piss + Nombre + off.
    * tocarle un pelo a = lay + a finger on.
    * tocar ligeramente = skim + the surface of, stroke, brush past, tip.
    * tocar ligeramente con el codo = nudge.
    * tocar los cojones = piss + Nombre + off.
    * tocar los huevos = piss + Nombre + off.
    * tocar música = play + music.
    * tocar una cuestión = touch on/upon + issue.
    * tocar una vena sensible = hit + home.
    * tocar un instrumento musical = play + instrument.
    * tocar un problema = touch on/upon + problem.
    * tocar un punto = touch on + a point.
    * tocar un tema = touch on + a point.
    * todo lo que toca se convierte en oro = Midas touch, the.

    * * *
    tocar [A2 ]
    vt
    A
    1 «persona» to touch; (palpar) to feel; (manosear) to handle
    ¿puedes tocar el techo? can you touch o reach the ceiling?
    ¡no vayas a tocar ese cable! don't touch that cable!
    por favor, no toquen los objetos expuestos please do not touch the exhibits
    la pelota tocó (la) red the ball clipped the net
    me tocó el hombro con el bastón she tapped me on the shoulder with her stick
    le tocó la frente para ver si tenía fiebre he put his hand on her forehead to see if she had a fever
    ¿por qué le pegaste? — ¡pero si yo no la he tocado! why did you hit her? — I never touched her! ( colloq)
    ¿tocas fondo? can you touch the bottom?
    si le toca un pelo al niño … if he lays a hand o finger on that child …, if he touches a hair on that child's head … ( colloq)
    no puede tocar el alcohol he mustn't touch a drop of alcohol
    ni siquiera tocó la comida he didn't even touch his food
    no me toquen estos papeles don't touch these papers
    mis ahorros no los quiero tocar I don't want to break into/touch my savings
    del marido puedes decir lo que quieras pero a los hijos no se los toques you can say anything you like about her husband but don't say a word against her children
    2 «objeto» to touch
    la cama está tocando la pared the bed is up against o is touching the wall
    la planta ya toca el techo the plant is already up to o is touching the ceiling
    el avión tocó tierra the plane landed o touched down
    B (hacer escala en) ( Aviac) to make a stopover in, go via
    no toca puerto en Lisboa ( Náut) it doesn't call at o put in at Lisbon
    C (en béisbol) to bunt
    D ‹tema› (tratar) to touch on, refer to; (sacar) to bring up, broach
    sólo tocó de paso el tema he only touched on o mentioned the subject in passing
    E
    1 (conmover, impresionar) to touch
    sus palabras nos tocaron a todos profundamente his words moved us all deeply o affected us all profoundly, we were all deeply touched by his words
    tu comentario tocó su amor propio your comment hurt his pride
    supo tocar el corazón del público presente he touched the hearts of all those present
    2 (atañer, concernir) to affect
    el problema de la droga toca a muchos países the drug problem affects many countries
    no siento que ese tema me toque en lo más mínimo I don't feel that subject concerns me at all
    el tema del alcoholismo me toca muy de cerca the question of alcoholism concerns me very closely o is very close to my heart
    3
    ( Esp fam) (estar emparentado con): ¿Victoria te toca algo? is Victoria a relation of yours?, is Victoria related to you?
    A (hacer sonar) ‹timbre/campana› to ring
    tocar el claxon to blow o sound o hoot the horn
    B ( Mús) ‹instrumento/pieza› to play
    está aprendiendo a tocar el piano he's learning to play the piano
    C ( Mil) to sound
    tocar retirada to sound the retreat
    ■ tocar
    vi
    A
    (concernir): por or en lo que toca a la ecología ( frml); as far as ecology is concerned, regarding ecology, with regard to ecology
    B (rayar) tocar EN algo to border o verge ON sth
    la situación ya empezaba a tocar en lo grotesco by this time the situation was bordering o verging on the grotesque
    A ( AmL) (llamar) «persona» to knock at the door
    me parece que alguien está tocando (a la puerta) I think there's somebody at the door
    B «campana» to ring
    las campanas tocaban a muerto/a misa the bells were tolling the death knell/were ringing for mass
    ¿podemos salir a jugar? ya ha tocado el timbre can we go out to play? the bell rang already ( AmE) o ( BrE) the bell's already gone
    el reloj tocó las tres the clock struck o chimed three
    tocar a rebato ( Mil) to sound the alarm
    C ( Mús) (hacer música) to play
    A
    1 (corresponder) (+ me/te/le etc):
    me tocaría a mí ocuparme de los niños it would be up to me o it would be my job to take care of the children
    siempre me toca a mí sacar al perro it's always me who has to take the dog out for a walk
    nos tocan tres bombones a cada uno there are three chocolates for each of us
    a ella le toca la mitad de la herencia she gets half of the inheritance
    2 (en suerte) (+ me/te/le etc):
    le ha tocado la lotería/el primer premio/un millón she has won the lottery/first prize/a million
    nos ha tocado (en suerte) vivir en épocas difíciles it has fallen to our lot to live in difficult times
    nos tocó la maestra más antipática del colegio we got the most horrible teacher in the school
    nos tocó hacer las prácticas en el mismo colegio we happened to do our teaching practice at the same school
    me tocó a mí comunicarle la mala noticia I was the one who had to tell him the bad news, it fell to me to tell him the bad news ( frml)
    me tocó detrás de una columna y no vi casi nada I had to sit behind a pillar and I hardly saw anything
    3 (ser el turno) (+ me/te/le etc):
    te toca a ti ¿vas a jugar? it's your turn/move, are you going to play?
    ¿a quién le toca cocinar hoy? whose turn is it to do the cooking today?
    nos toca pagar a nosotros it's our turn to pay
    1 ( fam)
    (ser hora de): vamos, toca ponerse a estudiar come on, it's time we/you got down to some studying
    ¡a correr tocan! ( fam); run for it!
    ¡a pagar tocan! ( fam); it's time to pay up!
    2 ( fam)
    (haber que): toca comer otra vez arroz we're having rice again
    A
    1 ( refl) ‹herida/grano› to touch
    siempre se está tocando la barba/la nariz he's always playing with his beard/touching his nose
    2 ( recípr) «personas» to touch each other; «cables» to touch
    los fondos de nuestras casas se tocan our garden backs onto theirs
    los extremos se tocan the two extremes come together o meet
    la reina se tocaba con un sombrero azul the queen was wearing a blue hat
    * * *

     

    tocar ( conjugate tocar) verbo transitivo
    1

    ( palpar) to feel;
    ( manosear) to handle;
    ◊ ¡no vayas a tocar ese cable! don't touch that cable!;

    mis ahorros no los quiero tocar I don't want to touch my savings;
    la planta ya toca el techo the plant is already touching the ceiling
    b) ( hacer sonar) ‹timbre/campana› to ring;

    ‹ claxon› to blow, sound
    c) (Mús) ‹instrumento/pieza› to play

    2 ‹ tema› ( tratar) to touch on, refer to;
    ( sacar) to bring up
    3 (atañer, concernir) to affect;

    verbo intransitivo
    1


    b) [campana/timbre] to ring;


    c) (Mús) to play

    2
    a) (corresponder en reparto, concurso, sorteo):


    le tocó el primer premio she won the first prize;
    me tocó la maestra más antipática del colegio I got the most horrible teacher in the school


    ¿a quién le toca cocinar? whose turn is it to do the cooking?
    tocarse verbo pronominal
    a) ( refl) ‹herida/grano› to touch;

    ‹ barba› to play with

    [ cables] to touch
    tocar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (entrar en contacto) to touch: el avión toca tierra, the airplane touches down
    (a una persona) to touch
    (manipular, manejar) to handle
    (sentir al tacto) to feel
    (mover, desordenar) yo no toqué tus papeles, I didn't touch your papers
    2 (hacer alusión) to touch on
    3 (un instrumento) to play: toca el violín, she plays the violin
    4 (el timbre, la campana) to ring
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (corresponder) a ti te toca decírselo, you're the one who has to tell him
    los lunes te toca limpiar la casa, you have to clean the house on Mondays
    (por turno) me toca, it's my turn
    2 (en el juego, en un concurso) to win: le tocaron dos millones, he won two million pesetas
    3 (afectar) to concern, affect
    por lo que a ti te toca, as far as you are concerned
    4 (sonar) tocan las campanas, the bells are ringing
    ' tocar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    fondo
    - pitar
    - tacto
    - timbre
    - campana
    - claxon
    - destiempo
    - gustar
    - llamar
    - madera
    - oído
    - palma
    - pito
    - rozar
    - silbato
    English:
    beat
    - blow
    - bongo
    - bottom out
    - busk
    - can
    - dab
    - disturb
    - drum
    - enjoy
    - feel
    - finger
    - graze
    - handle
    - honk
    - keep off
    - lightly
    - love
    - meet
    - paw
    - play
    - please
    - replay
    - ring
    - sharp
    - softly
    - sound
    - stop
    - strike up
    - thump out
    - toll
    - toot
    - touch
    - undisturbed
    - clear
    - ear
    - goose
    - hoot
    - interfere
    - jazz
    - knock
    - perform
    - rock
    - sight
    - strike
    - tamper with
    - untouched
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [entrar en contacto con, alterar] to touch;
    [palpar] to feel;
    por favor, no toquen las esculturas please do not touch the sculptures;
    el médico le tocó el estómago the doctor felt her stomach;
    yo no lo tocaría, así está muy bien I wouldn't touch a thing, it's fine as it is;
    tócalo, verás qué suave es touch it and see how soft it is;
    ¡no se te ocurra tocar al niño! don't you dare lay a finger on the child!;
    el corredor cayó al tocar la valla con un pie the athlete fell when his foot struck o clipped the hurdle;
    el balón tocó el poste the ball touched o clipped the post;
    no ha tocado la comida he hasn't touched his food;
    ¡esos libros, ni tocarlos! don't you go near those books!;
    tocar madera to touch wood
    2. [hacer sonar] [instrumento, canción] to play;
    [bombo] to bang; [sirena, alarma] to sound; [campana, timbre] to ring; [bocina, claxon] to hoot, to toot; [silbato] to blow;
    el reloj tocó las doce the clock struck twelve
    3. [abordar] [asunto, tema] to touch on;
    lo tocó por encima he touched on it briefly;
    no toques ese tema don't mention that subject
    4. [concernir]
    por lo que a mí me toca as far as I'm concerned;
    en o [m5] por lo que toca al asunto de los ascensos as far as the matter of promotions is concerned;
    tocar a alguien de cerca to concern sb closely
    5. [conmover] to touch;
    la historia la tocó hondo the story touched her deeply
    ♦ vi
    1. [entrar en contacto] to touch;
    no tocar [en letrero] don't touch;
    no tocar, alto voltaje [en letrero] high voltage: do not touch
    2. [estar próximo]
    tocar con algo [pared, mueble] to be touching sth;
    [país, jardín] to border (on) sth;
    la mesa toca con la pared the table is touching the wall;
    nuestra casa toca con la suya our house is right next to theirs
    3. [llamar]
    tocar a la puerta/ventana to knock on o at the door/window
    4. [campanas, timbre] to ring
    5. [en un reparto]
    tocar a alguien: le tocó la mitad he got half of it;
    a ti te toca la casa you get the house;
    a mí me toca fregar la cocina I've got to mop the kitchen;
    tocamos a dos trozos cada uno there's enough for two slices each;
    tocamos a mil cada uno [nos deben] we're due a thousand each;
    [debemos] it's a thousand each;
    te toca a ti hacerlo [turno] it's your turn to do it;
    [responsabilidad] it's up to you to do it;
    te toca tirar a ti [en juegos] it's your go;
    ¿a quién le toca? whose turn is it?
    6. [caer en suerte]
    me ha tocado la lotería/el gordo I've won the lottery/the jackpot;
    me tocaron seis millones a o [m5] en la lotería I won six million in the lottery;
    le ha tocado sufrir mucho he has had to suffer a lot
    7. [llegar el momento]
    hoy toca limpiar it's cleaning day today;
    ahora toca divertirse now it's time to have some fun;
    le toca dar a luz la semana que viene she's due to have the baby next week;
    ya me toca ir al dentista it's time for me to go to the dentist;
    ¿cuándo te toca renovar el permiso? when do you have to renew your licence?;
    Fam Hum
    si te dicen que salgas, a salir tocan if they tell you to go out, then you'd better go out
    8. [rayar]
    tocar en algo to verge o border on sth;
    eso ya toca en lo imaginario that's verging on the imaginary
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 touch;
    tocar el corazón touch one’s heart;
    tocar a alguien de cerca concern s.o. closely
    2 MÚS play
    II v/i
    1 L.Am.
    a la puerta knock (on the door); L.Am. ( sonar la campanita) ring the doorbell;
    las campanas de la iglesia tocaban a misa the church bells were ringing for mass;
    tocar a muerto toll the death knell
    2 ( ser hora de)
    :
    ya toca dar de comer al bebé it’s time to feed the baby
    3 ( ser el turno de)
    :
    te toca jugar it’s your turn
    4
    :
    por lo que toca a … as far as … is concerned
    * * *
    tocar {72} vt
    1) : to touch, to feel, to handle
    2) : to touch on, to refer to
    3) : to concern, to affect
    4) : to play (a musical instrument)
    tocar vi
    1) : to knock, to ring
    tocar a la puerta: to rap on the door
    2)
    tocar en : to touch on, to border on
    eso toca en lo ridículo: that's almost ludicrous
    3)
    tocarle a : to fall to, to be up to, to be one's turn
    ¿a quién le toca manejar?: whose turn is it to drive?
    * * *
    tocar vb
    1. (en general) to touch
    2. (instrumento) to play
    3. (timbre, campana) to ring [pt. rang; pp. rung]
    ¿has tocado el timbre? have you rung the bell?
    4. (bocina) to sound
    5. (corresponder hacer algo) to be your turn
    ¿a quién le toca ahora? whose turn is it now?
    6. (un premio) to win [pt. & pp. won]

    Spanish-English dictionary > tocar

  • 19 müssen

    I Modalv.; muss, musste, hat... müssen
    1. bes. bei äußerer Notwendigkeit, Verpflichtung: have to, have got to; bes. bei innerer Überzeugung: must; ich muss I have to, I’ve got to, I must; ich muss unbedingt I really must; ich musste I had to; ich werde müssen I’ll have to; ich müsste ( eigentlich) I ought to; er muss nicht hingehen (von außen bestimmt) he doesn’t have to go; (weil ich es so bestimme) he needn’t go; er musste nicht gehen he didn’t have to go; er hätte nicht gehen müssen (brauchen) he needn’t have gone; er hätte hier sein müssen he ought to ( oder should) have been here; was sein muss, muss sein that’s just the way it is, that’s life; muss das sein? is that really necessary?; (hör doch auf) do you have to?; wenn es ( unbedingt) sein muss if there’s no other way, if you etc. (absolutely) must; es muss nicht sein it’s not absolutely necessary; das muss man gesehen haben you’ve got to see it, you mustn’t miss it; man glaubt es sonst nicht: you’ve got to see it to believe it; kein Mensch muss müssen hum. nobody really has to do anything; siehe auch sollen1 1-3, sollen2 1
    2. bei innerem Zwang: ich musste ( einfach) lachen I couldn’t help laughing, I just had to laugh; sie musste ihrem Ärger Luft machen she had to give vent to her anger; ich musste sie immerzu ansehen I just had to go on looking at her, I couldn’t take my eyes off her; er muss immer alles wissen he’s always got to know about everything
    3. bei (sicherer) Annahme, in logischer Konsequenz: must; Vergangenheit: must have; er muss verrückt sein he must be mad; er muss es gewesen sein it must have been him; es muss nicht stimmen it doesn’t have to be right; ich muss es vergessen haben I must have forgotten; sie müssen bald kommen they’re bound to be here soon; der Zug müsste längst hier sein the train should have arrived long ago; so wie es aussieht, muss es bald regnen it looks as if we’re in for some rain; das muss 1998 gewesen sein it must have been in 1998; das musste ja passieren that was bound to ( oder just had to) happen; das musste natürlich jetzt passieren iro. it 'would have to happen now
    4. im Konj., um einen Wunsch auszudrücken: man müsste mehr Zeit haben there ought to be more time, we ought to have more time (for that sort of thing); Geld müsste man haben if only we had plenty of money; so müsste es immer sein it should always be like this; das müsste sie eigentlich wissen she really ought to know that
    5. umg., verneint (dürfen): du musst doch nicht gleich die Wut kriegen there’s no need to go straight into a rage; das musst du nicht tun you mustn’t do that; du musst nicht traurig sein you mustn’t be sad
    II v/i (hat gemusst)
    1. have to; (gezwungen werden) auch be forced to; bei innerer Überzeugung: must; ich muss! I’ve got no choice; muss ich ( wirklich)? do I (really) have to?; ich muss nach Hause I have to go home, I must go home; er muss zur Schule he has to go to school; das Auto muss heute noch in die Werkstatt the car has to go into the garage today; sie hat zum Chef gemusst she had to go and see the boss; ich muss mal ( aufs Klo) umg. I must go to the loo, Am. I have to go to the bathroom; Kinderspr. I need to do a wee
    2. umg. (an der Reihe sein) wer muss heute? whose turn is it today?
    * * *
    ought to; must; to have to; to be due to
    * * *
    mụ̈s|sen ['mʏsn]
    1. modal aux vb pret mu\#sste,
    ['mʊstə] ptp mü\#ssen
    1) (Zwang) to have to; (Notwendigkeit) to need to, to have to

    ich muss (Zwang) — I have to, I must only pres, I've got to (esp Brit); (Notwendigkeit auch) I need to

    ich muss nicht (Zwang) — I don't have to, I haven't got to (esp Brit); (Notwendigkeit auch) I don't need to, I needn't

    muss er? — must he?, does he have to?, has he got to? (esp Brit)

    das hat er tun/nicht tun müssen — he had to/didn't have to do it

    es musste ins Haus gebracht werden — it had to be brought inside

    das muss irgendwann mal gemacht werden — it will have to be done some time

    er sagte, er müsse bald gehen — he said he would have to go soon

    ich hätte es sonst allein tun müssen — otherwise I would have had to do it alone

    dafür müssen/müssten Sie einen Polizisten fragen — you'll/you'd have or need to ask a policeman about that

    ich muss jetzt gehen or weg (inf) — I must be going now or be off now, I must go now, I'll have to go now

    man musste lachen/weinen etc — you couldn't help laughing/crying etc, you had to laugh/cry etc

    wir müssen Ihnen leider mitteilen, dass... — we regret to (have to) inform you (that)...

    muss das ( denn) sein? — is that (really) necessary?; must you/he?, do you/does he have to?

    das muss sein — it's necessary; I do/he does have to

    mal vorstellen! — (just) imagine that!, think of it!

    2)

    (= sollen) das müsste ich/müsstest du eigentlich wissen — I/you ought to know that, I/you should know that

    ich hätte es gestern tun müssen — I ought to or should have done it yesterday

    das musst du nicht tun! — you oughtn't to do that, you shouldn't do that

    3)

    (Vermutung, Wahrscheinlichkeit) es muss geregnet haben — it must have rained

    es muss wahr sein — it must be true, it has to be true, it's got to be true

    er muss es gewesen sein — it must have been him, it has to have been him, it's got to have been him

    was müssen bloß die Leute (von uns) denken! — what must people think (of us)

    was muss bloß in ihm vorgehen? — what goes on in his mind?

    4)

    (Wunsch) (viel) Geld müsste man haben! — if only I were rich!

    2. vi pret mu\#sste,
    ptp gemu\#sst
    1) ['mʊstə]
    (= weggehen, - fahren müssen) to have to go[gə'mʊst]

    ich muss jetzt zur Schule — I must go to school now, I've got to (esp Brit) or I have to go to school now

    wann müsst ihr zur Schule? —

    der Brief muss heute noch zur Post® — the letter must be or has to be posted (Brit) or mailed (esp US) today

    2) (inf = austreten müssen)
    3) (= gezwungen sein) to have to

    hast du gewollt? – nein, gemusst — did you want to? – no, I had to

    * * *
    1) (used with another verb to express need: We must go to the shops to get milk.) must
    2) (used, usually with another verb, to suggest a probability: They must be finding it very difficult to live in such a small house.) must
    3) (used, usually with another verb, to express duty, an order, rule etc: You must come home before midnight; All competitors must be under 15 years of age.) must
    4) (to be obliged: You need to work hard if you want to succeed; They don't need to come until six o'clock; She needn't have given me such an expensive present.) need
    5) (used as a form of command: You shall go if I say you must.) shall
    * * *
    müs·sen
    [ˈmʏsn̩]
    <musste, müssen>
    1. (jd ist gezwungen, verpflichtet)
    ▪ etw tun \müssen to have to do sth
    muss ich das wirklich tun? do I really have to do it?
    ich/er muss es tun I/he must do it, I have/he has to do it
    ich/er muss es nicht tun I don't/he doesn't have to do it
    ich/er musste es tun, ich habe/er hat es tun \müssen I/he had to do it
    das habe ich/hat er nicht tun \müssen I/he didn't have to do it
    ich/er hatte es tun \müssen I/he had had to do it
    ich muss/du musst jetzt gehen I/you must [or have to] leave now
    ich muss einen Aufsatz schreiben I've got to write an essay esp BRIT
    du musst endlich damit aufhören you really must stop that
    muss ich mir das gefallen lassen? do I have to put up with that?
    jetzt muss ich dir mal was sagen... now let me tell you something...
    wir müssen Ihnen leider mitteilen, dass... we regret to [have to] inform you...
    wir werden zurückkommen \müssen we shall have to come back
    wir werden das Ganze noch einmal schreiben \müssen we'll have to write the whole lot again
    er sagte, er müsse bald gehen he said he would have to leave soon
    was habe ich da hören \müssen? what's this I hear?
    sie musste ins Haus gebracht werden she had to be brought inside
    ich hätte es sonst allein tun \müssen otherwise I would have had to do it alone
    heiraten \müssen (euph fam) to have to get married
    2. (etw ist notwendig, unabänderlich)
    ▪ etw [nicht] sein/tun \müssen to [not] need to be/do sth
    muss das [denn] sein? is that really necessary?
    du willst wieder in die Politik? muss das sein? you want to get back into politics? do you have to?
    wenn es denn [o unbedingt] sein muss if it's really necessary
    es muss nicht sein it is not essential
    irgendwann muss es ja mal gemacht werden after all, it's got to be done some time
    warum nur muss es heute regnen? why does it have to rain today?
    warum muss das ausgerechnet mir passieren? why does it have to happen to me, of all people?
    ich musste einfach lachen/weinen I couldn't help laughing/crying
    das musste ja so kommen that had [or was bound] to happen
    3. verneinend (brauchen)
    ▪ etw nicht tun \müssen to not have to do sth
    du musst das nicht tun you don't have to do that
    du musstest nicht kommen you didn't have to come
    das muss nicht unbedingt stimmen that needn't be true
    du musst nicht alles glauben, was er sagt you must not believe everything he says
    du musst doch nicht weinen! please don't cry!
    das müssen Sie nicht sagen! don't say such a thing!
    das musst du nicht tun! you oughtn't [or shouldn't] do that!
    das muss man sich mal vorstellen! [just] imagine that!, think of that!
    das muss man gesehen haben! you mustn't miss it!, it's not to be missed!; (iron) it's a sight not to be missed!
    ▪ jd/etw müsste etw sein/tun sb/sth should [or ought to] be/do sth
    das müsstest du eigentlich wissen you ought to [or should] know that
    das müsste doch möglich sein it ought to be possible
    so müsste es immer sein it ought to be like this all the time, this is how it should always be
    ▪ jd hätte etw tun \müssen sb should [or ought to] have done sth
    ich hätte es gestern tun \müssen I should have done it yesterday
    ich hätte es ahnen \müssen! I should have known!
    6. (Vermutung, Wahrscheinlichkeit)
    das muss wohl stimmen that must be true
    es muss ja nicht stimmen it is not necessarily true
    das muss 1999 gewesen sein it must have been in 1999
    er muss gleich hier sein he will [or is bound to] be here at any moment
    es muss geregnet haben it must have rained
    sie muss es gewesen sein it must have been her
    so muss es gewesen sein that's how it must have been
    was müssen bloß die Leute von uns denken! what must people think of us!
    es müssten etwa 50 Gäste auf der Party gewesen sein there must have been about 50 guests at the party
    es müsste jetzt acht Uhr sein it must be eight o'clock now
    es müsste bald ein Gewitter geben there should be a thunderstorm soon
    sie müsste inzwischen da sein she should be here by now
    ▪ man müsste... sein if only one could be...
    man müsste noch mal zwanzig sein! oh, to be twenty again!
    Geld müsste man haben! if only I were rich!
    man müsste noch mal von vorn anfangen können! if only one could begin again!
    II. vi
    <musste, gemusst>
    1. (gezwungen, verpflichtet sein) to have to
    muss ich/er? must I/he?, do I/does he have to?, have I/has he got to? esp BRIT
    musstest du? did you have to?
    ich muss nicht I don't have to, I haven't got to esp BRIT
    muss ich das denn wirklich tun? — ja, du musst! do I really have to do that? — yes, you do!
    hast du gewollt? — nein, gemusst did you want to? — no, I had to
    kein Mensch muss there's no such thing as ‘must’
    2. (gezwungen sein, sich zu begeben)
    ▪ [irgendwohin] \müssen to have to go [somewhere]
    ich muss zur Arbeit/nach Hause I must [or have to] go to work/go home
    wann musst du zur Schule? when do you have to go to school?
    3. (notwendigerweise gebracht werden)
    ▪ irgendwohin \müssen to have to get somewhere
    der Koffer hier muss zum Bahnhof this suitcase has to get [or be taken] to the station
    dieser Brief muss heute noch zur Post this letter has to be posted today
    4.
    ▶ [mal] \müssen (euph fam) to have to go to the loo [or AM john] fam
    ich muss mal! I need [or have [got]] to go to the loo!
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges Modalverb; 2. Part. müssen
    1) (gezwungen, verpflichtet sein) have to

    er muss es tun — he must do it; he has to or (coll.) has got to do it

    er muss es nicht tun — he does not have to do it; he has not got to do it (coll.)

    er musste es tun od. hat es tun müssen — he had to do it

    muss er es tun? — must he do it?; does he have to or (coll.) has he got to do it?

    wir müssen Ihnen leider mitteilen, dass... — we regret to have to inform you that...

    er muss gleich hier sein — he will be here or he is bound to be here at any moment

    2.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb
    1) (gehen, fahren, gebracht werden usw. müssen) have to go

    ich muss zur Arbeit/nach Hause — I have to or must go to work/go home

    2)

    ich muss mal — (fam.) I've got to or need to spend a penny (Brit. coll.) or (Amer. coll.) go to the john

    3) (gezwungen, verpflichtet sein)

    muss er? — does he have to?; has he got to? (coll.)

    er muss nicht — he doesn't have to or (coll.) hasn't got to

    * * *
    A. v/mod; muss, musste, hat … müssen
    1. besonders bei äußerer Notwendigkeit, Verpflichtung: have to, have got to; besonders bei innerer Überzeugung: must;
    ich muss I have to, I’ve got to, I must;
    ich muss unbedingt I really must;
    ich musste I had to;
    ich werde müssen I’ll have to;
    er muss nicht hingehen (von außen bestimmt) he doesn’t have to go; (weil ich es so bestimme) he needn’t go;
    er musste nicht gehen he didn’t have to go;
    er hätte nicht gehen müssen (brauchen) he needn’t have gone;
    er hätte hier sein müssen he ought to ( oder should) have been here;
    was sein muss, muss sein that’s just the way it is, that’s life;
    muss das sein? is that really necessary?; (hör doch auf) do you have to?;
    wenn es (unbedingt) sein muss if there’s no other way, if you etc (absolutely) must;
    es muss nicht sein it’s not absolutely necessary;
    das muss man gesehen haben you’ve got to see it, you mustn’t miss it; man glaubt es sonst nicht: you’ve got to see it to believe it;
    kein Mensch muss müssen hum nobody really has to do anything; → auch sollen1 1-3, sollen2 1
    ich musste (einfach) lachen I couldn’t help laughing, I just had to laugh;
    sie musste ihrem Ärger Luft machen she had to give vent to her anger;
    ich musste sie immerzu ansehen I just had to go on looking at her, I couldn’t take my eyes off her;
    er muss immer alles wissen he’s always got to know about everything
    3. bei (sicherer) Annahme, in logischer Konsequenz: must; Vergangenheit: must have;
    er muss verrückt sein he must be mad;
    er muss es gewesen sein it must have been him;
    es muss nicht stimmen it doesn’t have to be right;
    ich muss es vergessen haben I must have forgotten;
    sie müssen bald kommen they’re bound to be here soon;
    der Zug müsste längst hier sein the train should have arrived long ago;
    so wie es aussieht, muss es bald regnen it looks as if we’re in for some rain;
    das muss 1998 gewesen sein it must have been in 1998;
    das musste ja passieren that was bound to ( oder just had to) happen;
    das musste natürlich jetzt passieren iron it 'would have to happen now
    4. im konjkt, um einen Wunsch auszudrücken:
    man müsste mehr Zeit haben there ought to be more time, we ought to have more time (for that sort of thing);
    Geld müsste man haben if only we had plenty of money;
    so müsste es immer sein it should always be like this;
    das müsste sie eigentlich wissen she really ought to know that
    du musst doch nicht gleich die Wut kriegen there’s no need to go straight into a rage;
    das musst du nicht tun you mustn’t do that;
    du musst nicht traurig sein you mustn’t be sad
    B. v/i (hat gemusst)
    1. have to; (gezwungen werden) auch be forced to; bei innerer Überzeugung: must;
    ich muss! I’ve got no choice;
    muss ich (wirklich)? do I (really) have to?;
    ich muss nach Hause I have to go home, I must go home;
    er muss zur Schule he has to go to school;
    das Auto muss heute noch in die Werkstatt the car has to go into the garage today;
    sie hat zum Chef gemusst she had to go and see the boss;
    ich muss mal (aufs Klo) umg I must go to the loo, US I have to go to the bathroom; kinderspr I need to do a wee
    2. umg (an der Reihe sein)
    wer muss heute? whose turn is it today?
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges Modalverb; 2. Part. müssen
    1) (gezwungen, verpflichtet sein) have to

    er muss es tun — he must do it; he has to or (coll.) has got to do it

    er muss es nicht tun — he does not have to do it; he has not got to do it (coll.)

    er musste es tun od. hat es tun müssen — he had to do it

    muss er es tun? — must he do it?; does he have to or (coll.) has he got to do it?

    wir müssen Ihnen leider mitteilen, dass... — we regret to have to inform you that...

    er muss gleich hier sein — he will be here or he is bound to be here at any moment

    2.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb
    1) (gehen, fahren, gebracht werden usw. müssen) have to go

    ich muss zur Arbeit/nach Hause — I have to or must go to work/go home

    2)

    ich muss mal — (fam.) I've got to or need to spend a penny (Brit. coll.) or (Amer. coll.) go to the john

    3) (gezwungen, verpflichtet sein)

    muss er? — does he have to?; has he got to? (coll.)

    er muss nicht — he doesn't have to or (coll.) hasn't got to

    * * *
    aux.
    must modal v.
    (§ p.,pp.: mußte, gemußt)
    = to be obliged expr.
    to have got to expr.
    to have to v.
    to want v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > müssen

  • 20 być

    impf (jestem, jesteś, jest, jesteśmy, jesteście, są, byłem, byłeś, był, byliśmy, byliście, byli, będę, będziesz, będzie, będziemy, będziecie, będą) Ⅰ vi 1. (istnieć, żyć) to be
    - jest wielu znanych aktorów there are many well known actors
    - nie ma nikogo, kto mógłby to zrobić there’s no one who could do it
    - czy jest Bóg, czy go nie ma? does God exist, or not?
    - był sobie kiedyś stary król there was a. lived once an old king
    - nie było cię jeszcze wtedy na świecie this was before you were born
    - kiedy mnie już z wami nie będzie euf. when I am no more a. I am no longer with you euf.
    - myślę, więc jestem I think, therefore I am
    - być albo nie być to be or not to be
    - to dla nas być albo nie być this is our to be or not to be, this is our Waterloo
    - nie ma już dla niej ratunku nothing can save her now
    - jest wiele powodów do zadowolenia there’s good reason to be happy
    - nie ma obaw a. strachu pot. ! no problem! pot., not to worry! pot.
    - nie ma powodu do obaw there is no reason a. need to worry
    - są sprawy, których nigdy nie zrozumiesz there are (certain) things that you’ll never understand
    - nie ma co płakać/gadać it’s no use crying/talking (about it)
    - nie ma co żałować (there’s) no need to be sorry
    - nie ma co a. czego żałować it’s no great loss
    - nie ma czemu się dziwić, że… it’s no surprise a. wonder that…
    - nie ma o co się kłócić there’s nothing to quarrel about
    - nie ma czym się martwić/czego się bać there’s nothing to worry about/to be afraid of
    - nie ma z czego być dumnym (it’s) nothing to be proud of
    - nie ma z czego się cieszyć/śmiać there’s nothing to rejoice/to laugh about
    - „dziękuję za podwiezienie” – „nie ma za co” ‘thanks for the lift’ – ‘don’t mention it’ a. ‘you’re welcome‘
    - „przepraszam, że panu przerwałem” – „nie ma za co” ‘sorry I interrupted you’ – ‘that’s all right’
    - już cię/was nie ma! off with you!
    2. (przebywać, znajdować się) to be
    - być w pracy/szkole to be at work/at school
    - być w teatrze/na koncercie to be at the theatre/at a concert
    - teraz wychodzę, ale będę w domu o piątej I’m going out now, but I’ll be home at five
    - dzisiaj nie ma go w biurze he’s not in the office today
    - w pokoju nikogo nie ma/nie było there is/was no-one in the room
    - jest już piąta, a jego jak nie ma, tak nie ma it’s already five, and he’s still not here a. there’s still no trace of him
    - „czy jest Robert?” – „nie, nie ma go, jest jeszcze w szkole” ‘is Robert in?’ – ‘no, he’s not, he’s still at school’
    - „są jeszcze bilety na ostatni seans?” – „niestety, już nie ma” ‘do you still have tickets for the last showing?’ – ‘sorry, all sold out’
    - czy będziesz jutro w domu? ‘will you be at home a. in home tomorrow?’
    - kiedy (ona) będzie znowu w Warszawie? when will she be in Warsaw again?
    - byłem wczoraj u Roberta/u babci I was at Robert’s/granny’s yesterday, I went to see Robert/granny yesterday
    - był przy narodzinach swojej córki he was present at the birth of his daughter
    - nigdy nie byłem w Rosji I’ve never been to Russia
    - „skąd jesteś?” – „(jestem) z Krakowa/Polski” ‘where are you from?’ – ‘(I’m) from Cracow/Poland’
    - „gdzie jesteś?” – „tutaj!” ‘where are you?’ – ‘(I’m) here!’
    - „jestem!” (przy odczytywaniu listy) ‘here!’, ‘present’
    - będąc w Londynie, odwiedziłem Annę when a. while I was in London I went to see Anna
    - biblioteka jest w budynku głównym the library is in the main building
    - w jednym pudełku jest dziesięć bateryjek there are ten batteries in a packet
    - w domu nie było nic do jedzenia there was nothing to eat at home a. in the house
    - co jest w tym pudle? what’s in this box?
    - gdzie jest moja książka/najbliższa apteka? where’s my book/the nearest chemist’s?
    - co jest dzisiaj na lunch? what’s for lunch today?
    - wczoraj na kolację był dorsz there was cod for dinner yesterday
    - „dużo masz tych ziemniaków?” – „oj, będzie” pot. ‘got a lot of those spuds?’ – ‘loads’ pot.
    - będzie, będzie, więcej się nie zmieści pot. that’s plenty a. that’ll do, there’s no room for any more
    3. (trwać, stawać się) to be
    - jest godzina druga po południu it’s two in the afternoon a. two p.m.
    - nie ma jeszcze szóstej rano it’s not yet six a.m.
    - zanim dotrzemy do domu, będzie ósma wieczorem/północ it’ll be eight p.m./midnight by the time we reach home
    - był maj it was in May
    - to było w grudniu 1999 it was in December 1999
    - to było dawno, dawno temu this was a long, long time ago
    - jest piękny ranek it’s a fine morning
    - jest mroźno/upalnie it’s nippy/hot
    - wczoraj był deszcz/mróz it was raining/freezing yesterday
    - ciekawe, czy jutro będzie pogoda I wonder if it’s going to be fine tomorrow
    - nie pamiętam dokładnie, to było dość dawno temu I can’t really remember, it was some time ago
    - z niego jeszcze coś będzie he’ll turn out all right
    - co z niego będzie? how will he turn out?, what will become of him?
    - będzie z niego dobry pracownik he’ll be a good worker
    - kuchmistrz to z ciebie nie będzie you’ll never make a chef
    - z tych kwiatów nic już nie będzie these flowers/plants have had it pot.
    - z naszych planów/wakacji nic nie będzie nothing will come of our plans/holidays
    - nic z tego nie będzie it’s hopeless
    - nic dobrego z tego nie będzie nothing good will come of it
    - tyle pracy i nic z tego nie ma (he’s done) so much work and nothing to show for it
    4. (odbywać się, zdarzać się) to be
    - koncert/egzamin jest jutro the concert/exam is tomorrow
    - zebranie było w sali konferencyjnej the meeting was (held) in the conference room
    - jutro nie będzie a. nie ma lekcji there are no classes tomorrow
    - był do ciebie telefon there was a phone call for you
    - czy były do mnie jakieś telefony? has anyone called me?
    - był wypadek w kopalni there was an accident in the mine
    - co będzie, jeśli nie zdasz egzaminu? what’s going to happen if you fail the exam?
    - co będzie, jeśli ktoś nas zobaczy? supposing a. what if someone sees us?
    - nie martw się, wszystko będzie dobrze don’t worry, it’ll be a. it’s going to be fine
    - w życiu bywa rozmaicie you never know what life may bring
    - opowiedziałem jej wszystko, tak jak było I told her everything just as it happened
    - co ci/jej jest? what’s the matter with you/her?
    - coś mi/jemu jest something’s the matter with me/him
    - czy jemu coś jest? is anything the matter with him?
    - nic mu nie będzie, to tylko przeziębienie he’ll be fine, it’s only a cold
    5. (uczestniczyć, uczęszczać) to be
    - być na weselu/zebraniu to be at a wedding/meeting
    - wczoraj byliśmy na przyjęciu we were at a reception yesterday
    - być w liceum/na uniwersytecie to be at secondary school/at university
    - być na studiach to be a student a. at college
    - być na prawie/medycynie to study law/medicine
    - był na trzecim roku anglistyki he was in his third year in the English department
    - być na kursie komputerowym to be on a computer course
    - być na wojnie to go to war
    6. (przybyć) to be, to come
    - być pierwszym/drugim to be the first/second to arrive
    - był na mecie trzeci he came third
    - czy był już listonosz? has the postman been a. come yet?
    7. (znajdować się w jakimś stanie) to be
    - być pod urokiem/wrażeniem kogoś/czegoś to be charmed/impressed by sb/sth
    - być pod wpływem kogoś/czegoś to be under the influence of sb/sth
    - prowadzić samochód, będąc pod wpływem alkoholu to drive while under the influence of alcohol
    - być w ciąży to be pregnant
    - być w dobrym/złym humorze to be in a good/bad mood
    - nie być w nastroju do zabawy not to feel like going out a. partying
    - być w doskonałej formie to be in excellent form a. in fine fettle
    - być w strachu to be scared
    - być w rozpaczy to be in despair
    - bądźmy dobrej myśli let’s hope for the best
    - jestem przed obiadem I haven’t had my lunch yet
    - jestem już po śniadaniu I’ve already had breakfast
    - był siedem lat po studiach he had graduated seven years earlier
    - być po kielichu/po paru kieliszkach pot. to have had a drop/a few euf.
    - być na diecie to be on a diet
    - być na kaszce a. kleiku to be on a diet of gruel
    - być na emeryturze/rencie to be on a pension
    - sukienka jest do kolan the dress is knee-length
    - wody było do kostek the water was ankle-deep
    - firanka była do połowy okna the net curtain reached halfway down the window
    - chwila nieuwagi i było po wazonie one unguarded moment and the vase was smashed to pieces
    - jest już po nim/nas! it’s curtains for him/us! pot.
    - jeszcze chwila i byłoby po mnie another instant and it would have been curtains for me a. would have been all up with me pot.
    Ⅱ v aux. 1. (łącznik w orzeczeniu złożonym) to be
    - być nauczycielem/malarzem to be a teacher/painter
    - kiedy dorosnę, będę aktorem when I grow up, I’ll be an actor
    - być Polakiem/Duńczykiem to be Polish/Danish
    - borsuk jest drapieżnikiem the badger is a predator
    - nie bądź dzieckiem! don’t be childish a. such a child!
    - jestem Anna Kowalska I’m Anna Kowalska
    - „cześć, to ty jesteś Robert?” – „nie, jestem Adam” ‘hi, are you Robert? a. you’re Robert, are you?’ – ‘no, I’m Adam’
    - co to jest – ma cztery nogi i robi „miau”? what (is it that) has four legs and says ‘miaow’?
    - była wysoka/niska she was tall/short
    - jest autorką cenioną przez wszystkich she’s an author appreciated by all a. everybody
    - mój dziadek był podobno bardzo przystojnym mężczyzną my grandfather is said to have been a very handsome man
    - wciąż jest taka, jaką była za młodu she’s still her old self
    - kwiaty były żółte i czerwone the flowers were yellow and red
    - pizza była całkiem dobra the pizza was quite good
    - pojemnik był z drewna/plastiku the container was made of wood/plastic
    - z tych listewek byłby ładny latawiec these slats could make a fine kite
    - wszystko to były jedynie domysły it was all only conjecture
    - czyj jest ten samochód? whose car is this?, who does this car belong to?
    - ta książka jest jej/Adama this book is hers/Adam’s, this is her/Adam’s book
    - żona była dla niego wszystkim his wife was everything to him
    - nie naśladuj innych, bądź sobą don’t imitate others, be yourself
    - ta zupa jest zimna this soup is cold
    - Maria jest niewidoma Maria is blind
    - jesteś głodny? are you hungry?
    - Robert jest żonaty/rozwiedziony Robert is married/divorced
    - są małżeństwem od dziesięciu lat they’ve been married for ten years
    - bądź dla niej miły be nice to her
    - bądź tak dobry a. uprzejmy would you mind
    - bądź tak miły i otwórz okno would you mind opening the window?
    - czy byłaby pani uprzejma podać mi sól would you be kind enough a. would you be so kind as to pass me the salt?
    - nie bądź głupi! don’t be a fool!
    - cicho bądź! be quiet!
    - być w kapeluszu/kaloszach/spodniach to be wearing a hat/rubber boots/trousers
    - była w zielonym żakiecie/czarnym berecie she was wearing a green jacket/black beret, she had a green jacket/black beret on
    - być za kimś/czymś (opowiadać się) to support sb/sth, to be for sb/sth
    - byłem za tym, żeby nikomu nic nie mówić I was for not telling anyone anything
    - dwa razy dwa jest cztery two times two is four
    2. (w stronie biernej) artykuł jest dobrze napisany the article is well written
    - ściany pokoju były pomalowane na różowo the walls of the room were painted pink
    - dzieci, które są maltretowane przez rodziców children who are abused by their parents
    - tak jest napisane w gazecie that’s what it says in the paper
    - samochód będzie naprawiony jutro the car will be repaired by tomorrow
    - to musi być zrobione do czwartku this must be done by Thursday
    - sukienka była uszyta z czarnej wełenki the dress was made of black wool
    3. (w czasie przyszłym złożonym) shall, will
    - będzie pamiętał a. pamiętać tę scenę przez cały życie he will remember this scene all his life
    - będziemy długo go wspominali a. wspominać we shall a. will long remember him
    4. przest. (w czasie zaprzeszłym) w Krakowie mieszkał był przed trzema laty he would have been living a. was living in Cracow three years ago 5. (w trybie warunkowym) byłbym napisał a. napisałbym był do ciebie, gdybym znał twój adres I would have written to you, had I known your address a. if I had known your address
    - co by się było stało, gdyby nie jego pomoc what would have happened if it hadn’t been for his help
    - byłaby spadła ze schodów (omal nie) she almost fell down the stairs
    - byłbym zapomniał! zabierz ze sobą śpiwór I almost a. nearly forgot! take a sleeping bag with you
    6. (w zwrotach nieosobowych) było już późno it was already late
    - jest dopiero wpół do ósmej it’s only half past seven
    - nie było co jeść there was nothing to eat
    - za ciepło będzie ci w tym swetrze you’ll be too hot in this jumper
    - byłoby przyjemnie zjeść razem obiad it would be nice to have lunch together
    - wychodzić po zmierzchu było niebezpiecznie it was dangerous going out after dark
    - nie kupić tego mieszkania będzie niewybaczalnym błędem not to buy that a. the flat would be an inexcusable mistake
    - z chorym było źle/coraz gorzej the patient was bad/getting worse
    - z dziadkiem jest nienajlepiej grandfather is poorly
    - wszystko będzie na niego he’ll get all the blame
    - żeby nie było na mnie I don’t want to get the blame
    - na imię było jej Maria her name was Maria
    - było dobrze po północy it was well after midnight
    - będzie z godzinę/trzy lata temu an hour or so/some three years ago
    - będzie kwadrans jak wyszedł he must have left fifteen minutes or so ago, it’s been fifteen minutes or so since he left
    - do najbliższego sklepu będzie ze trzy kilometry it’s a good three kilometres to the nearest shop
    - nie ma tu gdzie usiąść there’s nowhere here to sit
    - w tym mieście na ma dokąd pójść wieczorem there’s nowhere to go at night in this town
    - nie ma komu posprzątać/zrobić zakupy there’s no-one to clean/to do shopping
    - nie ma z kim się bawić there’s no-one to play with
    7. (z czasownikami niewłaściwymi) to be
    - trzeba było coś z tym zrobić something had to be done about it
    - trzeba było od razu tak mówić why didn’t you say so in the first place?
    - czytać można było tylko przy świecach one could read only by candlelight
    - jest gorzej niż można było przypuszczać it’s worse than might have been expected
    ■ bądź zdrów! (pożegnanie) goodbye!, take care!
    - być bez forsy/przy forsie pot. to be penniless/flush pot.
    - być do niczego (bezużyteczny) [osoba, przedmiot] to be useless a. no good; (chory, słaby) [osoba] to be poorly a. out of sorts
    - być może perhaps, maybe
    - być może nam się uda perhaps we’ll succeed
    - być może a. może być, że… it may happen that…
    - być niczym [osoba] to be a nobody
    - znałem ją, kiedy jeszcze była nikim I knew her when she was still a nobody
    - być przy nadziei a. być w poważnym a. odmiennym a. błogosławionym stanie książk. to be in an interesting condition a. in the family way przest.; to have a bun in the oven euf., pot.
    - było nie było (tak czy owak) when all’s said and done, after all; (niech się dzieje co chce) come what may, be that as it may
    - było nie było, to już ćwierć wieku od naszego ślubu when all’s said and done a. after all, it’s twenty-five years since we got married
    - było nie było, idę pogadać z szefem o podwyżce come what may, I’m going to the boss to talk about a rise
    - było siedzieć w domu/nie pożyczać mu pieniędzy pot. serves you right, you should have stayed at home/shouldn’t have lent him money
    - było nic mu nie mówić you should have told him nothing
    - co będzie, to będzie whatever will be, will be
    - co było, to było let bygones be bygones
    - co jest? pot. what’s up? pot.
    - co jest, do jasnej cholery? dlaczego nikt nie otwiera? what the hell’s going on? – why doesn’t anyone open the door? pot.
    - co jest? przyjacielowi paru groszy żałujesz? what’s wrong? – can’t spare a friend a few pence? pot.
    - coś w tym jest a. coś w tym musi być there must be something in it
    - coś w tym musi być, że wszyscy dyrektorzy będą na tym zebraniu there must be something in it, if all the directors are going to the meeting
    - jakoś to będzie things’ll a. it’ll work out somehow pot.
    - nie ma co a. rady oh well
    - nie ma co, trzeba brać się do roboty oh well, time to do some work
    - nie ma co! well, well!
    - mieszkanie, nie ma co, widne i ustawne well, well, not a bad flat, airy and well laid out
    - ładnie się spisałeś, nie ma co! iron. well, well, you’ve done it now, haven’t you!
    - nie ma (to) jak kuchnia domowa/kieliszek zimnej wódki nothing beats a. you can’t beat home cooking/a glass of cold vodka
    - nie ma (to) jak muzyka klasyczna give me classical music every time
    - nie ma to jak wakacje! there’s nothing like a holiday!
    - nie może być! (niedowierzanie) I don’t believe it!, you don’t say!
    - niech będzie! oh well!
    - niech ci/wam będzie! have it your own way!
    - niech mu/jej będzie! let him/her have his/her own way!
    - niech tak będzie! (zgoda) so be it!
    - tak jest! (owszem) (that’s) right!
    - „to jest pańskie ostatnie słowo” – „tak jest, ostatnie” ‘is that your final word?’ – ‘yes, it is’, ‘that’s right’
    - tak jest, panie pułkowniku/generale! Wojsk. yes, sir!
    - to jest książk. that is, that is to say
    - główne gałęzie przemysłu, to jest górnictwo i hutnictwo the main branches of industry, that is (to say) mining and metallurgy
    * * *
    (jestem, jesteś); pl jesteśmy; pl jesteście; pl są; imp bądź; pt był, była, byli; sg fut będę; sg fut; będziesz; vi

    jestem! — present!, here!

    jest ciepło/zimno — it's warm/cold

    jest mi zimno/przykro — I'm cold/sorry

    będę pamiętać lub pamiętał — I will remember

    co będzie, jeśli nie przyjdą? — what will happen if they don't come?

    nie może być! — this lub it can't be!

    tak jest! — yes, sir!

    jestem za +instr /przeciw być — +dat I am for/against

    * * *
    I.
    być1
    ipf.
    1. (= znajdować się w jakimś stanie l. miejscu) be; (= istnieć) exist, be there; być na diecie be on a diet; być na emeryturze be retired; jestem po robocie I'm finished l. done with work (for today); pewnego razu był sobie król... once upon a time there lived a king...; w ogrodzie były róże there were roses in the garden; w Galaktyce są miliardy gwiazd there are billions of stars in the Galaxy; ile ich jest? how many of them are there?; być w kinie be at the theater; być na wycieczce be on a trip; być w Warszawie be in Warsaw; być u babci na wsi be at grandma's house in the country; być z kimś sam na sam be one on one with sb; od świtu jestem na nogach I have been on my feet all day; Ewa jest na ostatnich nogach Eva is ready to drop l. dead on her feet; jesteś na drodze do zawału you are on the road to a heart attack; wszystko jest na swoim miejscu everything is in its place; to było nie na miejscu that was out of line; być na ustach całego miasteczka be on the lips of everyone in town; być jedną nogą na tamtym świecie have one foot in the grave; co dzisiaj będzie na obiad? what's for supper today?; wszystko jest pod ręką we have everything right at hand; być u steru przen. be at the wheel; no to jestem w domu (= zrozumiałem) that hits home; być w latach l. w leciech be up in one's years; być w sile wieku be in one's prime; być w opałach be in a bind; teraz wszystko jest w twoich rękach now everything is in your hands l. up to you; być w siódmym niebie be in seventh heaven; być w swoim żywiole be in one's element; być na zebraniu be at a meeting; być na wojnie be (fighting) in a war; być na studiach be at college; być na anglistyce be in the English Department; nigdy nie byłem w Chicago I've never been to Chicago; Adam jest pod pantoflem swojej żony Adam is henpecked; być nie w sosie be in a bad mood; jest gaz i woda we have gas and water; jestem takiego samego zdania I'm of the same opinion; jestem dobrej myśli I'm hoping for the best; jest mi u ciebie tak dobrze I feel so good at your place; jest mi głupio I feel stupid; to jest do niczego it's no good; być górą be on top; to nie jest czas po temu this is not the time for that; to nie jest mi na rękę this is inconvenient (for me); to nie jest po mojej myśli that's not what I intended l. what I had in mind; jestem pod wrażeniem I'm impressed; jestem bez pieniędzy I'm broke; jestem w ciąży I'm pregnant; Ewa jest przy nadziei przest. Eva is in the family way; jestem na służbie I'm on duty; byliśmy na spacerze we were taking a walk; dobrze wiesz, że jesteś na mojej łasce you know fully well that you're at my mercy; czy jesteś w stanie mnie zrozumieć? are you able to understand me?; jestem w dobrym humorze I'm in a good mood; byliśmy w kłopocie, co zrobić z... we couldn't figure out what to do with...; Ewa przez moment była w rozterce for a moment Ewa was in a dilemma; Ewa jest z Adamem w przyjaźni Ewa is friends with Adam; po czyjej jesteś stronie? whose side are you on?; Adam jest w porządku Adam is OK l. alright; to nie jest w moim guście that's not my style; jestem na bakier z gramatyką I haven't a clue about grammar; z teściową jestem na złej stopie I'm on bad terms with my mother-in-law; z prezesem jestem na ty I'm on a first name basis with the president; jestem za reformą I'm for the reform; oni są z sobą za pan brat they are on familiar terms; jestem z Ewą po słowie przest. I'm engaged to Eve.
    2. ( część orzeczenia imiennego) jestem studentem I am a student; byłam piosenkarką I was a singer; będę generałem I will be a general; ta dziewczyna jest ładna that girl is pretty; samochód jest ojca that's father's car; ten długopis nie jest mój this pen isn't mine; bądź zdrów! get well!; jesteś dla mnie niczym! you mean nothing to me; on nie był sobą he wasn't himself; dwa razy dwa jest cztery two plus two is l. equals four.
    3. ( w zdaniach bezosobowych) (= zdarzać się) jest piękny dzień it's a beautiful day; był kwiecień it was April; było to dość dawno it was l. happened quite a long time ago; był do ciebie telefon you had a call; było już późno it was getting late; nie ma co jeść there's nothing to eat; będzie z godzinę temu, jak... it's been an hour since...; a co będzie ze mną? what will happen to me?; ciekaw jestem, co z niego będzie I'm curious (about) what will become of him; jeżeli tak jest if it is so; być może maybe, perhaps; co będzie, to będzie come what may; co było, to było let bygones be bygones; jakoś to (w końcu) będzie thing's will turn out fine (in the end); co ci jest? what's wrong l. the matter with you?; z tej mąki nie będzie chleba it's hopeless; nie może być that's impossible; jest już po nim it's too late for him; he's done for; he's a goner l. a has-been; co było, a nie jest, nie pisze się w rejestr what's done is done; tak jest! exactly!, precisely!, that's right; wojsk. yes, sir!; to jest (= czyli) that is; było nie było whatever happens; no matter what (happens).
    II.
    być2
    ipf.
    1. tylko będę będziesz itd. ( w formach czasu przyszłego) will (be); będę pamiętał o tym I'll remember that; dzieci będą w ogrodzie the kids will be in the garden; będziemy śpiewać kolędy we're going to sing carols.
    2. ( w formach strony biernej) dom był sprzedany za... the house was sold for...; jesteś obserwowany you are being watched; droga jest już naprawiona the road has been repaired.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > być

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