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1 model of interatomic ring currents induced in conjugated cyclic molecules by external magnetic fields was proposed by Pauling
Общая лексика: модель межатомных кольцевых токов, индуцированных в сопряжённых циклических молекулах под действием внешних магнитных полейУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > model of interatomic ring currents induced in conjugated cyclic molecules by external magnetic fields was proposed by Pauling
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2 the model of interatomic ring currents induced in conjugated cyclic molecules by external magnetic fields was proposed by Pauling
Общая лексика: модель межатомных кольцевых токов, индуцированных в сопряжённых циклических молекулах под действием внешних магнитных пУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > the model of interatomic ring currents induced in conjugated cyclic molecules by external magnetic fields was proposed by Pauling
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3 the name ... was proposed to avoid confusion with another phenomenon ...
• название... было предложено во избежание путаницы с другим явлением...English-Russian dictionary of phrases and cliches for a specialist researcher > the name ... was proposed to avoid confusion with another phenomenon ...
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4 a very general theory for ... was first proposed by ...
• теория в очень общем виде была впервые предложена...English-Russian dictionary of phrases and cliches for a specialist researcher > a very general theory for ... was first proposed by ...
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5 the ratio was first proposed by N. to model ...
• коэффициент был впервые предложен N. для моделирования...English-Russian dictionary of phrases and cliches for a specialist researcher > the ratio was first proposed by N. to model ...
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6 propose
1. I1) he lain во hurry to propose он не торопится делать предложение2) what do you propose? что вы предлагаете?; в чем состоит ваше предложение?; I have nothing to propose мне нечего предложить, у меня нет никаких предложений;2. III1) propose smth., smb. book. propose a new method (a scheme, a plan, a course of action, a change, drastic measures, etc.) предлагать новый метод и т.д.; propose a motion вносить /выдвигать/ предложение; propose a resolution (a case, a question, this matter, etc.) выносить /выдвигать/ резолюцию и т.д. на обсуждение /рассмотрение/; propose a candidate предлагать [на обсуждение] кандидатуру; propose a walk (an early start, etc.) предлагать прогулку /пойти погулять/ и т.и.; propose a law предложить [новый] закон; propose one's opinion /one's view/ высказать свою точку зрения; what salary do you propose? какое вы можете предложить жалование?2) propose smth., smb. book. propose a toast поднимать /провозглашать/ тост; propose smb.'s health пить [за] чье-л. здоровье /за кого-л./; I propose our president предлагаю выпить /поднять бокалы/ за нашего председателя3) || propose a marriage. сделать предложение, предложить выйти замуж3. IVpropose smth. in some manner propose smth. repeatedly (seriously, conditionally, spontaneously, etc.) неоднократно и т.д. предлагать что-л.4. XIbook. be proposed as smth. this town was proposed as the place for the meeting этот город был предложен в качестве места встречи; be proposed for smth. who was proposed for chairman? кого предложили в председатели /избрать председателем/?5. XIIIpropose to do smth. propose to start early (to dine out tonight, to leave for the city tomorrow, to go to France in August, to make a change, to save half of all she makes, etc.) собираться /намереваться/ выехать /отправиться в путь/ рано и т.д.; what do you propose to do now? что вы теперь собираетесь /намерены/ делать?; do you propose to take a vacation this summer? вы предлагаете взять отпуск этим летом?6. XIVpropose doing smth. propose answering at once (banding in my resignation, leaving at noon, starting early, etc.) намереваться ответить тотчас же и т.д.7. XVIpropose to smb. propose to his sister сделать предложение его сестре, просить его сестру выйти замуж; when did he propose to her? когда он сделал ей предложение?8. XXI1propose smb. for smth. book. propose a man for a post (him for an office, Mm.X for a manager, etc.) выдвигать кого-л. да какой-л. пост и т.д.; propose a member for the club (smb. for membership, her for a member of a society, etc.) предлагать /выдвигать/ кого-л. в члены клуба и т.д.; propose smth. to smb. book. propose the question to oneself ставить перед собой вопрос; the object I propose to myself цель, которую я себе намечаю9. XXIV1propose smb. as smb. book. propose Mm.Janes as president (as chairman, etc.) выдвигать господина Джоунза на пост президента и т.д.10. XXVpropose that... propose that a doctor be sent for (that a messenger be sent, that we should start early, that he should take a great man for a model, that we take turns at the swing, that the motion be rejected, etc.) предложить, чтобы послали за врачом и т.д. -
7 prior lien
эк., юр. преимущественное право удержания* (право требования на активы должника, которое в случае неплатежеспособности должника будет удовлетворяться ранее требований всех других кредиторов)A maturity date was proposed for one class of prior lien securities which previously had no stated maturity.
See:
* * *
предыдущее требование: требование, удовлетворяемое раньше других обеспеченных требований при ликвидации активов, которые служили обеспечением.* * ** * *преимущественное право удержания; приоритетное право удержания. . Словарь экономических терминов . -
8 elaborated
[ɪ`læbəreɪtɪd] прил.замысловатыйтщательно разработанный|| the theory was proposed by Cope and elaborated by Osborn
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > elaborated
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9 get smb. out of one's head
(get (или put) smb. (или smth.) out of one's head)выбросить кого-л. (или что-л.) из головы, стараться забыть кого-л. (или что-л.)‘Put it out of your head,’ Shaw advised his American publisher when an edition of his collected letters was proposed in 1949. ‘There are billions of them,’ he argued, ‘and I am adding to them every day.’ (D. H. Lawrence, ‘Introduction to the Collected Letters of B. Shaw’) — - Выбросьте это из головы, - посоветовал Шоу своему американскому издателю, когда тот предложил в 1949 году издать все письма писателя. - я написал огромное количество писем и каждый день пишу новые, - сказал он ему.
...get it out of your heads that music's only good when it's loud. (Th. Wilder, ‘Our Town’, act I) —...поверьте, что хороша не только громкая музыка.
He made up his mind to have another talk with Margot, and meanwhile he put the matter out of his head. (D. Carter, ‘Tomorrow Is with Us’, ch. VIII) — Он решил еще раз поговорить с Марго, а пока что не думать об этих делах.
He cannot get it out of his head. — Это у него из ума нейдет.
Large English-Russian phrasebook > get smb. out of one's head
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10 Bill
1. n Билл2. n счётpayable bills — счета, подлежащие оплате
legal bill — счёт адвоката, счёт адвокатских расходов
3. n список, инвентарь4. n документ5. n билль, законопроектprivate bill — законопроект, имеющий местное значение
kill a bill — провалить законопроект; провалить предложение
government bill — законопроект, внесённый правительством
pending bill — законопроект, находящийся на рассмотрении
6. n программа7. n афиша, плакат8. n амер. банкнот, казначейский билет9. n вексель, траттаbill at sight — тратта, срочная немедленно по предъявлении
10. n торговый контракт; декларация11. n накладнаяbill of parcels — фактура; накладная
12. n опись товаров13. n юр. заявление, искbill of indictment — обвинительный акт, предъявляемый на решение «большому жюри»
14. n уст. документ с печатью15. n уст. папская булла16. n уст. уст. пасквиль, памфлет17. n уст. уст. жалоба, просьба18. n уст. уст. заявление в форме петиции в верховный суд19. n уст. уст. рецепт20. n уст. мор. список членов команды с распределением обязанностейmake out a bill — составить счет; составить список
21. v объявлять в афишахIrving was billed to appear as Hamlet — было объявлено, что Ирвинг будет выступать в роли Гамлета
22. v обклеивать афишамиbill at usance — вексель на срок; законопроект; билль; счет; афиша; вексель; объявлять; объявить; меню; закладная
23. v выставлять или выписывать счётbill me for $3 — запиши на мой счёт 3 доллара; запиши за мной 3 доллара
24. v фактурировать; выписывать накладную25. n клюв26. n мыс27. n амер. разг. козырёк28. n мор. носок якоря29. v целоваться клювиками30. v ворковать, ласкаться31. n садовые ножницы; секач, кривой нож для обрубания сучьевhedge bill — садовый нож, секатор
hedging bill — садовый нож, секатор
32. n кирка, мотыга33. n уст. алебарда34. n уст. короткий мечvery short bill — вексель, оплачиваемый в течение очень короткого срока
35. n остриё лапы якоря36. v работать садовыми ножницами, подстригать37. v работать мотыгой, копатьСинонимический ряд:1. account (noun) account; charges; check; invoice; reckoning; score; statement; tab2. announcement (noun) advertisement; affiche; announcement; broadside; bulletin; circular; handbill; notice; placard; poster3. beak (noun) beak; mandible; neb; nib; pecker; projection4. charge (noun) charge; debt; fee5. currency (noun) currency; money; note6. dollar (noun) dollar; oner; rock7. paper money (noun) bank note; certificate; federal reserve note; greenback; paper money8. peak (noun) brim; peak; visor9. programme (noun) programme; prospectus; syllabus10. promontory (noun) cape; foreland; head; headland; naze; point; promontory11. proposed law (noun) act; draft; law; legislation; measure; proposal; proposed law12. announce (verb) advertise; announce; post; publicise; publicize; publish13. invoice (verb) draw upon; dun; invoice; send a statement; solicitАнтонимический ряд: -
11 put
1. n бросок камня или тяжести с плечаto put on airs — важничать, зазнаваться, задирать нос
2. n спорт. толкание3. n бирж. опцион на продажу, обратная премия, сделка с обратной премиейput and call — двойной опцион, стеллаж
bond with put — облигация с опционом "пут"
bonds with put — облигации с опционом "пут"
4. n диал. толчок, удар5. v класть, ставить; положить, поставитьto put a child to bed — уложить ребёнка в постель; уложить ребёнка спать
to put smth. in the window — выставить напоказ
6. v вкладывать, вставлять, класть; убиратьput away — убирать, прятать
put down — опускать, класть
7. v прибавлять, подмешивать, всыпатьto put on weight — прибавлять в весе, полнеть
8. v ставить; помещать, размещать9. v отдавать, передавать; помещатьput into print — передавать в печать; переданный в печать
to put to lumber — закладывать, отдавать в залог
10. v ставить, назначатьto put to the blush — заставить покраснеть, вогнать в краску
11. v устраивать, определять; помещать12. v поставить, сделать постановкуput about — распространять, делать широко известным
13. v вносить, включать14. v приложить; поднести; приблизить; пододвинуть15. v приделать, приладить, приспособить16. v с. -х. случать17. v мор. плыть; отправляться; брать курс18. v диал. пускать ростки; давать почкиto put on lugs — важничать, напускать на себя важность
put forth — давать ростки, бутоны
19. v диал. бодать20. v диал. бодатьсяСинонимический ряд:1. asked (verb) asked; pose; raise2. estimate (verb) approximate; call; estimate; judge; reckon3. estimated (verb) approximated; called; estimated; judged; placed; reckoned4. exact (verb) assess; exact; levied5. express (verb) air; couch; express; formulate; give; phrase; state; utter; vent; ventilate; word6. expressed (verb) aired; expressed; gave/given; stated; vented; ventilated7. fasten (verb) concenter; concentrate; fasten; fixate; focus; rivet8. fastened (verb) concentrated; fastened; fixated; focused; riveted9. heave (verb) heave; pitch; throw10. impose (verb) impose; inflict; levy11. offer (verb) offer; present; submit12. place (verb) deposit; fixed; laid; lay; place; rest; seat; settle; stuck13. play (verb) betted; gamble; game; lay down; play; post; stake; wager14. propose (verb) prefer; propose; proposition; propound; suggest15. proposed (verb) posed; preferred; proposed; propositioned; propounded; suggested16. set (verb) establish; established; fix; install; laid; locate; position; quarter; set; settled; site; situate; stick; stuck17. translate (verb) construe; render; translate; transpose; turn18. translated (verb) rendered; translated; transposed; turned19. worded (verb) couched; formulated; phrased; wordedАнтонимический ряд:displace; misplace; oust; raise; remove; take; transfer; withdraw -
12 accredit
əˈkredɪt гл. (буквально "доверять")
1) уполномочивать Our envoy was accredited to their new government. ≈ Наш посланник был уполномочен вести переговоры с новым правительством.
2) аккредитовывать, принять в качестве аккредитованного лица( дипломатического представителя и т. п.) The President proposed that Russian diplomats could be accredited to NATO headquarters. ≈ Президент предложил, чтобы российские дипломаты были бы аккредитованы в штаб-квартире НАТО. accredit a journalist
3) приписывать (to, with) ;
относить на чей-л. счет Mr. Bright himself was accredited with having said that his own effort to arouse a reforming spirit was like flogging a dead horse. ≈ Да и самому мистеру Брайту приписывали высказывание, что его собственные усилия, направленные на пробуждения реформаторского духа более всего напоминали попытки заставить скакать дохлую лошадь.
4) доверять;
(по) верить I accredited his story. ≈ Я поверил его рассказу. Syn: endorse
5) признать высшее учебное заведение правомочным выдавать дипломы и присваивать ученые степени
6) гарантировать качество This degree programme is fully accredited by the Institution of Electrical Engineers. ≈ Эта программа для получения степени признана полностью подходящей Институтом инженеров-электриков.уполномочивать;
- to * an envoy снабдить посланника полномочиями /верительными грамотами/ - he was *ed to the chairman его уполномочили для ведения переговоров с председателем аккредитовывать, принять в качестве аккредитованного лица;
- to * a journalist аккредитовать журналиста;
- a correspondent *ed at the White House корреспондент, аккредитованный при Белом доме;
- he was *ed at Moscow он был аккредитован в Москве приписывать;
относить на чей-л. счет;
- he was *ed with this poem, this poem was *ed to him это стихотворение приписывали ему верить, доверять;
- I *ed his tale я поверил его рассказу гарантировать качество аккредитовать учебное заведение;
признать высшее учебное заведение правомочным выдавать дипломы и присваивать ученые степени кредитовать, предоставлять редитaccredit аккредитовать ~ выдавать аккредитив ~ доверять;
(по) верить ~ кредитовать ~ относить на счет ~ принять в качестве аккредитованного лица ~ приписывать (to, with) ~ уполномочивать;
аккредитовать (дипломатического представителя) ~ уполномочиватьБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > accredit
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13 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
14 talk
1. nразговор, беседа; pl переговорыmore peace talks are going to take place / getting underway / lie ahead — переговоры о мирном урегулировании будут продолжены
to be more flexible in the talks — проявлять бо́льшую гибкость на переговорах
to begin (the) talks — начинать / открывать переговоры
to bring a country into the talks between smb — вовлекать / подключать какую-л. страну к переговорам между кем-л.
to come to the talks empty-handed — приходить на переговоры с пустыми руками ( без новых предложений)
to complete / to conclude talks — завершать переговоры
to damage the talks — вредить / мешать / препятствовать переговорам, подрывать переговоры
to demand a prompt resumption of peace talks — требовать скорейшего возобновления переговоров о мире
to derail / to disrupt the talks — срывать переговоры
to dominate the two days of talks — быть главным вопросом на переговорах, которые продлятся два дня
to extend talks amid reports of smth — продлевать переговоры, в то время как поступают сообщения о чем-л.
to hamper the talks — вредить / мешать / препятствовать переговорам, подрывать переговоры
to have / to hold further / more talks with smb — проводить дальнейшие переговоры / продолжать переговоры с кем-л.
to hold talks at the request of smb — проводить переговоры по чьей-л. просьбе
to hold talks in an exceptionally warm atmosphere — вести переговоры в исключительно теплой атмосфере
to iron out difficulties in the talks — устранять трудности, возникшие в ходе переговоров
to maintain one's talks for 10 days — продолжать переговоры еще 10 дней
to make good / substantial progress at / in the talks — добиваться значительного / существенного успеха на переговорах
to make smb more flexible in the talks — заставлять кого-л. занять более гибкую позицию на переговорах
to obstruct the talks — вредить / мешать / препятствовать переговорам, подрывать переговоры
to offer unconditional talks to smb — предлагать кому-л. провести переговоры, не сопровождаемые никакими условиями
to open (the) talks — начинать / открывать переговоры
to push forward the talks — активизировать переговоры; давать толчок переговорам
to put the proposals to arms reduction talks — ставить предложения на рассмотрение участников переговоров о сокращении вооружений
to re-launch / to reopen talks — возобновлять переговоры
to restart / to resume talks — возобновлять переговоры
to resume talks after a lapse of 18 months — возобновлять переговоры после полуторагодового перерыва
to schedule talks — намечать / планировать переговоры
to start (the) talks — начинать / открывать переговоры
to steer a diplomatic course in one's talks — проводить дипломатическую линию на переговорах
to stymie the talks — вредить / мешать / препятствовать переговорам, подрывать переговоры
to torpedo the talks — вредить / мешать / препятствовать переговорам, подрывать переговоры
- accession talksto walk out of / to withdraw from talks — уходить с переговоров, отказываться от продолжения переговоров
- after a full day of talks
- ambassadorial talks
- ambassadorial-level talks
- another round of talks gets under way today
- arduous talks
- arms control talks
- arms talks
- backstage talks
- barren talks
- beneficial talks
- bilateral talks
- bittersweet talk
- border talks
- breakdown in talks
- breakdown of talks - businesslike talks
- by means of talks
- by talks
- call for fresh talks
- carefully prepared talks
- cease-fire talks
- CFE talks
- coalition talks
- collapsed talks
- completion of talks
- conduct of talks
- confidential talks
- confrontational talks
- constructive talks
- conventional arms control talks
- conventional forces in Europe talks
- conventional stability talks
- conventional talks
- conventional-force talk
- cordial talks
- crux of the talks
- current round of talks
- deadlocked talks
- delay in the talks
- detailed talks
- direct talks
- disarmament talks
- discreet talks
- disruption of talks
- divisive talks
- early talks
- election talk
- emergency talks
- equal talks
- Europe-wide talks
- exhaustive talks
- exploratory talks
- extensive talks
- face-to-face talks
- failure at the talks
- failure of the talks
- familiarization talks
- farewell talks
- final round of talks
- follow -up talks
- follow-on talks
- force-reduction talks
- formal talks
- forthcoming talks
- four-way talks
- frank talks
- fresh round of talks
- fresh talks
- friendly atmosphere in the talks
- friendly talks
- frosty talks
- fruitful talks
- fruitless talks
- full talks
- full-scale talks
- further talks
- get-to-know-you talks
- good-faith talks
- hard-going talks
- highest-level talks
- high-level talks
- in a follow-up to one's talks
- in the course of talks
- in the last round of the talks
- in the latest round of the talks
- in the talks
- inconclusive talks
- indirect talks
- industrial promotion talks
- informal talks
- intensive talks
- intercommunal talks
- interesting talks
- interparty talks
- last-ditch talks
- last-minute talks
- lengthy talks
- low-level talks
- make-or-break talks
- man-to-man talks
- marathon talks
- MBFR talks
- meaningful talks
- mediator in the talks
- membership talks
- ministerial talks
- more talks
- multilateral talks
- Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction talks
- news lockout during the talks
- no further talks are scheduled
- non-stop talks
- normalization talks
- nuclear and space arms talks
- observer at the talks
- offer of talks
- on-and-off talks
- Open Skies Talk
- open talks
- outcome of the talks
- pace of the talks
- participant in the talks
- parties at the talks
- pay talks
- peace talks
- pep talk
- political talks
- positive talks
- preliminary talks
- preparatory talks
- present at the talks are...
- pre-summit talks
- pre-talks
- prime-ministerial talks
- private talks
- productive talks
- profound talks
- programmatic talk
- proposed talks
- proximity talks
- rapid progress in talks
- rapprochement talks
- realistic talks
- renewal of talks
- resumed talks
- resumption of talks
- reunification talks - sales talks
- SALT
- scheduled talks
- secret talks
- security talks
- sensible talks
- separate talks
- serious talks
- session of the talks
- setback in the talks
- sincere talks
- stage-by-stage talks
- stormy talks
- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
- Strategic Arms Reduction Talks
- substantial talks
- substantive talks
- successful progress of the talks
- summit talks
- talk was conducted in an atmosphere
- talk was held in an atmosphere
- talk will be dominated by the row which...
- talks about talk
- talks are alarmingly behind schedule
- talks are at a standstill
- talks are critical
- talks are deadlocked
- talks are due to resume
- talks are getting nowhere
- talks are going ahead
- talks are going well
- talks are heading for deadlock
- talks are in doubt
- talks are in high gear
- talks are in jeopardy
- talks are into their final day
- talks are not going fast enough
- talks are only a start
- talks are progressing at a snail's pace
- talks are progressing smoothly
- talks are progressing well
- talks are set to fail
- talks are stalemated
- talks are still on track
- talks are taking place in a constructive atmosphere
- talks are underway
- talks at a ministerial level
- talks at the highest level
- talks at the level of deputy foreign ministers
- talks between smb have run into last-minute difficulties
- talks between the two sides
- talks bogged down on smth
- talks broke down
- talks came to a standstill
- talks center on smth
- talks collapsed
- talks come at a time when...
- talks concentrate on
- talks dragged on for years
- talks ended in agreement
- talks ended in failure
- talks ended inconclusively
- talks ended without agreement
- talks failed to make any progress
- talks faltered on smth
- talks foundered on smth
- talks get underway
- talks go into a second day
- talks go on
- talks had a successful start
- talks had been momentous
- talks hang by a thread
- talks hang in the balance
- talks have been constructive and businesslike
- talks have broken up in failure
- talks have ended on an optimistic note
- talks have ended with little sign of agreement
- talks have ended with little sign of program
- talks have fallen through
- talks have got off to a friendly start
- talks have got off to a successful start
- talks have made little progress towards peace
- talks have never been closer to an agreement
- talks have reached deadlock
- talks have reopened
- talks have run into difficulties
- talks have run into trouble
- talks inch forward
- talks is burgeoning again about...
- talks made progress
- talks may continue into tomorrow
- talks may not get off the ground
- talks now under way
- talks of peace
- talks of procedural nature
- talks on a range of issues
- talks on conventional stability
- talks open
- talks overran by half an hour
- talks overshadowed by smth
- talks produced no results
- talks reconvene
- talks remain deadlocked
- talks restart
- talks resume
- talks stalled over the issue
- talks under the auspices of smb
- talks went into the small hours of the morning
- talks went late into the night
- talks went on late into the night
- talks went smoothly
- talks were due to start a month ago
- talks were not conclusive
- talks were suspended
- talks were warm, friendly and cordial
- talks will cover smth
- talks will focus on smth
- talks will go ahead
- talks will take place at the undersecretaries of foreign affairs level
- talks will yield an agreement
- talks with smb are not acceptable
- talks with the mediation of smb
- talks without preconditions
- talks would make little headway
- the agreement was signed at the end of 5 days of talks
- the area affected in the talks
- the outcome of the talks is not easy to predict
- the pace of the talks is slow
- the progress of the talks
- there was a sense of achievement at the end of the talks
- this problem will be at the heart of the talks
- those in the talks
- three days of talks have failed to make any tangible progress
- three-sided talks
- three-way talks
- too much talks and not enough action
- top-level talks
- touchstone of progress in the talks
- trade talks
- trilateral talks
- tripartite talks
- two-way talks
- umbrella peace talks
- unconditional talks
- United Nations-mediated talks
- United Nations-sponsored talks
- unity talks
- unofficial talk
- unproductive talks
- unscheduled talks
- useful talks
- walkout from the talks
- weighty talks
- wide range of talks
- wide-ranging talks
- workmanlike talks 2. vвести беседу, разговариватьto talk about smth — вести переговоры о чем-л.
to talk to smb direct — вести с кем-л. прямые переговоры
to talk to smb through a third party — вести переговоры с кем-л. через посредника
to talk tough — вести беседу / говорить резко
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15 object
1. Ihe objects он возражает, он протестует, он против этого; I won't object я не стану возражать; I think I'll have a smoke, if you don't object я, пожалуй, закурю, если вы ничего не имеете против; if you disliked the proposal you should have objected если вам предложение было не по душе, вы должны были высказать свои возражения2. IIobject in some manner object strongly (weakly, etc.) решительно и т.д. протестовать3. XIbe objected that it was objected that there was no time (that the proposed clause might inflict hardships, etc.) говорили, что этого нельзя делать, потому что нет времени и т.д.4. XVIobject to (against) smth., smb. object to the argument (to the idea, to the marriage, etc.) возражать против такого аргумента и т.д.; he objected to my dress (to all this noise, to a wet summer, etc.) ему не нравилось мое платье и т.д.; I don't object to a glass of wine я не прочь выпить стаканчик вина; object to smth. strongly (most decidedly, formally, fruitlessly, unreasonably, etc.) резко и т.д. возражать против чего-л.; I emphatically object against his proposal я категорически возражаю против его предложения; what have you got to object against him? что вы имеете против него?; object to a witness отводить свидетеля; object in smth. he stood up and objected in strong language oil поднялся и заявил резкий протест5. XVIIobject to doing smth. object to opening the window (to smb.'s smoking, to my singing, to his going on the trip, to my correcting your mistakes, etc.) возражать против того, чтобы открыли окно и т.д.; object to his coining возражать против его прихода; I strongly object to waiting another year я совсем не хочу ждать еще год; I object to being treated like this я не желаю, чтобы со мной так обращались6. XXVobject that... object that the weather was bad (that there was no time, that he is too young for the pension, that our plans were too dangerous, etc.) быть против на том основании, что погода плохая и т.д.7. XXVII1object to what.. object sharply to what the speaker said резко возражать докладчику -
16 should
[ʃʋd (полная форма); ʃəd,ʃd,ʃt (редуцированные формы)]I1. past от shall2. выражает1) долженствование в форме рекомендации, пожелания:I know I should go to the station - я знаю, что (мне) нужно идти на станцию
we should go now - нам пора /надо/ уходить
which is as it should be - что и должно было быть /произойти, случиться/; как и следовало ожидать
2) с перфектным инфинитивом невыполненную рекомендацию, пожелание и т. п.:you should really have been more careful - вам следовало бы быть осторожнее
he hasn't brought the book, though he should have done it last week - он не принёс книгу, хотя ему бы следовало сделать это ещё на прошлой неделе
they should be there by now - сейчас они, наверное /пожалуй/, уже там
that should suit you - это вам, должно быть /наверное/, подойдёт
4. выражаетI should think that... - мне кажется, что...
I should say that he was right - я бы сказал, что он прав
I should think he is wrong - я думаю, что /пожалуй/ он неправ
so it should seem - казалось бы, что это так; видимо, так
2) желание:I should like... - мне бы хотелось...
5. эмоц.-усил. выражает удивление, возмущение и т. п.:why should you suspect me? - с какой же это стати вы меня подозреваете?
why should he behave like that? - и зачем только он так себя ведёт?
how should I know? - ну откуда мне знать?
it is strange that he should have said it - весьма странно, что он сказал это
it is surprising that he should be so foolish! - просто удивительно, до чего он неразумен /глуп/!
whom should I meet but Jones? - и кого же, вы думаете, я встретил? Джоунза, конечно; и подумать только, кого я встретил - Джоунза!
you should have seen him! - посмотрели бы вы на него!, жаль, что вы не видели его!
I should think so! - ещё бы!
III Б1. в придаточном дополнительном служит для выражения будущего времени, согласованного с прошедшим временем в главном предложении:I said that I should come back soon - я сказал, что скоро вернусь
he had promised that I should be there on - обещал, что я там буду
I said I should do it - я сказал /заявил/, что я сделаю это
I should have bought the book if I had seen it - я бы купил эту книгу, если бы я её увидел
we should go there if we were invited - мы бы пошли туда, если бы нас пригласили
I shouldn't be surprised if... - я не удивился бы, если..., меня не удивило бы, если...
2) в придаточных цели после союзов lest, that, so that:I lent him the book so that he should study the subject - я одолжил ему книгу, чтобы он изучил этот вопрос
ring him up first, lest you should find him gone - сначала позвоните ему, а то он может уйти
if I should be free tomorrow, I'll come - если я буду свободен завтра, я приду
if he should ask you tell him the truth - если он вдруг тебя спросит, скажи ему правду
4) в придаточных дополнительных, когда действие вызвано необходимостью или зависит от чьей-л. воли, чьего-л. решения и т. п.:they recommended [proposed, demanded, ordered] that a special committee should he set up - они рекомендовали [предложили, потребовали, приказали], чтобы была создана специальная комиссия
it is important that they should learn about it at once - необходимо, чтобы они немедленно об этом узнали
it was impossible that this should continue for long - это никак не могло долго продолжаться
it was not to be expected that they should surrender without a struggle - нельзя было ожидать, чтобы они сдались без борьбы
whatever sum should be received from him... - какая бы сумма от него ни поступила...
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17 like a shot
adv infml1)2)Anyway I'd be into that flat like a shot if I was in your shoes — Я бы на твоем месте не глядя поселился в этой квартире
3)If he proposed she'd accept him like a shot — Если бы он сделал ей предложение, она бы с радостью его приняла
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18 debate
dɪˈbeɪt
1. сущ.
1) дебаты, дискуссия, обсуждение, прения a debate about, with ≈ дискуссия по вопросу/о/на тему conduct debate hold debate moderate debate Syn: discussion
2) полемика, спор an acrimonious debate, bitter debate ≈ желчный, язвительный спор a heated, lively, sharp, spirited debate ≈ оживленный, горячий спор There has been a lot of debate among scholars about this. ≈ Ученые много спорили об этом. Syn: controversy, dispute, polemics
2. гл.
1) обсуждать, дискутировать, полемизировать;
спорить( about, on, upon - о чем-л.;
with - с кем-л.) to debate heatedly, hotly ≈ горячо спорить The class have decided to debate about the housing question. ≈ В классе решили обсудить проблему жилья. The family is still debating about where to go for their holiday. ≈ Семья до сих пор обсуждает, где провести отпуск. We had to debate with two speakers expressing the opposing view. ≈ Нам пришлось вступить в спор с двумя докладчиками, которые выражали противоположную точку зрения. We debated what to do. ≈ Мы обсуждали, что делать( в создавшейся ситуации). Syn: argue
2) обдумывать;
рассматривать( что-л.) ;
думать( about - о чем-л.), размышлять (над чем-л.) to debate a matter in one's mind ≈ взвешивать, обдумывать что-л. I'm still debating about whether to let you go to camp. ≈ Я все еще не решил, разрешу я тебе ехать в лагерь или нет. Syn: discuss дискуссия, прения, дебаты - forensic *s (юридическое) судебные прения, прения сторон в процессе - policy * дебаты о политической программе - full-dress * пленарные дебаты - * on the report прения по докладу - rules of * порядок дискуссии - to open the * открыть прения - to hold /to conduct/ *s проводить дебаты - to win *s одержать верх в дебатах спор, полемика - beyond * бесспорно - in /under/ * обсуждаемый, дискутируемый - after much * после долгих споров - to hold * with oneself взвешивать, обдумывать (the *s) официальный отчет о парламентских заседаниях (устаревшее) борьба, вражда, ссора - the spirit of * дух борьбы обсуждать, дискутировать, дебатировать, вести дебаты - to * a question /a point/ обсуждать вопрос - to * a proposed amendment вести дебаты по внесенной поправке обсуждать, спорить, вести дебаты - to * smth. (up) on /about, over/ smth. with smb. спорить о чем-л. с кем-л. - to * the best places to go спорить о том, куда лучше всего пойти - to * how to do it обсуждать, как это сделать обдумывать, взвешивать;
размышлять - to * a matter in one's mind размышлять над какой-л. проблемой, взвешивать (все за и против) - to * with oneself обдумывать (что-л.) ;
убеждать самого себя - I'm just debating whether to go or stay (разговорное) не знаю, как мне быть - уйти или остаться - she was debating with herself /in her mind/ whether he was worthwhile она никак не могла решить6 стоит он внимания или нет Address ~ дискуссия при открытии сессии парламента ~ спор, полемика;
beyond debate бесспорно debate взвешивать ~ дебатировать ~ дискуссия, прения, дебаты;
to open a debate открыть дискуссию ~ дискуссия ~ обдумывать;
рассматривать;
to debate a matter in one's mind взвешивать, обдумывать (что-л.) ~ обдумывать ~ обсуждать, дебатировать;
спорить;
оспаривать ~ обсуждать ~ (the debates) pl официальный отчет о парламентских заседаниях ~ полемика ~ размышлять ~ спор, полемика;
beyond debate бесспорно ~ спор ~ обдумывать;
рассматривать;
to debate a matter in one's mind взвешивать, обдумывать (что-л.) ~ on a question дискуссия по данному вопросу ~ on an issue дискуссия по данному вопросу ~ on the Address прения по докладу ~ the factual aspects of обсуждать фактическую сторону вопроса explanatory ~ поучительная дискуссия ~ дискуссия, прения, дебаты;
to open a debate открыть дискуссию preliminary ~ предварительные дебаты -
19 degrade
dɪˈɡreɪd гл.
1) ухудшать;
ухудшаться, портиться, приходить в упадок Syn: degenerate
2) разрушать, портить To insist on the secularity of the State can only help to degrade it. ≈ Требовать секуляризации государства - значит только помогать его разрушить.
3) понижать (официально) в звании, ранге, статусе;
разжаловать;
лишать сана, извергать из сана He was formally degraded from the priesthood. ≈ Он был формально отрешен от духовного сана. Syn: disgrace, demote
4) принижать( понижать статус кого-л. или чего-л. в общественном мнении) The university would not degrade itself in the eyes of the visitors by bear-play. ≈ Университет не уронит себя в глазах посетителей своими грубыми забавами.
5) а) унижать An unhealthy craving will degrade a man. ≈ Нездоровые стремления унижают человека. The whole was a concerted scheme to depress and degrade every member of the Waverley family. ≈ Все это был хорошо спланированный план для того, чтобы подавить и унизить каждого члена семейства Уэверли. You can't help thinking badly of any man who would degrade himself whining in that way. ≈ Невозможно хорошо относиться к человеку, который унижает себя таким нытьем. Syn: debase б) понижать, снижать, убавлять (цену, силу и т. п.) ;
живоп. приглушать цвет, тон He proposed to degrade prices instead of aiming to sustain them. ≈ Он предложил понизить цены, вместо того чтобы стараться сохранить их на том же уровне. How to degrade the tones with this single enamel colour. ≈ Как снизить интенсивность тона с помощью этой единственной эмалевой краски.
6) биол. деградировать, вырождаться
7) геол. размывать, разрушать ухудшать - to * man to the level of beasts низводить человека до уровня животных ухудшаться, деградировать приводить в упадок;
портить, разлагать - to * the theatre привести театр в упадок приходить в упадок, деградировать;
вырождаться;
портиться, разлагаться понижать, снижать (цену и т. п.) уменьшать (масштаб, силу) разжаловать;
понизить в должности, в чине и т. п. - to * smb. from the priesthood лишить кого-л. духовного сана унижать, подрывать авторитет - to * oneself уронить себя, унизиться - it *s a man to think too much about money унизительно чересчур много думать о деньгах ослаблять интенсивность тона или цвета - to * the brilliancy of the dyes ослабить сочность красок (химическое) (физическое) деградировать (биология) вырождаться (геология) размывать;
понижаться (о местности) отложить экзамен на год (при получении степени бакалавра искусств в Кембриджском университете) degrade жив. ослаблять интенсивность тона ~ понижать (в чине, звании и т. п.) ;
разжаловать;
низводить на низшую ступень ~ приходить в упадок;
деградировать ~ геол. размывать;
разрушать ~ снижать, убавлять, уменьшать ( силу, ценность и т. п.) ~ унижать ~ вчт. ухудшать -
20 debate
1. [dıʹbeıt] n1. 1) дискуссия, прения, дебатыforensic debates - юр. судебные прения, прения сторон в процессе
full-dress debate - ≅ пленарные дебаты
to hold /to conduct/ debates - проводить дебаты
2) спор, полемикаin /under/ debate - обсуждаемый, дискутируемый
to hold debate with oneself - взвешивать, обдумывать
2. (the debates) pl официальный отчёт о парламентских заседаниях3. уст. борьба, вражда, ссора2. [dıʹbeıt] v1. 1) обсуждать, дискутировать, дебатировать, вести дебатыto debate a question /a point/ - обсуждать вопрос
2) обсуждать, спорить, вести дебатыto debate smth. (up)on /about, over/ smth. with smb. - спорить о чём-л. с кем-л.
to debate the best places to go - спорить о том, куда лучше всего пойти
to debate how to do it - обсуждать, как это сделать
2. обдумывать, взвешивать; размышлятьto debate a matter in one's mind - размышлять над какой-л. проблемой, взвешивать (все за и против)
to debate with oneself - обдумывать (что-л.); убеждать самого себя
I'm just debating whether to go or stay - разг. не знаю, как мне быть - уйти или остаться
she was debating with herself /in her mind/ whether he was worthwhile - она никак не могла решить, стоит он внимания или нет
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