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was+introduced

  • 21 introduce

    [͵ıntrəʹdju:s] v
    1. 1) вводить; вставлять, помещать (внутрь чего-л.)

    to introduce a romantic situation into a novel - ввести в роман любовный эпизод

    2) вводить, приводить, впускать (куда-л.)

    to introduce a person into a room [into a family] - ввести /привести/ человека в комнату [в семью]

    3) вводить, включать, вносить
    4) вводить, внедрять, устанавливать, учреждать; давать ход (чему-л.)

    the Julian calendar was introduced in the year 44 B. C. - юлианский календарь был введён в 44 г. до нашей эры

    5) вносить на рассмотрение; ставить на обсуждение

    to introduce a bill into Congress - вносить законопроект на рассмотрение конгресса

    to introduce a question for debate - поставить /вынести/ вопрос на обсуждение

    6) ввозить

    to introduce European birds into America - ввозить европейских птиц в Америку

    7) привносить

    to introduce an element of comedy into proceedings - привнести в дело элемент комизма

    2. 1) представлять, знакомить

    let me introduce you to my wife - разрешите мне познакомить вас с моей женой, разрешите мне представить вас моей жене

    the chairman introduced the speaker to the audience - председатель представил оратора аудитории

    2) представлять, вводить (в общество и т. п.)

    to introduce smb. at court - представить кого-л. при дворе

    to introduce a person into a company - ввести кого-л. в компанию

    3. знакомить (с чем-л.)
    4. предпосылать
    5. внедрять, вводить, интродуцировать (новый вид, сорт или породу)
    6. воен. вводить в боевой состав

    НБАРС > introduce

  • 22 Education

       In Portugal's early history, education was firmly under the control of the Catholic Church. The earliest schools were located in cathedrals and monasteries and taught a small number of individuals destined for ecclesiastical office. In 1290, a university was established by King Dinis (1261-1325) in Lisbon, but was moved to Coimbra in 1308, where it remained. Coimbra University, Portugal's oldest, and once its most prestigious, was the educational cradle of Portugal's leadership. From 1555 until the 18th century, primary and secondary education was provided by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). The Catholic Church's educational monopoly was broken when the Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits in 1759 and created the basis for Portugal's present system of public, secular primary and secondary schools. Pombal introduced vocational training, created hundreds of teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences at Coimbra University, and established an education tax to pay for them.
       During the 19th century, liberals attempted to reform Portugal's educational system, which was highly elitist and emphasized rote memorization and respect for authority, hierarchy, and discipline.
       Reforms initiated in 1822, 1835, and 1844 were never actualized, however, and education remained unchanged until the early 20th century. After the overthrow of the monarchy on the Fifth of October 1910 by Republican military officers, efforts to reform Portugal's educational system were renewed. New universities were founded in Lisbon and Oporto, a Ministry of Education was established, and efforts were made to increase literacy (illiteracy rates being 80 percent) and to resecularize educational content by introducing more scientific and empirical methods into the curriculum.
       Such efforts were ended during the military dictatorship (192632), which governed Portugal until the establishment of the Estado Novo (1926-74). Although a new technical university was founded in Lisbon in 1930, little was done during the Estado Novo to modernize education or to reduce illiteracy. Only in 1964 was compulsory primary education made available for children between the ages of 6 and 12.
       The Revolution of 25 April 1974 disrupted Portugal's educational system. For a period of time after the Revolution, students, faculty, and administrators became highly politicized as socialists, communists, and other groups attempted to gain control of the schools. During the 1980s, as Portuguese politics moderated, the educational system was gradually depoliticized, greater emphasis was placed on learning, and efforts were made to improve the quality of Portuguese schools.
       Primary education in Portugal consists of four years in the primary (first) cycle and two years in the preparatory, or second, cycle. The preparatory cycle is intended for children going on to secondary education. Secondary education is roughly equivalent to junior and senior high schools in the United States. It consists of three years of a common curriculum and two years of complementary courses (10th and 11th grades). A final year (12th grade) prepares students to take university entrance examinations.
       Vocational education was introduced in 1983. It consists of a three-year course in a particular skill after the 11th grade of secondary school.
       Higher education is provided by the four older universities (Lisbon, Coimbra, Oporto, and the Technical University of Lisbon), as well as by six newer universities, one in Lisbon and the others in Minho, Aveiro, Évora, the Algarve, and the Azores. There is also a private Catholic university in Lisbon. Admission to Portuguese universities is highly competitive, and places are limited. About 10 percent of secondary students go on to university education. The average length of study at the university is five years, after which students receive their licentiate. The professoriate has four ranks (professors, associate professors, lecturers, and assistants). Professors have tenure, while the other ranks teach on contract.
       As Portugal is a unitary state, the educational system is highly centralized. All public primary and secondary schools, universities, and educational institutes are under the purview of the Ministry of Education, and all teachers and professors are included in the civil service and receive pay and pension like other civil servants. The Ministry of Education hires teachers, determines curriculum, sets policy, and pays for the building and upkeep of schools. Local communities have little say in educational matters.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Education

  • 23 implantar

    v.
    1 to introduce.
    2 to insert (medicine).
    3 to establish.
    Ella implanta una moda She establishes a fad.
    4 to implant.
    Ella implanta híbridos She implants hybrids.
    5 to infuse, to engrain, to install, to implant.
    Ellos implantan su filosofía They infuse their philosophy.
    * * *
    1 to introduce
    2 MEDICINA to implant
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ reforma, sistema, modelo] to implement; [+ castigo, medidas] to bring in; [+ toque de queda] to impose
    2) [+ costumbre, ideas] to introduce
    3) [+ empresa] to establish, set up
    4) (Med) to implant
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) <método/norma> to introduce, institute ( frml); <costumbre/moda> to introduce; < régimen político> to establish
    2) <embrión/cabello> to implant
    * * *
    = put in + place, implant.
    Ex. Compromise organization schemes, making allowances for weaknesses of individuals, will naturally be put in place as necessary.
    Ex. Such a reaction demonstrates that the reference habit has been successfully implanted.
    ----
    * implantarse = take off, take + hold.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) <método/norma> to introduce, institute ( frml); <costumbre/moda> to introduce; < régimen político> to establish
    2) <embrión/cabello> to implant
    * * *
    = put in + place, implant.

    Ex: Compromise organization schemes, making allowances for weaknesses of individuals, will naturally be put in place as necessary.

    Ex: Such a reaction demonstrates that the reference habit has been successfully implanted.
    * implantarse = take off, take + hold.

    * * *
    implantar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ‹método/reformas/normas› to introduce, institute; ‹costumbres/moda› to introduce, implant ( frml); ‹régimen político› to establish
    amenazó con implantar el estado de excepción he threatened to impose o introduce a state of emergency
    B ‹embrión/cabello› to implant
    * * *

     

    implantar ( conjugate implantar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹método/norma/moda› to introduce;
    ‹ régimen político› to establish;
    ‹ estado de excepción› to impose
    2 ‹embrión/cabello› to implant
    implantar verbo transitivo
    1 (establecer leyes, costumbres) to implant, instil
    (modas, cambios) to introduce
    2 Med to implant
    ' implantar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    implant
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [establecer] to introduce;
    han implantado el toque de queda they have imposed a curfew;
    implantaron un racionamiento de los alimentos food rationing was introduced o was brought in;
    una moda implantada desde el exterior a fashion introduced o imported from abroad
    2. Med [huevo] to insert
    * * *
    v/t
    1 programa, reforma implement; democracia establish; pena de muerte introduce, bring in
    2 MED implant
    * * *
    1) : to implant
    2) establecer: to establish, to introduce

    Spanish-English dictionary > implantar

  • 24 recorrido

    m.
    1 route, path (trayecto).
    2 journey (viaje).
    3 traveled distance, drive, run, travelled distance.
    4 course, route.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: recorrer.
    * * *
    1 (trayecto) journey, trip
    2 (distancia) distance travelled
    3 (itinerario) itinerary, route
    4 DEPORTE round
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=viaje) run, journey
    2) (=distancia)

    de corto recorrido — (Aer) short-haul

    de largo recorrido — (Aer) long-haul

    recorrido de aterrizaje — (Aer) landing run

    3) (=ruta) route
    4) [de émbolo] stroke
    5) (Golf) round
    6) (Hípica)
    7) (Mec) repair
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo (Andes fam)

    es muy recorrido — he's been around (colloq); he's seen a thing or two (colloq)

    II
    1)
    a) ( viaje)
    b) ( trayecto) route
    2) ( del émbolo) stroke; ( de proyectil) trajectory; ( de balón) path
    3) ( en golf) round; ( en esquí) run
    * * *
    = tour, trek, ride, journey, course.
    Ex. After a quick tour of the facilities and after meeting a few staff members, Bibeau was ushered into the 'Board Room,' where he was introduced to the other remaining trustees.
    Ex. Standing in the early morning on the balcony of her apartment, she was smote as she always was by the grandeur of the sky turning to scarlet as the rim of darkness in the east released the sun for its sluggish trek through the heavens.
    Ex. For the second part, the conference will move to island Mljet, less than a two-hour ride from Dubrovnik on a fast catamaran.
    Ex. When at one stage of his journey Christian lost his roll, he was very distressed until he found it again.
    Ex. The course of the race contains many steep hills, often paved with cobblestones.
    ----
    * el camino recorrido = the road travelled so far.
    * hacer el recorrido normal = make + the rounds.
    * recorrido autoguiado = self-guided tour.
    * recorrido en jeep = jeep tour.
    * recorrido guiado = guided tour.
    * recorrido guiado virtual = virtual tour.
    * recorrido temporal = time span [time-span].
    * repetir el recorrido = re-track [retrack].
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo (Andes fam)

    es muy recorrido — he's been around (colloq); he's seen a thing or two (colloq)

    II
    1)
    a) ( viaje)
    b) ( trayecto) route
    2) ( del émbolo) stroke; ( de proyectil) trajectory; ( de balón) path
    3) ( en golf) round; ( en esquí) run
    * * *
    = tour, trek, ride, journey, course.

    Ex: After a quick tour of the facilities and after meeting a few staff members, Bibeau was ushered into the 'Board Room,' where he was introduced to the other remaining trustees.

    Ex: Standing in the early morning on the balcony of her apartment, she was smote as she always was by the grandeur of the sky turning to scarlet as the rim of darkness in the east released the sun for its sluggish trek through the heavens.
    Ex: For the second part, the conference will move to island Mljet, less than a two-hour ride from Dubrovnik on a fast catamaran.
    Ex: When at one stage of his journey Christian lost his roll, he was very distressed until he found it again.
    Ex: The course of the race contains many steep hills, often paved with cobblestones.
    * el camino recorrido = the road travelled so far.
    * hacer el recorrido normal = make + the rounds.
    * recorrido autoguiado = self-guided tour.
    * recorrido en jeep = jeep tour.
    * recorrido guiado = guided tour.
    * recorrido guiado virtual = virtual tour.
    * recorrido temporal = time span [time-span].
    * repetir el recorrido = re-track [retrack].

    * * *
    recorrido1 -da
    ( Andes fam): es muy recorrido he's been around ( colloq), he's seen a thing or two ( colloq)
    A
    1
    (viaje): hicimos un recorrido por Perú y Brasil we traveled o we did a trip around Peru and Brazil
    2 (trayecto) route
    han cambiado el recorrido del 159 they've changed the route of the 159
    B
    1 (del émbolo) stroke
    2 (de un proyectil) trajectory
    3 (de un balón) path, trajectory
    C
    1 (en golf) round
    3 (en taxi) ride
    * * *

     

    Del verbo recorrer: ( conjugate recorrer)

    recorrido es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    recorrer    
    recorrido
    recorrer ( conjugate recorrer) verbo transitivo
    a) ( viajar por):

    ◊ recorrí toda España I traveled o went all over Spain;


    ( como turista) I toured all over Spain;

    recorrimos toda la costa we traveled the whole length of the coast
    b) ‹distancia/trayecto› to cover, do



    recorrido sustantivo masculino
    a) ( viaje):



    ( turístico) a tour around Peru



    ( de balón) path
    d) ( en golf) round;

    ( en esquí) run
    recorrer verbo transitivo
    1 (una distancia) to cover, travel
    2 (un territorio) to travel across
    recorrer el mundo, to travel around the world
    3 (un museo, etc) to visit, go round
    4 (con la vista) (una sala, etc) to look around
    (un escrito) to run one's eyes over, to scan
    recorrido sustantivo masculino
    1 (trayecto) route
    tren de largo recorrido, long-distance train
    2 (viaje) trip, tour
    ' recorrido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    singladura
    - trayecto
    - trecho
    - tren
    - viaje
    - largo
    English:
    bus
    - circuit
    - course
    - haul
    - journey
    - long-distance
    - ride
    - path
    - round
    - route
    - take
    - terminate
    - tour
    * * *
    1. [ruta, itinerario] route;
    2. [viaje] journey;
    un recorrido a pie por la ciudad a walk round the city;
    un breve recorrido por la prehistoria a brief overview of prehistory;
    hacer un recorrido (mental) por algo to run over sth (in one's head)
    3. [en golf] round
    4. [en esquí] run
    5. [en estadística] range
    * * *
    m
    1 route;
    tren de largo recorrido long-distance train
    2 DEP round
    * * *
    1) : journey, trip
    2) : path, route, course
    3) : round (in golf)
    * * *
    1. (trayecto) route
    2. (viaje) journey / trip

    Spanish-English dictionary > recorrido

  • 25 introduce

    1. v вводить; вставлять, помещать
    2. v вводить, приводить, впускать
    3. v вводить, включать, вносить
    4. v вводить, внедрять, устанавливать, учреждать; давать ход
    5. v вносить на рассмотрение; ставить на обсуждение
    6. v ввозить
    7. v привносить
    8. v представлять, знакомить

    let me introduce you to my wife — разрешите мне познакомить вас с моей женой, разрешите мне представить вас моей жене

    9. v представлять, вводить
    10. v знакомить
    11. v предпосылать
    12. v внедрять, вводить, интродуцировать
    13. v воен. вводить в боевой состав
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. acquaint (verb) acquaint; bring; conduct; familiarize; instruct; present
    2. advance (verb) advance; offer; propose; submit; suggest
    3. announce (verb) announce; herald; presage; proclaim
    4. broach (verb) bring up; broach; inaugurate; initiate; institute; launch; moot; originate; put forth; raise; set up; ventilate
    5. enter (verb) admit; enter
    6. fill in (verb) fill in; include; insert; insinuate; intercalate; interject; interpolate; interpose; throw in
    7. precede (verb) lead; precede; preface; usher; usher in
    Антонимический ряд:
    eliminate; withdraw

    English-Russian base dictionary > introduce

  • 26 Futebol

       Portugal's most popular sport or game, for decades the national sport. There are at least two different theories about how soccer was introduced to Portugal and both are set in the late 1880s. One story is that soccer was introduced when Portuguese students with a soccer ball returned from England.
       Another version is that the sport was brought to Portugal by resident or visiting Britons. The game was first played only by foreigners, but soon became popular among Portuguese. Some of the earliest soccer games were played on fields in the property of the Eastern Telegraph Company in Carcavelos, outside Lisbon. The word in Portuguese, futebol, derives from the English word football. Organized by the entrepreneur Guilherme Pinto Basto, the first exhibition game between Portuguese and Britons was in 1888, and the first match, between Oporto and Lisbon was held in 1894, with King Carlos I in attendance.
       Especially after World War I, futebol acquired a mass, popular following. By midcentury, Portugal's periodical with the largest circulation was Lisbon's soccer newspaper Bola ("Ball"). After 1939, many soccer stadiums were constructed, and Portuguese fans became divided into supporters of two rival professional soccer teams: Sporting or Benfica, both from the Lisbon region. In the World Cup soccer games of 1966, Portugal's national team achieved fame and distinction, reaching the semifinals, only to lose to the Brazilians. Starring on Portugal's 1966 World Cup team was the celebrated Mozambique-born Eusébio. In that World Cup contest, Portugal became the first national team to reach the semifinals in their first appearance in the contest. In 2004, Portugal hosted the Euro cup, and Portugal's national team was defeated in the final by Greece. In May 2006, Portugal's national soccer team was ranked seventh out of 205 countries by the world soccer association (FIFA).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Futebol

  • 27 João III, king

    (1502-1557)
       Portugal's most talented and accomplished monarch of the late Renaissance period. João III was the 15th king of Portugal, the son of King Manuel I. Well-educated by brilliant tutors, including the humanist Luís Teixeira, João at age 12 was introduced to the study of royal governance by his father. During his reign, Portugal reached the apogee of its world imperial power at least in terms of coastal area and number of different continents over which the scattered territories were spread. Portugal had a tenuous hold on various Moroccan cities, and during João's reign was forced to abandon most of the North African fortresses, due to Muslim military pressures. It was to the colonization and exploitation of giant Brazil, though, that João turned imperial attention. In diplomacy, no other monarch during the Aviz dynasty was as active; negotiations proceeded with Spain, France, and the Holy See. In domestic affairs, João III reinforced absolutist tendencies and built up royal power. It was João, too, who introduced the Inquisition into Portugal in 1536, after lengthy negotiations. The king encouraged a flowering of humanist culture as well, and among favored intellectuals were the great writers Gil Vicente and Damião de Góis.
       João III's reign was a vital turning point in the history of Portugal's first overseas empire (1415-1580). He found the empire at its zenith, yet when he died it was showing grave signs of weakness not only in Morocco, but in Asia, where rival European powers and the Turks were on the move. Portugal's very independence from Spain and even the royal succession were under a cloud when João III died in 1557 without a son to succeed him. Following tragic deaths of his children, João's only indirect heir was Sebastião, a grandson, who succeeded to rule a menaced Portugal.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > João III, king

  • 28 Steinheil, Carl August von

    [br]
    b. 1801 Roppoltsweiler, Alsace
    d. 1870 Munich, Germany
    [br]
    German physicist, founder of electromagnetic telegraphy in Austria, and photographic innovator and lens designer.
    [br]
    Steinheil studied under Gauss at Göttingen and Bessel at Königsberg before jointing his parents at Munich. There he concentrated on optics before being appointed Professor of Physics and Mathematics at the University of Munich in 1832. Immediately after the announcement of the first practicable photographic processes in 1839, he began experiments on photography in association with another professor at the University, Franz von Kobell. Steinheil is reputed to have made the first daguerreotypes in Germany; he certainly constructed several cameras of original design and suggested minor improvements to the daguerreotype process. In 1849 he was employed by the Austrian Government as Head of the Department of Telegraphy in the Ministry of Commerce. Electromagnetic telegraphy was an area in which Steinheil had worked for several years previously, and he was now appointed to supervise the installation of a working telegraphic system for the Austrian monarchy. He is considered to be the founder of electromagnetic telegraphy in Austria and went on to perform a similar role in Switzerland.
    Steinheil's son, Hugo Adolph, was educated in Munich and Augsburg but moved to Austria to be with his parents in 1850. Adolph completed his studies in Vienna and was appointed to the Telegraph Department, headed by his father, in 1851. Adolph returned to Munich in 1852, however, to concentrate on the study of optics. In 1855 the father and son established the optical workshop which was later to become the distinguished lens-manufacturing company C.A. Steinheil Söhne. At first the business confined itself almost entirely to astronomical optics, but in 1865 the two men took out a joint patent for a wide-angle photographic lens claimed to be free of distortion. The lens, called the "periscopic", was not in fact free from flare and not achromatic, although it enjoyed some reputation at the time. Much more important was the achromatic development of this lens that was introduced in 1866 and called the "Aplanet"; almost simultaneously a similar lens, the "Rapid Rentilinear", was introduced by Dallmeyer in England, and for many years lenses of this type were fitted as the standard objective on most photographic cameras. During 1866 the elder Steinheil relinquished his interest in lens manufacturing, and control of the business passed to Adolph, with administrative and financial affairs being looked after by another son, Edward. After Carl Steinheil's death Adolph continued to design and market a series of high-quality photographic lenses until his own death.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York (a general account of the Steinheils's work).
    Most accounts of photographic lens history will give details of the Steinheils's more important work. See, for example, Chapman Jones, 1904, Science and Practice of Photography, 4th edn, London: and Rudolf Kingslake, 1989, A History of the Photographic Lens, Boston.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Steinheil, Carl August von

  • 29 Warren, Henry Ellis

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 21 May 1872 Boston, Massachusetts, USA
    d. 21 September 1957 Ashland, Massachusetts, USA
    [br]
    American electrical engineer who invented the mains electric synchronous clock.
    [br]
    Warren studied electrical engineering at the Boston Institute of Technology (later to become the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and graduated in 1894. In 1912 he formed the Warren Electric Clock Company to make a battery-powered clock that he had patented a few years earlier. The name was changed to the Warren Telechron (time at a distance) Company after he had started to produce synchronous clocks.
    In 1840 Charles Wheatstone had produced an electric master clock that produced an alternating current with a frequency of one cycle per second and which was used to drive slave dials. This system was not successful, but when Ferranti introduced the first alternating current power generator at Deptford in 1895 Hope-Jones saw in it a means of distributing time. This did not materialize immediately because the power generators did not control the frequency of the current with sufficient accuracy, and a reliable motor whose speed was related to this frequency was not available. In 1916 Warren solved both problems: he produced a reliable self-starting synchronous electric motor and he also made a master clock which could be used at the power station to control accurately the frequency of the supply. Initially the power-generating companies were reluctant to support the synchronous clock because it imposed a liability to control the frequency of the supply and the gain was likely to be small because it was very frugal in its use of power. However, with the advent of the grid system, when several generators were connected together, it became imperative to control the frequency; it was realized that although the power consumption of individual clocks was small, collectively it could be significant as they ran continuously. By the end of the 1930s more than half the clocks sold in the USA were of the synchronous type. The Warren synchronous clock was introduced into Great Britain in 1927, following the setting up of a grid system by the Electricity Commission.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Franklin Institute John Price Wetherill Medal. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Lamme Medal.
    Bibliography
    The patents for the synchronous motor are US patent nos. 1,283,432, 1,283,433 and 1,283,435, and those for the master clock are 1,283,431, 1,409,502 and 1,502,493 of 29 October 1918 onwards.
    1919, "Utilising the time characteristics of alternating current", Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 38:767–81 (Warren's first description of his system).
    Further Reading
    J.M.Anderson, 1991, "Henry Ellis Warren and his master clocks", National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors Bulletin 33:375–95 (provides biographical and technical details).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Warren, Henry Ellis

  • 30 Clark, Edward

    [br]
    fl. 1850s New York State, USA
    [br]
    American co-developer of mass-production techniques at the Singer sewing machine factory.
    [br]
    Born in upstate New York, where his father was a small manufacturer, Edward Clark attended college at Williams and graduated in 1831. He became a lawyer in New York City and from then on lived either in the city or on his rural estate near Cooperstown in upstate New York. After a series of share manipulations, Clark acquired a one-third interest in Isaac M. Singer's company. They soon bought out one of Singer's earlier partners, G.B.Zeiber, and in 1851, under the name of I.M.Singer \& Co., they set up a permanent sewing machine business with headquarters in New York.
    The success of their firm initially rested on marketing. Clark introduced door-to-door sales-people and hire-purchase for their sewing machines in 1856 ($50 cash down, or $100 with a cash payment of $5 and $3 a month thereafter). He also trained women to demonstrate to potential customers the capabilities of the Singer sewing machine. At first their sewing machines continued to be made in the traditional way, with the parts fitted together by skilled workers through hand filing and shaping so that the parts would fit only onto one machine. This resembled European practice rather than the American system of manufacture that had been pioneered in the armouries in that country. In 1856 Singer brought out their first machine intended exclusively for home use, and at the same time manufacturing capacity was improved. Through increased sales, a new factory was built in 1858–9 on Mott Street, New York, but it soon became inadequate to meet demand.
    In 1863 the Singer company was incorporated as the Singer Manufacturing Co. and began to modernize its production methods with special jigs and fixtures to help ensure uniformity. More and more specialized machinery was built for making the parts. By 1880 the factory, then at Elizabethport, New Jersey, was jammed with automatic and semi-automatic machine tools. In 1882 the factory was producing sewing machines with fully interchangeable parts that did not require hand fitting in assembly. Production rose from 810 machines in 1853 to half a million in 1880. A new family model was introduced in 1881. Clark had succeeded Singer, who died in 1875, as President of the company, but he retired in 1882 after he had seen through the change to mass production.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.
    D.A.Hounshell, 1984, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932. The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore (a thorough account of Clark's role in the development of Singer's factories).
    F.B.Jewell, 1975, Veteran Sewing Machines. A Collector's Guide, Newton Abbot.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Clark, Edward

  • 31 Holt, Benjamin

    [br]
    b. 1 January 1849 Concord, New Hampshire, USA
    d. 5 December 1924 Stockton, California, USA
    [br]
    American machinery manufacturer responsible for the development of the Caterpillar tractor and for early developments in combine harvesters.
    [br]
    In 1864 Charles Henry Holt led three other brothers to California in response to the gold rush. In 1868 he founded C.H.Holt \& Co. in San Francisco with the help of his brothers Williams and Ames. The company dealt in timber as well as wagon and carriage materials, as did the business they had left behind in Concord in the care of their youngest brother, Benjamin. In 1883 Benjamin joined the others in California and together they formed the Stockton Wheel Company with offices in San Francisco and Stockton. The brothers recognized the potential of combine harvesters and purchased a number of patents, enlarged their works and began to experiment. Their first combine was produced in 1886, and worked for forty-six days that year. With the stimulus of Benjamin Holt the company produced the first hillside combine in 1891 and introduced the concept of belt drive. The Holt harvesting machine produced in 1904 was the first to use an auxiliary gas engine. By 1889 Benjamin was sole family executive. In 1890 the company produced its first traction engine. He began experimenting with track-laying machines, building his first in 1904. It was this machine which earned the nickname "Caterpillar", which has remained the company trade name to the present day. In 1906 thecompany produced its first gasoline-engined Caterpillar, and the first production model was introduced two years later. The development of Caterpillar tractors had a significant impact on the transport potential of the Allies during the First World War, and the Holt production of track-laying traction engines was of immense importance to the supply of the armed forces. In 1918 Benjamin Holt was still actively involved in the company, but he died in Stockton in 1920.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.A.Payne (ed.), 1982, Benjamin Holt: The Story of the Caterpillar Tractor, Stockton, Calif: University of the Pacific (provides an illustrated account of the life of Holt and the company he formed).
    R.Jones, "Benjamin Holt and the Caterpillar tractor", Vintage Tractor Magazine 1st special vol.
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Holt, Benjamin

  • 32 Spooner, Charles Easton

    [br]
    b. 1818 Maentwrog, Merioneth (now Gwynedd), Wales
    d. 18 November 1889 Portmadoc (now Porthmadog), Wales
    [br]
    English engineer, pioneer of narrow-gauge steam railways.
    [br]
    At the age of 16 Charles Spooner helped his father, James, to build the Festiniog Railway, a horse-and-gravity tramroad; they maintained an even gradient and kept costs down by following a sinuous course along Welsh mountainsides and using a very narrow gauge. This was probably originally 2 ft 1 in. (63.5 cm) from rail centre to rail centre; with the introduction of heavier, and therefore wider, rails the gauge between them was reduced and was eventually standardized at 1 ft 11 1/2 in (60 cm). After James Spooner's death in 1856 Charles Spooner became Manager and Engineer of the Festiniog Railway and sought to introduce steam locomotives. Widening the gauge was impracticable, but there was no precedent for operating a public railway of such narrow gauge by steam. Much of the design work for locomotives for the Festiniog Railway was the responsibility of C.M.Holland, and many possible types were considered: eventually, in 1863, two very small 0–4–0 tank locomotives, with tenders for coal, were built by George England.
    These locomotives were successful, after initial problems had been overcome, and a passenger train service was introduced in 1865 with equal success. The potential for economical operation offered by such a railway attracted widespread attention, the more so because it had been effectively illegal to build new passenger railways in Britain to other than standard gauge since the Gauge of Railways Act of 1846.
    Spooner progressively improved the track, alignment, signalling and rolling stock of the Festiniog Railway and developed it from a tramroad to a miniaturized main line. Increasing traffic led to the introduction in 1869 of the 0–4–4–0 double-Fairlie locomotive Little Wonder, built to the patent of Robert Fairlie. This proved more powerful than two 0–4–0s and impressive demonstrations were given to engineers from many parts of the world, leading to the widespread adoption of narrow-gauge railways. Spooner himself favoured a gauge of 2 ft 6 in. (76 cm) or 2 ft 9 in. (84 cm). Comparison of the economy of narrow gauges with the inconvenience of a break of gauge at junctions with wider gauges did, however, become a continuing controversy, which limited the adoption of narrow gauges in Britain.
    Bogie coaches had long been used in North America but were introduced to Britain by Spooner in 1872, when he had two such coaches built for the Festiniog Railway. Both of these and one of its original locomotives, though much rebuilt, remain in service.
    Spooner, despite some serious illnesses, remained Manager of the Festiniog Railway until his death.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1869, jointly with G.A.Huddart, British patent no. 1,487 (improved fishplates). 1869, British patent no. 2,896 (rail-bending machinery).
    1871, Narrow Gauge Railways, E. \& F.N.Spon (includes his description of the Festiniog Railway, reports of locomotive trials and his proposals for narrow-gauge railways).
    Further Reading
    J.I.C.Boyd, 1975, The Festiniog Railway, Blandford: Oakwood Press; C.E.Lee, 1945, Narrow-Gauge Railways in North Wales, The Railway Publishing Co. (both give good descriptions of Spooner and the Festiniog Railway).
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1965, Railway Carriages in the British Isles, London: George Allen \& Unwin, pp. 181–3. Pihl, Carl Abraham.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Spooner, Charles Easton

  • 33 Dolby, Ray M.

    [br]
    b. 1933 Portland, Oregon, USA
    [br]
    American electronics engineer who developed professional systems for noise reduction.
    [br]
    He was employed by Ampex Corporation from 1949 to 1957 and received a BSc in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1957. He studied in England and received a PhD in physics from Cambridge University in 1961. He was a United Nations adviser in India 1963–5 and established the Dolby Laboratories in London in 1965. The Dolby Laboratories continuously developed systems for background-noise reduction, and in 1966 introduced Dolby A for professional tape and film formats. In 1968 Dolby B was developed and quickly found its use in the Philips Compact Cassette, which had become the new consumer medium for music. In 1981 Dolby C was an improvement designed for the consumer market, but it also was used in professional video equipment. In 1986 Dolby SR was introduced for professional sound recording. It is a common feature that the equipment has to be in a good state of calibration in order to obtain the advantages of these compander systems.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1986.
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Dolby, Ray M.

  • 34 ἱλάσκομαι

    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `appease, be merciful', perf. intr. and aor. pass. `be gracious' (Il.)
    Other forms: rarely ἵλαμαι (h. Hom. 19, 48; 21, 5; inf. ἵλασθαι Orph. A. 944; on the quantity of the anlauts s. below), ἱλάονται (Β 550, ἱλάεσθαι A. R. 2, 847); aor. ἱλάσ(σ)ασθαι (Il.), ἱλάξασθαι (Delph., A. R.), pass. ἱλασθῆναι (LXX); fut. ἱλάσ(σ)ομαι (Pl., Orac. ap. Paus. 8, 42, 6), ἱλάξομαι (A. R.); perf. ipv. Aeol. ἔλλαθι (gramm., B. 10, 8), pl. ἔλλατε (Call. Fr. 121); besides ἵλᾰθι, ἵλᾰτε (Theoc., A. R.), ἵληθι (γ 380, π 184), cf. below; subj. ἱλήκῃσι (φ 365), opt. ἱλήκοι etc. (h. Ap. 165, AP, Alciphr.),
    Compounds: Also with prefix, esp. ἐξ-,
    Derivatives: ἐξίλασις, ( ἐξ-)ἱλασμός (LXX), ἱλασία (inscr. Rom. empire), ( ἐξ-)ἵλασμα `appeasement, expiatory sacrifice' (LXX), ἱλάσιμος `appeasing' (M.Ant.; after ἰάσιμος a. o., Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 93), ἱλαστήριος `appeasing', - ιον `propitiatory gift' (LXX, pap.), also (analog.) ἱλατήριον ( Chron. Lind.), ἱλαστής `appeaser' (Aq., Thd.) with ἐξιλαστικός (Corn.). - Older formations: 1. ἵλαος (ep. Arc.; on the quantity of the α below), ἵλεως (Att., also Ion.), ἵλεος (Cret. since IIIa, also Hdt.), hιλέ̄Ϝο̄ι dat. (Lac., IG 5: 1, 1562, VI-Va), ἴλλαος (Aeol., gramm.) `merciful, benevolent'; Arc. `appeased'; denomin. verb ἱλαόομαι ( ΜΑΜΑ 1, 230), ἱλεῶμαι, ἱλεόομαι (A. Supp. 117 [lyr.], Pl.; cf. Schulze Kl. Schr. 324f.) `appease' with ἱλέωσις (Plu.), ἱλεωτήριον (Phot., Suid.). 2. ἱλαρός `clear, glad', also = ἵλεως (Ar., X.) with ἱλαρότης, ἱλαρία, ἱλαρόω, - ρύνω, - ρεύομαι (hell.); Lat. loan hilarus, -is. 3. ἰλλάεις, - εντος (Alc.), ἱλᾶς, - ᾶντος (Hdn. Gr., H.) = ἴλλαος, ἵλαος and lengthened (cf. Schwyzer 527). 4. ἱλάειρα f. of φλόξ and σελήνη (Emp.; quantity changing, cf. below), also ἑλάειρα (sch., Steph. Byz.) and ΕΛΕΡΑ (Kretschmer Vas. 208; s. also Schulze Kl. Schr. 716), innovation after πίειρα, κτεάτειρα, Δάειρα etc., Chantr. Form. 104, Schwyzer 543.
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [900] * selh₂- `make favourable'
    Etymology: Decisive for the interpretation of these forms is the Aeol. imperative ἔλλαθι, ἔλλατε, for *σε-σλα-θι, - τε and so like τέ-τλα-θι, ἕ-στα-θι, δείδιθι = δέ-δϜι-θι to be seen as a perfect form. Die metrisch feststellbare Länge des α in ἔλλᾱθι bei B. 10, 8 muß wie in ἵλᾱος (s. unten) sekundär sein. The agreeing IA *εἵλαθι, of which the reduplication was no longer recognizable, was after φάνηθι etc. replaced by εἵληθι ἵλεως γίνου H. Another center of the formations was the reduplicated present ἱ̄λάσκομαι \< *σι-σλᾰ́-σκομαι, of which the anlauting vowel-length was introduced in other forms: perf. subj. and opt. ἱλήκῃσι, ἱλήκοι for *εἱλ- (ind. *εἵληκα like εἴρηκα, τέ-τλη-κα), perh. also in ἵλᾰθι, - τε and Hom. ἵληθι (cf. εἵληθι H.), (or from *σι-σλη-θι). Also in the aorist- and future-forms ἱλάσ(σ)ασθαι, ἱλάξασθαι, ἱλάσσομαι, ἱλάξομαι the length was introduced; beside it there is short in ἱλάσσεαι (Α 147), ἱλασσάμενοι (Α 100), ἵλαμαι (h. Hom.; but ἵ̄λασθαι Orph.), ἱλάομαι, also in ἱλαρός and ἱλάειρα (Emp. 85). The short ῐ- which is ununderstandable, may replace the ε- ( ἑλάειρα [s. above], *ἕλαμαι, *ἑλαρός) after ἱλάσκομαι. - Also ἵληϜος, ἵλεως, ἵλᾰος from reduplicated *σι-σλη-, σι-σλᾰ-. The old ablaut selǝ-: sleh₁-: slǝ- (cf. telǝ-: tlā-: tlǝ- in τελα-μών: ἔ-τλᾱ-ν: τέ-τλᾰ-θι) of which sla- is analog. - More on the Greek forms (after Froehde a. a. O., Solmsen KZ 29, 350f., Schulze Q. 466f., Bechtel Lex. 175ff., Wackernagel Unt. 81) in Schwyzer 281, 681, 689 w. n. 2, 710, 800 etc., Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 13; 22; 299; 427 etc. - Fundamental is Klingenschmitt, MSS 28 (1970) 75-88, who showed that Arm. aɫač`em `pray' \< *slh₂-ske\/o- is the closest relative. The Greek form goes back on *si-slh₂-ske\/o-; the aorist would have been * selh₂-s- of which the initial has been influenced by the present.
    Page in Frisk: 1,721-722

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἱλάσκομαι

  • 35 acompañar a

    v.
    to show to, to walk to, to walk into.
    Silvia acompaña a Ricardo a su habitación Silvia shows Ricardo to his room
    * * *
    (v.) = usher into
    Ex. After a quick tour of the facilities and after meeting a few staff members, Bibeau was ushered into the 'Board Room,' where he was introduced to the other remaining trustees.
    * * *
    (v.) = usher into

    Ex: After a quick tour of the facilities and after meeting a few staff members, Bibeau was ushered into the 'Board Room,' where he was introduced to the other remaining trustees.

    Spanish-English dictionary > acompañar a

  • 36 cadena de mando

    (n.) = chain of command, line of command, scalar chain of authority, scalar chain of command, scalar chain
    Ex. The gangplank can be thrown across without weakening the chain of command.
    Ex. The line of command concept also had its origins in the armies of antiquity and medieval ages.
    Ex. The superior-subordinate group concept provides for the interlinking of groups through the scalar chain of authority of the organization.
    Ex. The scalar chain of command was introduced early in the organization of the Church, as was the concept of specialization.
    Ex. Gangplanks should be used to prevent the scalar chain from bogging down.
    * * *
    (n.) = chain of command, line of command, scalar chain of authority, scalar chain of command, scalar chain

    Ex: The gangplank can be thrown across without weakening the chain of command.

    Ex: The line of command concept also had its origins in the armies of antiquity and medieval ages.
    Ex: The superior-subordinate group concept provides for the interlinking of groups through the scalar chain of authority of the organization.
    Ex: The scalar chain of command was introduced early in the organization of the Church, as was the concept of specialization.
    Ex: Gangplanks should be used to prevent the scalar chain from bogging down.

    Spanish-English dictionary > cadena de mando

  • 37 construcción de diques

    (n.) = diking [dyking]
    Ex. The technology of dyking and draining salt marshlands was widespread in coastal Europe, and was introduced along the eastern North American seaboard wherever needed.
    * * *
    (n.) = diking [dyking]

    Ex: The technology of dyking and draining salt marshlands was widespread in coastal Europe, and was introduced along the eastern North American seaboard wherever needed.

    Spanish-English dictionary > construcción de diques

  • 38 de capa caída

    = at a low ebb, in (the) doldrums
    Ex. The state purchasing scheme for new literature was introduced at a time when imaginative writing was at a low ebb.
    Ex. Thanks to the skewed-up policies of the state government the state's finances are in doldrums.
    * * *
    = at a low ebb, in (the) doldrums

    Ex: The state purchasing scheme for new literature was introduced at a time when imaginative writing was at a low ebb.

    Ex: Thanks to the skewed-up policies of the state government the state's finances are in doldrums.

    Spanish-English dictionary > de capa caída

  • 39 en un nivel bajo

    Ex. The state purchasing scheme for new literature was introduced at a time when imaginative writing was at a low ebb.
    * * *

    Ex: The state purchasing scheme for new literature was introduced at a time when imaginative writing was at a low ebb.

    Spanish-English dictionary > en un nivel bajo

  • 40 en un punto bajo

    Ex. The state purchasing scheme for new literature was introduced at a time when imaginative writing was at a low ebb.
    * * *

    Ex: The state purchasing scheme for new literature was introduced at a time when imaginative writing was at a low ebb.

    Spanish-English dictionary > en un punto bajo

Страницы

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