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81 दिश्
diṡ
cl. 6. diṡáti, - te <later the only Pres. stem>;
pf. didéṡa, didiṡé;
fut. dekshyati, - te; deshṭā Siddh. ;
aor. adikshat ṠBr. etc.;
adikshi, ádishṭa RV. ;
inf. deshṭum MBh. etc.;
díṡe RV.) to point out, show, exhibit RV. VIII, 82, 15 ;
to produce, bring forward (as a witness in a court of justice) Mn. VIII ;
to promote, effect, accomplish Kir. I, 18 ;
to assign, grant, bestow upon (dat. RV. II, 41, 17 AV. XIV, 2, 13 ;
gen. MBh. III, 14278; XIII, 1843 ;
loc. R. I, 2, 28);
to pay (tribute) Hariv. 16061 ;
to order, command, bid (inf.) Kir. V, 28:
Pass. diṡyate MBh. etc.:
Caus. deṡayati, - te;
aor. adīdiṡat, to show, point out, assign MBh. R. ;
to direct, order, command ib. ;
teach, communicate, tell, inform confess Buddh.:
Desid. didikshati, - te, to wish to show etc.:
Intens. dédishṭe, 3. pl. - ṡate, (p. f. pl. - ṡatīs) to show, exhibit, manifest RV. ;
to order, command ib.:
Pass. dediṡyate, to show orᅠ approve one's self. AV. VS. ;
+ Cf. Zd. dis;
Gk. δείκνυμι;
Lat. dīco, in-dṛcare etc.;
Goth. teihan;
Old Eng. téon (fr. tíhan)
2) f. quarter orᅠ region pointed at, direction, cardinal point RV. AV. ṠBr. etc. (four in number, viz. prācī, east;
dakshiṇā, south;
pratici, west;
andᅠ udīcī, north AV. XV, 2, 1 ĀṡvGṛ. IV, 8 etc.. ;
Sometimes a 5th, dhruvā AV. III, 9, 15 ṠBr. IX, 4, 3, 10 ;
andᅠ a 6th, ūrdhvā AV. III, 27, 1 ṠBr. XIV, 6, 11, 5 ;
andᅠ a 7th, vy-adhvā AV. IV, 40, l ṠBr. IX, 5, 2, 8 ;
but oftener 8 are given i.e. the 4 cardinal andᅠ the 4 intermediate quarters, S.E., S. W. N. W., andᅠ N.E. Mn. I, 13 <cf. upa->;
andᅠ even a 9th, andᅠ 10th, tiryak orᅠ adhas andᅠ ūrdhvam
ṠBr. VI, 2, 2, 34 MBh. I, 729 ;
diṡāmpati <cf. dik-pati) below> = Soma RV. IX, 113, 2,
orᅠ = Rudra VS. XVI, 17);
quarter, region, direction, place, part
(pl., rarely eg. the whole world e.g.. diṡi, diṡi,
in all directions, everywhere Bhartṛ. I, 86 ;
digbhyas, from every quarter BhP. I, 15, 8 ;
diṡodiṡas, hither andᅠ thither Pañc. II, 116/117 ;
diṡo'valokya, looking into the quarter of the sky
i.e. into the air Ratn. IV, 4/5 díso'ntāt,
from the extremities of the world ib., Introd. 6);
country, esp. foreign country, abroad
(cf. dig-āgata andᅠ - lābha, below);
space (beside kāla) Kap. II, 12;
the numeral 10 (cf. above) Ṡrutab. Sūryas. ;
a hint, reference, instance, example Suṡr. Sāh. Sch. ;
precept, order, manner RV. ;
+ cf. δίκη
Old High Germ. ṡeiga ( seeᅠ alsoᅠ diṡā)>;
mark of a bite L. ;
N. of a river MBh. VI, 327. ;
3) a vulgar form for dṛiṡ, to seeᅠ Pāṇ. I, 3, 1 Vārtt. 13 Pat.
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82 bringen
brin·gen <brachte, gebracht> [ʼbrɪŋən]vt1) ( tragen)[jdm] etw \bringen to bring [sb] sth, to bring sth [to sb];den Müll nach draußen \bringen to take [or bring] out the rubbish [or (Am) garbage];etw mit sich \bringen to involve [or entail] sth;seine Unaufrichtigkeit brachte viele Probleme mit sich his dishonesty caused a lot of troubles;2) ( servieren)jdm etw \bringen to bring sb sth;3) ( mitteilen)jdm eine Nachricht \bringen to bring sb news4) ( befördern)die Kinder ins Bett \bringen to put the children to bed5) ( begleiten)jdn nach Hause \bringen to accompany sb home6) ( darbieten)etw \bringen (von Kino, Nachtlokal) to show sth;7) ( senden)etw \bringen to broadcast sth; tv to show [or broadcast] sth;das Fernsehen bringt nichts darüber there's nothing on television about it;um elf Uhr \bringen wir Nachrichten the news will be at eleven o'clock8) ( aufführen)etw \bringen to perform sth9) ( veröffentlichen)etw \bringen to print [or publish] sth;die Zeitung brachte nichts/ einen Artikel darüber there was nothing/an article in the paper about it;alle Zeitungen brachten es auf der ersten Seite all the papers had it on the front pagejdm etw \bringen;[jdm] Glück/Unglück \bringen to bring [sb] good/bad luck;so ein großer Rasen kann einem schon eine Menge Arbeit \bringen such a large lawn can mean a lot of work for onejdn in Bedrängnis \bringen to get sb into trouble;jdn ins Gefängnis \bringen to put [or land] sb in prison;jdn vor Gericht \bringen to bring sb before the court;jdn ins Grab \bringen to be the death of sb;jdn in Schwierigkeiten \bringen to put [or get] sb into a difficult position;das bringt dich noch in Teufels Küche! you'll get into [or be in] a hell of a mess if you do that! ( fam)jdn zur Verzweiflung/Weißglut \bringen to make sb desperate/livid;jdn zum Nervenzusammenbruch \bringen to give sb a nervous breakdownjdn um den Verstand \bringen to drive sb mad;das Baby bringt die Eltern um den Schlaf the baby is causing the parents sleepless nightsdie Diskussion/ das Gespräch auf jdn/etw \bringen to bring the discussion/conversation round to sb/sth14) (ein\bringen)[jdm] etw \bringen to bring in sth [for sb];das bringt nicht viel Geld that won't bring [us] in much money;(er\bringen) to produce, to yieldob wir den Schrank noch weiter an die Wand \bringen? I wonder whether we can get the cupboard closer to the wall?;ich bringe die Füße einfach nicht in diese Stiefel! I simply can't get my feet in these boots!;alleine bringe ich die schwere Vase nicht von der Stelle I can't move this heavy vase alone;bringst du den Korken aus der Flasche? can you get the cork out of the bottle?er fährt nicht gerne in kalte Länder, du bringst ihn nie dazu mitzukommen he doesn't like going to cold countries, you'll never get him to come along!jdn zum Schweigen \bringen to silence sb;etw zum Brennen/Laufen \bringen to get sth to burn/work;etw zum Stehen \bringen to bring sth to a stop;mit seinen ständigen Mäkeleien bringt er mich noch dahin, dass ich kündige his incessant carping will make me hand in my notice [one day];du wirst es noch so weit \bringen, dass man dich rauswirft! you'll make them throw you out;es auf ein gutes Alter \bringen to reach a ripe old age;der Motor brachte es auf 500.000 km the engine kept going for 500,000 km;er brachte es in der Prüfung auf 70 Punkte he got 70 points in the exam;der Wagen bringt es auf 290 km/h this car can do 290 kphes zum Millionär/Firmenleiter \bringen to become a millionaire, to become [or make it to] company director;es zum Präsidenten \bringen to become [or make] president;es zu etwas/nichts \bringen to get somewhere/nowherefür das Gehalt muss einer aber schon ganz schön was [an Leistung] \bringen! you really have to perform to get this salary!;wer hier zu wenig bringt, fliegt! if you're not up to form, you're out!;was bringt der Wagen denn so an PS? what's the top HP of this car?das kannst du doch nicht \bringen! you can't [go and] do that!sie/ es bringt's she's/it's got what it takes;meinst du, ich bring's? do you think I can do it?;das bringt er nicht he's not up to it;na, bringt dein Mann es noch [im Bett]? well, can your husband keep it up [in bed]? ( fam)die alte Kiste wird es noch für 'ne Weile \bringen there's still some life left in the old crate ( fam)das bringt nichts ( fam) it's pointless;das bringt's nicht ( fam) that's useless -
83 документ
сущ.deed;document;instrument;paper;( акт) act;( сертификат) certificate- документ за печатью
- документ на получение
- документ на предъявителя
- бухгалтерский документ
- денежный документ
- заверять документ
- завещательный документ
- изготавливать подложный документ
- изымать документ
- консульский документ
- конфиденциальный документ
- недействительный документ
- оборотный документ
- оглашать документ
- оправдательный документ
- оспоримый документ
- охранный документ
- патентный документ
- передавать документ
- письменный документ
- платёжный документ
- подписанный документ
- подписывать документ
- правовой документ
- расчётный документ
- релевантный документ
- свидетельствующий документ
- складской документ
- служебный документ
- сопроводительный документ
- составлять документ
- справочный документ
- страховой документ
- таможенный документ
- технический документ
- учредительный документ
- цитированный документ
- юридический документдокумент ( -- акт) о присоединении — ( к международному договору) instrument of accession
документ о передаче прав — vesting document; ( правового титула) title deed
\документы за наличный расчёт (против наличного расчёта) — documents against payment
\документы против акцепта — documents against acceptance
документ, вызывающий сомнение — doubtful (dubious) document
документ, подкреплённый доказательствами — corroborated document
документ, подлежащий оплате по предъявлении — demand document
документ, подтверждённый свидетельскими показаниями — evidenced document
документ, приобщённый к делу — document attached to the case
документ, содержание которого доказано — proved document
документ, удостоверяющий погрузку товара — document evidencing the loading of the goods; mate’s receipt
документ, удостоверяющий право собственности — document of a title
документ, устанавливающий личность — document establishing one’s identity
без надлежащих \документов — ex warrants
выдача \документов — issue (issuance) of documents
выдавать документ — to deliver (issue, make out, release) a document
исполнительные (судебные) \документы — court orders
ознакомиться с \документом — to become (get) acquainted with a document
оформление \документов — processing of documents
оформлять \документы — to process documents
поддельный (подложный) документ — false (forged) document; simulated paper
представление (предъявление) \документов — presentation (submission) of documents; юр. discovery (of documents)
представлять (предъявлять) документ — to furnish (present, produce, submit, tender) a document
против представления \документов — against documents; on tender of documents
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84 документ
сущ.deed; document; instrument; paper; ( акт) act; ( сертификат) certificateвручать документы о разводе — ( кому-л) to serve the divorce papers (on)
выдавать документ — to deliver (issue, make out, release) a document
передавать документ — to refer (submit, surrender) a document (to); ( в арбитраж) to submit a document to arbitration
подделывать документ — to counterfeit (forge, tamper with) a document
представлять (предъявлять) документ — to furnish (present, produce, submit, tender) a document
приобщать документы к делу — to attach documents to the case; deposit; enter upon the record; file
составлять документ — to draw up (make up, settle) a document
против представления документов — against documents; on tender of documents
досье судебных документов — ( материалов по делу) case history; judgement roll (roster); ( список дел к слушанию) docket
обмен документами — ( состязательными бумагами)pleading; swapping of documents
подделка (подлог) документов — counterfeiting (forgery) of documents; tampering with documents
представление (предъявление) документов — presentation (submission) of documents; юр discovery (of documents)
санкционированное судом представление (раскрытие) сторонами документов — court-sanctioned discovery (of documents)
документ на получение (или выдачу) товара со склада — ( деливери-варрант) delivery-warrant
документ, подкреплённый доказательствами — corroborated document
документ, подлежащий оплате по предъявлении — demand document
документ, подтверждённый свидетельскими показаниями — evidenced document
документ, предоставляющий банку право на ведение банковской деятельности — charter
документ, представленный на рассмотрение, документ, представленный на парламента — document submitted (to the parliament) for consideration; Великобритания green paper
документ, представляющий юридический интерес — document of legal interest
документ, содержание которого доказано — proved document
документ, удостоверяющий погрузку товара — document evidencing the loading of the goods; mate's receipt
- документ за печатьюдокумент, удостоверяющий право собственности — document of a title
- документ на предъявителя
- документ о передаче прав
- документ о присоединении
- документ, приобщённый к делу
- документ публичного характера
- документ с наступившим сроком платежа
- документ, устанавливающий личность
- документы против акцепта
- бухгалтерский документ
- грузовой документ
- погрузочный документ
- недатированный документ
- датированный документ
- денежный документ
- завещательный документ
- залоговый документ
- исполнительные документы
- судебные документы
- консульский документ
- конституционный документ
- конфиденциальный документ
- международно-правовой документ
- недействительный документ
- нормативно-правовой документ
- оборотный документ
- оправдательный документ
- оспоримый документ
- охранный документ
- патентный документ
- письменный документ
- платёжный документ
- поддельный документ
- подложный документ
- подписанный документ
- правовой документ
- процессуальный документ
- расчётный документ
- релевантный документ
- свидетельствующий документ
- складской документ
- служебный документ
- сопроводительный документ
- справочный документ
- страховой документ
- таможенный документ
- технический документ
- товаро-распорядительный документ
- условно-вручённый документ за печатью
- учредительный документ
- цитированный документ
- юридический документ -
85 свидетель
сущ.testifier; witness; ( поручитель) voucher; warrantorбыть свидетелем — to be a witness (of); witness; ( казни) to witness ( smb's) execution; ( самоубийства) to witness a suicide
вызывать в качестве свидетеля — to call in evidence (in testimony); call to witness; subpoena (summon) as a witness
вызывать свидетелей для представления (предъявления) контрдоказательств — to call rebuttal witnesses
вызывать свидетеля — ( в суд) to call (subpoena, summon) a witness; vouch for a witness
выступать свидетелем — to give evidence (testimony); testify; witness
допрашивать свидетеля — to examine (hear, question) a witness
обеспечивать явку свидетеля — ( в суд) to procure a witness
оказывать давление на свидетеля — to exert pressure on (interfere / tamper with) a witness
отводить свидетеля — ( давать отвод) to challenge (file / raise an objection to, take an exception to) a witness; withdraw ( smb) as a witness
призывать в свидетели — to call in evidence (in testimony); call to witness
склонять свидетеля к даче ложных показаний — to interfere (tamper) with a witness; suborn a witness
дискредитация свидетеля — discredit of (impeachment of, imputation against) a witness
допрос свидетеля — hearing (examination, interrogation) of a witness
место свидетеля — ( в суде) witness chair
отвод свидетеля — challenge to a witness; withdrawal of ( smb) as a witness
показания свидетеля — eye-witness testimony; testimonial evidence (proof); testimony; witness
программа защиты свидетелей — США witness protection program(me)
присутствие и допрос свидетелей — attendance and examination (interrogation, questioning) of witnesses
свидетель, дающий письменные показания под присягой — affiant; deponent
- свидетель, заслуживающий доверияпредубеждённый свидетель, пристрастный свидетель — interested (partial, prejudiced, swift) witness; ( противной стороны) adverse (hostile) witness
- свидетель защиты
- свидетель на допросе
- свидетель, не заслуживающий доверия
- свидетель-неспециалист
- свидетель обвинения
- свидетель по делу
- свидетель под присягой
- свидетель преступной деятельности
- свидетель противной стороны
- свидетель-эксперт
- безмолвный свидетель
- главный свидетель
- надёжный свидетель
- подставной свидетель
- последний свидетель
- потенциально важный свидетель
- потенциальный свидетель -
86 presentare
[prezen'tare]1. vt1) (gen) to present, (documento) to present, show, produce, (proposta, conti, bilancio) to present, submit, (domanda, reclamo) to put inpresentare qc in un'esposizione — to show o display sth at an exhibition
2. vr (presentarsi)1) (recarsi, farsi vedere) to present o.s., appearpresentarsi bene/male — to have a good/poor appearance
2) (farsi conoscere) to introduce o.s.3) (candidato) to come forwardpresentarsi a — (elezione) to stand for Brit, run for Am, (concorso) to enter for, (esame) to sit, take
3. vip (presentarsi)1) (capitare: occasione, caso strano) to occur, arisepresentarsi alla mente — (idea) to come o spring to mind
2) (apparire) to look, seemla situazione si presenta difficile — things aren't looking too good, things look a bit tricky
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87 duco
dūco, xi, ctum, 3 ( imp. duc;I.but duce,
Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 18; id. Most. 1, 4, 11; id. Poen. 5, 4, 59; id. Rud. 2, 3, 55; id. Trin. 2, 2, 103; id. Truc. 2, 5, 26.— Perf. sync.: duxti, Varr. ap. Non. 283, 32; Cat. 91, 9; Prop. 1, 3, 27), v. a. [cf. Goth. tiuh-an; O. H. Germ. zieh-an, to draw; Germ. -zog, in Herzog, commander, duke], to lead, conduct, draw, bring forward, in all senses; very freq. passing over into the signif. of the compounds abducere, deducere, adducere, producere, etc., and of the synonyms agere, trahere, movere, etc. (very freq.).Lit.A.In gen.:B.quo sequar? quo ducis nunc me?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 2: duc hos intro, id. Am. 2, 2, 224; id. Aul. 2, 6, 13:duc ac demonstra mihi,
id. Cist. 2, 3, 36:suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra ducturi,
Cic. Cat. 2, 10 fin.; cf. Caes. B. G. 5, 5 fin. et saep.:(difficile iter) vix qua singuli carri ducerentur,
id. ib. 1, 6, 1; cf.plaustra,
Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 34: aquam ducere, Cato ap. Charis. p. 192 P.; so,aquam per fundum ejus,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 2, § 4:spiritum naribus,
Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 5: so,spiritum per siccas fauces,
Sen. Ben. 3, 8; cf.:aërem spiritu,
Cic. N. D. 2, 6 fin.:animam spiritu,
id. ib. 2, 54, 136; and in gen.: spiritum, for to live, id. Fam. 10, 1; cf.:vitam et spiritum,
id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33:tura naribus,
to inhale, Hor. C. 4, 1, 22:sucos nectaris,
to drink in full draughts, to quaff, id. ib. 3, 3, 34; cf.pocula,
id. ib. 1, 17, 22; and:Liberum,
id. ib. 4, 12, 14.— Poet.:jucunda oblivia vitae (referring to the waters of Lethe),
Hor. S. 2, 6, 62 (cf. Verg. A. 6, 714 sq.) et saep.:mucronem,
to draw from the scabbard, Verg. A. 12, 378; cf.:ferrum vaginā,
Ov. F. 4, 929:ensem vagina,
Sil. 8, 342;but: ensem duxerat faber,
had beaten out, forged, Tib. 1, 3, 48:sortem,
Cic. Div. 2, 33; Verg. A. 6, 22;hence, also transf. of that which is drawn by lot,
Cic. Div. 1, 18, 34; id. Rep. 1, 34; Suet. Caes. 12; Tac. A. 1, 54; 3, 28 al.:pondus aratri,
to draw, Ov. M. 7, 119:remos,
to row, id. ib. 1, 294; cf. id. ib. 4, 353:numerosa brachia,
in dancing, id. Am. 2, 4, 29:lanas,
to spin, id. ib. 4, 34; cf.stamina,
id. ib. 4, 221:ubera,
to milk, id. ib. 9, 358:frena manu,
to guide, govern, id. ib. 15, 518: vela, to haul (= navigare), Prop. 1, 6, 2:manus, of swimming,
id. 3, 20, 2:ilia,
to draw the flanks together, become broken-winded, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 9:os,
to draw awry, to make wry faces, Cic. Or. 25 fin.; Quint. 9, 3, 101; cf.vultum,
Ov. M. 2, 774; id. P. 4, 8, 13; Mart. 1, 41 et saep.:non equus impiger Curru ducet Achaico Victorem,
to draw along, Hor. C. 4, 3, 5; cf. id. Ep. 1, 1, 93.— Absol.:sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere,
to take to one's self, appropriate, Sall. J. 41, 5.—Esp.1.To lead, conduct, as a way or road:2.via ducit (te), in urbem?
Verg. E. 9, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 7, 5; Verg. A. 1, 401; Ov. F. 2, 679:Brundisium Minuci melius via ducat an Appi,
Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 20:via ad undas,
Ov. M. 3, 602:via ad infernas sedes,
id. ib. 4, 433; cf.:iter ad urbem,
id. ib. 437; Curt. 3, 28, 19; Sen. Prov. 6, 7; id. Vit. Beat. 1; Plin. 18, 11, 29, § 111; Quint. 5, 9, 14; Liv. 5, 40, 8 al.—Se, in colloq. lang., to betake one's self, go:3.jam me ad regem recta ducam,
Plaut. Am. 4, 3, 8; id. Aul. 4, 8, 8; id. Bacch. 4, 2, 11; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 7: Balbus duxit se a Gadibus, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 1.—A legal t. t., to take, lead away, drag, carry off a person before court, to prison, to punishment, etc.: POST. DEINDE. MANVS. INIECTIO. ESTO. IN. IVS. DVCITO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45; so,4.in jus,
Liv. 2, 27:illos duci in carcerem jubent,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 30:aliquem in carcerem,
Suet. Caes. 20:in vincula,
id. ib. 79:ad mortem,
Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1; Nep. Phoc. 4, 3; and absol.:ducite, ubi capiat, etc.,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 65; Sen. de Ira, 1, 16, 14; Suet. Calig. 27; Plin. Ep. 10, 97, 3 al.: NI. IVDICATVM. FACIT. AVT. QVIS. ENDO. EM. IVRE. VINDICIT. SECVM. DVCITO. VINCITO, etc., XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45:decreta ejus modi: SI PETIT DUCAS. C. Fuficium duci jussit petitorem,
to be imprisoned, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 12, § 31; so of a debtor (addictus) who is led off as a slave, Novat. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 63, 255; Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 87; Cic. Fl. 20 fin.; Liv. 6, 14 sq.; cf. id. 2, 23 med.; cf.prov.: stultitiast venatum ducere invitas canes,
Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 83. —Uxorem, to lead a wife home, i. e. to marry:5.bona uxor si ea deducta est, etc.... Verum egon eam ducam domum, Quae, etc.?
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 91:uxorem domum,
id. Aul. 2, 1, 40; Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 68:filiam Orgetorigis in matrimonium,
Caes. B. G. 1, 9, 3; cf. Liv. 4, 4:eum uxorem ducturum esse aliam,
Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 105:uxorem (or aliquam, filiam alicujus, etc.),
id. Aul. 2, 1, 48; id. Cas. prol. 69 et saep.; Ter. And. 1, 1, 128; 2, 1, 21 et saep.; Cic. Sest. 3; Caes. B. G. 1, 53, 4; id. B. C. 3, 110, 2; Verg. E. 8, 29; Vulg. Marc. 10, 11 et saep.— Absol.:si tu negaris ducere,
Ter. And. 2, 3, 5; 2, 3, 9; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 76; Liv. 4, 4 al.: jugum ducere cum infidelibus, i. e. to be yoked in marriage, Vulg. 2 Cor. 6, 14.—Rarely for nubere: si ignorans statum Erotis ut liberum duxisti, isque postea servus est judicatus, etc., Imp. Antonin. ap. Cod. Just. 5, 18, 3.—In the comic poets, of taking home prostitutes, Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 35; 4, 2, 44; id. Men. 1, 2, 15; id. Stich. 5, 4, 48; id. Truc. 3, 2, 10 et saep.—In milit. lang.a.Said of a commander, to lead, to cause to move, to march his army in any direction:b.locis apertis exercitum ducere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 41, 4; cf. id. B. C. 1, 64 fin.; 1, 68, 1:exercitum ab Allobrogibus in Segusianos,
id. B. G. 1, 10 fin.:exercitum in fines Suessionum,
id. ib. 2, 12, 1; cf. id. ib. 4, 38, 3;5, 18, 1: exercitum (legiones, etc.) in Bellovacos,
id. ib. 2, 13, 1; 5, 24, 2 et saep.; cf. Tac. A. 2, 57:cohortes ad eam partem munitionum, quae, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 62, 2:exercitum Uticam,
id. ib. 2, 26, 1:reliquas copias contra Labienum,
id. B. G. 7, 61 fin. et saep.—In pass., of the soldiers, to march, move:quam in partem aut quo consilio ducerentur,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 2.—And in act., absol., of the general himself, to march, move (a favorite expression of Liv.;not in Caes. or Sall.): (Mettus) ducit, quam proxime ad hostem potest,
Liv. 1, 23; 1, 27; 9, 35; 22, 18 et saep.—Hence,In gen., to lead, command an army or (more freq.) a division:(β).qua in legatione duxit exercitum,
Cic. Mur. 9, 20; so,exercitum,
Nep. Eum. 13, 1; id. Epam. 7, 3:qui superiore anno primum pilum duxerat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 35, 6; 6, 38, 1; id. B. C. 3, 91, 1:ordinem,
id. ib. 1, 13, 4; 3, 104, 3; Suet. Vesp. 1:partem exercitūs,
Sall. J. 55, 4 et saep.—Rarely, to lead a division in front, in advance:consuetudine sua Caesar sex legiones expeditas ducebat: post eas... inde, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 2, 19, 2; hence also, to march in front, take the lead, said of the division that forms the van:pars equitum et auxiliariae cohortes ducebant, mox prima legio, etc.,
Tac. A. 1, 51; cf. id. ib. 1, 64 fin. —Transf. beyond the milit. sphere, to lead, to be leader, head, chief, first in any thing:c.accedit etiam, quod familiam ducit,
Cic. Fam. 7, 5 fin. Manut.; so,familiam,
id. Phil. 5, 11, 30; id. Fin. 4, 16, 45:ordines,
id. Phil. 1, 8, 20:classem (discipulorum),
Quint. 1, 2, 24 Spald.:funus,
Hor. Epod. 8, 12:toros,
Ov. F. 6, 668 et saep.—To conduct as prisoners in a triumph:6.per triumphum,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 67:in triumpho,
Plin. 7, 43, 45, § 139, v. triumphus.—With the accessory idea of creation, formation, to produce, form, construct, make, fashion, shape, dispose (cf.:7.struo, pono, condo, fundo): parietem per vestibulum alicujus,
to erect, Cic. Mil. 27 fin.; cf.muros,
Hor. C. 4, 6, 23:vallum ex castris ad aquam,
Caes. B. C. 1, 73, 2:fossam,
id. B. G. 7, 72, 1; 7, 73, 2:arcum,
Ov. M. 3, 160:lateres de terra,
Vitr. 2, 3:vivos vultus de marmore (with excudere spirantia aera),
Verg. A. 6, 849; cf. id. ib. 7, 634; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 240; Varr. ap. Non. 283, 32; Plin. 7, 37, 38, § 125; Quint. 10, 3, 18 Spald.; Juv. 7, 237; hence, poet. also:epos,
Hor. S. 1, 10, 44:carmen,
Ov. Tr. 1, 11, 18; 3, 14, 32:versus,
id. ib. 5, 12, 63 et saep.:liniam ex colore,
Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 81; Quint. 2, 6, 2; cf.orbem,
id. 11, 3, 118:alvum,
to bring forth by clysters, Cels. 2, 12; 4, 4 et saep.: alapam alicui, qs. to fetch one a box on the ear, Phaedr. 5, 3, 2; cf.colaphum,
Quint. 6, 3, 83 Spald.:pugnum,
Dig. 47, 10, 4 et saep.;so esp. of processions, dances, etc.: funus,
Cic. Quint. 15 fin.; Ov. M. 14, 746; Verg. G. 4, 256; cf.exsequias,
Plin. 8, 42, 64, § 154:pompam,
Ov. H. 12, 152; id. F. 6, 405; id. M. 13, 699:choros,
Tib. 2, 1, 56; Hor. C. 1, 4, 5; 4, 7, 6 et saep.; cf.choreas,
Ov. M. 8, 582; 14, 520.—To receive, admit, take any thing (not ante-Aug.):II.cicatricem,
Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 66; Liv. 29, 32, 12:rimam,
Ov. M. 4, 65:situm,
to grow rusty, Quint. 1, 2, 18:formam,
Ov. M. 1, 402:colorem,
id. ib. 3, 485; cf.pallorem,
to grow pale, id. ib. 8, 760:nomina,
Hor. C. 3, 27, 76:notam,
id. ib. 4, 2, 59 et saep.Trop.A.In gen., to lead, guide, draw, conduct:B.progredimur quo ducit quemque voluntas,
Lucr. 2, 258; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 27; 1, 6, 57:ad strepitum citharae cessatum ducere curam,
id. ib. 1, 2, 31:Liber vota bonos ducit ad exitus,
id. C. 4, 8, 34; cf. Quint. 12, 1, 26:per quaedam parva sane ducant (futurum oratorem),
id. 1, 10, 5; cf. id. 1, 1, 27; 1, 5, 58.—Prov.:ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt,
Sen. Ep. 107.—In partic.1.To draw, deduce, [p. 616] derive its origin or beginning from, any thing:2.ab aliqua re totius vitae ducere exordium,
Cic. Fin. 5, 7, 18; cf.:exordium a nostra persona,
Quint. 3, 8, 8; 4, 1, 7:principium disputationis a principe investigandae veritatis,
Cic. N. D. 2, 21 fin.:belli initium a fame,
id. Att. 9, 9, 2; cf. Quint. 1, 1, 21:initia causasque omnium ex quatuor temporum mutationibus,
Cic. N. D. 2, 19, 49:originem ab Isocrate,
Quint. 2, 15, 4; 1, 6, 38; Hor. C. 3, 17, 5 al.:ingressionem non ex oratoriis disputationibus, sed, etc.,
Cic. Or. 3, 11:honestum ab iis rebus,
id. Off. 1, 18, 60; id. Or. 39, 135:nomen ex quo,
id. Ac. 11, 41; cf.:nomen a Graeco,
Quint. 1, 6, 3; 3, 7, 1; Hor. S. 2, 1, 66 et saep.; cf.also: utrumque (sc. amor et amicitia) ductum (al. dictum) est ab amando,
Cic. Lael. 27; id. Fin. 2, 24, 78.—To lead a person, as regards his will or opinions, in any direction; to move, incite, induce, allure, in a good or bad sense (most freq. in the pass.):b.ita me ad credendum tua ducit oratio,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 18:nos ducit scholarum consuetudo,
Quint. 4, 2, 28; 5, 11, 19; cf. id. 9, 1, 21:ducit te species,
Hor. S. 2, 2, 35 et saep.:declamatores quosdam perversa ducit ambitio, ut, etc.,
Quint. 10, 7, 21.—In the pass.:si quis statuarum honore aut gloria ducitur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 58 fin.:eloquentiae laude,
id. Or. 32, 115:quaestu et lucro,
id. Tusc. 5, 3, 9:hoc errore ut, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 41; cf.:litteris eorum et urbanitate, ut, etc.,
id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120:omnes trahimur et ducimur ad cognitionis et scientiae cupiditatem,
id. Off. 1, 6 et saep.—In a bad sense, to cheat, deceive, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 26; id. Capt. 4, 2, 7; Ter. And. 4, 1, 20; id. Ph. 3, 2, 15; Prop. 2, 17, 1 (3, 8, 1 M.); Ov. H. 19, 13; id. M. 3, 587 (with decipere).—3.With regard to time, to draw out, extend, protract, prolong:b.bellum,
Caes. B. G. 1, 38, 4; id. B. C. 2, 18, 6; 2, 37, 5 sq.; Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2; Liv. 22, 25 et saep.; cf.:bellum longius,
Caes. B. C. 1, 64, 2; 3, 42, 3:bellum in hiemem,
id. ib. 1, 61, 3:eam rem longius,
id. B. G. 7, 11, 4; cf.:rem prope in noctem,
id. B. C. 3, 51, 7:rem leniter,
Liv. 3, 41 et saep. Also transf., of time itself:tempus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 11; Nep. Them. 7:diem ex die,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16, 4; and of persons who are put off, delayed:ubi se diutius duci intellexit,
id. ib. 1, 16, 5.—Less freq. (mostly poet.),In gen., of time, to pass, spend, enjoy:4.aetatem in litteris,
Cic. Fin. 5, 19, 50; so,aetatem,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 202:vitam,
id. Epod. 17, 63; Sen. Ep. 45, 10; cf. Verg. A. 2, 641 (where, shortly before, vitam producere):noctes,
Prop. 1, 11, 5; Plin. Ep. 6, 31, 13:somnos,
Verg. A. 4, 560.—In mercant. lang., to calculate, compute, reckon: age nunc summam sumptus duc, Lucil. ap. Non. 283, 30:b.minimum ut sequamur, quoniam XC. medimnūm milia duximus, accedant eo, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 49; id. Att. 6, 1, 5 and 16; 6, 2, 7; Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 11; Gell. 1, 20, 5.—Transf. beyond the mercant. sphere.(α).Rationem alicujus, to consider, calculate, care for one's advantage or interest (a favorite expression of Cicero):(β).duxi meam rationem, quam tibi facile me probaturum arbitrabar,
Cic. Att. 8, 11 D, § 7; so,suam quoque rationem,
to have respect to one's own advantage, id. Verr. 2, 1, 48; and:non minorem aratorum quam populi rationem,
Suet. Aug. 42 fin.:salutis meae rationem,
Cic. Fam. 7, 3:rationem officii, non commodi,
id. Sest. 10, 23; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 44, 128:unius cujusque temporis ducta ratio est,
id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 16:rationem officii atque existimationis,
id. Quint. 16, 53.—In gen., to reckon, consider, hold, account, esteem as any thing (cf. aestimo and existimo;very freq. in prose and poetry): parvi id ducebat,
Cic. Fin. 2, 8, 24:pro nihilo aliquid,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 85; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 16 fin.; id. Tusc. 5, 32, 90; cf. Auct. Her. 4, 20, 28:ea pro falsis ducit,
Sall. C. 3, 2; cf.:innocentiam pro malevolentia,
id. ib. 12, 1:vos eritis judices, Laudin' an vitio duci id factum oportuit,
Ter. Ad. prol. 5; so,aliquid honori,
Sall. J. 11, 3:aliquid laudi, Nep. praef. § 4: aliquem despicatui,
Cic. Fl. 27, 65: nihil praeter virtutem in bonis ducere (for which, shortly after, in bonis habere = numerare), Cic. Fin. 3, 3;aliquem in numero hostium,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 25 fin.; Caes. B. G. 6, 32, 1; cf. ib. 6, 23, 8; without in, ib. 6, 21, 2; cf.:aliquem loco affinium,
Sall. J. 14, 1 Kritz. N. cr.: aliquid testimonii loco, Quint. 5, 9, 10:tutelae nostrae duximus, cum Africo bello urgerentur,
Liv. 21, 41; cf.:officii duxit exorare filiae patrem, etc.,
Suet. Tib. 11:faceret, quod e republica fideque sua duceret,
id. ib. 25, 7 et saep.:malum cum amici tuum ducis malum,
Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 48; cf.:Archytas iracundiam seditionem quandam animi vere ducebat,
Cic. Rep. 1, 38:eorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet,
Sall. J. 62, 4:nil rectum nisi quod placuit sibi ducunt,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 83.— With acc. and inf.:sic equidem ducebam animo rebarque futurum,
Verg. A. 6, 690:ut omnia tua in te posita esse ducas humanosque casus virtute inferiores putes,
Cic. Lael. 2, 7, 19 fin.; id. Rep. 1, 2; 1, 17; 1, 38; 3, 9 (three times); Sall. J. 93, 5; Liv. 22, 14, 6; 22, 59, 5; Caes. B. G. 1, 3, 2; 4, 30, 2; 6, 18 et saep.—Here too probably belongs the much disputed passage: ludos et inania honoris medio rationis atque abundantiae duxit (= ludos publicos cum aliis rebus quae ad inania honoris pertinent, duxit, i. e. existimavit habendos et ponendos in medio rationis atque abundantiae, ut inter rationem, quae plane spernit inania, et abundantiam, quae eadem ostentat, media via incederet), he thought right to manage them in a middle course between reason and profusion, Tac. Agr. 6 fin., v. Dübner and Orell. ad h. l. -
88 provoco
I.Lit.A.In gen. (very rare):B.aliquem,
Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 43:ut ubi illaec prodeat, me provoces,
id. Mil. 4, 3, 28; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 40:mandant, ut ad se provocet Simonidem,
Phaedr. 4, 23, 25:dum rota Luciferi provocet orta diem,
lead up, call forth, Tib. 1, 9, 62:Memnonis mater roseo provocet ore diem,
Ov. P. 1, 4, 58; cf. id. F. 1, 456:provocare et elicere novas radiculas,
Col. 3, 15, 5.—In partic.1.To call out, challenge, invite one to any thing (as to play, sing, drink, fight, etc.):2.provocat me in aleam,
challenged me to a game, Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 75:pedibus,
to a race, id. Ep. 5, 1, 58:aliquem tesseris,
Macr. S. 1, 10:aliquem cantatum,
Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 53:aliquem ad pugnam,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 22, 49; cf. Liv. 8, 7, and Flor. 2, 17, 11 Duker: duces nec prohibere paucos temere provocantis volebant, nec, etc., Liv. 23, 16, 4:et oleo et mero viros provocant,
Sen. Ep. 95, 21:aliquem ad bibendum,
Vop. Firm. 4.—In jurid. lang., to take a cause before a higher court, to appeal, make an appeal; in this signif. usually neutr., ad aliquem; act. only post-class., with the judge to whom the appeal is made as object (cf. appello).(α).Neutr.:(β).ut de majestate damnati ad populum provocent,
Cic. Phil. 1, 9, 21; cf.: quam id rectum sit, tu judicabis;ne ad Catonem quidem provocabo,
id. Att. 6, 1, 7:provoco ad populum,
Liv. 8, 33:arreptus a viatore, Provoco, inquit,
I appeal, id. 3, 56:si a duumviris provocarit, provocatione certato,
id. 1, 26, 6; 3, 56:ab omni judicio poenāque provocari licere,
Cic. Rep. 2, 31, 54.—Act., to appeal to a judge (post-class.):II.si judicem provocent,
Dig. 8, 28, 6:si praefectus urbi judicem dederit, ipse erit provocandus, qui eum judicem dederit,
ib. 49, 3, 1.—Also:provocare judicium ad populum,
to bring the decision before the people by appeal, Val. Max. 8, 1, 1;rarely, aliquem ad judicem,
to cite, summon before, App. Flor. p. 360, 24.—Trop.A.To challenge to a contest, to contend with, emulate, rival, vie with (post-Aug.):B.aliquem virtute,
to vie with him in virtue, Plin. Ep. 2, 7, 4:elegia Graecos provocamus,
Quint. 10, 1, 93; cf.:ea pictura naturam ipsam provocavit,
Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 94.—Of things, Plin. 16, 8, 12, § 32:immensum latus Circi templorum pulchritudinem provocat,
id. Pan. 51, 3.—To challenge, incite, provoke to any thing:C.felicitas temporum, quae bonam conscientiam civium tuorum ad usum indulgentiae tuae provocat,
Plin. Ep. 10, 12 (7) fin.:omni comitate ad hilaritatem et jocum provocare,
Suet. Calig. 27; id. Claud. 21:tacentes ad communionem sermonis,
id. Aug. 74.—To excite, stimulate, exasperate, stir up, rouse with any thing (class.;D.syn.: irrito, lacesso): qui non solum a me provocatus sed etiam suā sponte solet, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 3:aliquem beneficio,
id. Off. 1, 15, 48:sermonibus,
Caes. B. C. 1, 74:minis et verbis,
Tac. H. 3, 24:bello,
id. ib. 4, 17:injuriā,
id. A. 14, 49 et saep.:ad iracundiam,
Vulg. Isa. 63, 10; id. Deut. 4, 25. —To call forth, occasion, produce, cause:E.officia comitate,
Tac. H. 5, 1:mortem tot modis,
Plin. 19, praef. 1, §5: bellum,
Tac. G. 35; Plin. Pan. 16.— -
89 φωνέω
A produce a sound or tone:I prop. of men, speak loud or clearly, or simply, speak, give utterance, Hom. only in [tense] aor. ([tense] pres. and [tense] impf. only in compds.);ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἀπέβη Il.6.116
, cf. 11.531, al.;ἔπος φάτο φώνησέν τε Od.4.370
;φωνήσας προσέφη Il.14.41
; καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα addressed him with a loud voice in winged words, 1.201, cf. 4.284, al.;φωνοῦντος ἢ ἠχοῦντος ἢ ψοφοῦντος Epicur.Ep.1p.13U.
; folld. by the words spoken, φώνησε ( φώνασε codd.)δ', εὕδεις, βασιλεῦ Pi.O.13.67
;χρυσοῖς δὲ φωνεῖ γράμμασιν, πρήσω πόλιν A.Th. 434
, cf. Ag. 1334 (anap.); οἱ βουλευταὶ ἐφώνησαν .. the Senators exclaimed.., POxy. 2110.6 (iv A. D.); "βέκος φ. utter the word βέκος, Hdt.2.2: c. acc. cogn., ὄπα φωνησάσης having made her voice sound, Od.24.535;φ. φάτιν S.El. 329
: with neut. Adj., φ. μέγιστον ἀνθρώπων to have the loudest voice, Hdt.4.141, 7.117;ὄρθιον φ. Pi.N.10.76
;ἄλλο τι φ. A.Pr. 1063
(anap.);τάδε φ. Id.Ch. 314
(anap.);μέγα φ. Id.Eu. 936
(anap.), S.Ph. 574;ἄπυστα φ. Id.OC 489
;ὅσια φ. Id.Ph. 662
; δεινὸν φ. ib. 1225; , 591, E.IT 687, etc.;μηδεὶς ἔπος φωνείτω IG22.1368.108
;τὸν ῥηϊδίως φωνεῦντα πᾶν ἔπος Anaxarch.1
: abs., cry aloud, as in joy, S.Tr. 202; of a singer,ἀοιδὸς.. αἰόλα φωνέων Theoc.16.44
:—[voice] Pass., τὰ φωνηθέντα sounds or words uttered, Pl.Sph. 262c, Ti. 72a, cf. Longin.39.4.2 of animals, utter their cries, Arist. HA 578a32; of birds, ib. 593a14; [τὰ σελάχη] φωνεῖν οὐκ ὀρθῶς ἔχει φάναι, ψοφεῖν δέ ib. 535b25;ἐφώνησε πέρδιξ LXXJe.17.11
; of the cock, crow, Ev.Matt.26.34, al.3 as law-term, affirm, testify in court, Leg.Gort.1.18, al. (written πωνίω).4 of a musical instrument, sound, E.Or. 146 (lyr.); of sounds, ἡδὺ φωνεῖν sound sweetly, Plu.2.1021b; but βροντὴ φ. it has a voice, is significant, X.Ap.12.5 ἄφωνα καὶ φωνοῦντα consonants and vowels, E.Fr. 578 codd. Stob. (fort. ἄφωνα φωνήεντα).II c. acc. pers., call by name, call, Αἴαντα φωνῶ I call 'Ajax' S.Aj.73, cf. Ph. 229, Ev.Matt.27.47, etc.; call by a name,ὑμεῖς φωνεῖτέ με ὁ διδάσκαλος Ev.Jo.13.13
:—[voice] Pass., to be called,τὰ ἀρχαῖα ἐκπώματα κισσύβια φωνέεται Nic.Fr.1
.2 φ. τινα c. inf., command,σὲ φωνῶ νεκρὸν.. μὴ συγκομίζειν S.Aj. 1047
.4 c. dat. pers., call to, cry to,Ζεῦ ἄνα, σοὶ φωνῶ S.OC 1485
(lyr.), cf. OT 1121;ἕρποντι φωνεῖς Id.Aj. 543
. -
90 ἀνίστημι
A causal in [tense] pres. ἀνίστημι (later [full] ἀνιστάω S.E.M. 9.61): [tense] impf. ἀνίστην: [tense] fut. ἀναστήσω, poet. ἀνστήσω: [tense] aor. 1 ἀνέστησα, [dialect] Ep. ἄνστησα, [dialect] Aeol. [ per.] 3pl.ὄστασαν Hsch.
: [tense] pf. , Arr.Epict.1.4.30: also in [tense] aor. 1 [voice] Med. ἀνεστησάμην (v. infr. 1.5, 111.6).I make to stand up, raise up, γέροντα δὲ χειρὸς ἀνίστη he raised the old man up by his hand, Il.24.515, cf. Od.14.319;τί μ' αὖ.. ἐξ ἑδρας ἀνίστατε; S.Aj. 788
;ἀ. τινὰ ἐκ τῆς κλίνης Pl.Prt. 317e
;ὀρθὸν ἀ. τινά X.Mem.1.4.11
;ἀπὸ τοῦ καθαρμοῦ τινα D.18.259
.2 raisefrom sleep, wake up, Il.10.32, etc.;εἰς ἐκκλησίαν ἀ. τινά Ar.Ec. 740
;ἀ. τινὰ ὠμόϋπνον Eup.305
: metaph.,ἀ. νόσον S.Tr. 979
.3 raise from the dead,οὐδέ μιν ἀνστήσεις Il.24.551
, cf. A.Ag. 1361, S.El. 139; from misery or misfortune, Id.Ph. 666, Aeschin.1.67.5 after Hom., also of things, set up, build, στήλας v.l. in Hdt.2.102;πύργους X.Cyr.7.5.12
, etc.;τρόπαια Διί E.Ph. 572
; ἀνδριάντα ἐς Δελφούς Philipp. ap. D.12.21; so ἀ. τινὰ χρυσοῦν, χαλκοῦν (in pure Attic ἱστάναι), set up a golden, brazen statue of him, Plu.2.170e, Brut.1 ([voice] Pass., v. infr. B):—so in [tense] aor. 1 [voice] Med., ἀναστήσασθαι πόλιν build oneself a city, Hdt.1.165; ἀνεστήσαντο δὲ βωμούς they set them up altars, Call.Dian. 199.6 put up for sale, Hdt.1.196.II rouse to action, stir up,ἀλλ' ἴθι νῦν Αἴαντα.. ἄνστησον Il.10.176
, cf. 179, 15.64, etc.: c. dat. pers., raise up against another, τούτῳ δὲ πρόμον ἄλλον ἀναστήσουσιν ib.7.116 (v. infr. B. 1.5): rouse to arms, raise troops, Th.2.68,96;ἀ. πόλεμον ἐπί τινα Plu.Cor.21
; ἀναστήσας ἦγε στρατόν he called up his troops and marched them, Th.4.93, cf. 112, etc.III make people rise, break up an assembly by force, Il.1.191; but ἐκκλησίαν ἀναστῆσαι adjourn it, X.HG2.4.42.2 make people emigrate, transplant (cf. infr. B. 11.2),ἔνθεν ἀναστήσας ἄγε Od.6.7
;ἀνίστασαν τοὺς δήμους Hdt.9.73
;Αἰγινήτας ἐξ Αἰγίνης Th.2.27
; evenγαῖαν ἀναστήσειν A.R.1.1349
;οἴκους Plu.Publ.21
; alsoἀ. τινὰ ἐκ τῆς ἐργασίας D.18.129
.3 make suppliants rise and leave sanctuary, Hdt.5.71, Th.1.137, S.OC 276, etc.: also ἀ. στρατόπεδον ἐκ χώρας make an army decamp, Plb.29.27.10;τὰ πράγματα ἀνίστησί τινα Plu.Alc. 31
.4 ἀ. ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα make to ascend the tribune, Id.2.784c, cf. Cam.32.5 of sportsmen, put up game, X.An.1.5.3, cf. Cyr.2.4.20 ([voice] Pass.), Cyn.6.23, D.Chr.2.2.6 μάρτυρα ἀναστής ασθαί τινα call him as one's witness, Pl.Lg. 937a.B intr. in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf. ἀνίσταμαι, -μην, in [tense] fut. ἀναστήσομαι, in [tense] aor. 2 ἀνέστην (but ἀναστῶ, for ἀναστήσω, Crates Com.4D.), imper. ἄστηθι (for ἄν-στηθι) Herod.8.1, part.ἀστάς IG4.951.112
(Epid.): [tense] pf. ἀνέστηκα, [dialect] Att. [tense] plpf. ἀνεστήκη; also [tense] pf.ἀνεστέασι Hdt.3.62
: [tense] aor. [voice] Pass. ἀνεστάθην, [dialect] Aeol. part.ὀσταθείς Hsch.
:—stand up, rise, esp. to speak,τοῖσι δ' ἀνέστη Il.1.68
, 101, etc.;ἐν μέσσοισι 19.77
: in [dialect] Att. c. [tense] fut. part., ἀ. λέξων, κατηγορήσων, etc.: so c. inf.,ἀνέστη μαντεύεσθαι Od.20.380
: in part.,ἀναστὰς εἶπε E.Or. 885
; ; also, rise from one's seat as a mark of respect,θεοὶ δ' ἅμα πάντες ἀνέσταν Il.1.533
; ἀπὸ βωμοῦ (cf. A. 111.3) Aeschin.1.84.2 rise from bed or sleep,ἐξ εὐνῆς ἀνστᾶσα Il.14.336
, cf. A.Eu. 124;εὐνῆθεν Od.20.124
;ὄρθρου ἀ. Hes. Op. 577
; ; οὐδ' ἀνιστάμην ἐκ κλίνης, of a sick person, And.1.64: abs., rise from sleep, Hdt.1.31.5 rise as a champion, Il.23.709; θανάτων χώρᾳ πύργος ἀνέστα [Oedipus] S.OT 1201: hence c. dat., stand up [to fight against..],Ἀγκαῖον.., ὅς μοι ἀνέστη Il.23.635
;μή τίς τοι.. ἄλλος ἀναστῇ Od.18.334
; codd.; v. supr. A.11.6 rise up, rear itself, (lyr.), cf. Plb.16.1.5; of statues, etc., to be set up, Plu.2.91a, 198f: metaph.,μή τι ἐξ αὐτῶν ἀναστήῃ κακόν Pi.P.4.155
;πόλεμος D.H.3.23
;θορύβου ἀναστάντος App.BC1.56
.8 of a river, rise,ἐξ ὀρέων Plu.Pomp.34
.9 [tense] pf. part.,γῆ γηλόφοισιν ἀνεστηκυῖα Arr.Ind.4.7
: metaph., lofty,ἀ. τὴν ψυχὴν γενόμενος Eun.Hist.p.233
D.2 to be compelled to migrate (supr. A. 111.2),ἐξ Ἄρνης ἀναστάντες ὑπὸ Θεσσαλῶν Th.1.12
, cf. 8: of a country, to be depopulated,χώρα ἀνεστηκυῖα Hdt.5.29
;πόλις.. πᾶσ' ἀνέστηκεν δορί E.Hec. 494
; ἡσυχάσασα ἡ Ἑλλὰς καὶ οὐκέτι ἀνισταμένη no longer subject to migration, Th.1.12;τὴν ἀσφάλειαν.. περιείδετ' ἀνασταθεῖσαν D.19.84
.3 of a law-court, rise, Id.21.221.4 cease,οὐκ, ἀνέστη ἕως ἐνίκησε σκορπίσαι Psalm.Solom.4.13
.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀνίστημι
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91 Adam, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 3 July 1728 Kirkcaldy, Scotlandd. 3 March 1792 London, England[br]Scottish architect, active mostly in England, who led the neo-classical movement between 1760 and 1790.[br]Robert Adam was a man of outstanding talent, immense energy dedicated to his profession, and of great originality, who utilized all sources of classical art from ancient Greece and Rome as well as from the Renaissance and Baroque eras in Italy. He was also a very practical exponent of neo-classicism and believed in using the latest techniques to produce fine craftsmanship.Of particular interest to him was stucco, the material needed for elegant, finely crafted ceiling and wall designs. Stucco, though the Italian word for plaster, refers architecturally to a specific form of the material. Known as Stucco duro (hard plaster), its use and composition dates from the days of ancient Rome. Giovanni da Udine, a pupil of Raphael, having discovered some fine stucco antico in the ruins of the Palace of Titus in Rome, carried out extensive research during the Italian Renaissance in order to discover its precise composition; it was a mixture of powdered crystalline limestone (travertine), river sand, water and powdered white marble. The marble produced an exceptionally hard stucco when set, thereby differentiating it from plaster-work, and was a material fine enough to make delicate relief and statuary work possible.In the 1770s Robert Adam's ceiling and wall designs were characterized by low-relief, delicate, classical forms. He and his brothers, who formed the firm of Adam Brothers, were interested in a stucco which would be especially fine grained and hard setting. A number of new products then appearing on the market were easier to handle than earlier ones. These included a stucco by Mr David Wark, patented in 1765, and another by a Swiss clergyman called Liardet in 1773; the Adam firm purchased both patents and obtained an Act of Parliament authorizing them to be the sole vendors and makers of this stucco, which they called "Adam's new invented patent stucco". More new versions appeared, among which was one by a Mr Johnson, who claimed it to be an improvement. The Adam Brothers, having paid a high price for their rights, took him to court. The case was decided in 1778 by Lord Mansfield, a fellow Scot and a patron (at Kenwood), who,[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the Society of Arts 1758. FRS 1761. Architect to the King's Works 1761.Bibliography1764, Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro.1773, Works in Architecture of Robert and James Adam.Further ReadingA.T.Bolton, 1922, The Architecture of Robert and James Adam, 1758–1794, 2 vols, Country Life.J.Fleming, 1962, Robert Adam and his Circle, Murray. J.Lees-Milne, 1947, The Age of Adam, Batsford.J.Rykwert and A.Rykwert, 1985, The Brothers Adam, Collins. D.Yarwood, 1970, Robert Adam, Dent.DY -
92 Burgi, Jost
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 28 February 1552 Lichtensteig, Switzerlandd. 31 January 1632 Kassel, Germany[br]Swiss clockmaker and mathematician who invented the remontoire and the cross-beat escapement, also responsible for the use of exponential notation and the calculation of tables of anti-logarithms.[br]Burgi entered the service of Duke William IV of Hesse in 1579 as Court Clockmaker, although he also assisted William with his astronomical observations. In 1584 he invented the cross-beat escapement which increased the accuracy of spring-driven clocks by two orders of magnitude. During the last years of the century he also worked on the development of geometrical and astronomical instruments for the Royal Observatory at Kassel.On the death of Duke Wilhelm in 1603, and with news of his skills having reached the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II, in 1604 he went to Prague to become Imperial Watchmaker and to assist in the creation of a centre of scientific activity, subsequently becoming Assistant to the German astronomer, Johannes Kepler. No doubt this association led to an interest in mathematics and he made significant contributions to the concept of decimal fractions and the use of exponential notation, i.e. the use of a raised number to indicate powers of another number. It is likely that he was developing the idea of logarithms at the same time (or possibly even before) Napier, for in 1620 he made his greatest contribution to mathematics, science and, eventually, engineering, namely the publication of tables of anti-logarithms.At Prague he continued the series of accurate clocks and instruments for astronomical measurements that he had begun to produce at Kassel. At that period clocks were very poor timekeepers since the controller, the foliot or balance, had no natural period of oscillation and was consequently dependent on the driving force. Although the force of the driving weight was constant, irregularities occurred during the transmission of the power through the train as a result of the poor shape and quality of the gearing. Burgi attempted to overcome this directly by superb craftsmanship and indirectly by using a remontoire. This device was wound at regular intervals by the main driving force and fed the power directly to the escape wheel, which impulsed the foliot. He also introduced the crossbeat escapement (a variation on the verge), which consisted of two coupled foliots that swung in opposition to each other. According to contemporary evidence his clocks produced a remarkable improvement in timekeeping, being accurate to within a minute a day. This improvement was probably a result of the use of a remontoire and the high quality of the workmanship rather than a result of the cross-beat escapement, which did not have a natural period of oscillation.Burgi or Prague clocks, as they were known, were produced by very few other makers and were supplanted shortly afterwards by the intro-duction of the pendulum clock. Burgi also produced superb clockwork-driven celestial globes.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsEnnobled 1611.BibliographyBurgi only published one book, and that was concerned with mathematics.Further ReadingL.von Mackensen, 1979, Die erste Sternwarte Europas mit ihren Instrumenten and Uhren—400 Jahre Jost Burgi in Kassel, Munich.K.Maurice and O.Mayr (eds), 1980, The Clockwork Universe, Washington, DC, pp. 87– 102.H.A.Lloyd, 1958, Some Outstanding Clocks Over 700 Years, 1250–1950, London. E.T.Bell, 1937, Men of Mathematics, London: Victor Gollancz.See also: Briggs, HenryKF / DV -
93 Cross, Charles Frederick
[br]b. 11 December 1855 Brentwood, Middlesex, Englandd. 15 April 1935 Hove, England[br]English chemist who contributed to the development of viscose rayon from cellulose.[br]Cross was educated at the universities of London, Zurich and Manchester. It was at Owens College, Manchester, that Cross first met E.J. Bevan and where these two first worked together on the nature of cellulose. After gaining some industrial experience, Cross joined Bevan to set up a partnership in London as analytical and consulting chemists, specializing in the chemistry and technology of cellulose and lignin. They were at the Jodrell laboratory, Kew Gardens, for a time and then set up their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens. In 1888, the first edition of their joint publication A Textbook of Paper-making, appeared. It went into several editions and became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The long introductory chapter is a discourse on cellulose.In 1892, Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle took out their historic patent on the solution and regeneration of cellulose. The modern artificial-fibre industry stems from this patent. They made their discovery at New Court, Carey Street, London: wood-pulp (or another cheap form of cellulose) was dissolved in a mixture of carbon disulphide and aqueous alkali to produce sodium xanthate. After maturing, it was squirted through fine holes into dilute acid, which set the liquid to give spinnable fibres of "viscose". However, it was many years before the process became a commercial operation, partly because the use of a natural raw material such as wood involved variations in chemical content and each batch might react differently. At first it was thought that viscose might be suitable for incandescent lamp filaments, and C.H.Stearn, a collaborator with Cross, continued to investigate this possibility, but the sheen on the fibres suggested that viscose might be made into artificial silk. The original Viscose Spinning Syndicate was formed in 1894 and a place was rented at Erith in Kent. However, it was not until some skeins of artificial silk (a term to which Cross himself objected) were displayed in Paris that textile manufacturers began to take an interest in it. It was then that Courtaulds decided to investigate this new fibre, although it was not until 1904 that they bought the English patents and developed the first artificial silk that was later called "rayon". Cross was also concerned with the development of viscose films and of cellulose acetate, which became a rival to rayon in the form of "Celanese". He retained his interest in the paper industry and in publishing, in 1895 again collaborating with Bevan and publishing a book on Cellulose and other technical articles. He was a cultured man and a good musician. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1917.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1917.Bibliography1888, with E.J.Bevan, A Text-book of Papermaking. 1892, British patent no. 8,700 (cellulose).Further ReadingObituary Notices of the Royal Society, 1935, London. Obituary, 1935, Journal of the Chemical Society 1,337. Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).C.Singer (ed.), 1978, A History of Technology, Vol. VI, Oxford: Clarendon Press.RLHBiographical history of technology > Cross, Charles Frederick
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94 Darby, Abraham
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, Englandd. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England[br]English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.[br]Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.[br]Further ReadingA.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.LRD -
95 Hornblower, Jonathan
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 1753 Cornwall (?), Englandd. 1815 Penryn, Cornwall, England[br]English mining engineer who patented an early form of compound steam engine.[br]Jonathan came from a family with an engineering tradition: his grandfather Joseph had worked under Thomas Newcomen. Jonathan was the sixth child in a family of thirteen whose names all began with "J". In 1781 he was living at Penryn, Cornwall and described himself as a plumber, brazier and engineer. As early as 1776, when he wished to amuse himself by making a small st-eam engine, he wanted to make something new and wondered if the steam would perform more than one operation in an engine. This was the foundation for his compound engine. He worked on engines in Cornwall, and in 1778 was Engineer at the Ting Tang mine where he helped Boulton \& Watt erect one of their engines. He was granted a patent in 1781 and in that year tried a large-scale experiment by connecting together two engines at Wheal Maid. Very soon John Winwood, a partner in a firm of iron founders at Bristol, acquired a share in the patent, and in 1782 an engine was erected in a colliery at Radstock, Somerset. This was probably not very successful, but a second was erected in the same area. Hornblower claimed greater economy from his engines, but steam pressures at that time were not high enough to produce really efficient compound engines. Between 1790 and 1794 ten engines with his two-cylinder arrangement were erected in Cornwall, and this threatened Boulton \& Watt's near monopoly. At first the steam was condensed by a surface condenser in the bottom of the second, larger cylinder, but this did not prove very successful and later a water jet was used. Although Boulton \& Watt proceeded against the owners of these engines for infringement of their patent, they did not take Jonathan Hornblower to court. He tried a method of packing the piston rod by a steam gland in 1781 and his work as an engineer must have been quite successful, for he left a considerable fortune on his death.[br]Bibliography1781, British patent no. 1,298 (compound steam engine).Further ReadingR.Jenkins, 1979–80, "Jonathan Hornblower and the compound engine", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 11.J.Tann, 1979–80, "Mr Hornblower and his crew, steam engine pirates in the late 18th century", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 51.J.Farey, 1827, A Treatise on the Steam Engine, Historical, Practical and Descriptive, reprinted 1971, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles (an almost contemporary account of the compound engine).D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, From Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermo dynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann.H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press.R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press.RLH -
96 Lebon, Philippe
SUBJECT AREA: Public utilities[br]b. 29 May 1767 Bruchey, near Joinville, Franced. 2 December 1804 Paris, France[br]French pioneer of gas lighting.[br]Lebon was the son of a court official under Louis XV. He entered the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées and graduated in 1792, by which time he had acquired a considerable reputation as a scientific engineer. He is credited with the invention of the firetube steam boiler and of the superheater, and he also devised an engine to work by gas, but from 1792 until his untimely death he worked mainly on his experiments to produce an inflammable gas for lighting purposes. He submitted a paper on the subject in 1799 to the Institut National and received a patent in the same year. The patent covers the detailed making and application of gas for light, heat and power, and the recovery of by-products. It describes the production of the gas by the carbonization of coal, although Lebon in feet used only wood gas for his experiments and demonstrations. He began demonstrations in a private house in Paris, but these attracted little attention. He achieved wider public interest when he moved to the Hôtel Seignelay, where he started a series of public demonstrations in 1801, but he attracted little profit, and in fact lost his money in his experiments. He then set up a plant near Rouen to manufacture wood tar, but his career was brought to an end by his brutal murder in the Champs Elysées in Paris. William Murdock was working along similar lines in England, although Lebon knew nothing of his experiments. The German entrepreneur F.A. Winsor visited Lebon and managed to discover the essentials of his processes, which he turned to good account in England with the founding of the Gas, Light \& Coke Company.[br]Further ReadingS.T.McCloy, 1952, French Inventors of the Eighteenth Century.A.Fayol, 1943, Philippe Lebon et le gaz d'éclair-age.LRD -
97 Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]b. 27 April 1791 Charlestown, Massachusetts, USAd. 2 April 1872 New York City, New York, USA[br]American portrait painter and inventor, b est known for his invention of the telegraph and so-called Morse code.[br]Following early education at Phillips Academy, Andover, at the age of 14 years Morse went to Yale College, where he developed interests in painting and electricity. Upon graduating in 1810 he became a clerk to a Washington publisher and a pupil of Washington Allston, a well-known American painter. The following year he travelled to Europe and entered the London studio of another American artist, Benjamin West, successfully exhibiting at the Royal Academy as well as winning a prize and medal for his sculpture. Returning to Boston and finding little success as a "historical-style" painter, he built up a thriving portrait business, moving in 1818 to Charleston, South Carolina, where three years later he established the (now defunct) South Carolina Academy of Fine Arts. In 1825 he was back in New York, but following the death of his wife and both of his parents that year, he embarked on an extended tour of European art galleries. In 1832, on the boat back to America, he met Charles T.Jackson, who told him of the discovery of the electromagnet and fired his interest in telegraphy to the extent that Morse immediately began to make suggestions for electrical communications and, apparently, devised a form of printing telegraph. Although he returned to his painting and in 1835 was appointed the first Professor of the Literature of Art and Design at the University of New York City, he began to spend more and more time experimenting in telegraphy. In 1836 he invented a relay as a means of extending the cable distance over which telegraph signals could be sent. At this time he became acquainted with Alfred Vail, and the following year, when the US government published the requirements for a national telegraph service, they set out to produce a workable system, with finance provided by Vail's father (who, usefully, owned an ironworks). A patent was filed on 6 October 1837 and a successful demonstration using the so-called Morse code was given on 6 January 1838; the work was, in fact, almost certainly largely that of Vail. As a result of the demonstration a Bill was put forward to Congress for $30,000 for an experimental line between Washington and Baltimore. This was eventually passed and the line was completed, and on 24 May 1844 the first message, "What hath God wrought", was sent between the two cities. In the meantime Morse also worked on the insulation of submarine cables by means of pitch tar and indiarubber.With success achieved, Morse offered his invention to the Government for $100,000, but this was declined, so the invention remained in private hands. To exploit it, Morse founded the Magnetic Telephone Company in 1845, amalgamating the following year with the telegraph company of a Henry O'Reilly to form Western Union. Having failed to obtain patents in Europe, he now found himself in litigation with others in the USA, but eventually, in 1854, the US Supreme Court decided in his favour and he soon became very wealthy. In 1857 a proposal was made for a telegraph service across the whole of the USA; this was completed in just over four months in 1861. Four years later work began on a link to Europe via Canada, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and Russia, but it was abandoned with the completion of the transatlantic cable, a venture in which he also had some involvement. Showered with honours, Morse became a generous philanthropist in his later years. By 1883 the company he had created was worth $80 million and had a virtual monopoly in the USA.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsLLD, Yale 1846. Fellow of the Academy of Arts and Sciences 1849. Celebratory Banquet, New York, 1869. Statue in New York Central Park 1871. Austrian Gold Medal of Scientific Merit. Danish Knight of the Danneborg. French Légion d'honneur. Italian Knight of St Lazaro and Mauritio. Portuguese Knight of the Tower and Sword. Turkish Order of Glory.BibliographyE.L.Morse (ed.), 1975, Letters and Journals, New York: Da Capo Press (facsimile of a 1914 edition).Further ReadingJ.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph (discusses his telegraphic work and its context).C.Mabee, 1943, The American Leonardo: A Life of Samuel Morse; reprinted 1969 (a detailed biography).KFBiographical history of technology > Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze
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98 Scheutz, George
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 23 September 1785 Jonkoping, Swedend. 27 May 1873 Stockholm, Sweden[br]Swedish lawyer, journalist and self-taught engineer who, with his son Edvard Raphael Scheutz (b. 13 September 1821 Stockholm, Sweden; d. 28 January 1881 Stockholm, Sweden) constructed a version of the Babbage Difference Engine.[br]After early education at the Jonkoping elementary school and the Weixo Gymnasium, George Scheutz entered the University of Lund, gaining a degree in law in 1805. Following five years' legal work, he moved to Stockholm in 1811 to work at the Supreme Court and, in 1814, as a military auditor. In 1816, he resigned, bought a printing business and became editor of a succession of industrial and technical journals, during which time he made inventions relating to the press. It was in 1830 that he learned from the Edinburgh Review of Babbage's ideas for a difference engine and started to make one from wood, pasteboard and wire. In 1837 his 15-yearold student son, Edvard Raphael Scheutz, offered to make it in metal, and by 1840 they had a working machine with two five-digit registers, which they increased the following year and then added a printer. Obtaining a government grant in 1851, by 1853 they had a fully working machine, now known as Swedish Difference Engine No. 1, which with an experienced operator could generate 120 lines of tables per hour and was used to calculate the logarithms of the numbers 1 to 10,000 in under eighty hours. This was exhibited in London and then at the Paris Great Exhibition, where it won the Gold Medal. It was subsequently sold to the Dudley Observatory in Albany, New York, for US$5,000 and is now in a Chicago museum.In England, the British Registrar-General, wishing to produce new tables for insurance companies, and supported by the Astronomer Royal, arranged for government finance for construction of a second machine (Swedish Difference Engine No. 2). Comprising over 1,000 working parts and weighing 1,000 lb (450 kg), this machine was used to calculate over 600 tables. It is now in the Science Museum.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, Paris Exhibition Medal of Honour (jointly with Edvard) 1856. Annual pension of 1,200 marks per annum awarded by King Carl XV 1860.Bibliography1825, "Kranpunpar. George Scheutz's patent of 14 Nov 1825", Journal for Manufacturer och Hushallning 8.1855, with E.S.Scheutz, Machine à calcul qui présente les résultats en les imprimantellemême, Stockholm.Further ReadingR.C.Archibald, 1947, "P.G.Scheutz, publicist, author, scientific mechanic and Edvard Scheutz, engineer. Biography and Bibliography", MTAC 238.U.C.Merzbach, 1977, "George Scheutz and the first printing calculator", SmithsonianStudies in History and Technology 36:73.M.Lindgren, 1990, Glory and Failure (the Difference Engines of Johan Muller, Charles Babbage and George \& Edvard Scheutz), Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.KF -
99 Szilard, Leo
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 11 February 1898 Budapest, Hungaryd. 30 May 1964 La Jolla, California, USA[br]Hungarian (naturalized American in 1943) nuclear-and biophysicist.[br]The son of an engineer, Szilard, after service in the Austro-Hungarian army during the First World War, studied electrical engineering at the University of Berlin. Obtaining his doctorate there in 1922, he joined the faculty and concentrated his studies on thermodynamics. He later began to develop an interest in nuclear physics, and in 1933, shortly after Hitler came to power, Szilard emigrated to Britain because of his Jewish heritage.In 1934 he conceived the idea of a nuclear chain reaction through the breakdown of beryllium into helium and took out a British patent on it, but later realized that this process would not work. In 1937 he moved to the USA and continued his research at the University of Columbia, and the following year Hahn and Meitner discovered nuclear fission with uranium; this gave Szilard the breakthrough he needed. In 1939 he realized that a nuclear chain reaction could be produced through nuclear fission and that a weapon with many times the destructive power of the conventional high-explosive bomb could be produced. Only too aware of the progress being made by German nuclear scientists, he believed that it was essential that the USA should create an atomic bomb before Hitler. Consequently he drafted a letter to President Roosevelt that summer and, with two fellow Hungarian émigrés, persuaded Albert Einstein to sign it. The result was the setting up of the Uranium Committee.It was not, however, until December 1941 that active steps began to be taken to produce such a weapon and it was a further nine months before the project was properly co-ordinated under the umbrella of the Manhattan Project. In the meantime, Szilard moved to join Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago and it was here, at the end of 1942, in a squash court under the football stadium, that they successfully developed the world's first self-sustaining nuclear reactor. Szilard, who became an American citizen in 1943, continued to work on the Manhattan Project. In 1945, however, when the Western Allies began to believe that only the atomic bomb could bring the war against Japan to an end, Szilard and a number of other Manhattan Project scientists objected that it would be immoral to use it against populated targets.Although he would continue to campaign against nuclear warfare for the rest of his life, Szilard now abandoned nuclear research. In 1946 he became Professor of Biophysics at the University of Chicago and devoted himself to experimental work on bacterial mutations and biochemical mechanisms, as well as theoretical research on ageing and memory.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAtoms for Peace award 1959.Further ReadingKosta Tsipis, 1985, Understanding Nuclear Weapons, London: Wildwood House, pp. 16–19, 26, 28, 32 (a brief account of his work on the atomic bomb).A collection of his correspondence and memories was brought out by Spencer Weart and Gertrud W.Szilard in 1978.CM -
100 غير
غَيْر \ another: a different one: We’ll go there another time. If this hat does not fit, try another. besides: as well as: I have two brothers besides John.. other: (in comparisons) different: He likes French cigarettes and won’t smoke any other kind. This side is dry; the other side is wet. I can’t do it now; I have other things to do. short of: less than; other than: Nothing short of a new government will save the country. un-: giving an opposite sense: ‘Unlikely’ means ‘not likely’. \ See Also آخر (آخَر) \ غَيْرُ أَجْوَف \ solid: not hollow: without holes: a solid rubber ball. \ See Also صلب (صُلْب) \ غَيْرُ أَكيد \ faint: (of thoughts and feelings) weak; uncertain: I haven’t the faintest idea where she is. uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ See Also ضعيف (ضَعِيف)، غير مؤكّد \ غَيْرُ أمْلَس \ rough: not smooth: a rough road; a rough surface. \ غَيْرُ آمن \ insecure: not safe; not supported or able to support other things: Be careful of that door - the lock is very insecure. \ غَيْرُ أُمِّيّ \ literate: able to read and write. \ غَيْرَ أنَّ \ but: yet: He came but she did not. I need food but I have no money to buy any. She is thin but strong. only: but: She wanted to buy it, only she had no money. \ غَيْرُ أهل للثّقة \ suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ بالِغ \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ بهيج \ dull: (of weather or colour) not clean or bright; cloudy: a dull day; a dull blue. \ غَيْرُ جاهز للعَمَل \ out of training: not in good condition. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ plain: (of people) not good-looking: He was a nice boy, but rather plain and not very clever. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ homely: (of people, faces, etc.) not goodlooking. \ See Also جذاب (جذّاب) \ غَيْرُ حادّ \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. \ غَيْرُ حَذِر \ unwary: (esp. as a noun with the) careless; not looking out for danger or deceit: ‘Easy’ questions in an exam are often a trap for the unwary (or for unwary people). \ غَيْرُ حقيقي \ unreal: imaginary; not related to facts. \ غَيْرُ دقيق \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ ذلك \ else: other (together with the first one); besides: Who else came? Did you look anywhere else, or only under the bed?, other (instead of the first one); instead Let’s talk about something else. Peter was ill, so someone else came. If there’s no coffee, what else can I drink?. otherwise: differently: I thought it was true, but they thought otherwise. \ غَيْرُ رَسْمِيّ \ informal: without ceremony or special dress: The prince paid an informal visit to the town. private: not official; not concerning one’s work; concerning one’s home and family: In his private life, the actor is rather quiet, although in the play he is loud and angry. \ غَيْرُ سَارّ \ bad, worse, worst: (of news, weather, etc.) unpleasant. \ غَيْرُ سالِك \ impassable: (of roads) unfit for use; blocked (by snow, mud, etc.). \ غَيْرُ سَكران \ sober: not under the control of alcohol; not drunk: A car driver ought to be sober. \ غَيْرُ سليمة \ broken, break: (of language) incorrectly spoken by a foreigner: broken English. \ غَيْرُ شَرْعِيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. illegitimate: (of a child) born to a mother who is not married. \ غَيْرُ شريف \ crooked: dishonest. \ غَيْرُ شَفّاف \ opaque: not allowing light to pass through it: opaque glass. \ غَيْرُ صافٍ \ gross: (of figures or amounts) whole, before subtracting anything; the opposite of net: Your gross pay is the amount before tax is paid. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح للاستعمال \ out of order: not working: I couldn’t ring you up yesterday because our telephone was out of order. \ غَيْرُ صالح للأَكل \ inedible: not fit to eat. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح لِلْعَمَل \ out of action: not working; out of order: This telephone is out of action. \ غَيْرُ صِحّي \ insanitary: so dirty that health is put at risk: an insanitary kitchen. \ غَيْرُ صحيح \ false: wrong; incorrect: a false idea. \ غَيْرُ صَحيح \ unsound: not in good condition, not satisfactory: unsound teeth; an unsound explanation. \ See Also سَليم \ غَيْرُ ضَارّ \ harmless: causing no harm; gentle: A lamb is a harmless creature. Is this insect poison harmless to people?. \ غَيْرُ ضروريّ \ needless: useless; unnecessary (trouble, expense etc.). \ غَيْرُ طاهر \ impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ طَبيعِيّ \ artificial: adj. (of teeth, light, silk, etc.) not natural; made by man. False: not natural: false teeth. weird: very strange. \ غَيْرُ عَادِيّ \ abnormal: different from what is natural or usual: It is abnormal to have only 3 fingers on one hand. exceptional: unusual: That book is an exeptional one. It was an exceptionally hot summer. peculiar: unusual strange. remarkable: surprising; unusual and worth noticing: a remarkable change; a remarkably goodlooking child. unusual: not usual; strange. \ غَيْرُ عالِم بِـ \ ignorant of: not having heard about (a particular thing): I was ignorant of his plans. \ غَيْرُ عَمَليّ \ theoretical: adj. of theories; not learned from experience; supposed; not proved: I have only a theoretical knowledge of cooking from reading cookery books. \ غَيْرُ فَعّال \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ قابل للتصديق (غير معقول) \ incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable: an incredible story. \ غَيْرُ قادِر \ incapable: not able to do sth.; not having the power or nature to do sth.: flowers are incapable of growing without light. She is incapable of being unkind to people. \ غَيْرُ قادِر على الحركة \ numb: having no feeling: My fingers were numb with cold. \ غَيْرُ قانونيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. wrongful: unjust; unlawful: wrongful imprisonment. \ غَيْرُ كافٍ \ insufficient: not enough (in power, ability, etc.): insufficient knowledge; insufficient food. lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. scanty: (of a supply, of clothing, etc.) very small; not enough: He was too scantily dressed to keep warm. \ غَيْرُ كامِل \ incomplete: not complete; not perfect: This piece of work is incomplete - please finish it. His explanation is incomplete - it doesn’t explain all the facts. \ غَيْرُ كَثِيف \ sparse: thinly scattered: sparse hair; sparse grass. \ غَيْرُ كُفْء \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ لائق \ beneath sb.’s dignity: unsuitable for sb. to do: It was beneath the teacher’s dignity to sweep the classroom. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. \ غَيْرُ لَبِق \ awkward: (of manner or movement) showing difficulty; not skilful: He is too awkward on his feet to be a dancer. tactless: showing no understanding or skill in dealing with others: a tactless person; a tactless statement. \ غَيْرُ مُؤَدَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. \ غَيْرُ مُؤذٍ \ innocent: harmless: innocent amusements. \ غَيْرُ مؤكَّد \ uncertain: not certain; doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ غَيْرُ مُؤلم \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ مأْلوف \ queer: strange, unusually and not understood: a queer noise. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَأْهول \ desert: (of an island) with nobody living on it. wild: (of plants, creatures, land, etc.) in a natural state, not under the control of man. \ غَيْرُ مُبَاشِر \ indirect: not straight or directly joined to; meaning something which is not directly said: an indirect road; the indirect result of an action; an indirect answer. \ غَيْرُ مُبَالٍ \ indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مَبْتُوت بأمْرِه \ pending: (of a doubtful matter, esp. in court) not yet settled. \ غَيْرُ مُبْهَم \ definite: certain; clear: a definite promise; a definite plan of action. \ غَيْرُ متأكِّد \ in doubt: uncertain: When in doubt, ask your father. \ غَيْرُ مُتَجَانِس \ odd: mixed; different from each other: a boxful of odd tools; two odd shoes (not a pair). \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَرِّك \ stationary: not moving: a stationary vehicle. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَفِّظ \ outspoken: (of sb. or his speech) saying just what one thinks, although it may annoy some people. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَمِّس \ cool: unfriendly; They gave us rather a cool welcome. \ غَيْرُ متحمّس لِـ \ half-hearted: not eager; showing little effort or interest: He made a half-hearted attempt at the work. \ غَيْرُ مُتَرَابِط \ scrappy: made of scraps; incomplete; badly arranged: a scrappy meal; a scrappy report. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل \ intermittent: repeatedly stopping and starting; not continuous: intermittent rain. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل بِـ \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُتَطَرِّف \ moderate: reasonable (in size or amount; in one’s customs or opinions, etc.); neither too big nor too small; neither too much nor too little: moderate prices; moderate political aims. \ غَيْرُ مُتقَن \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ مُتْقَن (للشيء أو العمل) \ sloppy: (of a person) lacking effort or spirit; weakly lazy; (of a substance) wet and loose: a sloppy piece of work; a sloppy paste. \ غَيْرُ مُتَكَلّف \ homely: simple and friendly; making one feel at home: This little hotel has a homely feeling. \ غَيْرُ مُتَمدِّن (إنسان) \ savage: old use sb. living in an undeveloped society, seen as fierce and wild and likely to attack strangers. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَازِن \ top-heavy: so heavy at the top that it is likely to fall over: a top heavy load. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَافر \ out of stock: not in stock. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَقَّع \ abrupt: (of movement, change, etc.) sudden and unexpected: an abrupt change of plan. unexpected: not expected; surprising that one did not think would happen: an unexpected present; something quite unexpected. \ غَيْرُ مُجْدٍ \ vain: useless; unsuccessful: a vain attempt. ineffective: not able to produce the desired effect: This medicine is quite ineffective. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَرِف \ amateur: one who works or plays for pleasure, not for money: an amateur actor. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَمَل \ improbable: not likely to happen: That is an improbable idea. intolerable: (of heat, annoyance, rudeness, etc.) more than one can bear. \ غَيْرُ مُحَدَّد \ indefinite: adj. not clear; not fixed in time: indefinite ideas; at an indefinite date. \ غَيْرُ مَحْدُود \ infinite: endless; not measurable: I have infinite faith in his abilities. This is infinitely better than that. The infinite space of the sky. whole-hearted: full, unlimited, eager and willing: His plan had their whole-hearted support. \ غَيْرُ مُدْرِك \ unaware: not knowing: I was unaware of all the facts. He was unaware of the danger he was in. \ غَيْرُ مَرْئيّ \ invisible: unable to be seen: The sun remained invisible behind the heavy clouds. unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُرَاعٍ لشُعور الآخرين \ thoughtless: careless; not troubling about the future or about other people: a thoughtless waste of money; thoughtless cruelty. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has came undone. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ loose: not tied; not contained in sth.: The sweets were sold loose, not packed in tins. \ See Also مقيد (مُقيَّد) \ غَيْرُ مُرْتاح \ uneasy: anxious, uncomfortable. \ غَيْرُ مُرَتَّب \ dishevelled: (of a person’s appearance, esp. hair) untidy. \ غَيْرُ مُرَكَّز \ watery: like water; containing too much water: watery milk. weak: (of liquids like tea or coffee) lacking taste or strength, because of too much water or milk. \ غَيْرُ مُريح \ inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. uncomfortable: not comfortable: This chair is very uncomfortable. I’m very uncomfortable in it. \ غَيْرُ مَسْؤُول \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَحَبّ \ unpleasant: not pleasing or enjoyable; (of people) wanting to quarrel; unkind: What an unpleasant smell! The heat of summer can be very unpleasant. That man was rather unpleasant to me. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَخْدَم \ obsolete: no longer used; out of date: an obsolete word; an obsolete custom. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَعْمَل \ archaic: very old; (esp. of words) no longer used. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَوٍ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. rugged: rough and rocky: a rugged coast; rugged cliffs. \ غَيْرُ مُسْرَج \ bareback: (in riding horses, etc.) without a proper leather seat: The boys rode bareback. \ غَيْرُ مُسْكِر (للشَّراب) \ soft: (of drinks) not alcoholic. \ غَيْرُ مَشْرُوع \ foul: (in sport) disobeying the rules: Foul play. The whistle was blown for a foul. \ غَيْرُ مشغول \ free: not busy; not in use: If you’re free this evening, let’s go to the cinema. Is this seat free?. \ غَيْرُ مُصابٍ بِأَذى \ intact: not touched; not damaged or broken; complete: The box was broken but the contents were intact. \ غَيْرُ مَصْقول \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. coarse: (of people and their manners) rough; rude: a coarse fellow; a coarse laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُصَنَّع \ crude: in its natural state: crude oil. \ غَيْرُ مَصْنُوع \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has come undone. \ See Also منجز (مُنْجَز) \ غَيْرُ مطبوخ \ raw: uncooked: raw meat. \ غَيْرُ مُطْلَق \ relative: comparative: the relative values of gold and iron. \ غَيْرُ مُعَدّ \ rambling: (of speeches, stories, etc.) not planned; wandering aimlessly: He wrote a long rambling letter about his troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُعَشَّق \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ مُعَقَّد \ simple: plain; not fine or grand: We lead a simple life in the country. \ See Also منمق (مُنَمَّق)، متكلف (مُتَكَلَّف) \ غَيْرُ مَعْقُول \ absurd: not at all sensible; foolish: The singer’s absurd clothes made us laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُغَطّى \ naked: not protected by a cover: naked sword; a naked light (whose flame is therefore dangerous). \ غَيْرُ مُفيد \ useless: worthless; fulfilling no purpose; without effect. \ غَيْرُ مَقْرُوء \ illegible: difficult or impossible to read (because the letters or figures cannot be clearly seen). \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ open: not limited: The next race is open to children of any age. It’s an open race. \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ wanton: carelessly uncontrolled;with no good reason; wild or playful, with bad resutls: Wanton behaviour causes wanton damage. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرِث \ careless: not taking care: Careless drivers cause accidents. indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرَث بِه \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُلائِم \ adverse: unfavourable: an adverse report; adverse winds that delay sailing. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. \ غَيْرُ مُمطِر \ dry: not wet; with no rain; with no water: a dry cloth; dry weather; a dry river. \ غَيْرُ ممكِن \ impossible: not possible. \ غَيْرُ مُمَيّز \ indiscriminate: not choosing carefully: He invited people indiscriminately to his party. \ غَيْرُ مناسب \ wrong: not correct; mistaken; unsuitable: That’s the wrong answer, and the wrong way to do it. She came in the wrong clothes for riding. \ See Also ملائم (مُلائِم) \ غَيْرُ مُنْطَبِق على \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُنَظَّم \ random: not planned, not regular: random visits to the city. \ See Also غَيْر مُخَطَّط \ غَيْرُ مَنْظُور \ unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُهْتَمّ به \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُهَذَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَوْثوق \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ مُوجِع \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ موجُود \ lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. \ غَيْرُ مَوْصُول بالمُحَرِّك \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ ناضج \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ نِظاميّ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. \ غَيْرُ نَقِيّ \ cloudy: (of liquids) not clear. impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ واثِق \ uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. \ غَيْرُ واثِق من نفْسه \ insecure: feeling afraid and not sure of oneself: He’s a very insecure person, and so he always thinks other people don’t like him. \ غَيْرُ واضِح \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. vague: not clearly seen or expressed or understood; (of people) having no clear ideas: She made a vague statement. He’s rather vague about his duties. \ غَيْرُ واقعي \ fictitious: imagined; not a fact; not true: a fictitious character in a book. \ غَيْرُ وِدّي \ icy: (of a voice or manner) very cold; very unfriendly. cold: unfriendly: a cold welcome; a cold heart.
См. также в других словарях:
produce — I (manufacture) verb accomplish, achieve, assemble, bear, beget, breed, bring about, bring forth, bring into being, bring into existence, bring to pass, build, coin, compose, conceive, concoct, construct, contrive, create, devise, draw up, effect … Law dictionary
Produce — Pro*duce , v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Produced}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Producing}.] [L. producere, productum, to bring forward, beget, produce; pro forward, forth + ducere to lead. See {Duke}.] [1913 Webster] 1. To bring forward; to lead forth; to offer to… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
court reporter — n: a stenographer who records and transcribes a verbatim report of all proceedings in a court of law Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster. 1996. court reporter … Law dictionary
court reporter — n. a person whose job is to produce a verbatim record of the oral remarks and statements, esp. testimony, presented at a court trial, deposition, etc … English World dictionary
Court Farm, Pembrey — The barn at Court Farm, Pembrey Court Farm in Pembrey, Carmarthenshire, Wales, is an ancient and formerly imposing manor house which is now an overgrown ruin, but structurally sound, and capable of repair and restoration. It consists of three… … Wikipedia
Court reporter — This article is about humans who transcribe formal, often sworn proceedings. For persons who administer the publishing of court decisions, see Reporter of decisions. Historical 1965 ad of Stenotype Career A court reporter, stenotype reporter,… … Wikipedia
Court Jester Hypothesis — The Court Jester hypothesis is a term coined by University of California, Berkeley professor Anthony D. Barnosky in 1999, that describes the antithesis of the Red Queen Hypothesis in evolutionary theory. It refers to the idea that abiotic forces… … Wikipedia
court reporter — noun A person whose occupation is to transcribe spoken or recorded speech into written form, typically using a stenotype or stenomask to produce official transcripts of court hearings, depositions and other official proceedings. Syn: stenotype… … Wiktionary
Tennis court — This article is about the sports venue. For the Revolutionary impetus, see Tennis Court Oath. Indoor tennis courts at the University of Bath, England … Wikipedia
Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada — SCOTUSCase Litigants=Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada ArgueDate=March 22 ArgueYear=2004 DecideDate=June 21 DecideYear=2004 FullName=Larry D. Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Humboldt County, et al. USVol=542… … Wikipedia
Comic Court — Sire Powerscourt Grandsire The Night Patrol (GB) Dam … Wikipedia