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21 travel
A n1 gen, Tourism voyages mpl ; ( one specific trip) voyage m ; air/sea/space travel voyages aériens/par mer/spatiaux ; business/holiday travel voyages d'affaires/d'agrément ; overseas ou foreign travel voyages à l'étranger ; travel by road/train/car voyages par la route/en train/en voiture ; travel to Italy/Canada/the Far East des voyages en Italie/au Canada/en Extrême-Orient ; after 27 hours' travel, he was exhausted après 27 heures de voyage, il était épuisé ; travel is easy/expensive/dangerous in those parts il est facile/cher/dangereux de voyager dans cette région ; the job involves a lot of travel le poste exige beaucoup de déplacements ;2 Tech course f.B travels npl voyages mpl ; on ou in the course of my travels au cours de mes voyages ; he's off on his travels again il repart en voyage.C modif [book, grant, plans, service] de voyage ; [brochure, company, firm, magazine] de voyages ; [allowance, voucher, expenses] de déplacement ; [business] de tourisme ; [writer] de récits de voyage ; [ban] de déplacements à l'étranger ; travel regulations règlement de passage à l'étranger ; ‘travel time: 3 hours’ ‘durée du trajet: 3 heures’.1 ( journey) [person] voyager ; to travel by bus/car etc voyager en bus/voiture etc ; their teacher is travelling with them leur professeur voyage avec eux ; he travels widely il voyage beaucoup ; to travel on a season ticket/German passport voyager avec un abonnement/un passeport allemand ; to travel in style voyager princièrement ; they were travelling abroad ils étaient en voyage à l'étranger ; to travel abroad/to Brazil aller à l'étranger/au Brésil ; to travel light voyager léger ; this is the way to travel! c'est comme ça que je comprends les voyages! ;2 ( move) [person, news, object, plane, boat] aller ; [car, lorry, train] aller, rouler ; Phys [light, sound, wave] se propager ; [moving part] se déplacer ; bad news travels fast les mauvaises nouvelles vont vite ; the washing machine travels when it spins la machine à laver se déplace pendant l'essorage ; to travel at 50 km/h rouler à 50 km/h, faire du 50 km/h ; the train was travelling through a tunnel/up a hill le train traversait un tunnel/montait une pente ; the car/motorbike was really travelling ○ la voiture/moto roulait à toute vitesse ; to travel faster than the speed of sound dépasser la vitesse du son ; a bullet travels at a tremendous speed une balle file à une vitesse impressionnante ; to travel a long way [person] faire beaucoup de chemin ; [arrow] aller très loin ; to travel back in time remonter le temps ; to travel forward in time se projeter dans l'avenir ; her mind travelled back to her youth elle s'est reportée en esprit à sa jeunesse ; his eye travelled along the line of men il a promené son regard sur la rangée d'hommes ;3 Comm ( as sales rep) to travel in être représentant en [product] ; he travels in encyclopedias il est représentant en encyclopédies ; to travel for être représentant de [company, firm] ;5 Sport ( in netball) faire plus de pas qu'il n'est autorisé.F - travelled GB, - traveled US (dans composés) much- ou well-travelled [road, route] fréquenté ; much- ou widely-travelled person personne qui a beaucoup voyagé.travel broadens the mind ≈ les voyages forment la jeunesse. -
22 traveled
tr['trævəld]1 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL→ link=travelled travelled{adj.• muy recorrido por los viajeros adj.• que ha viajado mucho adj.BrE - ll- 'trævəld adjectivehe is widely traveled o very well-traveled — ha viajado mucho, es muy viajado (AmS)
(US) ['trævld]ADJshe is much or well or widely travelled — ha viajado mucho, ha visto mucho mundo
* * *BrE - ll- ['trævəld] adjectivehe is widely traveled o very well-traveled — ha viajado mucho, es muy viajado (AmS)
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23 Crompton, Rookes Evelyn Bell
[br]b. 31 May 1845 near Thirsk, Yorkshire, Englandd. 15 February 1940 Azerley Chase, Ripon, Yorkshire, England[br]English electrical and transport engineer.[br]Crompton was the youngest son of a widely travelled diplomat who had retired to the country and become a Whig MP after the Reform Act of 1832. During the Crimean War Crompton's father was in Gibraltar as a commander in the militia. Young Crompton enrolled as a cadet and sailed to Sebastopol, visiting an older brother, and, although only 11 years old, he qualified for the Crimean Medal. Returning to England, he was sent to Harrow, where he showed an aptitude for engineering. In the holidays he made a steam road engine on his father's estate. On leaving school he was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade and spent four years in India, where he worked on a system of steam road haulage to replace bullock trains. Leaving the Army in 1875, Crompton bought a share in an agricultural and general engineering business in Chelmsford, intending to develop his interests in transport. He became involved in the newly developing technology of electric arc lighting and began importing electric lighting equipment made by Gramme in Paris. Crompton soon decided that he could manufacture better equipment himself, and the Chemlsford business was transformed into Crompton \& Co., electrical engineers. After lighting a number of markets and railway stations, Crompton won contracts for lighting the new Law Courts in London, in 1882, and the Ring Theatre in Vienna in 1883. Crompton's interests then broadened to include domestic electrical appliances, especially heating and cooking apparatus, which provided a daytime load when lighting was not required. In 1899 he went to South Africa with the Electrical Engineers Volunteer Corps, providing telegraphs and searchlights in the Boer War. He was appointed Engineer to the new Road Board in 1910, and during the First World War worked for the Government on engineering problems associated with munitions and tanks. He believed strongly in the value of engineering standards, and in 1906 became the first Secretary of the International Electrotechnical Commission.[br]Bibliography1928, Reminiscences.Further ReadingB.Bowers, 1969, R.E.B.Crompton. Pioneer Electrical Engineer, London: Science Museum.BBBiographical history of technology > Crompton, Rookes Evelyn Bell
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24 travel
I 1. ['trævl] 2. 3.modificatore [plans, expenses] di viaggio; [brochure, company] di viaggi; [ business] di viaggi, turistico; [ writer] di libri di viaggi, di letteratura di viaggiII 1. ['trævl]verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - ll-, -l- AE) attraversare [ country]; percorrere [road, distance]2.to travel abroad, to Brazil — fare un viaggio all'estero, in Brasile
2) (move) [ person] andare, spostarsi; [ object] muoversi, spostarsi; [plane, boat, car, train] viaggiare, procedere; fis. [light, sound] propagarsito travel at 50 km/h — viaggiare o procedere a 50 km/h
to travel a long way — [ person] percorrere molta strada
3) comm. (as sales rep)to travel in — fare il rappresentante di [ product]
4)to travel well — [cheese, wine] non soffrire o non patire (nel trasporto)
* * *['trævl] 1. past tense, past participle - travelled; verb1) (to go from place to place; to journey: I travelled to Scotland by train; He has to travel a long way to school.) viaggiare2) (to move: Light travels in a straight line.) viaggiare3) (to visit places, especially foreign countries: He has travelled a great deal.) viaggiare2. noun(the act of travelling: Travel to and from work can be very tiring.) viaggio- travelogue
- travels
- travel agency
- travel bureau
- travel agent
- traveller's cheque* * *travel /ˈtrævl/n.1 [u] (il) viaggiare; (i) viaggi: Travel was slow in ancient times, nei tempi antichi i viaggi erano lenti (o si viaggiava lentamente); space travel, navigazione nello spazio; foreign travel, viaggi all'estero4 [u] (mecc.) gioco ( in questo senso, = free travel): I have improved the travel of the valves, ho corretto il gioco delle valvole● travel agency, agenzia di viaggi □ travel agent, titolare d'agenzia di viaggi □ travel clock-radio, radiosveglia da viaggio □ travel consultant, consulente turistico □ travel goods, articoli da viaggio □ travel insurance, assicurazione per i viaggi □ travel iron, ferro da stiro da viaggio □ travel literature, letteratura turistica; dépliant turistici □ (cinem.) travel-shot, carrellata □ travel-sick, che soffre il mal d'auto □ travel-sickness, mal d'auto; mal di mare; (med.) cinetosi □ ( USA) travel trailer, roulotte ( usabile anche durante il viaggio).NOTA D'USO: - travel, journey o trip?- ♦ (to) travel /ˈtrævl/A v. i.1 viaggiare; fare un viaggio: He has travelled a lot, ha viaggiato molto; (fam.) to travel light, viaggiare leggero (o con poco bagaglio)2 andare; circolare; diffondersi, propagarsi; viaggiare: Trains travel along rails, i treni vanno sulle rotaie; Light travels at a speed of 300,000 kilometres per second, la luce viaggia alla velocità di 300 000 kilometri al secondo; Sound travels much faster in water than in the air, il suono si propaga assai più rapidamente nell'acqua che nell'aria3 (comm.) fare il commesso viaggiatore (o il rappresentante): He travels for his company, fa il commesso viaggiatore per la sua ditta4 (mecc.) compiere la corsa7 (fam.) fare comunella (con q.)B v. t.1 viaggiare in; percorrere: He has travelled the whole world, ha viaggiato per tutto il mondo; to travel Italy from end to end, percorrere l'Italia da un capo all'altro2 viaggiare alla velocità di; fare (fam.): Our train was travelling seventy miles an hour, il nostro treno faceva settanta miglia all'ora● to travel backwards and forwards, andare avanti e indietro, fare la spola ( in treno, traghetto, ecc.).* * *I 1. ['trævl] 2. 3.modificatore [plans, expenses] di viaggio; [brochure, company] di viaggi; [ business] di viaggi, turistico; [ writer] di libri di viaggi, di letteratura di viaggiII 1. ['trævl]verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - ll-, -l- AE) attraversare [ country]; percorrere [road, distance]2.to travel abroad, to Brazil — fare un viaggio all'estero, in Brasile
2) (move) [ person] andare, spostarsi; [ object] muoversi, spostarsi; [plane, boat, car, train] viaggiare, procedere; fis. [light, sound] propagarsito travel at 50 km/h — viaggiare o procedere a 50 km/h
to travel a long way — [ person] percorrere molta strada
3) comm. (as sales rep)to travel in — fare il rappresentante di [ product]
4)to travel well — [cheese, wine] non soffrire o non patire (nel trasporto)
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25 travel
'trævl
1. past tense, past participle - travelled; verb1) (to go from place to place; to journey: I travelled to Scotland by train; He has to travel a long way to school.) viajar2) (to move: Light travels in a straight line.) viajar, desplazarse3) (to visit places, especially foreign countries: He has travelled a great deal.) viajar
2. noun(the act of travelling: Travel to and from work can be very tiring.) viaje, viajar, trayecto, recorrido- travelogue
- travels
- travel agency
- travel bureau
- travel agent
- traveller's cheque
travel vb1. viajar2. ir / circularthe car was travelling at 100 k.p.h. el coche circulaba a 100 km/htr['trævəl]1 viajes nombre masculino plural, viajar nombre masculino1 viajar por, recorrer1 viajar; ir2 ir■ do you know what speed you were travelling at? ¿sabe a qué velocidad iba?3 ir rápido, ir a toda velocidad4 ser viajante, ser representante5 poderse transportar1 viajes nombre masculino plural\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLtravel agency agencia de viajestravel agent agente nombre masulino o femenino de viajestravel warrant vale nombre masculino de viaje1) journey: viajar2) go, move: desplazarse, moverse, irthe waves travel at uniform speed: las ondas se desplazan a una velocidad uniformetravel n: viajes mplv.• caminar v.• ir v.(§pres: voy, vas...), subj: vay-, imp: ib-, pret: fu-•)• recorrer v.• traficar v.• viajar v.• viajar por v.n.• curso s.m.• recorrido s.m.• turismo s.m.• viaje s.m.
I
1. 'trævəl1) ( make journey) viajarto travel by air o by plane — viajar en avión, volar*
to travel by rail o train — viajar en tren
to travel overland/by road — viajar por tierra/por carretera
I spent a month traveling around France — estuve un mes viajando por or recorriendo Francia
2)a) (move, go) \<\<vehicle\>\> desplazarse*, ir*; \<\<light/waves\>\> propagarse*the liquid travels along this pipe — el líquido corre or va por esta tubería
b) ( go fast) (colloq)he was really traveling! — iba/venía a toda velocidad or (fam) como una bala!
4) ( Busn) ser* viajante or representante or (RPl tb) corredor
2.
vt \<\<country/world\>\> viajar por, recorrer; \<\<road/distance\>\> recorrer
II
a) u ( activity) viajes mplAcme Travel — Viajes mpl Acme; (before n) <company, brochure> de viajes; < industry> turístico; < book> de or sobre viajes
travel expenses — gastos mpl de viaje or desplazamiento
travel insurance — seguro m de viaje
b) travels pl viajes mpl['trævl]if you see Pete in your travels — (colloq) si ves a Pete por ahí
1. N1) (=travelling) viajes mplshe is returning after two years' travel in Africa — vuelve tras dos años de viajes por África, vuelve después de viajar dos años por África
travel broadens the mind — viajar te abre más la mente or te da más amplitud de miras
you'll never guess who I met on my travels today! — ¡no te vas a imaginar or a que no sabes con quién me he topado en la calle hoy!
3) (=movement)direction/line of travel — dirección f /línea f de desplazamiento
4) (Tech) [of lever, pedal] desplazamiento m2. VI1) (=make a journey) viajarshe travels into the centre to work — se desplaza or va al centro a trabajar
•
to travel abroad, she spent six months travelling abroad — pasó seis meses viajando por el extranjero•
to travel by sth, to travel by air/plane — viajar en aviónto travel by carain/bus — (short journeys) ir en cocheen/autobús; (longer journeys) viajar en cocheen/autobús
•
we'll be travelling round Italy — recorreremos Italia•
we'll be travelling through France — viajaremos or pasaremos por Francia•
he's travelling to Helsinki tomorrow — mañana viaja a Helsinki2) (=move) irlight/sound travels at a speed of... — la luz/el sonido viaja or se desplaza a una velocidad de...
the current travels along this wire — la corriente va or pasa por este alambre
3) * (=move quickly)he was really travelling! — ¡iba a toda pastilla or a toda mecha! *
4) (=react to travelling)British dance music does not travel well — la música de baile británica no se recibe bien en otros países
5) (Comm) ser viajante (de comercio)6) (Basketball) dar pasos, hacer pasos3.VT [+ country] viajar por, recorrer; [+ road] recorrer; [+ distance] recorrer, hacerhe has travelled the world — ha viajado por or ha recorrido todo el mundo
4.CPDtravel agency N — agencia f de viajes
travel agent N — agente mf de viajes
travel alarm N — despertador m de viaje
travel bag N — bolso m de viaje
travel book N — libro m de viajes
travel brochure N — folleto m turístico
travel bureau N — agencia f de viajes
travel company N — empresa f de viajes
travel documents NPL — documentos mpl de viaje
travel expenses NPL — gastos mpl de viaje, gastos mpl de desplazamiento
travel insurance N — seguro m de viaje
travel news N — información f sobre viajes y transporte
travel rep N — (Brit) guía mf (del touroperador)
travel sickness N — mareo m (por el viaje)
travel writer N — escritor o periodista que escribe libros o artículos sobre viajes
* * *
I
1. ['trævəl]1) ( make journey) viajarto travel by air o by plane — viajar en avión, volar*
to travel by rail o train — viajar en tren
to travel overland/by road — viajar por tierra/por carretera
I spent a month traveling around France — estuve un mes viajando por or recorriendo Francia
2)a) (move, go) \<\<vehicle\>\> desplazarse*, ir*; \<\<light/waves\>\> propagarse*the liquid travels along this pipe — el líquido corre or va por esta tubería
b) ( go fast) (colloq)he was really traveling! — iba/venía a toda velocidad or (fam) como una bala!
4) ( Busn) ser* viajante or representante or (RPl tb) corredor
2.
vt \<\<country/world\>\> viajar por, recorrer; \<\<road/distance\>\> recorrer
II
a) u ( activity) viajes mplAcme Travel — Viajes mpl Acme; (before n) <company, brochure> de viajes; < industry> turístico; < book> de or sobre viajes
travel expenses — gastos mpl de viaje or desplazamiento
travel insurance — seguro m de viaje
b) travels pl viajes mplif you see Pete in your travels — (colloq) si ves a Pete por ahí
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26 travel
1. [ʹtræv(ə)l] n1. путешествиеsea travel, travel by boat - морские путешествия
travel writing /books/ - книги о путешествиях
travel was slow and dangerous in olden days - в старое время путешествие совершалось медленно и было сопряжено с опасностями
2. pl1) поездки; (дальние) странствияis he still on his travels? - он всё ещё путешествует?, он ещё не вернулся из своей поездки?
2) описание путешествий3. 1) движение; продвижениеthe travel of satellites around the Earth - движение спутников вокруг Земли
2) распространение ( воли)3) скорость (бега)travel and nose are the most necessary qualifications of a dog - у собаки важнее всего скорость бега и чутьё
4. движение, продвижение5. амер. уличное движение6. воен.1) перемещение цели2) движение ( снаряда по каналу ствола)7. 1) спец. подача; ход; длина хода2) физ. пройденный путь2. [ʹtræv(ə)l] v1. путешествоватьto travel a great deal /widely/ - много путешествовать, объехать много стран
to travel light - путешествовать налегке /с небольшим багажом/
2. 1) ездить; ехатьto travel from one end of the city to the other - ездить с одного конца города на другой
2) ехать ( по дороге)certain roads can be travelled only on horseback - по некоторым дорогам можно ездить только верхом
3) проезжать, покрывать расстояниеthat day we travelled 800 km - в тот день мы проехали /покрыли расстояние в/ 800 км
I have travelled long distances on foot - я проходил большие расстояния пешком
the modern travel book has travelled a long way from a formal diary - современная книга путешествий прошла /проделала/ большой путь от обычного дневника
4) ездить в качестве коммивояжёраto travel for a firm - ездить в качестве коммивояжёра какой-л. фирмы
3. 1) перевозить2) перевозитьсяcases which travel in freight cars - чемоданы, которые перевозятся /которые перевозят/ в товарных вагонах
3) допускать перевозкуthis wine won't travel - это вино нельзя перевозить, это вино не выдержит перевозки
4. двигаться, передвигаться, перемещатьсяanimals travel on land, in the water, and in the air - животные перемещаются по земле, в воде и по воздуху
the train was travelling at 150 km an hour - поезд шёл /ехал/ со скоростью 150 км в час
5. перемещаться, распространятьсяbad news travels quickly - плохие вести быстро доходят /распространяются/; ≅ худые вести не лежат на месте
ideas travel slowly [quickly] - идеи распространяются медленно [быстро]
the pain travelled all the way to his head - боль дошла наконец и до его головы
6. (over)1) перебирать ( в памяти)his mind travelled over recent events on - перебирал в памяти недавние события
she let her thoughts travel over the past - она обратилась мыслями к прошлому
2) переходить от предмета к предмету ( о взгляде)his eyes travelled over the enemy lines - он рассматривал вражеские позиции
7. разг. ехать с большой скоростью8. вращаться, быть вхожим; принадлежатьto travel in wealthy circles - вращаться в богатом обществе, быть вхожим в круг богатых
the crowd he travelled with - компания /круг лиц/, к которой /к которому/ он принадлежал; люди, с которыми он общался
9. пастись, постепенно продвигаясь вперёд ( о животных)10. спорт. делать пробежку ( в баскетболе)11. диал. идти пешкомdid you travel or come by boat? - ты пришёл пешком или приехал на лодке?
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27 extensively
tr[ɪk'stensɪvlɪ]1 (widely) extensamente, ampliamente2 (thoroughly, at length) exhaustivamente, en detalle, a fondoadv.• extensivamente adv.ɪk'stensɪvlia) ( widely)he's traveled extensively — ha viajado por todas partes, ha viajado mucho
b) (thoroughly, at length) <research/investigate> exhaustivamente[ɪks'tensɪvlɪ]ADV1) (=on a large scale) [work, travel] mucho; [write, speak] ampliamente, mucho; [damage] considerablemente; [restore, modify] considerablemente, en gran partethe story was covered extensively in the papers — la historia tuvo una amplia cobertura en la prensa
2) (=in detail) [discuss, write] mucho; [study, research, revise] exhaustivamente, a fondo* * *[ɪk'stensɪvli]a) ( widely)he's traveled extensively — ha viajado por todas partes, ha viajado mucho
b) (thoroughly, at length) <research/investigate> exhaustivamente -
28 travel
1. n1) подорож, мандрівка2) pl (далекі) мандри; поїздки3) опис мандрівок4) рух; просування5) амер. вуличний рух6) військ. переміщення цілі7) військ. рух (снаряда по каналу ствола)8) тех. подача; хід; довжина ходуtravel restrictions — дипл. обмеження у пересуванні
2. v1) мандрувати, подорожувати, їздити2) рухатися, пересуватися3) їздити комівояжером4) перемішатися, поширюватися5) перебирати (у пам'яті)6) переходити від одного предмета до іншого (про погляд)7) розм. їхати з великою швидкістю8) пастися, поступово просуваючись уперед (про тварин)* * *I n1) подорожsea travel, travel by boat — морські подорожі
travel writing /books/ — книги про подорожі
travel was slow and dangerous in olden days — в старий час подорож здійснювалася поволі, була пов'язана з небезпекою
2) pl поїздки; ( дальні) мандриis he still on his travels — є він все ще подорожуєє, він ще не повернувся зі своєї поїздкиє; опис подорожей
3) рух; просуванняthe travel of satellites around the Earth — рух супутників навколо Землі; розповсюдження ( хвиль)
travel and nose are the most necessary qualifications of a dog — у собаки найважливіше - швидкість бігу, чуття
4) рух, просування5) aмep. вуличний рух6) вiйcьк. переміщення мети; pyx7) cпeц. подача; хід; довжина ходу; фiз. пройдений шляхII v1) подорожуватиto travel a great deal /widely/ — багато подорожувати, об'їхати багато країн
to travel light — подорожувати без нічого /з невеликим багажом/; to travel for ones health подорожувати з метою покращення здоров'я
2) їздити; їхатиto travel on business — їздити у справах; їхати ( по дорозі)
oertain roads can be travel led only on horseback — по деяких дорогах можна їздити тілько верхи; проїздити, покривати відстань
that day we travellea 800 km — того дня ми проїхали відстань в 800 км.
the modern travel book has travel led a long way from a formal diary — сучасна книга подорожей пройшла /пройшла/ великий шлях від звичайного щоденника; їздити як комівояжер
3) перевозитиto travel cattle — перевозити худобу; перевозитися
cases which travel in freight cars — валізи, які перевозяться /які перевозять/ в товарних вагонах; допускати перевезення
this wine wont — то вино не можна перевозити, це вино не витримає перевезення
4) рухатися, пересуватися, переміщатисяanimals travel on land, in the water, and in the air — тварини переміщаються по землі, у воді, по повітрю
the train was travelling at 150 km an hour — потяг йшов /їхав/ зі швидкістю 150 км. За годину
5) переміщатися, розповсюджуватисяbad news travels quickly — погані новини швидко доходять /розповсюджуються/; ideas travel slowly [quickly] ідеї розповсюджуються поволі [швидко]
the pain travelled all the way to his head — біль дійшов нарешті, до його голови ( over) перебирати ( у пам'яті)
she let her thoughts travel over the past — вона звернулася думками до минулому; переходити від предмету до предмету ( про погляд)
7) обертатися, бути вхожим; належатиto travel in wealthy circles — обертатися в багатому суспільстві, бути вхожим в коло багатих
the crowd he travelled with — компанія, до якої він належав; люди, з якими він спілкувався
8) пастися, поступово просуваючись вперед ( про тварин)9) cпopт. робити пробіжку ( у баскетболі)10) дiaл. йти пішки -
29 travel
I n1) подорожsea travel, travel by boat — морські подорожі
travel writing /books/ — книги про подорожі
travel was slow and dangerous in olden days — в старий час подорож здійснювалася поволі, була пов'язана з небезпекою
2) pl поїздки; ( дальні) мандриis he still on his travels — є він все ще подорожуєє, він ще не повернувся зі своєї поїздкиє; опис подорожей
3) рух; просуванняthe travel of satellites around the Earth — рух супутників навколо Землі; розповсюдження ( хвиль)
travel and nose are the most necessary qualifications of a dog — у собаки найважливіше - швидкість бігу, чуття
4) рух, просування5) aмep. вуличний рух6) вiйcьк. переміщення мети; pyx7) cпeц. подача; хід; довжина ходу; фiз. пройдений шляхII v1) подорожуватиto travel a great deal /widely/ — багато подорожувати, об'їхати багато країн
to travel light — подорожувати без нічого /з невеликим багажом/; to travel for ones health подорожувати з метою покращення здоров'я
2) їздити; їхатиto travel on business — їздити у справах; їхати ( по дорозі)
oertain roads can be travel led only on horseback — по деяких дорогах можна їздити тілько верхи; проїздити, покривати відстань
that day we travellea 800 km — того дня ми проїхали відстань в 800 км.
the modern travel book has travel led a long way from a formal diary — сучасна книга подорожей пройшла /пройшла/ великий шлях від звичайного щоденника; їздити як комівояжер
3) перевозитиto travel cattle — перевозити худобу; перевозитися
cases which travel in freight cars — валізи, які перевозяться /які перевозять/ в товарних вагонах; допускати перевезення
this wine wont — то вино не можна перевозити, це вино не витримає перевезення
4) рухатися, пересуватися, переміщатисяanimals travel on land, in the water, and in the air — тварини переміщаються по землі, у воді, по повітрю
the train was travelling at 150 km an hour — потяг йшов /їхав/ зі швидкістю 150 км. За годину
5) переміщатися, розповсюджуватисяbad news travels quickly — погані новини швидко доходять /розповсюджуються/; ideas travel slowly [quickly] ідеї розповсюджуються поволі [швидко]
the pain travelled all the way to his head — біль дійшов нарешті, до його голови ( over) перебирати ( у пам'яті)
she let her thoughts travel over the past — вона звернулася думками до минулому; переходити від предмету до предмету ( про погляд)
7) обертатися, бути вхожим; належатиto travel in wealthy circles — обертатися в багатому суспільстві, бути вхожим в коло багатих
the crowd he travelled with — компанія, до якої він належав; люди, з якими він спілкувався
8) пастися, поступово просуваючись вперед ( про тварин)9) cпopт. робити пробіжку ( у баскетболі)10) дiaл. йти пішки -
30 travel
1. nounReisen, das; attrib. Reise-2. intransitive verb,if you see him on your travels,... — (joc.) wenn er dir über den Weg läuft,...
(Brit.) - ll-2) (coll.): (withstand long journey)travel [well] — [Ware:] lange Transporte vertragen
travel badly — [Ware:] lange Transporte nicht vertragen
3) (work as travelling sales representative) reisen; Vertreter/Vertreterin seintravel in stationery — in Schreibwaren reisen (Kaufmannsspr.)
4) (move) sich bewegen; [Blick, Schmerz:] wandern; [Tier:] sich fortbewegen; [Licht, Schall:] sich ausbreiten3. transitive verb,(Brit.) - ll- zurücklegen [Strecke, Entfernung]; bereisen [Bezirk]; benutzen, passieren [Weg, Straße]Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/121003/travel_about">travel about* * *['trævl] 1. past tense, past participle - travelled; verb1) (to go from place to place; to journey: I travelled to Scotland by train; He has to travel a long way to school.) fahren2) (to move: Light travels in a straight line.) sich bewegen3) (to visit places, especially foreign countries: He has travelled a great deal.) reisen2. noun(the act of travelling: Travel to and from work can be very tiring.) das Reisen,das Fahren- traveller- travelogue
- travels
- travel agency
- travel bureau
- travel agent
- traveller's cheque* * *trav·el[ˈtrævəl]I. vi1. (journey) person reisento \travel by air fliegento \travel on business geschäftlich reisen [o unterwegs sein]to \travel by car/train mit dem Auto/Zug fahren [o reisen]to \travel light mit leichtem Gepäck reisen▪ to be \travelling with sb mit jdm auf Reisen seinthis car is really \travelling! dieses Auto hat einen ganz schönen Zahn drauf! sl4. (react to travelling)to \travel well/badly person lange Reisen vertragen/nicht vertragen; freight lange Transporte vertragen/nicht vertragenhe \travels in wines and spirits er arbeitet als Vertreter für Wein und SpirituosenII. vtto \travel a country/the world ein Land/die Welt bereisento \travel the length and breadth of a country kreuz und quer durch ein Land reisento \travel 20 km 20 km fahren [o zurücklegenIII. n▪ \travels pl Reise f* * *['trvl]1. vi1) (= make a journey) reisena lot — sie sind viel gereist, sie haben viele Reisen gemacht
he travels to work by car — er fährt mit dem Auto zur Arbeit
a long way — sie haben eine weite Reise or lange Fahrt hinter sich (dat); (fig) sie haben es weit gebracht (im Leben)
for 6 hours/300 kms — sie fuhren 6 Stunden lang/300 km
to travel (a)round the world — eine Reise um die Welt machen
to travel around a country — ein Land durchreisen or bereisen
light travels at... — die Lichtgeschwindigkeit beträgt...
at 80 kph — wir fuhren 80 km/h
wow! that's travelling (Brit) or traveling (US)! (inf) — Mann, das ist aber schnell!
he travels for a Berlin insurance firm — er ist Vertreter einer Berliner Versicherungsgesellschaft
4)(wine etc)
some wines do not travel well — manche Weine vertragen den Transport nicht5)2. vtarea bereisen; distance zurücklegen, fahren; route fahren3. n1) no pl (= travelling) Reisen ntto be fond of travel —
travel was difficult in the 18th century — im 18. Jahrhundert war das Reisen beschwerlich
* * *travel [ˈtrævl]A s1. Reisen n2. (längere) Reise4. TECH Bewegung f, Lauf m, Weg m, (Kolben- etc) Hub m:B v/i prät und pperf -eled, besonders Br -elled1. reisen, eine Reise machen:travel through durchreisen, -fahren;he has travel(l)ed widely er ist ein weit gereister Mann3. a) ASTRON, PHYS, TECH sich bewegenb) PHYS sich fortpflanzen:4. TECH sich hin- und herbewegen (Kolben etc)5. fig schweifen, wandern:his glance travel(l)ed over the crowd;her mind travel(l)ed back to her childhood sie versetzte sich in ihre Kindheit zurück7. umga) einen Zahn draufhabenb) sausenC v/t ein Land, auch WIRTSCH einen Vertreterbezirk bereisen, ein Gebiet durchwandern, eine Strecke zurücklegen* * *1. nounReisen, das; attrib. Reise-2. intransitive verb,if you see him on your travels,... — (joc.) wenn er dir über den Weg läuft,...
(Brit.) - ll-1) (make a journey) reisen; (go in vehicle) fahren2) (coll.): (withstand long journey)travel [well] — [Ware:] lange Transporte vertragen
travel badly — [Ware:] lange Transporte nicht vertragen
3) (work as travelling sales representative) reisen; Vertreter/Vertreterin seintravel in stationery — in Schreibwaren reisen (Kaufmannsspr.)
4) (move) sich bewegen; [Blick, Schmerz:] wandern; [Tier:] sich fortbewegen; [Licht, Schall:] sich ausbreiten3. transitive verb,(Brit.) - ll- zurücklegen [Strecke, Entfernung]; bereisen [Bezirk]; benutzen, passieren [Weg, Straße]Phrasal Verbs:* * *v.anreisen v.reisen v.verreisen v. n.Reisen m.pl. -
31 travel
ˈtrævl
1. сущ.
1) путешествие Syn: journey, tour
2) мн. описание путешествия
3) движение;
перемещение, продвижение
4) тех. подача, ход;
длина хода
2. гл.
1) путешествовать, странствовать to travel deluxe ≈ путешествовать люксом to travel first-class ≈ путешествовать первым классом to travel incognito ≈ путешествовать инкогнито to travel light ≈ путешествовать налегке to travel second-class ≈ путешествовать вторым классом Syn: voyage
2) двигаться, перемещаться;
распространяться
3) переходить от одного предмета к другому, блуждать (напр., о мысли, взгляде и т.п.)
4) разъезжать в качестве коммивояжера ∙ travel over Syn: migrate путешествие - means of * средства передвижения - sea *, * by boat морские путешествия - space * космические путешествия - tropical * путешествие в тропики - * writing /books/ книги о путешествиях - * writer автор книг о путешествиях - * companion спутник - to set out on *s отправиться в путешествие - * was slow and dangerous in olden days в старое время путешествие совершалось медленно и было сопряжено с опасностями pl поездки;
(дальние) странствия - *s abroad заграничные поездки - back from one's *s возвратившийся из странствий - is he still on his *s? он все еще путешествует?, он еще не вернулся из своей поездки? описание путешествий - a book of *s книга о путешествиях - to enjoy reading *s любить читать( книги) о путешествиях движение;
продвижение - the * of satellites around the Earth движение спутников вокруг Земли распространение (волн) - shock( wave) * распространение ударной волны скорость (бега) - * and nose are the most necessary qualifications of a dog у собаки важнее всего скорость бега и чутье движение, продвижение (американизм) уличное движение( военное) перемещение цели (военное) движение (снаряда по каналу ствола) (специальное) подача;
ход;
длина хода( физическое) пройденный путь путешествовать - to * a great deal /widely/ много путешествовать, объехать много стран - to * the whole world объехать весь мир - to * round the world совершать кругосветное путешествие - to * light путешествовать налегке /с небольшим багажом/ - to * for one's health путешествовать с целью поправки здоровья ездить;
ехать - to * from one end of the city to the other ездить с одного конца города на другой - to * on business ездить по делам ехать (по дороге) - certain roads can be *led only on horseback по некоторым дорогам можно ездить только верхом проезжать, покрывать расстояние - that day we *led 800 km в тот день мы проехали /покрыли расстояние в/ 800 км - I have *led long distances on foot я проходил большие расстояния пешком - the modern travel book has *led a long way from a formal diary современная книга путешествий прошла /проделала/ большой путь от обычного дневника ездить в качестве коммивояжера - to * for a firm ездить в качестве коммивояжера какой-л. фирмы - to * in carpets торговать коврами (в качестве коммивояжера) перевозить - to * cattle перевозить скот перевозиться - cases which * in freight cars чемоданы, которые перевозятся /которые перевозят/ в товарных вагонах допускать перевозку - this wine won't * это вино нельзя перевозить, это вино не выдержит перевозки двигаться, передвигаться, перемещаться - a horse *led slowly лошадь шла медленно - many birds * north in June многие птицы в июне летят на север - animals * on land, in the water, and in the air животные перемещаются по земле, в воде и по воздуху - the train was *ling at 150 km an hour поезд шел /ехал/ со скоростью 150 км в час перемещаться, распространяться - light *s faster than sound скорость света превышает скорость звука - bad news *s quickly плохие вести быстро доходят /распространяются/;
худые вести не лежат на месте - ideas *s slowly идеи распространяются медленно - the pain *led all the way to his head боль дошла наконец и до его головы (over) перебирать( в памяти) - his mind *led over recent events он перебирал в памяти недавние события - she let her thoughts * over the past она обратилась мыслями к прошлому (over) переходить от предмета к предмету (о взгляде) - his eyes *led over the enemy lines он рассматривал вражеские позиции (разговорное) ехать с большой скоростью - this car can really * у этой машины скорость что надо вращаться, быть вхожим;
принадлежать - to * in wealthy circles вращаться в богатом обществе, быть вхожим в круг богатых - the crowd he *led with компания /круг лиц/, к которой /к которому/ он принадлежал;
люди, с которыми он общался пастись, постепенно продвигаясь вперед( о животных) (спортивное) делать пробежку (в баскетболе) (диалектизм) идти пешком - did you * or come by boat? ты пришел пешком или приехал на лодке? air ~ воздушное путешествие ~ pl описание путешествия;
a book of travels книга о путешествиях free ~ беспошлинный рейс ~ перебирать (в памяти) ;
переходить от предмета к предмету (о взгляде) ;
his eyes travelled over the picture он рассматривал картину ~ перемещаться;
распространяться;
light travels faster than sound скорость света превышает скорость звука party ~ групповая поездка travel двигаться, передвигаться ~ движение (снаряда по каналу ствола) ~ движение;
продвижение ~ движение ~ ездить ~ ездить в качестве коммивояжера ~ pl описание путешествия;
a book of travels книга о путешествиях ~ перебирать (в памяти) ;
переходить от предмета к предмету (о взгляде) ;
his eyes travelled over the picture он рассматривал картину ~ перемещаться;
распространяться;
light travels faster than sound скорость света превышает скорость звука ~ перемещаться ~ тех. подача, ход;
длина хода ~ поездка ~ путешествие ~ путешествие ~ путешествовать ~ путешествовать ~ рейс ~ туризм (статья в платежном балансе) ~ уличное движение ~ for firm совершать поездки в интересах фирмы -
32 around
around [ə'raʊnd]1 adverb(a) (in all directions) autour;∎ the fields all around les champs tout autour;∎ for five miles around sur ou dans un rayon de cinq miles∎ stay or stick around reste dans les parages;∎ he's around somewhere il n'est pas loin, il est dans le coin;∎ will you be around this afternoon? tu seras là cet après-midi?;∎ see you around! à un de ces jours!∎ that firm has been around for years cette société existe depuis des années;∎ he's one of the most promising actors around at the moment c'est un des acteurs les plus prometteurs que l'on puisse voir en ce moment;∎ there wasn't much money around in those days les gens n'avaient pas beaucoup d'argent à l'époque;∎ he won't be around long! il ne fera pas de vieux os!(d) (here and there) ici et là;∎ to travel around voyager;∎ to wander around faire un tour;∎ I don't know my way around yet je suis encore un peu perdu;∎ familiar he's been around (has travelled widely) il a pas mal roulé sa bosse; (is experienced) il n'est pas né d'hier(a) (encircling) autour de;∎ seated around a table assis autour d'une table;∎ the people around us les gens qui nous entourent ou autour de nous;∎ the area around Berlin les alentours mpl ou les environs mpl de Berlin;∎ the tree measures two metres around the trunk l'arbre mesure deux mètres de circonférence;∎ figurative find a way (to get) around the problem trouvez un moyen de contourner le problème;∎ my keys are somewhere around here mes clés sont quelque part par ici∎ they travelled around Europe ils ont voyagé à travers l'Europe;∎ we strolled around town nous nous sommes promenés en ville(c) (approximately) autour de;∎ around midnight autour de ou vers minuit;∎ around five o'clock vers cinq heures;∎ around 1920 vers ou aux alentours de 1920;∎ he's around your age il a environ ou à peu près votre âge -
33 few
1. n немногие; незначительное количество2. n мало кто; почти никтоthere are few men of his timber — таких, как он, мало
3. a немногие, немного, малоI know a few people who … — я знаю людей, которые …
quite a few — довольно много; порядочно
4. a преим. немногочисленныйСинонимический ряд:1. infrequent (adj.) infrequent; occasional; rare; scarce; seldom; semioccasional; sporadic; uncommon; unfrequent2. scant (adj.) scant; sparse; thin3. slender (adj.) insignificant; insufficient; little; meagre; slender; small; trifling4. small number (adj.) any; inconsiderable; less; not many; several; small number; widely spaced5. handful (noun) handful; scattering; smatch; smatter; smattering; some; spatter; spattering; sprinkling6. not many (other) not many; severalАнтонимический ряд:abundance; frequent; many -
34 Bosch, Robert August
[br]b. 23 September 1861 Albeck, near Ulm, Germanyd. 9 March 1942 Stuttgart, Germany[br]German engineer, industrialist and pioneer of internal combustion engine electrical systems.[br]Robert was the eighth of twelve children of the landlord of a hotel in the village of Albeck. He wanted to be a botanist and zoologist, but at the age of 18 he was apprenticed as a precision mechanic. He travelled widely in the south of Germany, which is unusual for an apprenticeship. In 1884, he went to the USA, where he found employment with Thomas A. Edison and his colleague, the German electrical engineer Siegmund Bergmann. During this period he became interested and involved in the rights of workers.In 1886 he set up his own workshop in Stuttgart, having spent a short time with Siemens in England. He built up a sound reputation for quality, but the firm outgrew its capital and in 1892 he had to sack nearly all his employees. Fortunately, among the few that he was able to retain were Arnold Zähringer, who later became Manager, and an apprentice, Gottlieb Harold. These two, under Bosch, were responsible for the development of the low-tension (1897) and the high-tension (1902) magneto. They also developed the Bosch sparking plug, again in 1902. The distributor for multi-cylinder engines followed in 1910. These developments, with a strong automotive bias, were stimulated by Bosch's association with Frederick Simms, an Englishman domiciled in Hamburg, who had become a director of Daimler in Canstatt and had secured the UK patent rights of the Daimler engine. Simms went on to invent, in about 1898, a means of varying ignition timing with low-tension magnetos.It must be emphasized, as pointed out above, that the invention of neither type of magneto was due to Bosch. Nikolaus Otto introduced a crude low-tension magneto in 1884, but it was not patented in Germany, while the high-tension magneto was invented by Paul Winand, a nephew of Otto's partner Eugen Langen, in 1887, this patent being allowed to lapse in 1890.Bosch's social views were advanced for his time. He introduced an eight-hour day in 1906 and advocated industrial arbitration and free trade, and in 1932 he wrote a book on the prevention of world economic crises, Die Verhütung künftiger Krisen in der Weltwirtschaft. Other industrialists called him the "Red Bosch" because of his short hours and high wages; he is reputed to have replied, "I do not pay good wages because I have a lot of money, I have a lot of money because I pay good wages." The firm exists to this day as the giant multi-national company Robert Bosch GmbH, with headquarters still in Stuttgart.[br]Further ReadingT.Heuss, 1994, Robert Bosch: His Life and Achievements (trans. S.Gillespie and J. Kapczynski), New York: Henry Holt \& Co.JB -
35 Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 31 March 1811 Göttingen, Germanyd. 16 August 1899 Heidelberg, Germany[br]German chemist, pioneer of chemical spectroscopy.[br]Bunsen's father was Librarian and Professor of Linguistics at Göttingen University and Bunsen himself studied chemistry there. Obtaining his doctorate at the age of only 19, he travelled widely, meeting some of the leading chemists of the day and visiting many engineering works. On his return he held various academic posts, finally as Professor of Chemistry at Heidelberg in 1852, a post he held until his retirement in 1889.During 1837–41 Bunsen studied a series of compounds shown to contain the cacodyl (CH3)2As-group or radical. The elucidation of the structure of these compounds gave support to the radical theory in organic chemistry and earned him fame, but it also cost him the sight of an eye and other ill effects resulting from these dangerous and evil-smelling substances. With the chemist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–87), Bunsen pioneered the use of spectroscopy in chemical analysis from 1859, and with its aid he discovered the elements caesium and rubidium. He developed the Bunsen cell, a zinc-carbon primary cell, with which he isolated a number of alkali and other metals by electrodeposition from solution or electrolysis of fused chlorides.Bunsen's main work was in chemical analysis, in the course of which he devised some important laboratory equipment, such as a filter pump. The celebrated Bunsen gas burner was probably devised by his technician Peter Desdega. During 1838–44 Bunsen applied his methods of gas analysis to the study of the gases produced by blast furnaces for the production of cast iron. He demonstrated that no less than 80 per cent of the heat was lost during smelting, and that valuable gaseous by-products, such as ammonia, were also lost. Lyon Playfair in England was working along similar lines, and in 1848 the two men issued a paper, "On the gases evolved from iron furnaces", to draw attention to these drawbacks.[br]Bibliography1904, Bunsen's collected papers were published in 3 vols, Leipzig.Further ReadingG.Lockemann, 1949, Robert Wilhelm Bunsen: Lebensbild eines deutschen Forschers, Stuttgart.T.Curtin, 1961, biog. account, in E.Farber (ed.), Great Chemists, New York, pp. 575–81. Henry E.Roscoe, 1900, "Bunsen memorial lecture, 29th March 1900", Journal of theChemical Society 77:511–54.LRD -
36 Ellet, Charles
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 1 January 1810 Penn's Manor, Pennsylvania, USAd. 21 June 1862 Cairo, Illinois, USA[br]American engineer who built the world's first long-span wire-cable bridge.[br]Ellet worked for three years as a surveyor and assistant engineer and then studied at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris. He travelled widely in Europe and returned to the USA in 1832. In 1842 he completed the first wire suspension bridge in the USA at Fairmont, Pennsylvania, and in 1846–9 redesigned and built the world's first long-span wire-cable bridge over the Ohio River at Wheeling. It had a central span of 308 m (1,010 ft). It failed in 1854 due to aerodynamic instability. He invented naval rams and in the American Civil War he equipped nine Mississippi river boats as rams; they defeated a fleet of Confederate rams. He died in battle.[br]Further ReadingThe Macmillan Dictionary of Biography, 1981.IMcN -
37 Fairbairn, William
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 19 February 1789 Kelso, Roxburghshire, Scotlandd. 18 August 1874 Farnham, Surrey, England[br]Scottish engineer and shipbuilder, pioneer in the use of iron in structures.[br]Born in modest circumstances, Fairbairn nevertheless enjoyed a broad and liberal education until around the age of 14. Thereafter he served an apprenticeship as a millwright in a Northumberland colliery. This seven-year period marked him out as a man of determination and intellectual ability; he planned his life around the practical work of pit-machinery maintenance and devoted his limited free time to the study of mathematics, science and history as well as "Church, Milton and Recreation". Like many before and countless thousands after, he worked in London for some difficult and profitless years, and then moved to Manchester, the city he was to regard as home for the rest of his life. In 1816 he was married. Along with a workmate, James Lillie, he set up a general engineering business, which steadily enlarged and ultimately involved both shipbuilding and boiler-making. The partnership was dissolved in 1832 and Fairbairn continued on his own. Consultancy work commissioned by the Forth and Clyde Canal led to the construction of iron steamships by Fairbairn for the canal; one of these, the PS Manchester was lost in the Irish Sea (through the little-understood phenomenon of compass deviation) on her delivery voyage from Manchester to the Clyde. This brought Fairbairn to the forefront of research in this field and confirmed him as a shipbuilder in the novel construction of iron vessels. In 1835 he operated the Millwall Shipyard on the Isle of Dogs on the Thames; this is regarded as one of the first two shipyards dedicated to iron production from the outset (the other being Tod and MacGregor of Glasgow). Losses at the London yard forced Fairbairn to sell off, and the yard passed into the hands of John Scott Russell, who built the I.K. Brunel -designed Great Eastern on the site. However, his business in Manchester went from strength to strength: he produced an improved Cornish boiler with two firetubes, known as the Lancashire boiler; he invented a riveting machine; and designed the beautiful swan-necked box-structured crane that is known as the Fairbairn crane to this day.Throughout his life he advocated the widest use of iron; he served on the Admiralty Committee of 1861 investigating the use of this material in the Royal Navy. In his later years he travelled widely in Europe as an engineering consultant and published many papers on engineering. His contribution to worldwide engineering was recognized during his lifetime by the conferment of a baronetcy by Queen Victoria.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Baronet 1869. FRS 1850. Elected to the Academy of Science of France 1852. President, Institution of Mechnical Engineers 1854. Royal Society Gold Medal 1860. President, British Association 1861.BibliographyFairbairn wrote many papers on a wide range of engineering subjects from water-wheels to iron metallurgy and from railway brakes to the strength of iron ships. In 1856 he contributed the article on iron to the 8th edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica.Further ReadingW.Pole (ed.), 1877, The Life of Sir William Fairbairn Bart, London: Longmans Green; reprinted 1970, David and Charles Reprints (written in part by Fairbairn, but completed and edited by Pole).FMW -
38 Fourdrinier, Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 11 February 1766 London, Englandd. 3 September 1854 Mavesyn Ridware, near Rugeley, Staffordshire, England[br]English pioneer of the papermaking machine.[br]Fourdrinier's father was a paper manufacturer and stationer of London, from a family of French Protestant origin. Henry took up the same trade and, with his brother Sealy (d. 1847), devoted many years to developing the papermaking machine. Their first patent was taken out in 1801, but success was still far off. A machine for making paper had been invented a few years previously by Nicolas Robert at the Didot's mill at Essonnes, south of Paris. Robert quarrelled with the Didots, who then contacted their brother-in-law in England, John Gamble, in an attempt to raise capital for a larger machine. Gamble and the Fourdriniers called in the engineer Bryan Donkin, and between them they patented a much improved machine in 1807. In the new machine, the paper pulp flowed on to a moving continuous woven wire screen and was then squeezed between rollers to remove much of the water. The paper thus formed was transferred to a felt blanket and passed through a second press to remove more water, before being wound while still wet on to a drum. For the first time, a continuous sheet of paper could be made. Other inventors soon made further improvements: in 1817 John Dickinson obtained a patent for sizing baths to improve the surface of the paper; while in 1820 Thomas Crompton patented a steam-heated drum round which the paper was passed to speed up the drying process. The development cost of £60,000 bankrupted the brothers. Although Parliament extended the patent for fourteen years, and the machine was widely adopted, they never reaped much profit from it. Tsar Alexander of Russia became interested in the papermaking machine while on a visit to England in 1814 and promised Henry Fourdrinier £700 per year for ten years for super-intending the erection of two machines in Russia; Henry carried out the work, but he received no payment. At the age of 72 he travelled to St Petersburg to seek recompense from the Tsar's successor Nicholas I, but to no avail. Eventually, on a motion in the House of Commons, the British Government awarded Fourdrinier a payment of £7,000. The paper trade, sensing the inadequacy of this sum, augmented it with a further sum which they subscribed so that an annuity could be purchased for Henry, then the only surviving brother, and his two daughters, to enable them to live in modest comfort. From its invention in ancient China (see Cai Lun), its appearance in the Middle Ages in Europe and through the first three and a half centuries of printing, every sheet of paper had to made by hand. The daily output of a hand-made paper mill was only 60–100 lb (27–45 kg), whereas the new machine increased that tenfold. Even higher speeds were achieved, with corresponding reductions in cost; the old mills could not possibly have kept pace with the new mechanical printing presses. The Fourdrinier machine was thus an essential element in the technological developments that brought about the revolution in the production of reading matter of all kinds during the nineteenth century. The high-speed, giant paper-making machines of the late twentieth century work on the same principle as the Fourdrinier of 1807.[br]Further ReadingR.H.Clapperton, 1967, The Paper-making Machine, Oxford: Pergamon Press. D.Hunter, 1947, Papermaking. The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft, London.LRD -
39 Gilbert, Cass
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 24 November 1859 Zanesville, Ohio, USAd. 17 May 1934 Brockenhurst, Hampshire, England[br]American architect who designed a variety of high-quality, large-scale public buildings in eclectic mode.[br]Gilbert travelled widely in Europe before returning to the USA to join the well-known firm of McKim, Mead \& White, for whom he designed the Minnesota State Capitol at Saint Paul (1896–1903). This building, like the majority of Gilbert's work, was in classical form, the great dome modelled on that of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. Other designs, on similar classical themes, included his large US Customs House in New York (1907). The structure for which Gilbert is best known, however, was an adaptation of French Gothic style to a sixty-storeyed skyscraper. This was the Woolworth Building, an office tower of romantic silhouette in downtown New York (1913). In contra-distinction to the high-rise designs of Louis Sullivan, who broke new ground in relating the design of the building to the verticality of the structure, Gilbert continued the skyscraper pattern of earlier years by clothing the steel structure in eclectic manner unrelated to the form beneath. The result, if backward-looking, is an elegant, attractive and familiar part of the New York skyline.[br]Further ReadingW.H.Jordy, 1976, American Buildings and their Architects, Vol. 3, Garden City, New York: Anchor.W.Weisman, 1970, The Rise of American Architecture, New York: Praeger.DY -
40 Glauber, Johann Rudolf
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1604 Karlstadt, Germanyd. March 1670 Amsterdam, Holland[br]German chemist and metallurgist.[br]The son of a barber, Glauber took up the study of alchemy and travelled widely in search of its secrets. Around 1639, the political uncertainties of the Thirty Years War persuaded him to leave Germany for a more settled life in Amsterdam. While there, he carried out most of the practical work for which he is famous, including his distillation furnace, which made it possible to reach higher temperatures and to heat substances in a variety of conditions. To earn a living he set up in the wine trade, but he continued his alchemical pursuits, under cover on account of the unpopularity of the would-be gold makers. After the end of the war, he returned to Germany, but in 1655 personal disputes and religious friction drove him back to Amsterdam. He set about constructing the largest and most elaborate chemical laboratory in Europe.Glauber's best-known writing, the Furni novi philosophici (1646–9) gives the clearest idea of his practical methods and was influential on some of the leading chemists of the time and later. His name survives today in Glauber's salt for hydrated sodium sulphate. Glauber described several methods for preparing the mineral acids, materials of great importance to the chemist, and obtained the concentrated acids by using his distilling furnace. He tried distilling any substance he could lay hands on, and in the course of this work became probably the first chemist to distil coal and, using hydrochloric acid, obtain benzene and phenol. Glauber was the best practical chemist of the age and the first industrial chemist.[br]Bibliography1646–9, Furni novi philosophiciFurther ReadingK.F.Gugel, 1955, Johann Rudolf Glauber (1604–1670), Leben und Werke, Würzburg (the fullest account of his life; with a bibliography).P.Walden, 1929, "Glauber", in Das Buch der grossen Chemiker, ed. G.Bugge, Berlin, pp. 151–72 (the best account of Glauber's practical methods).E.Farber, 1961, Great Chemists, New York, pp. 115–31 (an abridged translation of ibid.).LRD
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