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21 creation
noun1) the act of creating:خَلْـقthe creation of the world.
2) something created:إبداع، خَلْق، شيء مُبتَكَرThe dress designer is showing his latest creations.
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22 creation
1) (the act of creating: the creation of the world.) criação2) (something created: The dress designer is showing his latest creations.) criação -
23 the kettle calls the pot black
(the kettle calls (или calling) the pot black (тж. the pot calls или calling the kettle black))говорил горшку котелок: уж больно ты чёрен, дружок!; горшок над котлом смеётся, а оба черны; горшок котёл сажей корил; ≈ оба хороши‘Nephew,’ said the old man, ‘You have been a dutiful son, I hear.’ ‘Ecod!’ said Jonas... ‘I've been as good a son as ever you were a brother. It's the pot and the kettle, if you come to that.’ (Ch. Dickens, ‘Martin Chuzzlewit’, ch. XXIV) — - Племянник, - сказал Мартин, - вы, как я слышал, были почтительным сыном. - Ну да! - сказал Джонас... - я был таким же хорошим сыном, как вы - братом. Коли уж на то пошло, горшку перед котелком нечем хвалиться.
‘The fellow is the most conceited little devil I ever met.’ Mr. Satterwaite's eyes twinkled. He had always been of the opinion that the vainest men in creation were actors. He did not exempt Sir Charles Cartwright. This instance of the pot calling the kettle black amused him. (A. Christie, ‘Three Act Tragedy’, ‘First Act’, ch. I) — - Такого самовлюбленного типа сроду не видывал, - сказал сэр Чарльз. У мистера Саттеруэйта появился озорной огонек в глазах. Он всегда считал актеров самыми тщеславными людьми и не делал исключения для сэра Чарльза Картрайта. Эта история весьма его позабавила: вот уж поистине - горшок над котлом смеется, а оба черны.
Large English-Russian phrasebook > the kettle calls the pot black
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24 act establishing the Congress
Jur. loi portant création du CongrèsEnglish-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > act establishing the Congress
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25 loi portant création du Congrès
Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > loi portant création du Congrès
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26 juristic act
1) Юридический термин: юридическое действие, праводеяние (Action intended to, and capable of having, a legal effect, such as the creation, termination, or modification of a legal right.), правочин2) юр.Н.П. сделка, юридическая сделка -
27 Bibliography
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28 kreacj|a
f 1. (G pl kreacji) (suknia) dress, gown; (z dodatkami) ensemble książk.; outfit- kreacja balowa/wieczorowa a ball/an evening gown- wiosenne kreacje Diora Dior’s spring creations dzien.2. (G pl kreacji) Kino, Teatr performance, acting U- stworzył wybitną kreację jako Hamlet he was brilliant in the role of Hamlet, his Hamlet was absolutely brilliant- słynął z wielkich kreacji szekspirowskich he was famous for his great interpretations of Shakespearean roles3. sgt książk. (tworzenie) creation- kreacja artystyczna/literacka an artistic/a literary creation- boski akt kreacji the act of CreationThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > kreacj|a
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29 discludo
dis-clūdo, si, sum, 3, v. a. [claudo] (rare but classical; already obsolete in the [p. 588] time of Macrobius, v. Macr. S. 6, 4).I.To shut up separately, to keep separate; orig. belonging to household lang.:II.dispares disclusos habere pisces,
Varr. R. R. 3, 17, 4.—With the notion of dis predominant, to keep apart, to separate, divide:B.pares cum paribus jungi res, et discludere mundum,
Lucr. 5, 438;so of the act of creation, imitated by Vergil: discludere Nerea ponto,
to separate, cut off, Verg. E. 6, 35:paludibus mons erat ab reliquis disclusus,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 43 Müll.; cf.:mons Cevenna, qui Arvernos ab Helviis discludit,
Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2:ossibus ac nervis disclusis,
Lucr. 3, 171; cf.:turres (with disturbare domos),
id. 6, 240:quibus (sc. tignis) disclusis atque in contrariam partem revinctis,
kept asunder, kept at the proper distance apart, Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 7:ut restis, ad ingluviem adstricta, spiritus officia discluderet,
i. e. might prevent, choke off, App. M. 1, p. 109, 27.—Of abstr. objects:Plato iram et cupiditatem locis disclusit: iram in pectore, cupiditatem subter praecordia locavit,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 20:quae semotae a mente et disclusae,
id. ib. 1, 33, 80:morsus roboris,
to part, to open, Verg. A. 12, 782. -
30 κτίσις
κτίσις, εως, ἡ (s. prec. and two next entries; Pind.+).① act of creation, creation (Iren. 1, 17, 1 [Harv. I 164, 11]; Hippol., Ref. 6, 33 κ. τοῦ κόσμου; 6, 55, 1; Did., Gen. 24, 4): ἀπὸ κτίσεως κόσμου since the creation of the world Ro 1:20 (cp. PsSol 8, 7; ApcSed 8:10; Jos., Bell. 4, 533). The Son of God was σύμβουλος τῷ πατρὶ τῆς κτίσεως αὐτοῦ counselor to the Father in his creative work Hs 9, 12, 2.② the result of a creative act, that which is created (EpArist 136; 139; TestReub 2:9).ⓐ of individual things or beings created, creature (Tob 8:5, 15) created thing τὶς κ. ἑτέρα any other creature Ro 8:39. οὐκ ἔστιν κ. ἀφανὴς ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ no creature is hidden from (God’s) sight Hb 4:13. πᾶν γένος τῆς κ. τοῦ κυρίου every kind of creature that the Lord made Hs 9, 1, 8; πᾶσα κ. every created thing (cp. Jdth 9:12) MPol 14:1. Of Christ πρωτότοκος πάσης κ. Col 1:15. Of the name of God ἀρχέγονον πάσης κ. 1 Cl 59:3. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον … τὸ κηρυχθὲν ἐν πάσῃ κτίσει the gospel … which has been preached to every creature (here limited to human beings) Col 1:23.—Pl. (En 18:1) δοξάζειν τὰς κτίσεις τοῦ θεοῦ praise the created works of God Hv 1, 1, 3.—The Christian is described by Paul as καινὴ κ. a new creature 2 Cor 5:17, and the state of being in the new faith by the same words as a new creation Gal 6:15 (cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 373 καιναὶ κτίσεις). S. on ἐκλογή end.ⓑ the sum total of everything created, creation, world (ApcMos 32; SibOr 5, 152; ὁρωμένη κ. Did., Gen. 1 B, 6; 13 A, 2) ἡ κ. αὐτοῦ Hv 1, 3, 4. ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς κ. at the beginning of the world B 15:3; ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς κ. from the beginning of the world Mk 13:19; 2 Pt 3:4. Likew. Mk 10:6; πᾶσα ἡ κ. the whole creation (Jdth 16:14; Ps 104:21 v.l.; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 7 [Stone p. 32], B 12 p. 116, 31 [St. p. 80]; TestLevi 4:1; TestNapht 2:3; ParJer 9:6; PGM 12, 85) Hv 3, 4, 1; m 12, 4, 2; Hs 5, 6, 5; 9, 14, 5; 9, 23, 4; 9, 25, 1. The whole world is full of God’s glory 1 Cl 34:6. ἀόργητος ὑπάρχει πρὸς πᾶσαν τὴν κτίσιν αὐτοῦ 19:3. ὁ υἱὸς τ. θεοῦ πάσης τ. κτίσεως αὐτοῦ προγενέστερός ἐστιν the Son of God is older than all his creation Hs 9, 12, 2. πᾶσα ἡ κ. limited to humankind Mk 16:15; Hm 7:5. Also ἡ κτίσις τῶν ἀνθρώπων D 16:5.—αὕτη ἡ κ. this world (earthly in contrast to heavenly) Hb 9:11.—κ. the creation, what was created in contrast to the Creator (Wsd 16:24) Ro 1:25 (EpArist 139 θεὸν σεβόμενοι παρʼ ὅλην τὴν κτίσιν).—Of Christ ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κτίσεως τοῦ θεοῦ Rv 3:14 (s. ἀρχή 3).—The mng. of κτ. is in dispute in Ro 8:19–22, though the pass. is usu. taken to mean the waiting of the whole creation below the human level (animate and inanimate—so, e.g., OCullmann, Christ and Time [tr. FFilson] ’50, 103).—HBiedermann, D. Erlösg. der Schöpfung beim Ap. Pls. ’40.③ system of established authority that is the result of some founding action, governance system, authority system. Corresponding to 1, κτίσις is also the act by which an authoritative or governmental body is created (ins in CB I/2, 468 no. 305 [I A.D.]: founding of the Gerousia [Senate]. Somewhat comparable, of the founding of a city: Scymnus Chius vs. 89 κτίσεις πόλεων). But then, in accordance with 2, it is prob. also the result of the act, the institution or authority itself 1 Pt 2:13 (Diod S 11, 60, 2 has κτίστης as the title of a high official. Cp. νομοθεσία in both meanings: 1. lawgiving, legislation; 2. the result of an action, i.e. law.) To a Hellene a well-ordered society was primary (s. Aristot., Pol. 1, 1, 1, 1252). It was understood that the function of government was to maintain such a society, and the moral objective described in vs. 14 is in keeping with this goal.—BBrinkman, ‘Creation’ and ‘Creature’ I, Bijdragen (Nijmegen) 18, ’57, 129–39, also 359–74; GLampe, The NT Doctrine of κτίσις, SJT 17, ’64, 449–62.—DELG s.v. κτίζω. M-M. TW. Sv. -
31 Herr
m; -n, -en1. (Mann) auch vornehmer etc.: gentleman; als Tanzpartner etc. einer Frau: partner; Herren Toilette: Gentlemen, Men; SPORT men; bei den Herren SPORT in the men’s event; Alte Herren SPORT veterans; Studentenverbindung: old members; mein alter Herr umg., hum. my old man; ein feiner oder sauberer Herr iro. a fine one; die Herren der Schöpfung umg., hum. the lords of creation; den ( großen oder feinen) Herrn spielen play lord of the manor, act the big shot umg.2. vor Namen: Mr, Am. Mr.; vor Titeln: meist nicht übersetzt; die Herren N. und M. Messrs N and M; Herr Doktor / Professor etc. doctor / professor etc.; Herr Präsident! Mr ( oder Mr.) Chairman; im Unterhaus: Mr ( oder Mr.) Speaker; zum Präsidenten der USA: Mr. President; der Herr Präsident the Chairman etc.; meine ( Damen und) Herren! (ladies and) gentlemen!; Sehr geehrter Herr N. in Briefen: Dear Sir; vertraulicher: Dear Mr ( oder Mr.) N; Ihr Herr Vater geh. your father; Herr Ober, ein Bier bitte! waiter, a beer, please; bitte schön, der Herr! beim Servieren: here you are, sir; umg., hum. oder iro. for you, kind sir; meine Herren! umg. als Ausruf: would you believe it; Gesang(s)verein3. (Gebieter) master (auch eines Hundes); bes. Adliger: lord; (Herrscher) ruler; mein Herr und Gebieter my lord and master; seinen Herrn und Meister finden in (+ Dat) meet one’s match in; aus aller Herren Länder from the four corners of the earth; sein eigener Herr sein be one’s own boss; Herr im eigenen Hause sein be master ( oder have the say) in one’s own house; zwei Herren dienen serve two masters; Herr der Lage sein have everything under control, be master of the situation; Herr über Leben und Tod sein have power over life and death; Herr werden (+ Gen) oder über (+ Akk) get s.th. under control; Problemen: get on top of; eines Gegners: get the upper hand over; seiner Gefühle Herr werden get a grip of oneself; nicht mehr Herr seiner selbst sein be unable to contain oneself; wie der Herr, so’s G(e) scherr Sprichw. like master, like man4. KIRCHL.: der Herr (Gott, Christus) Lord; Gott, der Herr the Lord God; der Herr Jesus the Lord Jesus; im Jahre des Herrn in the year of our Lord; Brüder und Schwestern im Herrn in the Lord; er ist ein großer Angeber etc. vor dem Herrn umg. he’s a mighty show-off etc. before the Lord; Herr des Himmels! umg. Lord above!, God in heaven!; sein2 I 2* * *(Anrede) Mr; Sir; Mister;der Herr(Gebieter) master; lord;(Gott) the Lord;(Mann) gentleman; gent* * *Hẹrr [hɛr]m -(e)n, -enüber +acc of); (von Hund) mastersein eigener Herr sein — to be one's own master or boss
Herr im eigenen Haus sein — to be master in one's own house
Herr der Lage or Situation sein/bleiben — to be/remain master of the situation, to have/keep the situation under control
nicht mehr Herr seiner Sinne sein — not to be in control of oneself any more
Herr über Leben und Tod sein — to have the power of life and death (gen over)
über jdn/etw Herr werden — to master sb/sth
man kann nicht or niemand kann zwei Herren dienen (prov) — no man can serve two masters (prov)
wie der Herr, sos Gescherr! (Prov) — like master, like man! (prov)
See:→ LandGott, der Herr — the Lord God
Herr, du meine Güte! — good(ness) gracious (me)!
er ist ein großer Schwindler/Esser etc vor dem Herrn (hum inf) — what a great fibber/eater etc he is
3) (= feiner Herr, Mann) gentlemanein adliger Herr, ein Herr von Adel — a nobleman
den (großen) Herrn spielen or markieren (inf) — to give oneself airs, to put on airs
See:→ alt(mein) Herr! — sir!
der Herr wünscht? — what can I do for you, sir?
Herr Nachbar (old) — excuse me, sir
Herr Dr./Doktor/Professor Schmidt — Dr/Doctor/Professor Schmidt
Herr Präsident/Vorsitzender — Mr President/Chairman
der Herr Präsident/Vorsitzende — the President/Chairman
Herr Bell (in Brief) — Dear Mr Bell
an den Herrn Abgeordneten C. Schmidt — C. Schmidt, MP
werte Herren, sehr geehrte Herren (in Brief) — Dear Sirs (Brit), to whom it may concern (US)
5) (allgemein gesehen = Tanzpartner, Begleiter) gentleman; (auf eine bestimmte Dame bezogen) partner; (bei Cocktailparty, Theaterbesuch etc) (gentleman) companion6) (SPORT)* * *der1) (a polite word for a man: Two gentlemen arrived this morning.) gentleman2) (God; Christ.) the Lord3) (a master; a man or animal that has power over others or over an area: The lion is lord of the jungle.) lord4) (an owner (of a slave, dog etc): The dog ran to its master.) master5) ((abbreviated to Mr when written) a polite title given to a male adult, either in writing or in speech: Good morning, Mr Smith; Ask Mr Jones.) Mister* * *Herr(in)<-n, -en>[hɛr]1. nur m (männliche Anrede: vor Eigennamen) Mrdie \Herren Schmidt und Müller Messrs Schmidt and Müllerder \Herr Botschafter/Professor the Ambassador/Professor\Herr Doktor/Kollege... Dr/Mr...tut mir Leid, der \Herr Doktor ist heute Nachmittag nicht in der Praxis I'm sorry, but the doctor is not in his office this afternoon\Herr Präsident/Vorsitzender Mr President/Chairmansehr geehrter \Herr... Dear Mr...sehr geehrte \Herren! Dear Sirsgnädiger \Herr (veraltend) sirder \Herr wünscht? what can I do for you, sir?der \Herr sirhat der \Herr schon gewählt? is sir ready to order?wenn sich der \Herr für so etwas zu fein ist if this is beneath you, sirbitte, mein \Herr, nach Ihnen after you, sirmeine \Herren gentlemen[aber] meine \Herren! gentlemen, please!„\Herren“ “gentlemen”, “men”, “gents” BRITjds \Herr Onkel/Vater/Sohn etc. sb's uncle/father/son etc.ach, das ist Ihr \Herr Onkel auf dem Foto? oh, that's your uncle in the picture?4. nur m (Tanzpartner, Begleiter) [gentleman] companion, partnerwir führen alles für den modebewussten \Herrn we stock everything for the well-dressed manein geistlicher \Herr (geh) a clergyman6. (Herrscher) ruler, sovereign\Herr über [jds] Leben und Tod sein to have the power of life and death [over sb]der \Herr des Hauses the master of the house\Herr im eigenen Hause sein to be master in one's own houseder gnädige \Herr (veraltet) the master [of the house]der junge \Herr (geh) the young master\Herr der Lage sein to be master of the situation, to have the situation under controlnicht mehr \Herr seiner Sinne sein to no longer be in control of oneselfsein eigener \Herr sein to be one's own master [or boss]nicht \Herr über jdn werden to not be able to control [or master] sb7. (Besitzer) mastersind Sie der \Herr dieses Hundes? do you own this dog?, are you the owner of this dog?, does this dog belong to you?, is this your dog?▪ der \Herr the Lord Godder \Herr der Heerscharen the Lord of hosts9.▶ aus aller \Herren Länder[n] from all over the world, from the four corners of the earth▶ mein \Herr! sir!* * *der; Herrn (selten: Herren), Herren1) (Mann) gentlemandas Kugelstoßen der Herren — (Sport) the men's shot-put
mein Alter Herr — (ugs. scherzh.): (Vater) my old man (coll.)
Alter Herr — (Studentenspr.) former member
Herr Professor/Dr. Schulze — Professor/Dr Schulze
Herr Minister/Direktor/Studienrat Schulze — Mr Schulze
Herr Minister/Professor/Doktor — Minister/Professor/doctor
Herr Vorsitzender/Präsident — Mr Chairman/President
Sehr geehrter Herr Schulze! — Dear Sir; (bei persönlicher Bekanntschaft) Dear Mr Schulze
bitte sehr, der Herr! — there you are, sir
Ihr Herr Vater/Sohn — your father/son
3) (Gebieter) mastermein Herr und Gebieter — (scherzh.) my lord and master (joc.)
die Herren der Schöpfung — (ugs. scherzh.) their lordships (coll. joc.)
Herr der Lage sein/bleiben — be/remain master of the situation
aus aller Herren Länder[n] — (geh.) from the four corners of the earth; from all over the world
4) (Besitzer) master (über + Akk. of)5) (christl. Rel.): (Gott) Lord* * *mein Alter Herr umg, hum my old man;sauberer Herr iron a fine one;die Herren der Schöpfung umg, hum the lords of creation;den (Herrn spielen play lord of the manor, act the big shot umgdie Herren N. und M. Messrs N and M;Herr Doktor/Professor etc doctor/professor etc;Herr Präsident! Mr ( oder Mr.) Chairman; im Unterhaus: Mr ( oder Mr.) Speaker; zum Präsidenten der USA: Mr. President;der Herr Präsident the Chairman etc;meine (Damen und) Herren! (ladies and) gentlemen!;Ihr Herr Vater geh your father;Herr Ober, ein Bier bitte! waiter, a beer, please;meine Herren! umg als Ausruf: would you believe it; → Gesang(s)vereinmein Herr und Gebieter my lord and master;aus aller Herren Länder from the four corners of the earth;sein eigener Herr sein be one’s own boss;zwei Herren dienen serve two masters;Herr der Lage sein have everything under control, be master of the situation;Herr über Leben und Tod sein have power over life and death;Herr werden (+gen) oderüber (+akk) get sth under control; Problemen: get on top of; eines Gegners: get the upper hand over;seiner Gefühle Herr werden get a grip of oneself;nicht mehr Herr seiner selbst sein be unable to contain oneself;wie der Herr, so’s G(e)scherr sprichw like master, like man4. KIRCHE:der Herr (Gott, Christus) Lord;Gott, der Herr the Lord God;der Herr Jesus the Lord Jesus;im Jahre des Herrn in the year of our Lord;im Herrn in the Lord;* * *der; Herrn (selten: Herren), Herren1) (Mann) gentlemandas Kugelstoßen der Herren — (Sport) the men's shot-put
mein Alter Herr — (ugs. scherzh.): (Vater) my old man (coll.)
Alter Herr — (Studentenspr.) former member
2) (Titel, Anrede)Herr Professor/Dr. Schulze — Professor/Dr Schulze
Herr Minister/Direktor/Studienrat Schulze — Mr Schulze
Herr Minister/Professor/Doktor — Minister/Professor/doctor
Herr Vorsitzender/Präsident — Mr Chairman/President
Sehr geehrter Herr Schulze! — Dear Sir; (bei persönlicher Bekanntschaft) Dear Mr Schulze
bitte sehr, der Herr! — there you are, sir
Ihr Herr Vater/Sohn — your father/son
3) (Gebieter) mastermein Herr und Gebieter — (scherzh.) my lord and master (joc.)
die Herren der Schöpfung — (ugs. scherzh.) their lordships (coll. joc.)
Herr der Lage sein/bleiben — be/remain master of the situation
aus aller Herren Länder[n] — (geh.) from the four corners of the earth; from all over the world
4) (Besitzer) master (über + Akk. of)5) (christl. Rel.): (Gott) Lord* * *-en m.Mr n.gent n.gentleman n.(§ pl.: gentlemen)master n.mister n.sir n. -
32 Erschaffung
-
33 participación
f.1 participation, a piece of the action, involvement.2 participation, assistance.3 participation, participance, share, take.* * *1 (intervención) participation, involvement2 (comunicado) announcement■ ¿te han mandado la participación de boda? have they notified you of their wedding?4 (en lotería) (part of a) lottery ticket* * *noun f.2) share* * *SF1) (=acto)negó su participación en el atentado — he denied taking part o any involvement in the attack
queremos fomentar la participación de los ciudadanos en la política — we want to encourage public participation o involvement in politics
habló de ello durante su participación en el programa — he spoke about it when he was on the programme
2) (Econ) (=parte) share; (=inversión) holding, interestparticipación accionarial — holding, shareholding
3) (=número de participantes) entryhubo una nutrida participación — there was a big entry, there were a lot of entries
4) (=parte) share; [de lotería] (share in a) lottery ticketSee:ver nota culturelle LOTERÍA in lotería5) (=aviso) notice, notification* * *1) ( intervención) participationparticipación EN algo —; en debate/clase/huelga) participation in something; en robo/fraude involvement in something; en obra/pelicula role in something
tuvo una destacada participación en las negociaciones — she played an important role in the negotiations
2)a) ( en ganancias) shareb) ( en empresa) stockholding, interestc) ( de lotería) share ( in a lottery ticket)3) (de casamiento, nacimiento) announcement* * *= commitment, involvement, participation, empowerment, input, say, engagement, partaking (of/in).Ex. Bureaux can be useful for proving trials, and the deferment of commitments until a suitable size of data base has been accumulated in the computer system.Ex. This software is normally self-contained and can be set up with a minimum of involvement of computer specialist staff.Ex. Apart from participation in a co-operative cataloguing scheme, libraries have one other possible strategy in the creation of catalogues.Ex. The women's movement and those concerned with women and development have long recognized that information is a means of empowerment for women.Ex. In order to stimulate international input, the IFLA Office for UBC invited catalogers in unrepresented countries to recommend revisions of the AACR and to comment on the potential of the second edition as an international code.Ex. I've seen people clamor for a say and when it's given to them they don't take it.Ex. Any attempt to coerce a response without good reason based on that child's present predicament is to place in jeopardy the child's willing engagement now and in the future.Ex. A longitudinal study of older adult learners has found that the act of partaking of education was often an empowering gesture.----* participación ciudadana = civic involvement, citizen participation, community involvement.* participación en red = networking.* recabar + participación = solicit + contribution.* tasa de participación = participation rate.* * *1) ( intervención) participationparticipación EN algo —; en debate/clase/huelga) participation in something; en robo/fraude involvement in something; en obra/pelicula role in something
tuvo una destacada participación en las negociaciones — she played an important role in the negotiations
2)a) ( en ganancias) shareb) ( en empresa) stockholding, interestc) ( de lotería) share ( in a lottery ticket)3) (de casamiento, nacimiento) announcement* * *= commitment, involvement, participation, empowerment, input, say, engagement, partaking (of/in).Ex: Bureaux can be useful for proving trials, and the deferment of commitments until a suitable size of data base has been accumulated in the computer system.
Ex: This software is normally self-contained and can be set up with a minimum of involvement of computer specialist staff.Ex: Apart from participation in a co-operative cataloguing scheme, libraries have one other possible strategy in the creation of catalogues.Ex: The women's movement and those concerned with women and development have long recognized that information is a means of empowerment for women.Ex: In order to stimulate international input, the IFLA Office for UBC invited catalogers in unrepresented countries to recommend revisions of the AACR and to comment on the potential of the second edition as an international code.Ex: I've seen people clamor for a say and when it's given to them they don't take it.Ex: Any attempt to coerce a response without good reason based on that child's present predicament is to place in jeopardy the child's willing engagement now and in the future.Ex: A longitudinal study of older adult learners has found that the act of partaking of education was often an empowering gesture.* participación ciudadana = civic involvement, citizen participation, community involvement.* participación en red = networking.* recabar + participación = solicit + contribution.* tasa de participación = participation rate.* * *A (intervención) participationla participación del público audience participationcon la participación especial de Emilio Dávila with a special guest appearance by Emilio Dávilaparticipación EN algo:su participación en el proyecto her participation in the projecttuvo una destacada participación en las negociaciones she played an important role in the negotiationsconfirmó su participación en el campeonato he confirmed that he would be taking part in o participating in the championshipel índice de participación en las elecciones the turnout for the electionssu participación en el fraude no se pudo probar his part in the fraud could not be proved, it could not be proved that he had taken part in o participated in the fraudB1 (en ganancias, en un fondo) shareexigen participación en los beneficios they are demanding a share in the profitsaumentaron su participación en el mercado they increased their market share2 (en una empresa) stockholding, interest, shareholding ( BrE)3 (de lotería) share ( in a lottery ticket)C (de casamiento, nacimiento) announcement* * *
participación sustantivo femenino
1 ( intervención) participation;
participación EN algo ‹en debate/clase/huelga›) participation in sth;
‹en robo/fraude› involvement in sth;
‹en obra/película› role in sth
2
participación sustantivo femenino
1 participation
2 (de un décimo de lotería) part of a lottery ticket
3 Fin share, US stock
4 (comunicación formal) notice, notification
' participación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
actuación
- contribución
- implicación
- parte
English:
acquire
- equity
- holding
- interest
- involvement
- participation
- profit sharing
- quota
- share
- stake
- voluntary
- draw
- involve
* * *1. [colaboración, intervención] participation;hubo mucha participación [en actividad] many people took part;[en elecciones] there was a high turnout;anunció su participación en el torneo he announced that he would be taking part o participating in the tournament;han negado su participación en el atentado they have denied taking part in the attack;la participación cubana en los Juegos Olímpicos fue la mejor de las últimas décadas Cuba's performance in the Olympic Games was the best in recent decades2. [de lotería] = ticket or receipt representing a share in a lottery number3. [comunicación] noticeparticipación de boda wedding invitation [inversión] investment;quieren una participación en los beneficios they want a share in the profitsparticipación mayoritaria majority interest;participación minoritaria minority interest* * *f participation* * *participación nf, pl - ciones1) : participation2) : share, interest3) : announcement, notice* * *participación n (intervención) participation -
34 perjuicio
m.harm, damage.causar perjuicios (a) to do harm o damage (to)ir en perjuicio de to be detrimental tola reforma educativa favorece a algunas asignaturas en perjuicio de otras the education reform favors some subjects at the expense of otherslo haré, sin perjuicio de que proteste I'll do it, but I retain the right to make a complaint about it* * *1 (material) damage; (económico) loss\causar perjuicio a alguien to damage somebody's interestscon perjuicio para resulting in damage toen perjuicio de adversely affecting, to the detriment of, againstsin perjuicio de without adversely affecting, without detriment to 2 DERECHO without prejudice to* * *noun m.harm, damage* * *SM damage, harmel escándalo ha reportado graves perjuicios al ministro — the scandal has done the minister serious damage o harm
•
en perjuicio de algo — to the detriment of sth, at the expense of sthhan bajado los precios en perjuicio de la calidad — prices have fallen to the detriment o at the expense of quality
•
redundar en perjuicio de algo — to be detrimental to sth, harm sth•
sin perjuicio de — (Jur) without prejudice todaño 1)sin perjuicio de que luego me pueda arrepentir — even though I might change my mind later, in spite of the fact that I might change my mind later
* * *a) ( daño) damageno sufrió ningún perjuicio — it did him no harm o damage
b)en perjuicio de — (frml)
redunda o va en perjuicio de todos — it works against o is detrimental to everyone
c)sin perjuicio: sin perjuicio para su salud without detriment to his health (frml); sin perjuicio de los derechos establecidos por la ley — without affecting your statutory rights
* * *= disservice, harmdoing.Ex. A sham catalog is a disservice to the user, and participating in the creation of a sham catalog is personally degrading to a professional.Ex. The act of ' harmdoing' is defined, & the impact of legal structures on the behavior of the harmdoer & victim is examined.----* caso por daños y perjuicios = damages case.* causar perjuicio = bring + harm.* compensación por daños y perjuicios = liquidated damages.* daños y perjuicios = consequential damage.* demandar por daños y perjuicios = sue for + damage.* en perjuicio de = to the detriment of, to + Posesivo + detriment.* indemnización por daños y perjuicios = compensatory damages.* reparar un perjuicio = make + amends (for/to).* sin perjuicio de = notwithstanding.* sin perjuicios = open mind.* * *a) ( daño) damageno sufrió ningún perjuicio — it did him no harm o damage
b)en perjuicio de — (frml)
redunda o va en perjuicio de todos — it works against o is detrimental to everyone
c)sin perjuicio: sin perjuicio para su salud without detriment to his health (frml); sin perjuicio de los derechos establecidos por la ley — without affecting your statutory rights
* * *= disservice, harmdoing.Ex: A sham catalog is a disservice to the user, and participating in the creation of a sham catalog is personally degrading to a professional.
Ex: The act of ' harmdoing' is defined, & the impact of legal structures on the behavior of the harmdoer & victim is examined.* caso por daños y perjuicios = damages case.* causar perjuicio = bring + harm.* compensación por daños y perjuicios = liquidated damages.* daños y perjuicios = consequential damage.* demandar por daños y perjuicios = sue for + damage.* en perjuicio de = to the detriment of, to + Posesivo + detriment.* indemnización por daños y perjuicios = compensatory damages.* reparar un perjuicio = make + amends (for/to).* sin perjuicio de = notwithstanding.* sin perjuicios = open mind.* * *1 (daño) damagecausó grave perjuicio a su reputación it caused serious damage to his reputationesto le reportará a la empresa un gran perjuicio económico this will prove very damaging for the company financially, this will prove highly detrimental to the company financially ( frml)no sufrió ningún perjuicio it did him no harm o damage2en perjuicio de ( frml): la ley electoral redunda en perjuicio de los partidos minoritarios the electoral law works against o works to the detriment of o is detrimental to minority partieslo beneficia a él pero va en perjuicio de todos los demás it works to his advantage but to everyone else's disadvantage, it benefits him but it is detrimental to everyone else ( frml)3sin perjuicio: sin perjuicio para su salud without detriment to his health ( frml)sin perjuicio de los derechos establecidos por la ley without affecting your statutory rightses preciso tomar una decisión ahora, sin perjuicio de que más tarde cambiemos de opinión we need to make a decision now, but this doesn't mean we can't change our minds later o it is essential we make a decision now, but this does not preclude a change of plan at a later date* * *
perjuicio sustantivo masculino ( daño) damage;◊ no sufrió ningún perjuicio it did him no harm o damage;
le causó un gran perjuicio it was very damaging to him;
redunda o va en perjuicio de todos it works against o (frml) is detrimental to everyone;
sin perjuicio para su salud without detriment to his health (frml);
sin perjuicio de que cambiemos de opinión even though we may change our minds later
perjuicio sustantivo masculino harm, damage: tendrá que pagar daños y perjuicios, he'll have to pay damages
' perjuicio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
crasa
- craso
- daño
- mal
- remediar
- reparación
- revertir
- sangrar
- sufrir
- reparar
English:
damage
- detriment
- disservice
- harm
- prejudice
* * *perjuicio nmharm, damage;causar perjuicios (a) to do harm o damage (to);ir en perjuicio de to be detrimental to;la reforma educativa favorece a algunas asignaturas en perjuicio de otras the education reform favours some subjects at the expense of others;una indemnización por daños y perjuicios compensation for damages;sin perjuicio: lo haré, sin perjuicio de que proteste I'll do it, but I retain the right to make a complaint about it;urge la reforma de la ley, sin perjuicio de la revisión de otras leyes the law must be reformed as a matter of urgency, however this should not mean that the review of other laws is neglected* * *m harm, damage;sin perjuicio de without affecting* * *perjuicio nm1) : harm, damage2)en perjuicio de : to the detriment of -
35 establishment
noun1) (setting up, creation, foundation) Gründung, die; (of government, committee) Einsetzung, die; (of movement) Begründung, die; (of relations) Schaffung, die2) (institution)[business] establishment — Unternehmen, das
commercial/industrial establishment — Handels-/Industrieunternehmen, das
3) (Brit.)* * *1) (the act of establishing.) die Gründung2) (an institution or organization: All employees of this establishment get a bonus at New Year.) die Einrichtung3) (a person's residence or household: a bachelor's establishment.) der Haushalt* * *es·tab·lish·ment[ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt, esˈ-]nbusiness \establishment Geschäftsbetrieb mfamily \establishment Familienunternehmen ntoffice with an \establishment of fifteen Büro nt mit fünfzehn Mitarbeiternto be on the \establishment zum Personal gehören, fest angestellt seineducational \establishment Bildungseinrichtung f, Schule ffinancial \establishment Finanzierungsgesellschaft freligious \establishment Religionsgemeinschaft f▪ the \establishment das Establishmentthe political \establishment das politische Establishment, die politisch einflussreichen Kreiseto be/revolt against the \establishment gegen das Establishment sein/rebellierenthe \establishment of new areas of employment die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsbereiche* * *[I'stblɪʃmənt]n1) (= setting up of relations, links) Aufnahme f, Herstellung f; (of committee) Bildung f, Einsetzung f; (of post) Schaffung f, Einrichtung f; (of peace) Herstellung f; (of order) Herstellung f, Schaffung f; (of publisher's list) Bildung f; (of power, authority) Festigung f, (Wieder)herstellung f; (of reputation) Begründung f2) (= proving) Beweis mthe lawyer devoted a lot of time to the establishment of a few basic facts — der Rechtsanwalt verwandte viel Zeit darauf, ein paar Tatsachen unter Beweis zu stellen
3) (= determining) Ermittlung fwar/peace establishment — Kriegs-/Friedensstärke f
7)establishment figure — Mitglied nt or Angehörige(r) mf des Establishments
* * *1. Einrichtung f, Errichtung f2. a) Einsetzung fb) Bildung fc) Etablierung f, (Be)Gründung f3. Durchsetzung f4. Herstellung f, Aufnahme f5. Aufstellung f6. Versorgung f, Einkommen n7. REL staatskirchliche Verfassung8. organisierte Körperschaft oder Staatseinrichtung:civil establishment Beamtenschaft f;military establishment (das) Militär;naval establishment (die) Flottea) die Oberschicht der politisch, wirtschaftlich oder gesellschaftlich einflussreichen Personenb) die etablierte bürgerliche Gesellschaft, die auf Erhaltung des Status quo bedacht ist10. SCHIFF, MIL Personal-, Mannschaftsbestand m, (Soll)Stärke f:peace (war) establishment Friedens-(Kriegs)stärke11. Anstalt f, (öffentliches) Institut12. WIRTSCHa) Firma f, Geschäft n, Unternehmen nb) Niederlassung f13. Haushalt m:keep up a large establishment ein großes Haus führen14. Nachweis m, Feststellung f:establishment of paternity JUR Vaterschaftsnachweis* * *noun1) (setting up, creation, foundation) Gründung, die; (of government, committee) Einsetzung, die; (of movement) Begründung, die; (of relations) Schaffung, die[business] establishment — Unternehmen, das
commercial/industrial establishment — Handels-/Industrieunternehmen, das
3) (Brit.)* * *n.Aufnahme -n f.Bildung -en f.Einrichtung f.Etablierung f.Feststellung f. -
36 μιμνήσκω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `remind (oneself), give heed, care for, make mention'; usu. - ομαι (- ῄσκω, Schwyzer 709f., Aeol. μιμναισκω [Gramm.], μνήσκεται Anacr.); fut. μνήσω, - ομαι, aor. μνῆσαι (Dor. μνᾶσαι), - ασθαι, perf. midd. μέμνημαι (Dor. -μνᾱ-, Aeol. - μναι-) with fut. μεμνήσομαι (all Il.), aor. pass. μνησθῆναι (δ 418, Aeol. μνασθῆναι) with fut. μνησθήσομαι (IA); pres. also μνάομαι, μνῶμαι, μνώοντο, μνωόμενος etc. (Il.), `woo for one's bride, court' (Od.) `solicit' (Hdt., Pi.), προ-μνάομαι `court for' (S., Pl., X.); cf. below.Compounds: Often with prefix, esp. ὑπο-, ἀνα-, with παρ-, προσ-υπομιμνήσκω, ἐπ-, συν-, προ-αναμιμνήσκω.Derivatives: 1. μνῆμα, Dor. Aeol. μνᾶμα n. `memorial, monument, tomb' (Il.) with μνημ-εῖον, Ion. -ήϊον, Dor. μναμ- `id.' (Dor., IA; cf. σῆμα: σημεῖον a.o., Chantraine Form. 61, Schwyzer 470), rare a. late - άτιον, - άδιον, - άφιον, - όριον (s. μεμόριον); μνηματίτης λόγος `funeral oration' (Choerob., Eust.; Redard 47); ὑπόμνη-μα `remembrance, note' (Att.) with - ματικός, - ματίζομαι -- 2. μνήμη, Dor. μνάμα f. `remembrance, mention' (Dor., IA; μνή-σ-μη Lycaonia); from this or from μνῆμα: μνημ-ήϊος `as a remembrance' (Phryg.), - ίσκομαι = μιμνήσκομαι (Pap.). -- 3. μνεία f. `remembrance, mention' (Att.), verbal noun \< * μνᾱ-ΐα as πεν-ία a.o. (cf. Chantraine Form. 81), hardly with Schwyzer 425 foll. Sandsjoe Adj. auf - αιος 75f. enlarged from a root noun *μνᾱ. -- 4. μνῆστις ( μνᾶσ-) f. `remembrance, thought, renown' (ν 280) with - σ- as in μνη-σ-θῆναι, μνη-σ-τύς etc.; rather after λῆστις (s. λανθάνω) than with Porzig Satzinhalte 196 the other way round. -- 5. ἀνά-, ὑπό-μνη-σις `remembrance, admonition' (Att.); also μνησι- as verbal 1. member e.g. in μνησι-κακέω `remember the (suffered) wrong' with - ία, - ος (IA). -- 6. μνηστύς, - ύος f. `courting' (Od.), later replaced by μνηστ-εία, - ευμα (s. μνηστεύω); attempt at semantic differentiation by Benveniste Noms d'agent 68f. -- 7. μνηστήρ (μνᾱσ-), - τῆρος m. `wooer' (Od.; on μνηστήρ: μνηστύς Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 32 n. 2), also name of a month ( μναστήρ, Messene; cf. Γαμη-λιών and Fraenkel 1, 162); adjectiv. `remembering, reminding' (Pi.; Fraenkel 1, 156 f.), f. μνήστειρα `bride' (AP, `reminding' (Pi.); μνῆστρον `betrothal, marriage' ( Cod. Just.) ; προμνήστρ-ια ( προ-μνάομαι) f. `(woman) matchmaker' (E., Ar., Pl.), - ίς `id.' (X.). -- 8. μνήστωρ `mindful' (A.); on μνήσ-τωρ, - τήρ Fraenkel 2, 12, Benveniste Noms d'agent 47. -- 9. μνηστή f. `wood and won, wedded, memorable' (Hom., A. R.) also `worth remembering' ( Sammelb. 6138), πολυ-μνήστη (- ος) `much wood' (Od.), also `mindful, remaining in memory' (Emp., A.); but Ἄ-μνᾱτος (Gortyn; Schwyzer 503); from this μνηστεύω ( μνασ-) `woo a wife' (Od.), also `canvass a job' with μνήστευμα (E.), - εία (hell.) `wooing'. --10. μνήμων ( μνά-), - ονος m. f., first from μνῆμα, but also directly associated with the verb, `mindful' (Od.), often as title of an office `notary, registrator' (Halic., Crete, Arist.), with μνημο-σύνη `remembrance' (Θ 181); cf. Wyss - σύνη 34; also as name of one of the Muses (h. Merc., Hes.); - συνον n. `id.' (Hdt., Th., Ar.); prob. poetical (Wyss 50); - ος `for remembrance' (LXX); besides Μναμόν-α (Ar. Lys. 1248; cf. on εὑφρόνη), Μνημ-ώ (Orph.) = Μνημοσύνη. Denominat. μνημον-εύω `remember' (IA) with μνημόνευ-σις, - μα etc. Adj. μνημον-ικός `for remembrance, with good memory' (Att.). -- 11. PN like Μνησεύς (Pl.; short name of Μνήσ-αρχος, Bosshardt 130), Μνασίλλει (Boeot.); Μνασέας; prob. hellenis. of Sem. Mǝnašše = Μανασση (Schulze Kl. Schr. 394 f.; cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 414).Etymology: The above paradigm, together with the nominal formations built on a general μνᾱ-, is a purely Greek creation. The basis of the generalized system were of course one or a few verbal forms; as however the new system was already complete at the beginneing of Greek and the cognate languages present nothing that could be compared directly with the Greek forms, we can no more follow its creation. A monosyllabic IE * mnā- is found in class. Sanskrit, as in aor. a-mnā-siṣ-uḥ `they mentioned', which typologically reminds of μνῆ-σ-αι, in the perf. act. ma-mnau (gramm.), prob. innovation to midd. ma-mn-e (cf. μέμονα) and not (with Brugmann Grundr.2 II: 3,441) to be connected with μέμνημαι; further in - mnā-ta- `mentioned' and mnā-ya-te `is mentioned', with which agree on the one hand Ἄ-μνᾱ-τος and - with secondary σ (Schwyzer 503) - μνη-σ-τή, on the other hand μνάομαι. But the last is undoubtedly analogically innovated after wellknown patterns to μνήσασθαι etc.; also the verbal adj. does not look archaic. The development of μιμνήσκω has been prob. about the same as with κικλήσκω (where however καλέ-σαι was retained) or with βιβρώσκω (s.v.), where also non-Greek agreements to βρω- are rare or doubtful. The general re-creation isolated μιμνήσκω both formally and semantically from the old μέμονα and even more from μαίνομαι. -- From μνάομαι `remind, mention' developed as courteous expression the meaning `woo a woman, court'; s. Benveniste Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 13 ff., where also against the connection with γυνή (Schwyzer 726 n. 1). Against Benveniste Ambrosini Rend. Acc. Lincei 8: 10, 62ff. with new interpretation: to δάμνημι, ἀδμής; not convincing. -- Further rich lit. in WP. 2, 264ff., Pok. 726ff., W. -Hofmann s. meminī, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. miñti. Cf. μαίνομαι, μέμονα, μένος.Page in Frisk: 2,238-241Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μιμνήσκω
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37 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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38 formation
[fɔː'meɪʃn]1) (creation) formazione f.; (of relationship) nascita f.2) (shape, arrangement) formazione f. (anche mil. geol.)* * *1) (the act of forming or making: He agreed to the formation of a music society.) costituzione2) ((a) particular arrangement or order: The planes flew in formation.) formazione* * *[fɔː'meɪʃn]1) (creation) formazione f.; (of relationship) nascita f.2) (shape, arrangement) formazione f. (anche mil. geol.) -
39 formation
noun1) no pl. (forming) (of substance, object) Bildung, die; (of character) Formung, die; (of plan) Entstehung, die; (establishing) Gründung, die2) (Mil., Aeronaut., Dancing) Formation, die* * *1) (the act of forming or making: He agreed to the formation of a music society.) die Gründung2) ((a) particular arrangement or order: The planes flew in formation.) die Formation* * *for·ma·tion[fɔ:ˈmeɪʃən, AM fɔ:rˈ-]nprocess of \formation Entstehungsprozess ma cloud/rock \formation eine Wolkenbildung/Gesteinsformationin battle \formation in Gefechtsformationin [close] \formation in [enger [o geschlossener]] Formation* * *[fOː'meISən]n1) (= act of forming) Formung f, Gestaltung f; (GRAM of plural etc) Bildung f; (of character) Formung f; (of government, committee) Bildung f; (of company, society) Gründung f; (of desire, idea, impression, habit etc) Entwicklung f; (of friendship) Schließen nt, Anknüpfung f; (of opinion) Bildung f; (of plan) Entwurf min close formation (Aviat) — im geschlossenen Verband
* * *formation [fɔː(r)ˈmeıʃn] s1. Bildung f:a) Formung f, Gestaltung fb) Entstehung f, -wicklung f:formation of character Charakterbildung;formation of gas Gasbildungc) Gründung f (einer Gesellschaft)d) Gebilde n:new word formations neue Wortbildungen2. Anordnung f, Struktur f, Zusammensetzung f, Bau m:be irregular in formation unregelmäßig geformt sein3. FLUG, MIL, SPORT Formation f, Aufstellung f:a) MIL Tiefengliederung f,b) SPORT tiefe Staff(e)lung;formation dancing Formationstanz m4. FLUG, MIL Formation f, Verband m:5. GEOL Formation f (Folge von Gesteinsschichten, die sich in einem größeren erdgeschichtlichen Zeitraum gebildet hat)* * *noun1) no pl. (forming) (of substance, object) Bildung, die; (of character) Formung, die; (of plan) Entstehung, die; (establishing) Gründung, die2) (Mil., Aeronaut., Dancing) Formation, die* * *n.Bildung -en f.Gestaltung f.Gliederung f. -
40 उदय _udaya
उदय a. (In gram.) Following, coming after or upon (as a letter, accent &c.); उदयशब्दः परशब्दसमानार्थः प्रातिशाख्येषु प्रसिद्धः.-यः 1 Rise (fig. also); चन्द्रोदय इवोदधेः R.12.36,2.73; going upwards, ascending (as of the sun, stars &c.).-2 (a) Rising up, coming forth; द्रविण˚ acquisition of wealth; Pt.2; so भाग्य˚ dawn of fortune; Amaru.25; स्वगुणोदयेन Pt.1.94. (b) Appearance, becoming visible, production; घनोदयः प्राक् Ś.7.3; मेघ˚ Ku.6.54; हसितमन्यनिमित्तकृतोदयम् Ś.2.12 raised from some other cause; Amaru.88; Ś.7.8; फलोदय R.1.5; rising or accomplishment of the fruit; Ms.3.169; K<?>.3.18.-3 Creation (opp. प्रलय); यः सिन्धूनामुपोदये Rv.8.41.2. यौ तौ स्वप्नावबोधौ तौ भूतानां प्रलयो- दयौ Ku.2.8.-4 The eastern mountain (behind which the sun is supposed to rise); ददर्श पिङ्गाधिपतेरमात्यं वाता- त्मजं सूर्यमिवोदयस्थम् Rām.5.31.18. यौर्यत्र दृश्यते भास्वान्स तेषामुदयः स्मृतः; उदयगूढशशाङ्कमरीचिभिः V.3.6.-5 Advance- ment, prosperity, rise; (opp. व्यसन), तेजोद्वयस्य युगपद्- व्यसनोदयाभ्याम् Ś.4.2; उदये मदावाच्यमुञ्झता R.8.84; K.5; importance, celebrity; ˚उन्मुखे त्वयि R.11.73.-6 Elevation, exaltation, rise; growth; उदयमस्तमयं च रघू- द्वहात् R.9.9; तमुदयाय नवा नवयौवना 7; आत्मोदयः परग्लानिः Śi 2.3,11.6.-7 Result, consequence; असुखोदयं कर्म Ms.4.7; Amaru.47; following; नोदात्तस्वरितोदयम् P.VIII.4.67.-8 Accomplishment, fulfilment; उपस्थितो- दयम् R.3.1; प्रारम्भसदृशोदयः 1.15.-9 Profit, advantage.-1 Income, revenue; Ms.7.55; Y.2.43.-11 Interest, consideration paid for the use of money; Y.2.67,146.-12 Light, splendour.-13 Outlet, exit.-14 Beginning; अभिगम्योदयं तस्य कार्यस्य प्रत्यवेदयत् Mb.3.282.22.-15 Efficacy, influence; पर्याप्तः परवीरघ्न यशस्यस्ते बलोदयः Rām. 5.56.11.-16 Birthday celebration; हस्ते गृहीत्वा सहराम- मच्युतं नीत्वा स्ववाटं कृतवत्यथोदयम् Bhāg.1.11.2.-17 The first lunar mansion; the orient sine.-Comp. -अचलः, -अद्रिः, -गिरिः, -पर्वतः, -शैलः the eastern mountain behind which the sun, moon &c are supposed to rise; उदयगिरिवनालीबालमन्दारपुष्पम् Udb.; श्रितोदयाद्रेरभिसा- यमुच्चकैः Śi.1.16; तत उदयगिरेरिवैक एव Māl.2.1.-इन्दुः The town इन्द्रप्रस्थ; पुरे कुरूणामुदयेन्दुनाम्नि Mb.7.23.29.-उन्मुख a. About to rise, expecting prosperity.-क्रमः Gradual rise; नाडीनाम् Māl.5.2. by gradually inflating or filling with wind the Nādīs, (as in the act of restraining the wind).-ज्या f. See उदय (17).-पुरम् N. of the capital of Mārwār.-प्रस्थः the plateau of the mountain behind which the sun is supposed to rise.-प्राणः (pl.) A particular measure of time.-राशिः The constellation in which the planet is seen when on the horizon.
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