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that+which+is+squeezed+in

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41 פָּצַע

פָּצַע(b. h.; cmp. preced.) 1) to split, crack or squeeze open; to wound. B. Kam.93a הכני פְּצָעֵנִי על מנת לפטור פטור (if one said to ones neighbor) strike me, wound me, with the condition that thou be free (from indemnity): he is free. Ib. הכני פצעני על מנת לפטורוכ׳ (if he said) ‘strike me, wound me, (and he is aked,) with the condition that I shall be free?, and he answers, yes. Sabb.VII, 2 הפּוֹצֵעַ שני חוטין he who divides off two threads (on the loom). Tosef. ib. VIII (IX), 21 כדי לִפְצוֹעַוכ׳ large enough to divide with it two threads (on each side) at a time. Yalk. Gen. 38 פְּצַעְתִּיו, v. פֶּצַע. Sabb.75a הצר חלזון והפּוֹצְעוֹ he who catches a snail and breaks it open (squeezes it out); Tosef. ib. VIII (IX), 2 לפצעו (corr. acc.). Sabb. l. c. שפְּצָעוֹ מת when he squeezed it out after it was dead. Y. ib. XVII, beg.16a לִפְצוֹעַ בו אגוזים to open nuts with it. Tosef.Kel.B. Kam. I, 6 פּוֹצְעִין את מוחווכ׳ (not פצעין), v. גֶּזֶר; a. fr.Part. pass. פָּצוּעַ; pl. פְּצוּעִים, פְּצוּעִין. Teb. Yom III, 6 זיתים פ׳ burst olives. Ter. X, 7 פְּצוּעֵי תרומה burst olives set aside for priests gifts; a. e.Esp. פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא (פְּ׳ דַּכָּה) one whose testicles are crushed (forbidden to marry, Deut. 23:2). Yeb.VIII, 1. Ib. 2 איזה פ׳ ד׳ כל שנִפְצְעוּוכ׳ what is meant by ptsuʿa dakka? One whose testicles, one or both, are crushed. Ib. 75b פ׳ ד׳ בידי שמים כשר one whose testicles are crushed from a natural cause (not through human action) is permitted to marry. Ib. (ref. to Deut. l. c.) היינו דקרינן פְּצוּעַ ולא קרינן פְּצִיעַ Ar. it is therefore (to indicate human action) that the text has ptsuʿa. (one that has been mashed) and not ptsiʿa (one who is mashed); (ed. הַפָּצוּעַ … פציע …, v. Rashi). Ib. פ׳ בכולן the expression ‘mashed refers to all parts of the genitals. 2) to divide the ends of a web, fringe. Men.40b, כיון שפָּצְעוּ בה שלשה (Ms. M. שצבעו, Mss. R. a. K. שבצעו, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) as soon as they had fringed three fingers lengths of it. Pi. פִּיצֵּעַ same. Y.Maasr.I, end, 49b זית שפִּיצְּעוּוכ׳ olives which they opened with unclean hands; Tosef.Toh. X, 11 שפצעו; Sabb.145a המְפַצֵּעַ בזתיסוכ׳; a. e.; v. infra Hif. Nif. נִפְצַע, Nithpa. נִתְפַּצֵּעַ to be split, squeezed open, crushed; to be wounded. Y.Taan.I, 63d top נ׳ בנו his son was wounded (or had a fracture). Yeb. l. c.; a. e.Num. R. s. 10 (ref. to Prov. 23:29) זו הזונה … נִפְצַעַתוכ׳ that is the adulteress who is wounded with wounds of love, ‘for naught, without any wound through her husband. Orl. III, 8 נִתְפַּצְּעוּ האגוזים if the nuts (in the mixture) were cracked; Tosef.Ter.V, 10. Hif. הִפְצִיעַ 1) to split. Y.Shek.VI, beg.49c מַפְצִיעַ עצים splitting wood. Snh.IX, 6 מַפְצִיעִין את מוחווכ׳; Y. ib. X, 28d bot. ומְמַצְּעִיןוכ׳, v. גֶּזֶר; a. e. 2) to branch off, spread, scatter. Yoma 28b תימור של חמה מַפְצִיעַ לכאן ולכאן the light-column of the dawn irradiates in all directions, opp. to מתמר ועולה כמקל, v. תָּמַר. Ib. 38a של הללו מפציעוכ׳ the smoke column of the frankincense prepared by them branched off in all directions. Ib. 29a, v. פָּצַל; a. e.

Jewish literature > פָּצַע
42 AF

of

* * *

prep. w. dat.

I. Of place:

1) off, from;

G. hljóp af hesti sínum, G. jumped off his horse;

ganga af mótinu, to go away from the meeting;

Flosi kastaði af sér skikkjunni, threw off his cloak;

Gizzur gekk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from the south-west;

hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he had taken off his shoes;

Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off;

tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms;

bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus;

land af landi, from one land to the other;

hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession;

vil ek þú vinnir af þér skuldina, work off the debt;

muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand;

rísa af dauða, to rise from the dead;

vakna af draumi, to awaken from a dream;

lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse;

vindr stóð af landi, the wind blew from the land;

2) out of;

verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world;

gruflar hón af læknum, she scrambles out of the brook;

Otradalr var mjök af vegi, far out of the way.

Connected with út; föstudaginn fór út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town.

II. Of time; past, beyond:

af ómagaaldri, able to support oneself, of age;

ek em nú af léttasta skeiði, no longer in the prime of life;

þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, when seven weeks of summer are past;

var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past.

III. In various other relations:

1) þiggja lið af e-m, to receive help from one;

hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy;

vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of one;

féll þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s men fell there;

þá eru þeir útlagir ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their goðorð;

þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim;

ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to give up;

2) off, of;

höggva fót, hönd, af e-m, to cut off one’s foot, hand;

vil ek, at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, whatever you like of the stores;

þar lá forkr einn ok brotit af endanum, with the point broken off;

absol., beit hann höndina af, bit the hand off;

fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off;

3) of, among;

hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum, the most promising of the young men;

4) with;

hláða, (ferma) skip af e-u, to load (freight) a ship with;

fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring;

5) of (= ór which is more frequent);

húsit var gert af timbr stokkum, was built of trunks of trees;

6) fig., eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him;

hvat hefir þú gert af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar?;

7) denoting parentage, descent, origin;

ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, are descended from them;

kominn af Trójumönnum, descended from the Trojans;

8) by, of (after passive);

ek em sendr hingat af Starkaði, sent hither by;

ástsæll af landsmónnum, beloved of;

9) on account of, by reason of, by;

úbygðr at frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold;

ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds;

af ástæld hans, by his popularity;

af því, therefore;

af hví, wherefor why;

af því at, because;

10) by means of, by;

framfœra e-n af verkum sínum, by means of his own labour;

af sínu fé, by one’s own means;

absol., hann fekk af hina mestu sœmd, derived great honour from it;

11) with adjectives, in regard to;

mildr af fé, liberal of money;

góðr af griðum, merciful;

fastr af drykk, close (stingy) in regard to drink;

12) used absol. with a verb, off away;

hann bað hann þá róa af fjörðinn, to row the firth off;

ok er þeir höfðu af fjörðung, when they had covered one forth of the way;

sofa af nóttina, to sleep the night away.

* * *

prep. often used elliptically by dropping the case, or even merely adverbially, [Ulf. af; A. S. and Engl. of, off; Hel. ab; Germ. ab; Gr. άπό; Lat. a, ab.] With dat. denoting a motion a loco; one of the three prepp. af, ór, frá, corresponding to those in loco—á, í, við, and ad locum—á, í, at. It in general corresponds to the prepp. in loco—á, or in locum— til, whilst ór answers more to í; but it also frequently corresponds to yfir, um or í. It ranges between ór and frá, generally denoting the idea from the surface of, while ór means from the inner part, and frá from the outer part or border. The motion from a hill, plain, open place is thus denoted by af; by ór that from an enclosed space, depth, cavity, thus af fjalli, but ór of a valley, dale; af Englandi, but ór Danmörk, as mörk implies the notion of a deep wood, forest. The wind blows af landi, but a ship sets sail frá landi; frá landi also means a distance from: af hendi, of a glove, ring; ór hendi, of whatever has been kept in the hand (correl. to á hendi and í hendi). On the other hand af is more general, whilst frá and ór are of a more special character; frá denoting a departure, ór an impulse or force; a member goes home af þingi, whereas ór may denote an inmate of a district, or convey the notion of secession or exclusion from, Eb. 105 new Ed.; the traveller goes af landi, the exile ór landi: taka e-t af e-m is to take a thing out of one’s hand, that of taka frá e-m to remove out of one’s sight, etc. In general af answers to Engl. of, off, ór to out of, and frá to from: the Lat. prepp. ab, de, and ex do not exactly correspond to the Icelandic, yet as a rule ór may answer to ex, af sometimes to ab, sometimes to de. Of, off, from among; with, by; on account of by means of, because of concerning, in respect of.

A. Loc.

I. With motion, off, from:

1. prop. corresp. to á,

α. konungr dró gullhring af hendi sér (but á hendi), Ld. 32; Höskuldr lætr bera farm af skipi, unload the ship (but bera farm á skip), id.; var tekit af hestum þeirra, they were unsaddled, Nj. 4; Gunnarr hafði farit heiman af bæ sínum, he was away from home, 82; Gunnarr hljóp af hesti sínum, jumped off his horse (but hl. á hest), 83; hlaupa, stökkva af baki, id., 112, 264 ; Gunnarr skýtr til hans af boganum, from the bow, where af has a slight notion of instrumentality, 96; flýja af fundinum, to fly from off the battle-field, 102; ríða af Þríhyrningshálsum, 206; út af Langaholti, Eg. 744 ; sunnan ór Danmörk ok af Saxlandi, 560; ganga af mótinu, to go from the meeting, Fms. vii. 130; af þeirra fundi reis María upp ok fór, 625. 85 ; Flosi kastaði af ser skikkjunni, threw his cloak off him (but kasta á sik),Nj. 176; taka Hrungnis fót af honum, of a load, burden, Edda 58; land þat er hann fiskði af, from which he set off to fish, Grág. i. 151, is irregular, frá would suit better; slíta af baki e-s, from off one’s back, ii. 9 ; bera af borði, to clear the table, Nj. 75.

β. where it more nearly answers to í; þeir koma af hafi, of sailors coming in (but leggja í haf), Nj. 128 ; fara til Noregs af Orkneyjum (but í or til O.), 131; þeim Agli fórst vel ok komu af hafi i Borgarfjörð, Eg. 392 ; hann var útlagi ( outlawed) af Noregi, where ór would be more regular, 344; af Islandi, of a traveller, Fms. x. 3; búa her af báðum ríkjunum, to take a levy from, 51; hinir beztu bændr ór Norðlendingafjórðungi ok af Sunnlendingafjórðungi, the most eminent Southerners and Northerners, 113; Gizzurr gékk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from south-west, Sturl. ii. 219; prestar af hvárutveggja biskupsdæmi, from either diocess, Dipl. ii. 11; verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world, 623. 21; gruflar hon af læknum, scrambles out of the brook, Ísl. ii. 340; Egill kneyfði af horninu í einum drykk, drained off the horn at one draught, literally squeezed every drop out of it, Eg. 557; brottuaf herbúðunurn, Fms. x. 343.

γ. of things more or less surrounding the subject, corresp. to yfir or um; láta þeir þegar af sér tjöldin, break off, take down the tents in preparing for battle, Eg. 261; kyrtillinn rifnaði af honum, his coat burst, caused by the swollen body, 602; hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he untied his shoes (but binda á sik), 716; Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off, of one clinging to one’s body, 747; tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms, Fms. vii. 39. Of putting off clothes; fara af kápu, Nj. 143; far þú eigi af brynjunni, Bs. i. 541; þá ætlaði Sigurðr at fara af brynjunni, id.; þá var Skarphéðinn flettr af klæðunum, Nj. 209: now more usually fara or klæðum, fötum, exuere, to undress.

δ. connected with út; föstudaginn for út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town, Nj. 274; ganga út af kirkjunni, to go out of the church, now út úr, Fms. vii. 107: drekki hann af þeirri jörðunni, of something impregnated with the earth, Laekn. 402.

ε. more closely corresponding to frá, being in such cases a Latinism (now frá); bréf af páfa, a pope’s bull, Fms. x. 6; rit af hánum, letter from him, 623. 52; bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus, Bs. i. 712; farið þér á brautu af mér í eilífan eld, Hom. 143; brott af drottins augliti, Stj. 43.

ζ. denoting an uninterrupted continuity, in such phrases as land aflandi, from land to land, Eg. 343, Fas. ii. 539; skip af skipl. from ship to ship, Fms. v. 10; brann hvat af öðru, one after another, of an increasing fire, destroying everything, i. 128; brandr af brandi brenn, funi kveykist af funa, one from another, Hm. 56; hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession, also hverr at öðrum, Eb. 272, 280 (where at in both passages).

2. metaph., at ganga af e-m dauðum, to go from, leave one dead on the spot, of two combatants; en hann segiz bani hins ef hann gekk af dauðum manni, Grág. ii. 88, Hkr. 1. 327; undr þykir mér er bróðir þinn vildi eigi taka af þér starf þetta, would not take this toil from thee, Nj. 77; þegnar hans glöddust af honum, were fain of him, Fms. x. 380; at koma þeim manni af sér er settr var á fé hans, to get rid of, Ld. 52; vil ek þú vinriir af þér skuldina, work off the debt, Njarð. 366; reka af sér, to repel, Sturl. ii. 219; hann á þá sonu er aldri munu af oss ganga, who will never leave us, whom we shall never get rid of, Fas. i. 280; leysa e-n af e-u, to relieve, 64; taka e-n af lífi, to kill, Eg. 48, 416, Nj. 126; af lífdögum, Fms. vii. 204; ek mun ná lögum af því máli, get the benefit of the law in this case, Eg. 468; muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand, 414; rísa af dauða, to rise from death, Fms. ii. 142; guð bætti honum þó af þessi sótt, healed him of this sickness, ix. 390; vakna af sýn, draumi, svefni, to awaken from a vision, dream, sleep, 655 xxxii. I, Gísl. 24, Eb. 192, Fas. i. 41. Rather with the notion out of, in the phrase af sér etc., e. g. sýna e-t af scr, to shew, exhibit a disposition for or against, Ld. 18; gera mikit af sér, to shew great prowess, Ísl. ii. 368; éf þú gerir eigi meira af þér um aðra leika, unless you make more of thyself, Edda 32; Svipdagr hafði mikit af sér gert, fought bravely, Fas. i. 41; góðr (illr) af sér, good ( bad) of oneself, by nature; mikill af sjálfum sér, proud, bold, stout, Nj. 15; ágætastr maðr af sjálfum sér, the greatest hero, Bret.: góðr af ser, excellent, Hrafn. 7; but, on the contrary, af sér kominn, ruinous, in decay; this phrase is used of old houses or buildings, as in Bs. i. 488 = Sturl. l. c.; af sér kominn af mæði can also be said of a man fallen off from what he used to be; kominn af fotum fram, off his legs from age, Sturl. i. 223, Korm. 154 (in a verse).

II. WITHOUT MOTION:

1. denoting direction from, but at the same time continuous connection with an object from which an act or thing proceeds, from; tengja skip hvárt fram af stafni annars, to tie the ships in a line, stem to stern, Fms. i. 157, xi. 111; svá at þeir tóku út af borðum, jutted out of the boards, of rafters or poles, iv. 49; stjarna ok af sem skaft, of a comet, ix. 482; lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse, Grág. ii. 264; hon svarar af sínu sæti sem álpt af baru, Fás. i. 186; þar er sjá mátti utau af firði, af þjóðleið, that might be seen from the fareway on the sea when sailing in the firth, Hkr. ii. 64; þá mun hringt af (better at) Burakirkju, of bells rung at the church, Fms. xi. 160; gengr þar af Meðalfellsströnd, projects from, juts out, of a promontory, Ld. 10.

2. denoting direction alone; upp af víkinni stóð borg mikil, a burg inland from the inlet, Eg. 161; lokrekkja innar af seti, a shut bed inward from the benches in the hall, Ísl. ii. 262; kapella upp af konungs herbergjum, upwards from, Fms. x. 153; vindr stóð af landi, the wind stood off the land, Bárð. 166.

β. metaph., stauda af e-u, vide VI. 4.

γ. ellipt., hallaði af norðr, of the channel, north of a spot, Boll. 348; also, austr af, suðr af, vestr af, etc.

3. denoting absence; þingheyendr skulu eigi vera um nótt af þingi ( away from the meeting), eðr lengr, þá eru þeir af þingi ( away from (be meeting) ef þeir eru or ( out of) þingmarki, Grág. i. 25; vera um nótt af várþingi, 115; meðan hann er af landi héðan, abroad, 150.

β. metaph., gud hvíldi af öllum verkum sínum á sjaunda degi, rested from his labours, Ver. 3.

4. denoting distance; þat er komit af þjóðleið, out of the high road, remote, Eg. 369; af þjóðbraut, Grág. ii. 264, i. 15; Otradalr (a farm) var mjök af vegi, far out of the way, Háv. 53.

B. TEMP, past, from, out of, beyond:

1. of a person’s age, in the sense of having past a period of life; af ómaga aldri, of age, able to support oneself, Grág. i. 243; af aeskualdri, stricken in years, having past the prime of life, Eg. 202; lítið af barnsaldri, still a child, Ld. 74; ek em nú af léttasia skeiði, no longer in the prime of life, Háv. 40.

2. of a part or period of time, past; eigi síðar en nótt er af þingi, a night of the session past, Grág. i. 101; þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, seven weeks past of the summer, 182; tíu vikur af sumri, Íb. 10; var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past, Háv. 41; mikið af vetri, much of the winter was past, Fas. ii. 186; þriðjungr af nótt, a third of the night past, Fms. x. 160; stund af degi, etc.; tveir mánoðr af sumri, Gþl. 103.

3. in adverbial phrases such as, af stundu, soon; af bragði, at once; af tómi, at leisure, at ease; af nýju, again; af skyndingu, speedily; af bráðungu, in a hurry, etc.

C. In various other relations:

I. denoting the passage or transition of an object, concrete or abstract, of, from.

1. where a thing is received, derived from, conferred by a person or object; þiggja lið af e-m, to derive help from, Edda 26; taka traust af e-m, to receive support, comfort from, Fms. xi. 243; taka mála af e-m, to be in one’s pay, of a soldier, Eg. 266; halda land af e-m, to hold land of any one, 282; verða viss af e-m, to get information from, 57, Nj. 130; taka við sök af manni (a law term), to undertake a case, suit, Grág. i. 142; hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy, ii. 374; vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of, Vd. 88 (old Ed., the new reads frá), Fs. 45; afla matar af eyjum, to derive supplies from, Eb. 12.

2. where an object is taken by force:

α. prop. out of a person’s hand; þú skalt hnykkja smíðit af honum, wrest it out of his hand, Nj. 32; cp. taka, þrífa, svipta e-u (e-t) af e-m, to wrest from.

β. metaph. of a person’s deprival of anything in general; hann tók af þér konuna, carried thy wife off, Nj. 33; tók Gunnarr af þér sáðland þitt, robbed thee of seedland, 103; taka af honum tignina, to depose, degrade him, Eg. 271; vinna e-t af e-m, to carry off by force of arms, conquer, Fms. iii. 29; drepa menn af e-m, for one, slay one’s man, Eg. 417; fell þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s people fell there, 261.

γ. in such phrases as, hyggja af e-u (v. afhuga), hugsa af e-u, to forget; hyggja af harmi; sjá af e-u, to lose, miss; var svá ástúðigt með þeim, at livargi þóttist mega af öðrum sjá, neither of them could take his eyes off the other, Sturl. i. 194; svá er mörg við ver sinn vær, at varla um sér hon af hoiuun nær, Skálda 163.

3. denoting forfeiture; þá eru þeir útlagir, ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their priesthood, Grág. i. 24; telja hann af ráðunum fjár síns alls, to oust one, on account of idiocy or madness, 176; verða af kaupi, to be off the bargain, Edda 26; þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim, Nj. 15; ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to forfeit, a case of divorce, id.; ella er hann af rettarfari um hana, has forfeited the suit, Grág. i. 381.

β. ellipt., af ferr eindagi ef, is forfeited, Grág. i. 140.

II. denoting relation of a part to a whole, off, of, Lat. de; höggva hönd, höfuð, fót af e-um, to cut one’s hand, head, foot off, Nj. 97, 92, Bs. i. 674; höggva spjót af skapti, to sever the blade from the shaft, 264; hann lét þá ekki hafa af föðurarfi sínum, nothing of their patrimony, Eg. 25; vil ek at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, take what you like of the stores, Nj. 4; at þú eignist slíkt af fé okkru sem þú vili, 94.

β. ellipt., en nú höfum vér kjörit, en þat er af krossinum, a slice of, Fms. vii. 89; Þórðr gaf Skólm frænda sínum af landnámi sínu, a part of, Landn. 211; hafði hann þat af hans eigu er hann vildi, Sturl. ii. 169; þar lá forkr einn ok brotið af endanum, the point broken off, Háv. 24, Sturl. i. 169.

γ. absol. off; beit hann höndina af, þar sem nú heitir úlfliðr, bit the hand off, Edda 17; fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off, Nj. 97; jafnt er sem þér synist, af er fótrinn, the foot is off, id.; af bæði eyru, both ears off, Vm. 29.

2. with the notion of—among; mestr skörungr af konum á Norðrlöndum, the greatest heroine in the North, Fms. i. 116; hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum í Austfjörðum, the most hopeful of youths in the Eastfirths, Njarð. 364; af ( among) öllurn hirðmönnuni virði konungr mest skáld sín, Eg. 27; ef hann vildi nokkura kaupa af þessum konum, Ld. 30; ör liggr þar útiá vegginum, ok er sú af þeirra örum, one of their own arrows, Nj. 115.

β. from, among, belonging to; guð kaus hana af ollum konum sér til móður, of the Virgin Mary, Mar. A. i. 27.

γ. metaph., kunna mikit (lítið) af e-u, to know much, little of, Bragi kann mest af skáldskap, is more cunning of poetry than any one else, Edda 17.

δ. absol. out of, before, in preference to all others; Gunnarr bauð þér góð boð, en þú vildir eingi af taka, you would choose none of them, Nj. 77; ráða e-t af, to decide; þó mun faðir minn mestu af ráða, all depends upon him, Ld. 22; konungr kveðst því mundu heldr af trúa, preferred believing that of the two, Eg. 55; var honum ekki vildara af ván, he could expect nothing better, 364.

3. with the additional sense of instrumentality, with; ferma skip af e-u, to freight a ship with, Eg. 364; hlaða mörg skip af korni, load many ships with corn, Fms. xi. 8; klyfja tvá hesta af mat, Nj. 74; var vágrinn skipaðr af herskipum, the bay was covered with war ships, 124; fylla ker af glóðum, fill it with embers, Stj. 319; fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring, Ver. 3.

III. denoting the substance of which a thing is made, of; used indifferently with ór, though ór be more frequent; þeir gerðu af honum jörðina, af blóði hans sæinn ok vötnin, of the creation of the world from the corpse of the giant Ymir; the poem Gm. 40, 41, constantly uses ór in this sense, just as in modern Icelandic, Edda 5; svá skildu þeir, at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nokkru efni, 147 (pref.); húsit var gert af timbrstokkum, built of trunks of timber, Eg. 233; hjöhin vóru af gulli, of gold, golden, Fms. i. 17; af osti, of cheese, but in the verse 1. c. ór osti, Fms. vi. 253; línklæði af lérepti, linen, Sks. 287.

2. metaph. in the phrases, göra e-t af e-n ( to dispose of), verða af ( become of), hvat hefir þú gört af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar? Njarð. 376; hvat af motrinuni er orðit, what has become of it? of a lost thing, Ld. 208; hverfr Óspakr á burt, svá eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him? Band. 5.

IV. denoting parentage, descent, origin, domicile, abode:

1. parentage, of, from, used indifferently with frá; ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, descend from them, but a little below—frá honum eru konmir Sturlungar, Eb. 338, cp. afkvæmi; af ætt Hörðakára, Fms. i. 287; kominn af Trojumönnum, xi. 416; af Ása-ætt (Kb. wrongly at), Edda I.

β. metaph., vera af Guði (theol.), of God, = righteous, 686 B. 9; illr ávöxtr af íllri rót, Fms. ii. 48; Asia er kölluð af nafni nokkurar konu, derives her name from, Stj. 67; af honum er bragr kallaðr skáldskapr, called after his name, Edda 17.

2. of domicile; af danskri tungu, of Danish or Scandinavian origin, speaking the Danish tongue, Grág. ii. 73; hvaðan af löndum, whence, native of what country? Ísl.

β. especially denoting a man’s abode, and answering to á and í, the name of the farm (or country) being added to proper names, (as in Scotland,) to distinguish persons of the same name; Hallr af Síðu, Nj. 189; Erlingr af Straumey, 273; Ástríðr af Djúpárbakka, 39; Gunnarr af Hlíðarenda (more usual frá); þorir haklangr konungr af Ögðum, king of Agdir, Eg. 35, etc.; cp. ór and frá.

V. denoting a person with whom an act, feeling, etc. originates, for the most part with a periphrastic passive:

1. by, the Old Engl. of; as, ek em sendr hingað af Starkaði ok sonum hans, sent hither by, Nj. 94; inna e-t af hendi, to perform, 257; þó at alþýða væri skírð af kennimönnum, baptized of, Fms. ii. 158; meira virðr af mönnum, higher esteemed, Ld. 158; ástsæll af landsmönnum, beloved, íb. 16; vinsæll af mönnum, Nj. 102; í allgóðu yfirlæti af þeim feðgum, hospitably treated by them, Eg. 170; var þá nokkut drukkið af alþjóð, there was somewhat hard drinking of the people, Sturl. iii. 229; mun þat ekki upp tekið af þeim sükudólgum mínum, they will not clutch at that, Nj. 257; ef svá væri í hendr þér búit af mér, if í had so made everything ready to thy hands, Ld. 130; þá varð fárætt um af föður hans, his father said little about it, Fms. ii. 154.

2. it is now also sometimes used as a periphrase of a nom., e. g. ritað, þýtt af e-m, written, translated, edited by, but such phrases scarcely occur in old writers.

VI. denoting cause, ground, reason:

1. originating from, on account of, by reason of; af frændsemis sökum, for kinship’s sake, Grág. ii. 72; ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds, 27; af manna völdum, by violence, not by natural accident, of a crime, Nj. 76; af fortölum Halls, through his pleading, 255; af ástsæld hans ok af tölum þeirra Sæmundar, by his popularity and the eloquence of S., Íb. 16; af ráðum Haralds konungs, by his contriving, Landn. 157; úbygðr af frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold, Hkr. i. 5.

β. adverbially, af því, therefore, Nj. 78; af hví, why? 686 B. 9; þá verðr bóndi heiðinn af barni sínu, viz. if he does not cause his child to be christened, K. Þ. K. 20.

2. denoting instrumentality, by means of; af sinu fé, by one’s own means, Grág. i. 293; framfæra e-n af verkum sinum, by means of one’s own labour, K. Þ. K. 142; draga saman auð af sökum, ok vælum ok kaupum, make money by, 623. I; af sínum kostnaði, at hi s own expense, Hkr. i. 217.

β. absol., hún fellir á mik dropa svá heita at ek brenn af öll, Ld. 328; hann fékk af hina mestu sæmd, derived great honotur from it, Nj. 88; elli sótti á hendr honum svá at hann lagðist í rekkju af, he grew bedridden from age, Ld. 54; komast undan af hlaupi, escape by running, Fms. viii. 58; spinna garn af rokki, spin off a wheel (now, spinna á rokk), from a notion of instrumentality, or because of the thread being spun out (?), Eb. 92.

3. denoting proceeding, originating from; lýsti af höndum hennar, her hands spread beams of light, Edda 22; allir heimar lýstust ( were illuminated) af henni, id.; en er lýsti af degi, when the day broke forth, Fms. ii. 16; lítt var lýst af degi, the day was just beginning to break, Ld. 46; þá tók at myrkja af nótt, the ‘mirk-time’ of night began to set in, Eg. 230; tók þá brátt at myrkva af nótt, the night grew dark, Hkr. ii. 230.

4. metaph., standa, leiða, hljótast af, to be caused by, result from; opt hlýtst íllt af kvenna hjali, great mischief is wrought by women’s gossip (a proverb), Gísl. 15, 98; at af þeim mundi mikit mein ok úhapp standa, be caused by, Edda 18; kenna kulda af ráðum e-s, to feel sore from, Eb. 42; þó mun her hljótast af margs manns bani, Nj, 90.

5. in adverbial phrases, denoting state of mind; af mikilli æði, in fury, Nj. 116; af móð, in great emotion, Fms. xi. 221; af áhyggju, with concern, i. 186; af létta, frankly, iii. 91; af viti, collectedly, Grág. ii. 27; af heilu, sincerely, Eg. 46; áf fári, in rage; af æðru, timidly, Nj. (in a verse); af setning, composedly, in tune, Fms. iii. 187; af mikilli frægð, gallantly, Fas. i. 261; af öllu afli, with all might, Grág. ii. 41; af riki, violently, Fbr. (in a verse); af trúnaði, confidently, Grág. i. 400.

VII. denoting regard to, of, concerning, in respect of, as regards:

1. with verbs, denoting to tell of, be informed, inquire about, Lat. de; Dioscorides segir af grasi því, speaks of, 655 xxx. 5; er menn spurðu af landinu, inquired about it, Landn. 30; halda njósn af e-u, Nj. 104; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, Eg. 546, Band. 8.

β. absol., hann mun spyrja, hvárt þér sé nokkut af kunnigt hversu for með okkr, whether you know anything about, how, Nj. 33; halda skóla af, to hold a school in a science, 656 A. i. 19 (sounds like a Latinism); en ek gerða þik sera mestan mann af öllu, in respect of all, that you should get all the honour of it, Nj. 78.

2. with adjectives such as mildr, illr, góðrafe-u, denoting disposition or character in respect to; alira manna mildastr af fo, very liberal, often-banded, Fms. vii. 197; mildr af gulli, i. 33; góðr af griðum, merciful, Al. 33; íllr af mat en mildr af gulli, Fms. i. 53; fastr af drykk, close, stingy in regard to, Sturl. ii. 125; gat þess Hildigunnr at þú mundir góðr af hestinum, that you would be good about the horse, Nj. 90, cp. auðigr at, v. at, which corresponds to the above phrases; cp. also the phrase af sér above, p. 4, col. I, ll. 50 sqq.

VIII. periphrasis of a genitive (rare); provincialis af öllum Predikaraklaustrum, Fms. x. 76; vera af hinum mesta fjandskap, to breathe deep hatred to, be on bad terms with, ix. 220; af hendi, af hálfu e-s, on one’s behalf, v. those words.

IX. in adverbial phrases; as, af launungu, secretly; af hljóði, silently; v. those words.

β. also used absolutely with a verb, almost adverbially, nearly in the signification off, away; hann bað þá róa af fjörðinn, pass the firth swiftly by rowing, row the firth off, Fms. ix. 502; var pá af farit þat seni skerjóttast var, was past, sailed past, Ld. 142; ok er þeir höfðu af fjórðung, past one fourth of the way, Dropl. 10: skína af, to clear up, of the skv, Eb. 152; hence in common language, skína af sér, when the sun breaks forth: sofa af nóttina, to sleep it away, Fms. ii. 98; leið af nóttin, the night past away, Nj. 53; dvelja af stundir, to kill the time, Band. 8; drepa af, to kill; láta af, to slaughter, kill off;

γ. in exclamations; af tjöldin, off with the awnings, Bs. i. 420, Fins, ix. 49.

δ. in the phrases, þar af, thence; hér af, hence, Fms. ii. 102; af fram, straight on, Nj. 144; now, á fram, on, advance.

X. it often refers to a whole sentence or to an adverb, not only like other prepp. to hér, hvar, þar, but also redundantly to hvaðan, héðan, þaðan, whence, hence, thence.

2. the preposition may sometimes be repeated, once elliptically or adverbially, and once properly, e. g. en er af var borit at borðinu, the cloth was taken off from the table, Nj. 176; Guð þerrir af (off, away) hvert tár af ( from) augum heilagra manna, God wipes off every tear from the eyes of his saints, 655 xx. vii. 17; skal þó fyrst bætr af lúka af fé vegaiula, pay off, from, Gþl. 160, the last af may be omitted—var þá af borið borðinu—and the prep. thus be separated from its case, or it may refer to some of the indecl. relatives er or sem, the prep. hvar, hér, þar being placed behind them without a case, and referring to the preceding relative, e. g. oss er þar mikit af sagt auð þeim, we have been told much about these riches, Band. 24; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, in short, shortly. Eg. 546; þaðan af veit ek, thence í infer, know, Fms. i. 97.

XI. it is moreover connected with a great many verbs besides those mentioned above, e. g. bera af, to excel, whence afbragð, afbrigði; draga af, to detract, deduct, hence afdráttr; veita ekki af, to be hard with; ganga at, to be left, hence afgangr; standast af um e-t, to stand, how matters stand; sem af tekr, at a furious rate; vita af, to be conscious, know about (vide VII).

D. As a prefix to compounds distinction is to be made between:

I. af privativum, denoting diminution, want, deduction, loss, separation, negation of, etc., answering indifferently to Lat. ab-, de-, ex-, dis-, and rarely to re- and se-, v. the following COMPDS, such as segja, dicere, but afsegja, negare; rækja, colere, but afrækja, negligere; aflaga, contra legem; skapligr, normalis, afskapligr, deformis; afvik, recessus; afhús, afhellir, afdalr, etc.

II. af intensivum, etymologically different, and akin to of, afr-, e. g. afdrykkja = ofdrykkja, inebrietas; afbrýði, jealously; afbendi, tenesmus; afglapi, vir fatuus, etc. etc. Both the privative and the intensive af may be contracted into á, esp. before a labial f, m, v, e. g. á fram = af fram; ábrýði = afbrýði; ávöxtr = afvöxtr; áburðr = afburðr; ávíta = afvíta (?). In some cases dubious. With extenuated and changed vowel; auvirðiligr or övirðiligr, depreciated, = afv- etc., v. those words.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AF
43 טוח II

טוּחַII (v. טחי) to press, squeeze. Ḥull.109b טָחוֹ בכותל presses it against the wall (to make the milk flow out).Part. pass. טוּחַ squeezed in. Num. R. s. 10 (ref. to Job 38:36) אלו הכליות שהן טוּחוֹתוכ׳ that means the kidneys which are wedged into the body. Hif. הֵטִיחַ 1) to press, squeeze, knock against. Ber.34b אלמליה׳וכ׳ (Ms. M. הניח, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) if Ben. Z. (myself) had squeezed his head between his (the sons) knees (praying for his recovery). Gen. R. s. 20 התחיל מֵטִיחַוכ׳ he knocked his head against the wall; Yalk. ib. 30 להָטִיחַ. Ohol. XVII, 2 ה׳ בסלע struck (with the plough) against a rock. B. Kam.28b ה׳ צלוחיתווכ׳ he struck (with) his bottle against the stone; Y. ib. III, 3c top. v. הַטְחָה.Tanḥ. Pkudé 11 כיון שהֵטִיחוּ פניהםוכ׳ when they had squeezed their faces from all sides (had in vain tried in all directions). 2) to press the bow-string, to shoot; (euphem.) to emit semen virile. Yeb.54a Snh.46a ה׳ באשתו Ms. M. (ed. את אשתו).

Jewish literature > טוח II
44 טוּחַ

טוּחַII (v. טחי) to press, squeeze. Ḥull.109b טָחוֹ בכותל presses it against the wall (to make the milk flow out).Part. pass. טוּחַ squeezed in. Num. R. s. 10 (ref. to Job 38:36) אלו הכליות שהן טוּחוֹתוכ׳ that means the kidneys which are wedged into the body. Hif. הֵטִיחַ 1) to press, squeeze, knock against. Ber.34b אלמליה׳וכ׳ (Ms. M. הניח, v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) if Ben. Z. (myself) had squeezed his head between his (the sons) knees (praying for his recovery). Gen. R. s. 20 התחיל מֵטִיחַוכ׳ he knocked his head against the wall; Yalk. ib. 30 להָטִיחַ. Ohol. XVII, 2 ה׳ בסלע struck (with the plough) against a rock. B. Kam.28b ה׳ צלוחיתווכ׳ he struck (with) his bottle against the stone; Y. ib. III, 3c top. v. הַטְחָה.Tanḥ. Pkudé 11 כיון שהֵטִיחוּ פניהםוכ׳ when they had squeezed their faces from all sides (had in vain tried in all directions). 2) to press the bow-string, to shoot; (euphem.) to emit semen virile. Yeb.54a Snh.46a ה׳ באשתו Ms. M. (ed. את אשתו).

Jewish literature > טוּחַ
45 apretado

adj.

tight, confining, binding, serried.

past part.

past participle of spanish verb: apretar.

* * *

apretado

► participio pasado

1→ link=apretar apretar

► adjetivo

1 (objeto) tight

2 (en un espacio) jammed; (personas) crowded, cramped

3 (ocupado) busy

■ un día muy apretado a very busy day

4 (difícil) tight, difficult

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

estar/ir apretado,-a de dinero to be short of money

* * *

(f. - apretada)

adj.

tight

* * *

ADJ

1) [tapa, tornillo, ropa] tight

no hagas el nudo tan apretado — don't make the knot so tight

el jersey te queda demasiado apretado — the jumper is too tight on you

le puso la venda bien apretadita en la pierna — she put the bandage tightly around his leg, she tightened the bandage around his leg

2) (=difícil) difficult

hemos pasado por épocas muy apretadas — we have been through some quite difficult o hard times

andamos muy apretados de dinero — we are very short of money

una victoria muy apretada — a very close victory

3) (=ocupado) [agenda, mañana] busy

un apretado programa de actividades — a very full o busy programme of activities

4) (=apretujado) [en asiento, vehículo] squashed, cramped

si te sientas ahí, vamos a estar muy apretados — if you sit there we're going to be really squashed o cramped

pusieron a los hinchas apretados contra las vallas — they shoved o pushed the fans against the barriers

5) * (=tacaño) tight-fisted *, tight *

6) * (=tozudo) pig-headed *

7) [escritura] cramped

8) Méx (=presumido) conceited

9) Caribe [sin dinero] broke *, flat (EEUU) *

10) Ven (=aprovechado)

usa el teléfono sin pedir permiso ¡qué apretado es! — he uses the phone without asking permission, he's got a real cheek *

* * *

- da adjetivo

1)

a) ( ajustado) tight

esta falda me queda muy apretada — this skirt is too tight for me

b) ( sin dinero)

andamos or estamos algo apretados — we're a little short of money (colloq)

c) ( apretujado) cramped

íbamos muy apretados — it was o we were very cramped

2) <calendario/programa> tight; < victoria> narrow

3) (fam) ( tacaño) tight (colloq), tightfisted (colloq)

4) (Ven fam) ( estricto) strict

* * *

= serried, tight [tighter -comp., tightest -sup.], dense [denser -comp., densest -sup.], tight-fitting, cramped.

Ex. Looking at the foot-thick carpet of serried and disordered books everywhere on the floor, he agreed that the library was outgrowing its accommodations.

Ex. The platen was lashed up tight to the toe of the spindle by cords which connected hooks at its four corners to another set of hooks at the four lower corners of the hose.

Ex. The author describes in detail the development of an integrated system of children's libraries in Singapore which has a dense, mostly urban, multilingual population.

Ex. Caution should be taken if subjects are clothed in tight-fitting swimsuit.

Ex. Vissenbjerg Library, Funen, serving a population of 5,860 and converted to full-time status in 1980, is placed in a stagnant shopping centre in cramped conditions.

* * *

- da adjetivo

1)

a) ( ajustado) tight

esta falda me queda muy apretada — this skirt is too tight for me

b) ( sin dinero)

andamos or estamos algo apretados — we're a little short of money (colloq)

c) ( apretujado) cramped

íbamos muy apretados — it was o we were very cramped

2) <calendario/programa> tight; < victoria> narrow

3) (fam) ( tacaño) tight (colloq), tightfisted (colloq)

4) (Ven fam) ( estricto) strict

* * *

= serried, tight [tighter -comp., tightest -sup.], dense [denser -comp., densest -sup.], tight-fitting, cramped.

Ex: Looking at the foot-thick carpet of serried and disordered books everywhere on the floor, he agreed that the library was outgrowing its accommodations.

Ex: The platen was lashed up tight to the toe of the spindle by cords which connected hooks at its four corners to another set of hooks at the four lower corners of the hose.

Ex: The author describes in detail the development of an integrated system of children's libraries in Singapore which has a dense, mostly urban, multilingual population.

Ex: Caution should be taken if subjects are clothed in tight-fitting swimsuit.

Ex: Vissenbjerg Library, Funen, serving a population of 5,860 and converted to full-time status in 1980, is placed in a stagnant shopping centre in cramped conditions.

* * *

apretado -da

adjective

A

1 (ajustado) tight

esta falda me queda muy apretada this skirt is very tight on me o too tight for me

este nudo está muy apretado this knot is very tight

no hagas el punto tan apretado don't knit so tightly

tiene la letra muy apretada he has very cramped handwriting

2

(de dinero): este mes andamos or estamos apretados we're a little short of money this month, money's a bit tight this month ( colloq)

3 (apretujado) cramped

íbamos muy apretados it was o we were very cramped

caben cinco pero bastante apretados there's room for five but it's a tight squeeze o it's a little cramped

en ese piso tan pequeño viven muy apretados they're very cramped in that tiny apartment

B

1 ‹calendario/programa› tight

2 ‹victoria› narrow

C ( fam) (tacaño) tight ( colloq), tightfisted ( colloq)

D ( Ven fam)

1 (de carácter fuerte) strict

2

(abusador): éste sí que es apretado he sure has (some) nerve ( AmE), he's really got a nerve ( BrE)

* * *

Del verbo apretar: ( conjugate apretar)

apretado es:

el participio

Multiple Entries:
apretado
apretar
apretado
◊ -da adjetivo

1
a) ( ajustado) tight;

◊ me queda muy apretado it is too tight for me

b) ( sin dinero): andamos or estamos algo apretados we're a little short of money (colloq)

c) ( apretujado) cramped

2 ‹calendario/programa› tight;
‹ victoria› narrow
3 (fam) ( tacaño) tight (colloq), tightfisted (colloq)
apretar ( conjugate apretar) verbo transitivo
1
a) ‹ botón› to press, push;

‹ acelerador› to put one's foot on, press;
‹ gatillo› to pull, squeeze
b) ‹nudo/tapa/tornillo› to tighten;

‹puño/mandíbulas› to clench;
◊ apreté los dientes I gritted my teeth

2
a) ( apretujar):

◊ apretó al niño contra su pecho he clasped o clutched the child to his breast;

me apretó el brazo con fuerza he squeezed o gripped my arm firmly
b) ( presionar) to put pressure on

verbo intransitivo
1 [ropa/zapatos] (+ me/te/le etc) to be too tight;
◊ el vestido le aprieta the dress is too tight for her

2 ( hacer presión) to press down (o in etc)
apretarse verbo pronominal
to squeeze o squash together
apretado,-a adjetivo
1 (muy ceñido) tight: íbamos todos apretados en el metro, we were all squashed together in the tube
2 (atareado) busy
apretar
I vtr (pulsar un botón) to press
(el cinturón, un tornillo) to tighten
(el gatillo) to pull: me aprietan los zapatos, these shoes are too tight for me
II verbo intransitivo el calor ha apretado en julio, it was really hot in July
♦ Locuciones: apretar el paso, to hasten, hurry
apretarle las clavijas a alguien, to put the screws on someone
donde aprieta el zapato, where the problem is
' apretado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
apretar
- apretada
- justa
- justo
- calendario
English:
cramped
- full
- heavy
- schedule
- tight
- dense
- feel

* * *

apretado, -a

♦ adj

1. [ropa, nudo, tuerca] tight;

estos pantalones me quedan apretados these trousers are too tight for me

2. [estrujado] cramped;

en esta oficina estamos muy apretados we're very cramped in this office;

íbamos un poco apretados en el coche it was a bit of a squeeze o we were a bit squished in the car

3. [caligrafía] cramped

4. [triunfo] narrow;
[esprint] close
5. [de tiempo] busy;

tengo unas tardes muy apretadas my afternoons are very busy

6. [de dinero]
vamos muy apretados things are very tight at the moment, we're very short of money at the moment;

están pasando una época apretada they're going through hard times

7. Fam [tacaño] tight

8. Méx Fam [orgulloso] stuck-up, snotty

9. Méx Fam Pey [reprimido] strait-laced, uptight

10. Ven Fam [estricto] strict

♦ nm,f
Méx Fam Pey [reprimido] strait-laced o uptight person
* * *

apretado

adj

1 tight

2

:

iban muy apretados en el coche they were very cramped o squashed in the car

* * *

apretado, -da adj

1) : tight

2) fam : cheap, tightfisted

♦ apretadamente adv

* * *

apretado adj

1. (ajetreado) busy [comp. busier; superl. busiest] / tight

una agenda muy apretada a very busy schedule

2. (muy reñido) close

el resultado fue muy apretado the result was very close

3. (apiñado) squashed / cramped

íbamos todos un poco apretados en el coche we were a bit cramped in the car

Spanish-English dictionary > apretado
46 Fourdrinier, Henry

SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

[br]

b. 11 February 1766 London, England

d. 3 September 1854 Mavesyn Ridware, near Rugeley, Staffordshire, England

[br]

English pioneer of the papermaking machine.

[br]

Fourdrinier's father was a paper manufacturer and stationer of London, from a family of French Protestant origin. Henry took up the same trade and, with his brother Sealy (d. 1847), devoted many years to developing the papermaking machine. Their first patent was taken out in 1801, but success was still far off. A machine for making paper had been invented a few years previously by Nicolas Robert at the Didot's mill at Essonnes, south of Paris. Robert quarrelled with the Didots, who then contacted their brother-in-law in England, John Gamble, in an attempt to raise capital for a larger machine. Gamble and the Fourdriniers called in the engineer Bryan Donkin, and between them they patented a much improved machine in 1807. In the new machine, the paper pulp flowed on to a moving continuous woven wire screen and was then squeezed between rollers to remove much of the water. The paper thus formed was transferred to a felt blanket and passed through a second press to remove more water, before being wound while still wet on to a drum. For the first time, a continuous sheet of paper could be made. Other inventors soon made further improvements: in 1817 John Dickinson obtained a patent for sizing baths to improve the surface of the paper; while in 1820 Thomas Crompton patented a steam-heated drum round which the paper was passed to speed up the drying process. The development cost of £60,000 bankrupted the brothers. Although Parliament extended the patent for fourteen years, and the machine was widely adopted, they never reaped much profit from it. Tsar Alexander of Russia became interested in the papermaking machine while on a visit to England in 1814 and promised Henry Fourdrinier £700 per year for ten years for super-intending the erection of two machines in Russia; Henry carried out the work, but he received no payment. At the age of 72 he travelled to St Petersburg to seek recompense from the Tsar's successor Nicholas I, but to no avail. Eventually, on a motion in the House of Commons, the British Government awarded Fourdrinier a payment of £7,000. The paper trade, sensing the inadequacy of this sum, augmented it with a further sum which they subscribed so that an annuity could be purchased for Henry, then the only surviving brother, and his two daughters, to enable them to live in modest comfort. From its invention in ancient China (see Cai Lun), its appearance in the Middle Ages in Europe and through the first three and a half centuries of printing, every sheet of paper had to made by hand. The daily output of a hand-made paper mill was only 60–100 lb (27–45 kg), whereas the new machine increased that tenfold. Even higher speeds were achieved, with corresponding reductions in cost; the old mills could not possibly have kept pace with the new mechanical printing presses. The Fourdrinier machine was thus an essential element in the technological developments that brought about the revolution in the production of reading matter of all kinds during the nineteenth century. The high-speed, giant paper-making machines of the late twentieth century work on the same principle as the Fourdrinier of 1807.

[br]

Further Reading

R.H.Clapperton, 1967, The Paper-making Machine, Oxford: Pergamon Press. D.Hunter, 1947, Papermaking. The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft, London.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Fourdrinier, Henry
47 זיירא

זַיָּירָא, זַיָּירָה, זַיְרָאm. (זוּר Pa.) press, the perforated tub containing the object to be pressed or beaten. Y.Sabb.XVII, 16b top; Y.Bets. I, 60c bot. בז׳ ובמזורהוכ׳ as regards the handling on the Sabbath of a press-tub Ib. ז׳ דו עצר ביהוכ׳ zayyara is that in which an object is squeezed, mzorah is that with which the beating is done. Ab. Zar.60a מעצרא וזירא Ms. M. (ed. מעצרא זיי׳, Rashi to Sabb.123a מעצרתא זייארא) the vat or the press-tub (used by a gentile for making wine).Pl. זַיָּירֵי. Sabb.123a סיכי ז׳ ומזורי (Ar. ed. Koh. זַיָּארֵי) the dyers pins, tubs and beams.

Jewish literature > זיירא
48 זיירה

זַיָּירָא, זַיָּירָה, זַיְרָאm. (זוּר Pa.) press, the perforated tub containing the object to be pressed or beaten. Y.Sabb.XVII, 16b top; Y.Bets. I, 60c bot. בז׳ ובמזורהוכ׳ as regards the handling on the Sabbath of a press-tub Ib. ז׳ דו עצר ביהוכ׳ zayyara is that in which an object is squeezed, mzorah is that with which the beating is done. Ab. Zar.60a מעצרא וזירא Ms. M. (ed. מעצרא זיי׳, Rashi to Sabb.123a מעצרתא זייארא) the vat or the press-tub (used by a gentile for making wine).Pl. זַיָּירֵי. Sabb.123a סיכי ז׳ ומזורי (Ar. ed. Koh. זַיָּארֵי) the dyers pins, tubs and beams.

Jewish literature > זיירה
49 זַיָּירָא

זַיָּירָא, זַיָּירָה, זַיְרָאm. (זוּר Pa.) press, the perforated tub containing the object to be pressed or beaten. Y.Sabb.XVII, 16b top; Y.Bets. I, 60c bot. בז׳ ובמזורהוכ׳ as regards the handling on the Sabbath of a press-tub Ib. ז׳ דו עצר ביהוכ׳ zayyara is that in which an object is squeezed, mzorah is that with which the beating is done. Ab. Zar.60a מעצרא וזירא Ms. M. (ed. מעצרא זיי׳, Rashi to Sabb.123a מעצרתא זייארא) the vat or the press-tub (used by a gentile for making wine).Pl. זַיָּירֵי. Sabb.123a סיכי ז׳ ומזורי (Ar. ed. Koh. זַיָּארֵי) the dyers pins, tubs and beams.

Jewish literature > זַיָּירָא
50 זַיָּירָה

זַיָּירָא, זַיָּירָה, זַיְרָאm. (זוּר Pa.) press, the perforated tub containing the object to be pressed or beaten. Y.Sabb.XVII, 16b top; Y.Bets. I, 60c bot. בז׳ ובמזורהוכ׳ as regards the handling on the Sabbath of a press-tub Ib. ז׳ דו עצר ביהוכ׳ zayyara is that in which an object is squeezed, mzorah is that with which the beating is done. Ab. Zar.60a מעצרא וזירא Ms. M. (ed. מעצרא זיי׳, Rashi to Sabb.123a מעצרתא זייארא) the vat or the press-tub (used by a gentile for making wine).Pl. זַיָּירֵי. Sabb.123a סיכי ז׳ ומזורי (Ar. ed. Koh. זַיָּארֵי) the dyers pins, tubs and beams.

Jewish literature > זַיָּירָה
51 זַיְרָא

זַיָּירָא, זַיָּירָה, זַיְרָאm. (זוּר Pa.) press, the perforated tub containing the object to be pressed or beaten. Y.Sabb.XVII, 16b top; Y.Bets. I, 60c bot. בז׳ ובמזורהוכ׳ as regards the handling on the Sabbath of a press-tub Ib. ז׳ דו עצר ביהוכ׳ zayyara is that in which an object is squeezed, mzorah is that with which the beating is done. Ab. Zar.60a מעצרא וזירא Ms. M. (ed. מעצרא זיי׳, Rashi to Sabb.123a מעצרתא זייארא) the vat or the press-tub (used by a gentile for making wine).Pl. זַיָּירֵי. Sabb.123a סיכי ז׳ ומזורי (Ar. ed. Koh. זַיָּארֵי) the dyers pins, tubs and beams.

Jewish literature > זַיְרָא
52 Д-243

HE ОСТАВАТЬСЯ/НЕ ОСТАТЬСЯ В ДОЛГУ (у кого, перед кем) VP subj: human usu. pfv) to respond to s.o. 's attitude, action etc with the same kind of attitude, a similar action etc occas., to remunerate s.o. for a favor
X не остался у Y-a в долгу - X repaid Y
X paid Y back (in kind) X returned the favor (the compliment) (in limited contexts) X replied in the same vein (manner) (in refer, to a favor, kindness etc only) X made it up to Y (in refer, to a conflict, fight, revenge etc only) X paid Y back with interest X got even with Y X gave Y as good as X got X got back at Y.
«Ты меня пожалела, а я в долгу не останусь!.. Ты, что понадобится, говори» (Шолохов 2). "You've been good to me, lass, and I'm going to pay you back!...So you just say if there's anything you need" (2a)

«...Не только никаких Тихоновых и большинства Союза (писателей) нет для меня и я их отрицаю, но я не упускал случая открыто и прямо заявлять. И они, разумеется, правы, что в долгу у меня не остаются» (Гладков 1). "...Not only do Tikhonov and his like as well as most other members of the Union of Writers no longer exist for me, not only do I deny them, but I also lose no opportunity of saying so openly and plainly. And they, of course, are quite right to pay me back in kind" (1a).

Квиты! Ты мне насолила, жизнь разломала, и я не остался в долгу. Сполна рассчитался (Абрамов 1). We're even! You did me dirt and smashed my life, and I've returned the compliment. So the score is settled (1a).

Два дня спустя Дмитрий Алексеевич (Лопаткин) получил протокол заседания технического совета... Протокол заканчивался фразой: «Постановили признать нецелесообразным...» - дальше шли такие же знакомые слова... Дмитрий Алексеевич не остался в долгу... (Он) привычной рукой написал жалобу на имя начальника технического управления министерства (Дудинцев 1). Two days later Lopatkin received the minutes of the technical council's session....The minutes ended with the words: "it was decided to consider it unsuitable..." after which came other no-less-familiar phrases....He replied in the same vein...writing with a practiced hand a complaint addressed to the chief of the technical department of the Ministry (1a).

...Наташенька, не сердись на меня, - сказал я. — Это было очень важно. Я в долгу не останусь...» (Зиновьев 2). "...Natasha, don't be angry with me," I said. "It was very important. But I'll make it up to you..." (2a).

Говорят, его (Ситникова) кто-то недавно побил, но он в долгу не остался: в одной тёмной статейке, тиснутой в одном тёмном журнальце, он намекнул, что побивший его - трус (Тургенев 2). There is talk of someone having beaten him (Sitnikov) up not so long ago, but Sitnikov paid this fellow back with interest: in an obscure little article, published in an obscure little journalette, he hinted that the man who had beaten him up is a coward (2d). Rumour has it that he (Sitnikov) recently received a thrashing, but he got even with his assailant: in an insidious little paragraph squeezed into an insidious little journal he insinuated that his assailant was a coward (2a).

Вышел оттуда (из чулана) Егорша покачиваясь, насквозь мокрый, будто вынырнул из воды, но довольный. «Досталось маленько, -сказал он, отряхиваясь и звонко шлёпая себя по мокрой груди. - Ну да я тоже не остался в долгу. Целое ведро на Раечку вылил» (Абрамов 1). Egorsha emerged (from the storeroom) - slightly unsteady and soaked through as if he had just taken a swim-but pleased. "I caught it a little," he said, shaking himself dry and slapping his chest. "But I gave as good as I got. I poured a whole bucketful over Raechka" (1a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Д-243
53 не оставаться в долгу

• НЕ ОСТАВАТЬСЯ/НЕ ОСТАТЬСЯ В ДОЛГУ(у кого, перед кем)

[VP; subj: human; usu. pfv]

=====

⇒ to respond to s.o.'s attitude, action etc with the same kind of attitude, a similar action etc; occas., to remunerate s.o. for a favor:

- X не остался у Y-а в долгу≈ X repaid Y;

- X paid Y back (in kind);

- X returned the favor (the compliment);

- [in limited contexts] X replied in the same vein (manner);

- [in refer, to a favor, kindness etc only] X made it up to Y;

- [in refer, to a conflict, fight, revenge etc only] X paid Y back with interest;

- X got even with Y;

- X gave Y as good as X got;

- X got back at Y.

     ♦ "Ты меня пожалела, а я в долгу не останусь!.. Ты, что понадобится, говори" (Шолохов 2). "You've been good to me, lass, and I'm going to pay you back!...So you just say if there's anything you need" (2a)

     ♦ "...Не только никаких Тихоновых и большинства Союза [писателей] нет для меня и я их отрицаю, но я не упускал случая открыто и прямо заявлять. И они, разумеется, правы, что в долгу у меня не остаются" (Гладков 1). "...Not only do Tikhonov and his like as well as most other members of the Union of Writers no longer exist for me, not only do I deny them, but I also lose no opportunity of saying so openly and plainly. And they, of course, are quite right to pay me back in kind" (1a).

     ♦ Квиты! Ты мне насолила, жизнь разломала, и я не остался в долгу. Сполна рассчитался (Абрамов 1). We're even! You did me dirt and smashed my life, and I've returned the compliment. So the score is settled (1a).

     ♦ Два дня спустя Дмитрий Алексеевич [Лопаткин] получил протокол заседания технического совета... Протокол заканчивался фразой: "Постановили признать нецелесообразным..." - дальше шли такие же знакомые слова... Дмитрий Алексеевич не остался в долгу... [Он] привычной рукой написал жалобу на имя начальника технического управления министерства (Дудинцев 1). Two days later Lopatkin received the minutes of the technical council's session....The minutes ended with the words: "it was decided to consider it unsuitable..." after which came other no-less-familiar phrases....He replied in the same vein...writing with a practiced hand a complaint addressed to the chief of the technical department of the Ministry (1a).

     ♦ "...Наташенька, не сердись на меня, - сказал я. - Это было очень важно. Я в долгу не останусь..." (Зиновьев 2). "...Natasha, don't be angry with me," I said. "It was very important. But I'll make it up to you..." (2a).

     ♦ Говорят, его [Ситникова] кто-то недавно побил, но он в долгу не остался: в одной тёмной статейке, тиснутой в одном тёмном журнальце, он намекнул, что побивший его - трус (Тургенев 2). There is talk of someone having beaten him [Sitnikov] up not so long ago, but Sitnikov paid this fellow back with interest: in an obscure little article, published in an obscure little journalette, he hinted that the man who had beaten him up is a coward (2d). Rumour has it that he [Sitnikov] recently received a thrashing, but he got even with his assailant: in an insidious little paragraph squeezed into an insidious little journal he insinuated that his assailant was a coward (2a).

     ♦ Вышел оттуда [из чулана] Егорша покачиваясь, насквозь мокрый, будто вынырнул из воды, но довольный. "Досталось маленько, - сказал он, отряхиваясь и звонко шлёпая себя по мокрой груди. - Ну да я тоже не остался в долгу. Целое ведро на Раечку вылил" (Абрамов 1). Egorsha emerged [from the storeroom]- slightly unsteady and soaked through as if he had just taken a swim-but pleased. "I caught it a little," he said, shaking himself dry and slapping his chest. "But I gave as good as I got. I poured a whole bucketful over Raechka" (1a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не оставаться в долгу
54 не остаться в долгу

• НЕ ОСТАВАТЬСЯ/НЕ ОСТАТЬСЯ В ДОЛГУ(у кого, перед кем)

[VP; subj: human; usu. pfv]

=====

⇒ to respond to s.o.'s attitude, action etc with the same kind of attitude, a similar action etc; occas., to remunerate s.o. for a favor:

- X не остался у Y-а в долгу≈ X repaid Y;

- X paid Y back (in kind);

- X returned the favor (the compliment);

- [in limited contexts] X replied in the same vein (manner);

- [in refer, to a favor, kindness etc only] X made it up to Y;

- [in refer, to a conflict, fight, revenge etc only] X paid Y back with interest;

- X got even with Y;

- X gave Y as good as X got;

- X got back at Y.

     ♦ "Ты меня пожалела, а я в долгу не останусь!.. Ты, что понадобится, говори" (Шолохов 2). "You've been good to me, lass, and I'm going to pay you back!...So you just say if there's anything you need" (2a)

     ♦ "...Не только никаких Тихоновых и большинства Союза [писателей] нет для меня и я их отрицаю, но я не упускал случая открыто и прямо заявлять. И они, разумеется, правы, что в долгу у меня не остаются" (Гладков 1). "...Not only do Tikhonov and his like as well as most other members of the Union of Writers no longer exist for me, not only do I deny them, but I also lose no opportunity of saying so openly and plainly. And they, of course, are quite right to pay me back in kind" (1a).

     ♦ Квиты! Ты мне насолила, жизнь разломала, и я не остался в долгу. Сполна рассчитался (Абрамов 1). We're even! You did me dirt and smashed my life, and I've returned the compliment. So the score is settled (1a).

     ♦ Два дня спустя Дмитрий Алексеевич [Лопаткин] получил протокол заседания технического совета... Протокол заканчивался фразой: "Постановили признать нецелесообразным..." - дальше шли такие же знакомые слова... Дмитрий Алексеевич не остался в долгу... [Он] привычной рукой написал жалобу на имя начальника технического управления министерства (Дудинцев 1). Two days later Lopatkin received the minutes of the technical council's session....The minutes ended with the words: "it was decided to consider it unsuitable..." after which came other no-less-familiar phrases....He replied in the same vein...writing with a practiced hand a complaint addressed to the chief of the technical department of the Ministry (1a).

     ♦ "...Наташенька, не сердись на меня, - сказал я. - Это было очень важно. Я в долгу не останусь..." (Зиновьев 2). "...Natasha, don't be angry with me," I said. "It was very important. But I'll make it up to you..." (2a).

     ♦ Говорят, его [Ситникова] кто-то недавно побил, но он в долгу не остался: в одной тёмной статейке, тиснутой в одном тёмном журнальце, он намекнул, что побивший его - трус (Тургенев 2). There is talk of someone having beaten him [Sitnikov] up not so long ago, but Sitnikov paid this fellow back with interest: in an obscure little article, published in an obscure little journalette, he hinted that the man who had beaten him up is a coward (2d). Rumour has it that he [Sitnikov] recently received a thrashing, but he got even with his assailant: in an insidious little paragraph squeezed into an insidious little journal he insinuated that his assailant was a coward (2a).

     ♦ Вышел оттуда [из чулана] Егорша покачиваясь, насквозь мокрый, будто вынырнул из воды, но довольный. "Досталось маленько, - сказал он, отряхиваясь и звонко шлёпая себя по мокрой груди. - Ну да я тоже не остался в долгу. Целое ведро на Раечку вылил" (Абрамов 1). Egorsha emerged [from the storeroom]- slightly unsteady and soaked through as if he had just taken a swim-but pleased. "I caught it a little," he said, shaking himself dry and slapping his chest. "But I gave as good as I got. I poured a whole bucketful over Raechka" (1a).

Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не остаться в долгу
55 Feder

f; -, -n

1. feather; feste, an Schwanz, Flügel: quill (feather); große weiche, als Zierde: plume; Federn Pl. (Gefieder) plumage Sg.; flaumige, für Kissen: down Sg.; mit weißen / schwarzen Federn with white / black feathers, white / black-feathered; sich mit fremden Federn schmücken fig. take the credit (for what someone else has done); sie musste Federn lassen fig. she did not escape unscathed

2. Pl. umg. fig.: noch in den Federn liegen still be in bed; raus aus den Federn! time to get up!, rise and shine!

3. zum Schreiben: (Federkiel) quill; aus Metall: nib; (Stift) pen; zur Feder greifen put pen to paper; ein Roman etc. aus seiner Feder written ( oder penned) by him; eine spitze Feder führen fig. write with a barbed pen; mit spitzer Feder geschrieben fig. written with a barbed pen; der Neid führte ihr die Feder fig. her words were inspired by envy; ein Mann der Feder geh. altm. a man of letters

4. TECH. (Sprung-, Zugfeder) spring

5. TECH., für Nut: tongue

* * *

die Feder

(Schreibgerät) quill; pen;

(Technik) spring;

(Vogel) quill; plume; feather

* * *
Fe|der ['feːdɐ]
f -, -n

1) (= Vogelfeder) feather; (= Gänsefeder etc) quill; (= lange Hutfeder) plume

leicht wie eine Féder — as light as a feather

Fédern lassen müssen (inf) — not to escape unscathed

in den Fédern stecken or liegen (inf) — to be in one's bed or pit (inf)

jdn aus den Fédern holen (inf) — to drag sb out of bed (inf)

raus aus den Fédern! (inf) — rise and shine! (inf), show a leg! (inf)

See:

→ fremd

2) (= Schreibfeder) quill; (an Federhalter) nib

ich greife zur Féder... — I take up my pen...

aus jds Féder fließen — to flow from sb's pen

dieser Text stammt nicht aus meiner Féder — this text was not written by me

eine scharfe or spitze Féder führen — to wield a wicked or deadly pen

mit spitzer Féder — with a deadly pen, with a pen dipped in vitriol

ein Mann der Féder (dated geh) — a man of letters

3) (TECH) spring

4) (in Holz) tongue

* * *

die

1) (one of the things that grow from a bird's skin that form the covering of its body: They cleaned the oil off the seagull's feathers.) feather

2) (a large decorative feather: She wore a plume in her hat.) plume

3) (a large feather, especially the feather of a goose, made into a pen.) quill

4) (a coil of wire or other similar device which can be compressed or squeezed down but returns to its original shape when released: a watch-spring; the springs in a chair.) spring

* * *

Fe·der

<-, -n>

[ˈfɛdɐ]

f

1. (Teil des Gefieders) feather; (lange Hutfeder) long feathers, plume

leicht wie eine \Feder as light as a feather

2. (Schreibfeder) nib, quill

eine spitze \Feder führen to wield a sharp pen

zur \Feder greifen to put pen to paper

aus jds \Feder stammen to come from sb's pen

3. (elastisches Metallteil) spring

4. (Bett)

noch in den \Federn liegen (fam) to still be in bed

raus aus den \Federn! (fam) rise and shine! fam

5.

▶ sich akk mit fremden \Federn schmücken to take the credit for sb else's efforts

▶ \Federn lassen müssen (fam) not to escape unscathed

* * *

die; Feder, Federn

1) (VogelFeder) feather; (GänseFeder) quill; (lange HutFeder) plume

[noch] in den Federn liegen — (ugs.) [still] be in one's bed

sich mit fremden Federn schmücken — strut in borrowed plumes

2) (zum Schreiben) nib; (mit Halter) pen; (GänseFeder) quill[-pen]

eine spitze Feder führen — (geh.) wield a sharp pen

zur Feder greifen — (geh.) take up one's pen

3) (Technik) spring

* * *

Feder f; -, -n

1. feather; feste, an Schwanz, Flügel: quill (feather); große weiche, als Zierde: plume;

Federn pl (Gefieder) plumage sg; flaumige, für Kissen: down sg;

mit weißen/schwarzen Federn with white/black feathers, white/black-feathered;

sich mit fremden Federn schmücken fig take the credit (for what someone else has done);

sie musste Federn lassen fig she did not escape unscathed

2. pl umg fig:

noch in den Federn liegen still be in bed;

raus aus den Federn! time to get up!, rise and shine!

3. zum Schreiben: (Federkiel) quill; aus Metall: nib; (Stift) pen;

zur Feder greifen put pen to paper;

ein Roman etc

aus seiner Feder written ( oder penned) by him;

eine spitze Feder führen fig write with a barbed pen;

mit spitzer Feder geschrieben fig written with a barbed pen;

der Neid führte ihr die Feder fig her words were inspired by envy;

ein Mann der Feder geh obs a man of letters

4. TECH (Sprung-, Zugfeder) spring

5. TECH, für Nut: tongue

* * *

die; Feder, Federn

1) (VogelFeder) feather; (GänseFeder) quill; (lange HutFeder) plume

[noch] in den Federn liegen — (ugs.) [still] be in one's bed

sich mit fremden Federn schmücken — strut in borrowed plumes

2) (zum Schreiben) nib; (mit Halter) pen; (GänseFeder) quill[-pen]

eine spitze Feder führen — (geh.) wield a sharp pen

zur Feder greifen — (geh.) take up one's pen

3) (Technik) spring

* * *

-n f.

feather n.

pen n.

spring n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Feder
56 Natur

f; -, -en

1. nur Sg.; bes. abstrakt: ( auch die Natur) nature; in einer bestimmten Gegend: natural surroundings Pl.; auf dem Land: countryside; (natürliche Umwelt) natural environment; Mutter Natur Mother Nature; in der freien Natur out in the open; Tiere: in their natural habitat; er liebt die Natur he’s a real nature lover; weitS. he loves to be out in the open; die Wunder der Natur the wonders of nature; nach der Natur zeichnen draw from nature; zurück zur Natur! back to nature!

2. nur Sg.: es ist Natur it’s natural; Eiche Natur natural oak; Schnitzel Natur GASTR. escalope not cooked in breadcrumbs; von Natur ( aus) by nature; ich bin von Natur aus blond I’m naturally blond

3. meist Sg. (Wesensart, Eigentümlichkeit) temperament, disposition; (Charakter) character; eine gesunde Natur haben have a strong constitution; es liegt ( nicht) in ihrer Natur it’s (not) in her nature; jemandem zur zweiten Natur werden become second nature to s.o.; es geht ihm gegen oder wider die Natur it’s not in ( oder it’s against) his nature (zu + Inf. to + Inf.); die menschliche Natur human nature; gegen die Natur unnatural; die Natur verlangt ihr Recht hum. wenn jemand auf die Toilette muss: nature calls; wenn jemand einschläft: there’s no point in fighting it

4. nur Sg. (Art, Beschaffenheit) nature; Themen allgemeiner Natur topics of a general nature; die Sache ist ernster Natur it’s a serious matter; es liegt in der Natur der Sache it’s in the nature of it ( oder of things)

5. (Mensch) type, sort; sie ist eine kämpferische Natur she’s the aggressive type; die beiden sind gegensätzliche Naturen they are different personalities

* * *

die Natur

wildlife; nature

* * *
Na|tur [na'tuːɐ]
f -, -en

1) no pl (= Kosmos, Schöpfungsordnung) nature

die Giraffe ist ein Meisterwerk der Natúr — the giraffe is one of Nature's masterpieces

die drei Reiche der Natúr — the three kingdoms of nature, the three natural kingdoms

Natúr und Kultur — nature and civilization

wider or gegen die Natúr sein — to be unnatural, to be against nature

wie sich dieses Tier in der freien Natúr verhält — how this animal behaves in the wild

2) no pl (= freies Land) countryside

die freie Natúr, Gottes freie Natúr (liter) — the open country(side)

in der freien Natúr — in the open countryside

3) no pl (= Naturzustand) nature

ist ihr Haar gefärbt? – nein, das ist alles Natúr — is her hair dyed? – no, it's natural

sie sind von Natúr so gewachsen — they grew that way naturally

ich bin von Natúr (aus) schüchtern — I am shy by nature

sein Haar ist von Natúr aus blond — his hair is naturally blond

zurück zur Natúr! — back to nature

nach der Natúr zeichnen/malen — to draw/paint from nature

4) (COOK)

Schnitzel/Fisch Natúr — cutlet/fish not cooked in breadcrumbs

Zitrone Natúr — freshly-squeezed lemon juice

5) (= Beschaffenheit, Wesensart) nature; (Mensch) type

die menschliche Natúr — human nature

es liegt in der Natúr der Sache or der Dinge — it is in the nature of things

das geht gegen meine Natúr — it goes against the grain

das entspricht nicht meiner Natúr, das ist meiner Natúr zuwider — it's not in my nature

eine Frage allgemeiner Natúr — a question of a general nature

zurückhaltender Natúr sein — to be of a retiring nature

das ist ihm zur zweiten Natúr geworden — it's become second nature to him

eine eiserne Natúr haben — to have a cast-iron constitution

sie ist eine gutmütige Natúr — she's a good-natured type or soul

das ist nichts für zarte Natúren — that's not for sensitive types

* * *

die

1) (physical characteristics, health etc: He has a strong constitution.) constitution

2) (the physical world, eg trees, plants, animals, mountains, rivers etc, or the power which made them: the beauty of nature; the forces of nature; the study of nature.) nature

3) (the qualities born in a person; personality: She has a generous nature.) nature

* * *

Na·tur

<-, -en>

[naˈtu:ɐ̯, pl naˈtu:rən]

f

1. kein pl BIOL nature, Nature

2. kein pl (Landschaft) countryside

die freie \Natur the open countryside

3. (geh: Art) nature

die \Natur dieser Sache the nature of this matter

in der \Natur von etw dat liegen to be in the nature of sth

das liegt in der \Natur der Sache it's in the nature of things

4. (Mensch) type

5. (Wesensart) nature

sie hat eine empfindsame \Natur she has a sensitive nature

jdm zur zweiten \Natur werden to become second nature to sb

gegen jds \Natur gehen to go against sb's nature

von \Natur aus by nature

* * *

die; Natur, Naturen

1) o. Pl. nature no art.

wider die Natur — unnatural

die freie Natur — [the] open countryside

Tiere in freier Natur sehen — see animals in the wild

zurück zur Natur — back to nature

2) (Art, Eigentümlichkeit) nature

eine gesunde/eiserne/labile Natur haben — (ugs.) have a healthy/cast-iron/delicate constitution

das widerspricht ihrer Natur — it is not in her nature

jemandem zur zweiten Natur werden — become second nature to somebody

in der Natur der Sache/der Dinge liegen — be in the nature of things

3) (Mensch) sort or type of person; sort (coll.); type (coll.)

4) o. Pl. (natürlicher Zustand)

Möbel in Kiefer Natur — natural pine furniture

sie ist von Natur aus blond/gutmütig — she is naturally fair/good-natured

* * *

Natur f; -, -en

1. nur sg; besonders abstrakt: ( auch

die Natur) nature; in einer bestimmten Gegend: natural surroundings pl; auf dem Land: countryside; (natürliche Umwelt) natural environment;

Mutter Natur Mother Nature;

in der freien Natur out in the open; Tiere: in their natural habitat;

er liebt die Natur he’s a real nature lover; weitS. he loves to be out in the open;

die Wunder der Natur the wonders of nature;

nach der Natur zeichnen draw from nature;

zurück zur Natur! back to nature!

2. nur sg:

es ist Natur it’s natural;

Eiche Natur natural oak;

Schnitzel Natur GASTR escalope not cooked in breadcrumbs;

von Natur (aus) by nature;

ich bin von Natur aus blond I’m naturally blond

3. meist sg (Wesensart, Eigentümlichkeit) temperament, disposition; (Charakter) character;

eine gesunde Natur haben have a strong constitution;

es liegt (nicht) in ihrer Natur it’s (not) in her nature;

jemandem zur zweiten Natur werden become second nature to sb;

es geht ihm gegen oder

wider die Natur it’s not in ( oder it’s against) his nature (

zu +inf to +inf);

die menschliche Natur human nature;

gegen die Natur unnatural;

die Natur verlangt ihr Recht hum wenn jemand auf die Toilette muss: nature calls; wenn jemand einschläft: there’s no point in fighting it

4. nur sg (Art, Beschaffenheit) nature;

Themen allgemeiner Natur topics of a general nature;

die Sache ist ernster Natur it’s a serious matter;

es liegt in der Natur der Sache it’s in the nature of it ( oder of things)

5. (Mensch) type, sort;

sie ist eine kämpferische Natur she’s the aggressive type;

die beiden sind gegensätzliche Naturen they are different personalities

* * *

die; Natur, Naturen

1) o. Pl. nature no art.

wider die Natur — unnatural

die freie Natur — [the] open countryside

Tiere in freier Natur sehen — see animals in the wild

zurück zur Natur — back to nature

2) (Art, Eigentümlichkeit) nature

eine gesunde/eiserne/labile Natur haben — (ugs.) have a healthy/cast-iron/delicate constitution

das widerspricht ihrer Natur — it is not in her nature

jemandem zur zweiten Natur werden — become second nature to somebody

in der Natur der Sache/der Dinge liegen — be in the nature of things

3) (Mensch) sort or type of person; sort (coll.); type (coll.)

4) o. Pl. (natürlicher Zustand)

Möbel in Kiefer Natur — natural pine furniture

sie ist von Natur aus blond/gutmütig — she is naturally fair/good-natured

* * *

-en f.

nature n. -en m.

nature n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Natur
57 Spring

I 1. [sprɪŋ]
nome

1) (season) primavera f.

2) tecn. (coil) molla f. (a spirale)

to be like a coiled spring — fig. (ready to pounce) essere pronto a scattare; (tense) essere teso come una corda di violino

3) (leap) balzo m., salto m., scatto m.

4) (elasticity) elasticità f.

to have a spring in one's step — camminare a passo sciolto

5) (water source) sorgente f., fonte f.
2.
modificatore

1) [weather, flowers] primaverile; [ day] primaverile, di primavera; [ equinox] di primavera

2) [ mattress] a molle; [binder, balance] a molla
II 1. [sprɪŋ]
verbo transitivo (pass. sprang; p.pass. sprung)

1) (set off) fare scattare [trap, lock]

2) (develop)

to spring a leak — [ tank] cominciare a perdere (dopo l'apertura di una falla)

3) (cause unexpectedly)

to spring sth. on sb. — comunicare di punto in bianco qcs. a qcn.

to spring a surprise — fare una sorpresa (on a)

4) colloq. (liberate) fare evadere, liberare [ prisoner]
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass. sprang; p.pass. sprung)

1) (jump) saltare, balzare

to spring at sb. — [ dog] avventarsi contro qcn.; [ person] scagliarsi contro qcn.

to spring from, over sth. — saltare da, su qcs.

to spring to one's feet — balzare in piedi

2) (move suddenly)

to spring open, shut — [ door] aprirsi, chiudersi di scatto

to spring into action — [ troops] passare all'azione

to spring to attention — [ guards] scattare sull'attenti

to spring to sb.'s aid — accorrere in aiuto di qcn.

tears sprang to his eyes — gli vennero le lacrime agli occhi

the first name that sprang to mind was Bob — il primo nome che venne in mente fu Bob

to spring into o to life — [machine, motor] accendersi

3) (originate)

to spring from — nascere o essere dettato da [jealousy, fear]

where did these people spring from? — da dove sono spuntate quelle persone?

•

- spring back

- spring up

* * *
[spriŋ] 1. past tense - sprang; verb
1) (to jump, leap or move swiftly (usually upwards): She sprang into the boat.) saltare, balzare

2) (to arise or result from: His bravery springs from his love of adventure.) nascere, derivare

3) (to (cause a trap to) close violently: The trap must have sprung when the hare stepped in it.) scattare
2. noun
1) (a coil of wire or other similar device which can be compressed or squeezed down but returns to its original shape when released: a watch-spring; the springs in a chair.) molla

2) (the season of the year between winter and summer when plants begin to flower or grow leaves: Spring is my favourite season.) primavera

3) (a leap or sudden movement: The lion made a sudden spring on its prey.) balzo, scatto

4) (the ability to stretch and spring back again: There's not a lot of spring in this old trampoline.) elasticità

5) (a small stream flowing out from the ground.) sorgente

•

- springy
- springiness
- sprung
- springboard
- spring cleaning
- springtime
- spring up
* * *
(Surnames) Spring /sprɪŋ/
* * *
I 1. [sprɪŋ]
nome

1) (season) primavera f.

2) tecn. (coil) molla f. (a spirale)

to be like a coiled spring — fig. (ready to pounce) essere pronto a scattare; (tense) essere teso come una corda di violino

3) (leap) balzo m., salto m., scatto m.

4) (elasticity) elasticità f.

to have a spring in one's step — camminare a passo sciolto

5) (water source) sorgente f., fonte f.
2.
modificatore

1) [weather, flowers] primaverile; [ day] primaverile, di primavera; [ equinox] di primavera

2) [ mattress] a molle; [binder, balance] a molla
II 1. [sprɪŋ]
verbo transitivo (pass. sprang; p.pass. sprung)

1) (set off) fare scattare [trap, lock]

2) (develop)

to spring a leak — [ tank] cominciare a perdere (dopo l'apertura di una falla)

3) (cause unexpectedly)

to spring sth. on sb. — comunicare di punto in bianco qcs. a qcn.

to spring a surprise — fare una sorpresa (on a)

4) colloq. (liberate) fare evadere, liberare [ prisoner]
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass. sprang; p.pass. sprung)

1) (jump) saltare, balzare

to spring at sb. — [ dog] avventarsi contro qcn.; [ person] scagliarsi contro qcn.

to spring from, over sth. — saltare da, su qcs.

to spring to one's feet — balzare in piedi

2) (move suddenly)

to spring open, shut — [ door] aprirsi, chiudersi di scatto

to spring into action — [ troops] passare all'azione

to spring to attention — [ guards] scattare sull'attenti

to spring to sb.'s aid — accorrere in aiuto di qcn.

tears sprang to his eyes — gli vennero le lacrime agli occhi

the first name that sprang to mind was Bob — il primo nome che venne in mente fu Bob

to spring into o to life — [machine, motor] accendersi

3) (originate)

to spring from — nascere o essere dettato da [jealousy, fear]

where did these people spring from? — da dove sono spuntate quelle persone?

•

- spring back

- spring up

English-Italian dictionary > Spring
58 exprimo

ex-prĭmo, pressi, pressum, 3, v. a. [premo], to press or squeeze out, to force out (class.).
I.
Lit.:
oleum ex malobathro,
Plin. 12, 26, 59, § 129:
sucum expresso semini,
id. 20, 1, 2, § 3:
sucum flore,
id. 21, 19, 74, § 127:
sucum radici,
id. 27, 13, 109, § 136; cf.: vinum palmis, oleum sesamae (dat.), id. 6, 28, 32, § 161:
oleum amygdalis,
id. 13, 1, 2, § 8:
sudorem de corpore,
Lucr. 5, 487:
lacrimulam oculos terendo,
Ter. Eun. 1, 1, 23:
si nubium conflictu ardor expressus se emiserit, id esse fulmen,
Cic. Div. 2, 19, 44:
liquorem per densa foramina (cribri),
Ov. M. 12, 438; cf.:
aquam in altum,
Plin. 31, 3, 23, § 39:
aquam in altitudinem,
Vitr. 8, 7:
quantum has (turres) quotidianus agger expresserat,
had carried up, raised, Caes. B. G. 7, 22, 4 Oud.:
pecuniam alicui,
Suet. Oth. 5; id. Vesp. 4.—
B.
Transf.
1.
With an object denoting that out of which something is pressed or squeezed, to press, squeeze, wring:
spongiam ex oleo vel aceto,
Cels. 5, 24 med.:
lanam ex vino vel aceto,
Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 31; cf.:
Venus madidas exprimit imbre comas,
Ov. A. A. 3, 224:
spongiae expressae inter duas tabulas,
Plin. 31, 11, 47, § 128:
oleam,
id. 12, 27, 60, § 130:
folia rosae,
id. 21, 18, 73, § 122:
tuberculum,
id. 11, 11, 12, § 29.—
2.
To form by pressure, to represent, form, model, portray, express (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose;
freq. in the elder Pliny): (faber) et ungues exprimet et molles imitabitur aere capillos,
Hor. A. P. 33; cf.:
alicujus furorem... verecundiae ruborem,
Plin. 34, 14, 40, § 140:
expressa in cera ex anulo imago,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 54:
imaginem hominis gypso e facie ipsa,
Plin. 35, 12, 44, § 153; cf.:
effigiem de signis,
id. ib.:
optime Herculem Delphis et Alexandrum, etc.,
id. 34, 8, 19, § 66 et saep.:
vestis stricta et singulos artus exprimens,
exhibiting, showing, Tac. G. 17:
pulcher aspectu sit athleta, cujus lacertos exercitatio expressit,
has well developed, made muscular, Quint. 8, 3, 10.
II.
Trop.
A.
To squeeze or wring out, to extort, wrest, elicit: lex, quam ex natura ipsa arripuimus, hausimus, expressimus, qs. pressed out, Cic. Mil. 4, 10:
utilitas expressit nomina rerum,
has imposed, Lucr. 5, 1029: cf.:
cum ab iis saepius quaereret, neque ullam omnino vocem exprimere posset,
Caes. B. G. 1, 32, 3:
expressa est Romanis necessitas obsides dandi,
Liv. 2, 13, 4:
confessionem concessi maris hosti,
id. 37, 31, 5:
confessionem cruciatu,
Suet. Galb. 10:
deditionem ultimā necessitate,
Liv. 8, 2, 6:
pecunia vi expressa et coacta,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 165:
tu si tuis blanditiis a Sicyoniis nummulorum aliquid expresseris,
Cic. Att. 1, 19, 9:
risum magis quam gemitum,
Plin. Ep. 4, 7, 7 et saep.—With ut:
expressi, ut conficere se tabulas negaret,
have constrained, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:
expressit, ut polliceretur,
Curt. 6, 7. —
B.
Transf. (acc. to I. B. 2.), to imitate, copy, represent, to portray, describe, express, esp. in words (cf. reddo):
cum magnitudine animi tum liberalitate vitam patris et consuetudinem expresserit,
i. e. imitated, Cic. Rab. Post. 2, 4:
lex expressa ad naturam,
id. Leg. 2, 5, 13:
vitia imitatione ex aliquo expressa,
id. de Or. 3, 12, 47:
rem ante oculos ponit, cum exprimit omnia perspicue, ut res prope dicam manu tentari possit,
Auct. Her. 4, 40, 62; cf. id. ib. §
63: hanc speciem Pasiteles caelavit argento et noster expressit Archias versibus,
Cic. Div. 1, 36, 79:
mores alicujus oratione,
id. de Or. 2, 43, 184:
multas nobis imagines fortissimorum virorum expressas scriptores Graeci et Latini reliquerunt,
id. Arch. 6, 14; cf. id. ib. 12, 30:
in Platonis libris omnibus fere Socrates exprimitur,
id. de Or. 3, 4, 15: Mithridaticum bellum magnum atque difficile totum ab hoc expressum est, depicted to the life, id. Arch. 9, 21; cf.:
ut Euryalum exprimat infans,
may resemble, Juv. 6, 81.—With rel.-clause as object:
diligenter, quae vis subjecta sit vocibus,
id. Fin. 2, 2, 6:
exprimere non possum, quanto sim gaudio affectus,
tell, express, Plin. Ep. 5, 15, 2; Vell. 2, 124, 1:
verbis exprimere quid quis sentiat,
Plin. Ep. 5, 16, 7:
quod exprimere dicendo sensa possumus,
Cic. de Or. 1, 8, 32:
mores in scriptis exprimere,
Suet. Vit. Ter. 4.—Of translating into another language, to render, translate:
si modo id exprimere Latine potuero,
Cic. Rep. 1, 43; cf. id. ib. 1, 44: katalêpsin, verbum e verbo exprimentes comprehensionem dicemus, id. Ac. 2, 10, 31:
nec tamen exprimi verbum e verbo necesse erit,
id. Fin. 3, 4, 15; cf.:
verbum de verbo expressum extulit,
Ter. Ad. prol. 11:
fabellae Latinae ad verbum de Graecis expressae,
Cic. Fin. 1, 2, 4; Plin. Ep. 4, 18, 1.—Of words, to pronounce, utter:
nolo exprimi litteras putidius nolo obscurari neglegentius,
with affected distinctness, Cic. de Or. 3, 11, 41:
verba,
Quint. 1, 2, 6; 9, 4, 10; 40 al.—Rarely of a personal object:
oratorem imitando effingere atque exprimere,
Cic. de Or. 2, 22, 90:
moderatorem rei publicae nostris libris diligenter expressimus,
id. Att. 8, 11, 1.—Hence, expressus, a, um, P. a., clearly exhibited, prominent, distinct, visible, manifest, clear, plain, express (syn. solidus, opp. adumbratus).
A.
Lit.:
species deorum, quae nihil concreti habeat, nihil solidi, nihil expressi, nihil eminentis,
Cic. N. D. 1, 27, 75; cf.:
litterae lituraeque omnes assimulatae, expressae,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 77, § 189:
corpora lacertis expressa,
powerful, muscular, Quint. 8 praef. §
19: protinus omnibus membris, expressus infans,
fully formed, id. 2, 4, 6.—
B.
Trop.
1.
In gen.:
habuit Catilina permulta maximarum non expressa signa, sed adumbrata virtutum,
Cic. Cael. 5, 12; cf.:
est gloria solida quaedam res et expressa, non adumbrata,
id. Tusc. 3, 2, 3 (v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 5, 22, 62, p. 723 sq.):
indicia solida et expressa,
id. Planc. 12; cf.:
veri juris germanaeque justitiae solida et expressa effigies,
id. Off. 3, 17, 69:
expressa sceleris vestigia,
id. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:
expressiora et illustriora,
id. Fam. 1, 7, 9; cf. Plin. Ep. 5, 15, 3; and:
quid expressius atque signatius in hanc causam?
Tert. Res. Carn. 3.—
2.
Expressa carmina Battiadae, translated, Cat. 65, 16.—Of distinct pronunciation:
vitia oris emendet, ut expressa sint verba, ut suis quaeque litterae sonis enuntientur,
Quint. 1, 11, 4:
expressior sermo,
id. 1, 1, 37:
expressior loquacitas generi picarum est,
Plin. 10, 42, 59, § 118. —In a bad sense, of a too emphatic, affected pronunciation: sonus erat dulcis: litterae neque expressae neque oppressae, ne aut obscurum esset aut putidum, Cic Off. 1, 37, 133.—Hence, adv.: expressē.
* 1.
Lit., with pressure, strongly:
artus expressius fricare,
Scrib. Comp. 198.—
2.
Trop., expressly, distinctly, clearly:
conscripta exempla,
Auct. Her. 4, 7, 10:
quod ipsum expressius Hesiodus hoc versu significavit,
Col. 11, 1, 29.—Of pronunciation, distinctly:
ut ea (R littera) a nullo expressius efferretur,
Val. Max. 8, 7, 1 ext.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > exprimo
59 Cordite

CORDITE
An explosive substance prepared from; 8 per cent nitro-glycerme, 57 per cent gun-cotton, and 5 per cent vaseline. At one stage the mixture is doughy, and is squeezed through a die as a cord that may be wound on a reel, or cut up into pieces, according to thickness, which may vary from 0.1-in. to 0.5-in. This substance can be burnt without doing damage and needs detonating to explode.

Dictionary of the English textile terms > Cordite
60 στέμβω

στέμβω

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: = κινῶ συνεχῶς (EM), `to shake ceaselessly' (A. Fr. 440 = 635 M., also EM a.o. as explanation of ἀστεμφής), `to abuse, to vilify' (Eust.).

Other forms: enlarged στεμβ-άζειν λοιδο-ρεῖν, χλευάζειν H., - άξαι ὑβρίσαι (EM), - άσεις λοιδιρίαι H.; ἀστέμβακτον ( κλέος, Euph.) = ἀκίνητον η βέβαιον η τετιμημένον (Et. Gud.); unclear ἀστέμβακτα τιμωρουμένη (Lyc. 1117); also ἀστεμβής ἀθαμβής, ἀτάραχος H. See also bel.

Derivatives: Beside it without nasal: στόβος λοιδορία, ὄνειδος (Lyc., H.), στοβ-άζειν κακολογεῖν. - ασμάτων λοιδοριῶν H., ( ἐπι-)στοβέω `to mock, to taunt' (A. R., Epic. anon., EM). -- With aspirata: ἀστεμφής = ἀμετακίνητος (H.), `unshakable, firm' (ep. Il.). On στέμφῠλα n. pl. `squeezed olives or grapes, olive-, grape-mass' (IA.) s.v. -- With o-ablaut: στόμφ-ος m. `bombastic, high-flown speech' (Longin.), -ᾱξ, -ᾱκος m. `bombastic speaker, loudmouth' (Ar. Nu. 1367; from Aesch.), - άζω `to speak bombastically, to talk big' (Ar. a.o.) with - ασμός, - αστικός (Eust.); - όω `id.' (Phld.), - ώδης, - ός (sch.). Beside it στόμβος =- βαρύηχος, βαρύφθογγος (Hp. ap. Gal.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin] (V)

Etymology: To the varying form of the above words (see Schwyzer 333 a. 692) correpond an as varying content. For στέμβω a meaning `push violently, shake caeselessly' is fitting, also for ἀστεμ-φής `unshakeable' (diff., hardly correct, s. v.). From there `maltreat, revile, ridicule' in στέμβω, - άζω, στόβος, - έω? Unclear remain thus στόμφος, - αξ etc. -- An attractive connection seems possile with the Germ. deverbative OHG stampfōn, MLD stampen, OSw. stampa etc. ' stampfen, smash' with OHG stampf m. `instrument with which to struck etc.', PGm. * stamp- (IE * stomb-); s. WP. 2, 623f., Pok. 1011 ff., also W.-Hofmann s. temnō (to be kept away), but cf. on στέφω. -- The forms without nasalization show that the word is Pre-Greek (not in Furnée); further note the variation στόμφος - στόμβος.

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Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στέμβω

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