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  • 61 Á

    * * *
    a negative suffix to verbs, not;
    era útmakligt, at it is not unmeet that.
    * * *
    1.
    á, prep., often used elliptically, or even adverbially, [Goth. ana; Engl. on; Germ. an. In the Scandinavian idioms the liquid n is absorbed. In English the same has been supposed to happen in adverbial phrases, e. g. ‘along, away, abroad, afoot, again, agate, ahead, aloft, alone, askew, aside, astray, awry,’ etc. It is indeed true that the Ormulum in its northern dialect freq. uses o, even in common phrases, such as ‘o boke, o land, o life, o slæpe, o strande, o write, o naht, o loft,’ etc., v. the glossary; and we may compare on foot and afoot, on sleep (Engl. Vers. of Bible) and asleep; A. S. a-butan and on-butan (about); agen and ongean (again, against); on bæc, aback; on life, alive; on middan, amid. But it is more than likely that in the expressions quoted above, as well as in numberless others, as well in old as in modern English, the English a- as well as the o- of the Ormulum and the modern Scottish and north of England o- are in reality remains of this very á pronounced au or ow, which was brought by the Scandinavian settlers into the north of England. In the struggle for supremacy between the English dialects after the Conquest, the Scandinavian form á or a won the day in many cases to the exclusion of the Anglo-Saxon on. Some of these adverbs have representatives only in the Scandinavian tongues, not in Anglo-Saxon; see below, with dat. B. II, C. VII; with acc. C. I. and VI. The prep. á denotes the surface or outside; í and ór the inside; at, til, and frá, nearness measured to or from an object: á thus answers to the Gr. επί; the Lat. in includes á and i together.]
    With dat. and acc.: in the first case with the notion of remaining on a place, answering to Lat. in with abl.; in the last with the notion of motion to the place, = Lat. in with acc.
    WITH DAT.
    A. Loc.
    I. generally on, upon; á gólfi, on the floor, Nj. 2; á hendi, on the hand (of a ring), 48, 225; á palli, 50; á steini, 108; á vegg, 115; á sjá ok á landi, on sea and land. In some instances the distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but in most cases common sense and usage decide; thus ‘á bók’ merely denotes the letters, the penmanship, ‘í’ the contents of a book; mod. usage, however, prefers ‘í,’ lesa í bók, but stafr á bók. Old writers on the other hand; á bókum Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24, but í Aldafars bók, 23 (in the book De Mensurâ Temporum, by Bede), cp. Grág. i. 76, where á is a false reading instead of at; á bréfi, the contents of a letter: of clothing or arms, mítr á höfði, sverð á hlið, mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa lykil á sér, on one’s person, 655 xxvii. 22; möttull á tyglum, a mantle hanging on (i. e. fastened by) laces, Fms. vii. 201: á þingi means to be present at a meeting; í þingi, to abide within a jurisdiction; á himni, á jörðu, on (Engl. in) heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord’s Prayer, but í helviti, in hell; á Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); á báti, á skipi denote crew and cargo, ‘í’ the timber or materials of which a ship is built, Eg. 385; vera í stafni á skipi, 177: á skógi, to be abroad in a wood (of a hunter, robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timber), í skógi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. 1, Glúm. 330, Landn. 173; á mörkinni, Fms. i. 8, but í mörk, of a farm; á firðinum means lying in a firth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), þær eyjar liggja á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, living in a district named Firth; á landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386.
    II. á is commonly used in connection with the pr. names or countries terminating in ‘land,’ Engl. in, á Englandi, Írlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Vínlandi, Grænalandi, Íslandi, Hálogalandi, Rogalandi, Jótlandi, Frakklandi, Hjaltlandi, Jamtalandi, Hvítramannalandi, Norðrlöndum, etc., vide Landn. and the index to Fms. xii. In old writers í is here very rare, in modern authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide. An Icelander would now say, speaking of the queen or king, ‘á Englandi,’ ruling over, but to live ‘í Englandi,’ or ‘á Englandi;’ the rule in the last case not being quite fixed.
    2. in connection with other names of countries: á Mæri, Vörs, Ögðum, Fjölum, all districts of Norway, v. Landn.; á Mýrum (in Icel.), á Finnmörk, Landn., á Fjóni (a Danish island); but í Danmörk, Svíþjóð (á Svíþjóðu is poët., Gs. 13).
    3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and spaces (not too high, because then ‘at’ must be used), such as ‘staðr, völlr, ból, hjalli, bakki, heimr, eyri,’ etc.; á Veggjum, Landn. 69; á Hólmlátri, id.: those ending in ‘-staðr,’ á Geirmundarstöðum, Þórisstöðum, Jarðlangsstöðum…, Landn.: ‘-völlr,’ á Möðruvöllum: á Fitjum (the farm) í Storð (the island), í Fenhring (the island) á Aski (the farm), Landn., Eg.: ‘-nes’ sometimes takes á, sometimes í (in mod. usage always ‘í’), á Nesi, Eb. 14, or í Krossnesi, 30; in the last case the notion of island, νησος, prevails: so also, ‘fjörðr,’ as, þeir börðust á Vigrafirði (of a fight o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta í Hafrsfirði, 122: with ‘-bær,’ á is used in the sense of a farm or estate, hón sa á e-m bæ mikit hús ok fagrt, Edda 22; ‘í bæ’ means within doors, of the buildings: with ‘Bær’ as pr. name Landn. uses ‘í,’ 71, 160, 257, 309, 332.
    4. denoting on or just above; of the sun, when the time is fixed by regarding the sun in connection with points in the horizon, a standing phrase in Icel.; sól á gjáhamri, when the sun is on the crag of the Rift, Grág. i. 26, cp. Glúm. 387; so, brú á á, a bridge on a river, Fms. viii. 179, Hrafn. 20; taka hús á e-m, to surprise one, to take the house over his head, Fms. i. 11.
    III. á is sometimes used in old writers where we should now expect an acc., esp. in the phrase, leggja sverði (or the like) á e-m, or á e-m miðjum, to stab, Eg. 216, Gísl. 106, Band. 14; þá stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi, then Starkad stabbed the king with the wand, Fas. iii. 34; bíta á kampi (vör), to bite the lips, as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 209, 68; taka á e-u, to touch a thing, lay hold of it, v. taka; fá á e-u, id. (poët.); leggja hendr á (better at) síðum, in wrestling, Fms. x. 331; koma á úvart á e-m, to come on one unawares, ix. 407 (rare).
    B. TEMP. of a particular point or period of time, at, on, in:
    I. gener. denoting during, in the course of; á nótt, degi, nætrþeli …, Bs. i. 139; or spec. adding a pron. or an adject., á næsta sumri, the next summer; á því ári, þingi, misseri, hausti, vári, sumri …, during, in that year …, Bs. i. 679, etc.; á þrem sumrum, in the course of three summers, Grág. i. 218; á þrem várum, Fms. ii. 114; á hálfs mánaðar fresti, within half a month’s delay, Nj. 99; á tvítugs, sextugs … aldri, á barns, gamals aldri, etc., at the age of …, v. aldr: á dögum e-s, in the days of, in his reign or time, Landn. 24, Hrafn. 3, Fms. ix. 229.
    II. used of a fixed recurrent period or season; á várum, sumrum, haustum, vetrum, á kveldum, every spring, summer …, in the evenings, Eg. 711, Fms. i. 23, 25, vi. 394, Landn. 292: with the numeral adverbs, cp. Lat. ter in anno, um sinn á mánuði, ári, once a month, once a year, where the Engl. a is not the article but the preposition, Grág. i. 89.
    III. of duration; á degi, during a whole day, Fms. v. 48; á sjau nóttum, Bárð. 166; á því meli, during that time, in the meantime, Grág. i. 259.
    IV. connected with the seasons (á vetri, sumri, vári, hausti), ‘á’ denotes the next preceding season, the last winter, summer, autumn, Eb. 40, 238, Ld. 206: in such instances ‘á’ denotes the past, ‘at’ the future, ‘í’ the present; thus í vetri in old writers means this winter; á vetri, last winter; at vetri, next winter, Eb. 68 (in a verse), etc.
    C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, on, upon, in, to, with, towards, against:
    I. denoting object, in respect of, against, almost periphrastically; dvelja á náðum e-s, under one’s protection, Fms. i. 74; hafa metnað á e-u, to be proud of, to take pride in a thing, 127.
    2. denoting a personal relation, in; bæta e-t á e-m, to make amends, i. e. to one personally; misgöra e-t á e-m, to inflict wrong on one; hafa elsku (hatr) á e-m, to bear love ( hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sín á e-m, to take revenge on one’s person, on anyone; rjúfa sætt á e-m, to break truce on the person of any one, to offend against his person, Nj. 103; hafa sár á sér, 101; sjá á e-m, to read on or in one’s face; sér hann á hverjum manni hvárt til þín er vel eðr illa, 106; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum, at …, it could soon be seen in all her doings, that …, Ld. 22.
    3. also generally to shew signs of a thing; sýna fáleika á sér, to shew marks of displeasure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, illa, lítt, á e-u, to take a thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; finna á sér, to feel in oneself; fann lítt á honum, hvárt …, it could hardly be seen in his face, whether …, Eb. 42; líkindi eru á, it is likely, Ld. 172; göra kost á e-u, to give a choice, chance of it, 178; eiga vald á e-u, to have power over …, Nj. 10.
    II. denoting encumbrance, duty, liability; er fimtardómsmál á þeim, to be subject to …, Nj. 231; the phrase, hafa e-t á hendi, or vera á hendi e-m, on one’s hands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi á fé, term, pay day, Grág. i. 140; ómagi (skylda, afvinna) á fé, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grág. in several passages.
    III. with a personal pronoun, sér, mér, honum …, denoting personal appearance, temper, character, look, or the like; vera þungr, léttr … á sér, to be heavy or light, either bodily or mentally; þungr á sér, corpulent, Sturl. i. 112; kátr ok léttr á sér, of a gay and light temper, Fms. x. 152; þat bragð hafði hann á sér, he looked as if, … the expression of his face was as though …, Ld., cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á sér svip, bragð, æði, sið, of one’s manner or personal appearance, to bear oneself as, or the like; skjótr (seinn) á fæti, speedy ( slow) of foot, Nj. 258.
    IV. as a periphrasis of the possessive pronoun connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as my hands, eyes, head … are hardly ever used, but höfuð, eyru, hár, nef, munnr, hendr, fætr … á mér; so ‘í’ is used of the internal parts, e. g. hjarta, bein … í mér; the eyes are regarded as inside the body, augun í honum: also without the possessive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjóstið á e-m, one’s breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; súrnar í augum, it smarts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202; kviðinn á sér, its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr á henni, her hands, Gísl. (in a verse); í vörunum á honum, on his lips, Band. 14; ristin á honum, his step, Fms. viii. 141; harðr í tungu, sharp of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) á fingrum, höndum, fótum …, cold ( warm) in the fingers, hands, feet …, i. e. with cold fingers, etc.; cp. also the phrase, verða vísa (orð) á munni, of extemporising verses or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr á fótum, fast by the leg, of a bondsman, Nj. 27: of the whole body, díla fundu þeir á honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn style (poetry, hymns, the Bible), and perhaps only when influenced by foreign languages, e. g. mitt hjarta hví svo hryggist þú, as a translation of ‘warumb betrübst du dich mein Herz?’ the famous hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popular hjartað í mér, Sl. 43, 44: hjartað mitt is only used as a term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or the like, in a metaphorical sense; the heart proper is ‘í mér,’ not ‘mitt.’
    2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a part belonging to the whole, e. g. dyrr á husi = húsdyrr, at the house-doors; turn á kirkju = kirkju turn; stafn, skutr, segl, árar … á skipi, the stem, stern, sail … of a ship, Fms. ix. 135; blöð á lauk, á tré …, leaves of a leek, of a tree …, Fas. i. 469; egg á sverði = sverðs egg; stafr á bók; kjölr á bók, and in endless other instances.
    V. denoting instrumentality, by, on, or a-, by means of; afla fjár á hólmgöngum, to make money a-duelling, by means of duels, Eg. 498; á verkum sínum, to subsist on one’s own work, Njarð. 366: as a law term, sekjast á e-ju, to be convicted upon …, Grág. i. 123; sekst maðr þar á sínu eigini ( a man is guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af þeim manni er heimild ( possessio) hefir til, ii. 191; falla á verkum sínum, to be killed flagranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n á bragði, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan á flótta, to escape by flight, Eg. 11; á hlaupi, by one’s feet, by speed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa á e-u, to feed on; bergja á e-u, to taste of a thing; svala sér á e-u, to quench the thirst on.
    VI. with subst. numerals; á þriðja tigi manna, up to thirty, i. e. from about twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; á öðru hundraði skipa, from one to two hundred sail strong, Fms. x. 126; á níunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years of age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., á hendi, on one’s hand, i. e. bound to do it, v. hönd.
    VII. in more or less adverbial phrases it may often be translated in Engl. by a participle and a- prefixed; á lopti, aloft; á floti, afloat; á lífi, alive; á verðgangi, a-begging; á brautu, away; á baki, a-back, behind, past; á milli, a-tween; á laun, alone, secretly; á launungu, id.; á móti, against; á enda, at an end, gone; á huldu, hidden; fara á hæli, to go a-heel, i. e. backwards, Fms. vii. 70;—but in many cases these phrases are transl. by the Engl. partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prefix, not a prep., á flugi, a-flying in the air, Nj. 79; vera á gangi, a-going; á ferli, to be about; á leiki, a-playing, Fms. i. 78; á sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27; á verði, a-watching, x. 201; á hrakningi, a-wandering; á reiki, a-wavering; á skjálfi, a-shivering; á-hleri, a-listening; á tali, a-talking, Ísl. ii. 200; á hlaupi, a-running, Hkr. ii. 268; á verki, a-working; á veiðum, a-hunting; á fiski, a-fishing; á beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in flagranti, N. G. L. i. 348.
    VIII. used absolutely without a case in reference to the air or the weather, where ‘á’ is almost redundant; þoka var á mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niðamyrkr var á, pitch darkness came on, Eg. 210; allhvast á norðan, a very strong breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; þá var á norðrænt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaðan sem á er, from whatever point the wind is; var á hríð veðrs, a snow storm came on, Nj. 282; görði á regn, rain came on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld. 156.
    WITH ACC.
    A. Loc.
    I. denoting simple direction towards, esp. connected with verbs of motion, going, or the like; hann gékk á bergsnös, Eg. 389; á hamar, Fas. ii. 517.
    2. in phrases denoting direction; liggja á útborða, lying on the outside of the ship, Eg. 354; á annat borð skipinu, Fms. vii. 260; á bæði borð, on both sides of the ship, Nj. 124, Ld. 56; á tvær hliðar, on both sides, Fms. v. 73. Ísl. ii. 159; á hlið, sidewards; út á hlið, Nj. 262, Edda 44; á aðra hönd henni, Nj. 50, Ld. 46; höggva á tvær hendr, to hew or strike right and left, Ísl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384, Fms. viii. 363, x. 383.
    3. upp á, upon; hann tók augu Þjaza ok kastaði upp á himin, Edda 47: with verbs denoting to look, see, horfa, sjá, líta, etc.; hann rak skygnur á land, he cast glances towards the land, Ld. 154.
    II. denoting direction with or without the idea of arriving:
    1. with verbs denoting to aim at; of a blow or thrust, stefna á fótinn, Nj. 84; spjótið stefnir á hann miðjan, 205: of the wind, gékk veðrit á vestr, the wind veered to west, Fms. ix. 28; sigla á haf, to stand out to sea, Hkr. i. 146, Fms. i. 39: with ‘út’ added, Eg. 390, Fms. x. 349.
    2. conveying the notion of arriving, or the intervening space being traversed; spjótið kom á miðjan skjöldinn, Eg. 379, Nj. 96, 97; langt upp á land, far up inland, Hkr. i. 146: to reach, taka ofan á belti, of the long locks of a woman, to reach down to the belt, Nj. 2; ofan á bringu, 48; á þa ofan, 91.
    III. without reference to the space traversed, connected with verbs denoting to go, turn, come, ride, sail, throw, or the like, motion of every kind; hann kastar honum á völlinn, he flings him down, Nj. 91; hlaupa á skip sitt, to leap on board his ship, 43; á hest, to mount quickly, Edda 75; á lend hestinum, Nj. 91; hann gengr á sáðland sitt, he walks on to his fields, 82: on, upon, komast á fætr, to get upon one’s legs, 92; ganga á land, to go a-shore, Fms. i. 40; ganga á þing, vii. 242, Grág. (often); á skóg, á merkr ok skóga, into a wood, Fb. i. 134, 257, Fms. xi. 118, Eg. 577, Nj. 130; fara á Finnmörk, to go travelling in Finmark, Fms. i. 8; koma, fara á bæ, to arrive at the farm-house; koma á veginn, Eg. 578; stíga á bát, skip, to go on board, 158; hann gékk upp á borg, he went up to the burg (castle), 717; en er þeir komu á loptriðið, 236; hrinda skipum á vatn, to float the ships down into the water, Fms. i. 58; reka austr á haf, to drift eastwards on the sea, x. 145; ríða ofan á, to ride down or over, Nj. 82.
    IV. in some cases the acc. is used where the dat. would be used, esp. with verbs denoting to see or hear, in such phrases as, þeir sá boða mikinn inn á fjörðinn, they saw great breakers away up in the bight of the firth, the acc. being due perhaps to a motion or direction of the eye or ear towards the object, Nj. 124; sá þeir fólkit á land, they saw the people in the direction of land, Fas. ii. 517: in phrases denoting to be placed, to sit, to be seated, the seat or bench is freq. in the acc. where the dat. would now be used; konungr var þar á land upp, the king was then up the country, the spectator or narrator is conceived as looking from the shore or sea-side, Nj. 46; sitja á miðjan bekk, to be seated on the middle bench, 50; skyldi konungs sæti vera á þann bekk … annat öndvegi var á hinn úæðra pall; hann setti konungs hásæti á miðjan þverpall, Fms. vi. 439, 440, cp. Fagrsk. l. c., Sturl. iii. 182; eru víða fjallbygðir upp á mörkina, in the mark or forest, Eg. 58; var þar mörk mikil á land upp, 229; mannsafnaðr er á land upp (viewed from the sea), Ld. 76; stóll var settr á mótið, Fas. i. 58; beiða fars á skip, to beg a passage, Grág. i. 90.
    V. denoting parts of the body; bíta e-n á barka, to bite one in the throat, Ísl. ii. 447; skera á háls, to cut the throat of any one, Nj. 156; brjóta e-n á háls, to break any one’s neck; brjóta e-n á bak, to break any one’s back, Fms. vii. 119; kalinn á kné, frozen to the knees with cold, Hm. 3.
    VI. denoting round; láta reipi á háls hesti, round his horse’s neck, 623. 33; leggja söðul á hest, Nj. 83; and ellipt., leggja á, to saddle; breiða feld á hofuð sér, to wrap a cloak over his head, 164; reyta á sik mosa, to gather moss to cover oneself with, 267; spenna hring á hönd, á fingr, Eg. 300.
    VII. denoting a burden; stela mat á tvá hesta, hey á fimtán hesta, i. e. a two, a fifteen horse load, Nj. 74: metaph., kjósa feigð á menn, to choose death upon them, i. e. doom them to death, Edda 22.
    B. TEMP.
    I. of a period of time, at, to; á morgun, to-morrow (í morgun now means the past morning, the morning of to-day), Ísl. ii. 333.
    II. if connected with the word day, ‘á’ is now used before a fixed or marked day, a day of the week, a feast day, or the like; á Laugardag, á Sunnudag …, on Saturday, Sunday, the Old Engl. a-Sunday, a-Monday, etc.; á Jóladaginn, Páskadaginn, on Yule and Easter-day; but in old writers more often used ellipt. Sunnudaginn, Jóladaginn …, by dropping the prep. ‘á,’ Fms. viii. 397, Grág. i. 18.
    III. connected with ‘dagr’ with the definite article suffixed, ‘á’ denotes a fixed, recurring period or season, in; á daginn, during the day-time, every day in turn, Grett. 91 A.
    IV. connected with ‘evening, morning, the seasons,’ with the article; á kveldit, every evening, Ld. 14; á sumarit, every summer, Vd. 128, where the new Ed. Fs. 51 reads sumrum; á haust, every autumn, Eg. 741 (perh. a misprint instead of á haustin or á haustum); á vetrinn, in the winter time, 710; á várit, every spring, Gþl. 347; the sing., however, is very rare in such cases, the old as well as mod. usage prefers the plur.; á nætrnar, by night, Nj. 210; á várin, Eg. 710; á sumrin, haustin, á morgnana, in the morning (á morgin, sing., means to-morrow); á kveldin, in the evening, only ‘dagr’ is used in sing., v. above (á daginn, not á dagana); but elliptically and by dropping the article, Icelanders say, kveld og morgna, nótt og dag, vetr sumar vor og haust, in the same sense as those above mentioned.
    V. denoting duration, the article is dropped in the negative phrase, aldri á sinn dag, never during one’s life; aldri á mína daga, never in my life, Bjarn. 8, where a possess. pron. is put between noun and prep., but this phrase is very rare. Such phrases as, á þann dag, that day, and á þenna dag, Stj. 12, 655 xxx. 2. 20, are unclassical.
    VI. á dag without article can only be used in a distributive sense, e. g. tvisvar á dag, twice a-day; this use is at present freq. in Icel., yet instances from old writers are not on record.
    VII. denoting a movement onward in time, such as, liðið á nótt, dag, kveld, morgun, sumar, vetr, vár, haust (or nóttina, daginn …), jól, páska, föstu, or the like, far on in the night, day …, Edda 33; er á leið vetrinn, when the winter was well on, as the winter wore on, Nj. 126; cp. áliðinn: also in the phrase, hniginn á inn efra aldr, well stricken in years, Ld. 68.
    C. Metaph. and in various relations:
    I. somewhat metaphorically, denoting an act only (not the place); fara á fund, á vit e-s, to call for one, Eg. 140; koma á ræðu við e-n, to come to a parley with, to speak, 173; ganga á tal, Nj. 103; skora á hólm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma á grið, to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grág. i. 151; fara á veiðar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8.
    β. generally denoting on, upon, in, to; bjóða vöxtu á féit, to offer interest on the money, Grág. i. 198; ganga á berhögg, to come to blows, v. berhögg; fá á e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79; ganga á vápn e-s, to throw oneself on an enemy’s weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; ganga á lagið, to press on up the spear-shaft after it has passed through one so as to get near one’s foe, i. e. to avail oneself of the last chance; bera fé á e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera öl á e-n, to make drunk, Fas. i. 13; snúinn á e-t, inclined to, Fms. x. 142; sammælast á e-t, to agree upon, Nj. 86; sættast, verða sáttr á e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb. 288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga á mála, to serve for pay as a soldier, Nj. 121; ganga á vald e-s, to put oneself in his power, 267; ganga á sætt, to break an agreement; vega á veittar trygðir, to break truce, Grág. ii. 169.
    II. denoting in regard to, in respect to:
    1. of colour, complexion, the hue of the hair, or the like; hvítr, jarpr, dökkr … á hár, having white, brown, or dark … hair, Ísl. ii. 190, Nj. 39; svartr á brún ok brá, dark of brow and eyebrow; dökkr á hörund, id., etc.
    2. denoting skill, dexterity; hagr á tré, a good carpenter; hagr á járn, málm, smíðar …, an expert worker in iron, metals …, Eg. 4; fimr á boga, good at the bow: also used of mastership in science or arts, meistari á hörpuslátt, a master in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 220; fræðimaðr á kvæði, knowing many poems by heart, Fms. vi. 391; fræðimaðr á landnámssögur ok forna fræði, a learned scholar in histories and antiquities (of Are Frode), Ísl. ii. 189; mikill á íþrótt, skilful in an art, Edda (pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase, kunna (vel) á skíðum, to be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 120.
    3. denoting dimensions; á hæð, lengd, breidd, dýpt …, in the heighth, length, breadth, depth …, Eg. 277; á hvern veg, on each side, Edda 41 (square miles); á annan veg, on the one side, Grág. i. 89.
    β. the phrase, á sik, in regard to oneself, vel (illa) á sik kominn, of a fine ( ugly) appearance, Ld. 100, Fas. iii. 74.
    III. denoting instrumentality; bjargast á sínar hendr, to live on the work of one’s own hands, (á sínar spýtur is a mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) á skálir, pundara, to weigh in scales, Grág. ii. 370; at hann hefði tvá pundara, ok hefði á hinn meira keypt en á hinn minna selt, of a man using two scales, a big one for buying and a little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; á sinn kostnað, at one’s own expense; nefna e-n á nafn, by name, Grág. i. 17, etc. The Icel. also say, spinna á rokk, snældu, to spin on or with a rock or distaff; mala á kvern, to grind in a ‘querne,’ where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical instruments, syngja, leika á hljóðfæri, hörpu, gígju …; in the old usage, leika hörpu …, Stj. 458.
    IV. denoting the manner or way of doing:
    1. á þessa lund, in this wise, Grág. ii. 22; á marga vega, á alla, ymsa vega, in many, all, respects, Fms. i. 114; á sitt hóf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. mutatis mutandis; á Þýðersku, after German fashion, Sks. 288.
    2. esp. of language; mæla, rita á e-a tungu, to speak, write in a tongue; á Írsku, in Irish, Ld. 76; Norrænu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Danish, i. e. Scandinavian, Norse, or Icelandic, Grág. i. 18; á Vára tungu, i. e. in Icelandic, 181; rita á Norræna tungu, to write in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59:—at present, dat. is sometimes used.
    3. in some phrases the acc. is used instead of the dat.; hann sýndi á sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann lét ekki á sik finna, he shewed no sign of motion, Nj. 111; skaltú önga fáleika á þik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14.
    V. used in a distributive sense; skal mörk kaupa gæzlu á kú, eðr oxa fim vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow, Grág. i. 147; alin á hvert hross, 442; á mann, per man (now freq.): cp. also á dag above, lit. B.
    VI. connected with nouns,
    1. prepositional; á hendr (with dat.), against; á hæla, at heel, close behind; á bak, at back, i. e. past, after; á vit (with gen.), towards.
    2. adverbially; á braut, away, abroad; á víxl, in turns; á mis, amiss; á víð ok dreif, a-wide and a-drift, i. e. dispersedly.
    3. used almost redundantly before the following prep.; á eptir, after, behind; á undan, in front of; á meðal, á milli, among; á mót, against; á við, about, alike; á frá (cp. Swed. ifrån), from (rare); á fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1; á hjá, beside (rare); á fram, a-head, forwards; á samt, together; ávalt = of allt, always: following a prep., upp á, upon; niðr á, down upon; ofan á, eptir á, post eventum, (temp.) á eptir is loc., id., etc.
    VII. connected with many transitive verbs, answering to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many cases periphrastically for an objective case. The prep. generally follows after the verb, instead of being prefixed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. on, to; heita kalla, hrópa á, to call on; heyra, hlusta, hlyða á, to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa á, to think on; minna á, to remind; sjá, líta, horfa, stara, mæna, glápa, koma auga … á, to look on; girnast á, to wish for; trúa á, to believe on; skora á, to call on any one to come out, challenge; kæra á, to accuse; heilsa á, to greet; herja, ganga, ríða, hlaupa, ráða … á, to fall on, attack, cp. ágangr, áreið, áhlaup; ljúga á, to tell lies of, to slander; telja á, to carp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verpa … á, to pour, throw on; ríða, bera, dreifa á, to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta á, to fall short of; ala á, to plead, beg; leggja á, to throw a spell on, lay a saddle on; hætta á, to venture on; gizka á, to guess at; kveða á, to fix on, etc.: in a reciprocal sense, haldast á, of mutual strife; sendast á, to exchange presents; skrifast á, to correspond (mod.); kallast á, to shout mutually; standast á, to coincide, so as to be just opposite one another, etc.
    2.
    f. [Lat. aqua; Goth. ahva; Hel. aha; A. S. eâ; O. H. G. aha, owa; cp. Germ. ach and aue; Fr. eau, eaux; Engl. Ax-, Ex-, etc., in names of places; Swed.-Dan. å; the Scandinavians absorb the hu, so that only a single vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word]:—a river. The old form in nom. dat. acc. sing. is , v. the introduction to A, page 1, Bs. i. 333 sq., where ́n, ́ (acc.), and ́na; so also Greg. 677; the old fragm. of Grág. ii. 222, 223, new Ed. In the Kb. of the Edda the old form occurs twice, viz. page 75, ́na (acc.), (but two lines below, ána), í ́nni (dat.) The old form also repeatedly occurs in the Kb. and Sb. of the Grág., e. g. ii. 266, 267: gen. sing. ár; nom. pl. ár, gen. á contracted, dat. ám, obsolete form ́m; Edda 43, Eg. 80, 99, 133, 185: proverbs, at ósi skal á stemma, answering to the Lat. principiis obsta, Edda 60; hér kemr á til sæfar, here the river runs into the sea, metaph. = this is the very end, seems to have been a favourite ending of old poems; it is recorded in the Húsdrápa and the Norðsetadrápa, v. Edda 96, Skálda 198; cp. the common saying, oil vötn renna til sævar, ‘all waters run into the sea.’ Rivers with glacier water are in Icel. called Hvítá, White river, or Jökulsá: Hitá, Hot river, from a hot spring, opp. to Kaldá, v. Landn.: others take a name from the fish in them, as Laxá, Lax or Salmon river (freq.); Örriða á, etc.: a tributary river is þverá, etc.: ár in the Njála often means the great rivers Ölfusá and Þjórsá in the south of Iceland. Áin helga, a river in Sweden, Hkr. ii: á is also suffixed to the names of foreign rivers, Tempsá = Thames; Dóná, Danube (Germ. Don-au), (mod.), etc. Vide Edda (Gl.) 116, 117, containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers.
    COMPDS: áráll, árbakki, árbrot, ardjúp, árfarvegr, árfors, árgljúfr, árhlutr, ármegin, árminni, ármót, áróss, árreki, árstraumr, árströnd, árvað, árvegr, árvöxtr.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > Á

  • 62 with

    preposition
    1) mit

    put something with something — etwas zu etwas stellen/legen

    be with it — (coll.) up to date sein

    not be with somebody — (coll.): (fail to understand) jemandem nicht folgen können

    I'm not with you — (coll.) ich komme nicht mit

    be one with somebody/something — mit jemandem/etwas eins sein

    2) (in the care or possession of) bei
    3) (owing to) vor (+ Dat.)
    5) (while having) bei
    6) (in regard to)

    what do you want with me? — was wollen Sie von mir?

    what can he want with it? — was mag er damit vorhaben?

    7) (at the same time as, in the same way as) mit
    8) (employed by) bei
    9) (despite) trotz; see also academic.ru/82354/will">will II 1. 4)
    * * *
    [wið]
    1) (in the company of; beside; among; including: I was walking with my father; Do they enjoy playing with each other?; He used to play football with the Arsenal team; Put this book with the others.) mit
    2) (by means of; using: Mend it with this glue; Cut it with a knife.) mit
    3) (used in expressing the idea of filling, covering etc: Fill this jug with milk; He was covered with mud.) mit
    4) (used in describing conflict: They quarrelled with each other; He fought with my brother.) mit
    5) (used in descriptions of things: a man with a limp; a girl with long hair; a stick with a handle; Treat this book with care.) mit
    6) (as the result of: He is shaking with fear.) vor
    7) (in the care of: Leave your case with the porter.) bei
    8) (in relation to; in the case of; concerning: Be careful with that!; What's wrong with you?; What shall I do with these books?) mit
    9) (used in expressing a wish: Down with fascism!; Up with Manchester United!) mit
    * * *
    [wɪθ]
    1. (having, containing) mit + dat
    \with a little bit of luck mit ein wenig Glück
    he spoke \with a soft accent er sprach mit einem leichten Akzent
    I'd like a double room \with a sea view ich hätte gerne ein Doppelzimmer mit Blick aufs Meer
    2. (accompanied by) mit + dat
    I'm going to France \with a couple of friends ich fahre mit ein paar Freunden nach Frankreich
    3. (together with) mit + dat
    I need to talk \with you about this ich muss mit dir darüber reden
    I've got nothing in common \with him ich habe mit ihm nichts gemeinsam
    \with you and me, there'll be 10 of us mit dir und mir sind wir zu zehnt
    I'll be \with you in a second ich bin gleich bei dir
    we're going to stay \with some friends wir werden bei Freunden übernachten
    he decided to make a clean break \with the past er beschloss, einen Schlussstrich unter die Vergangenheit zu setzen
    can you help me \with my homework? kannst du mir bei den Hausaufgaben helfen?
    what's the matter \with her? was ist los mit ihr?
    it's the same \with me mir geht es genauso
    let me be frank \with you lass mich offen zu dir sein
    away \with you! fort mit dir!
    to have something/nothing to do \with sb/sth etwas/nichts mit jdm/etw zu tun haben
    6. (expressing feeling towards sb/sth) mit + dat
    I'm angry \with you ich bin sauer auf dich
    he was dissatisfied \with the new car er war unzufrieden mit dem neuen Wagen
    I'm content \with things the way they are ich bin zufrieden mit den Dingen, so wie sie sind
    7. (expressing manner) mit + dat
    she nodded \with a sigh sie nickte seufzend
    please handle this package \with care bitte behandeln sie dieses Paket mit Vorsicht
    \with a look of surprise mit einem erstaunten Gesichtsausdruck
    8. (in a state of) vor + dat
    she was shaking \with rage sie zitterte vor Wut
    he looked \with utter disbelief er starrte völlig ungläubig
    she was green \with jealousy sie war grün vor Eifersucht
    9. (in addition to) mit + dat
    \with that... [und] damit...
    he gave a slight moan and \with that he died er stöhnte kurz auf, woraufhin er verstarb
    10. (in proportion to) mit + dat
    the value could decrease \with time der Wert könnte mit der Zeit sinken
    the wine will improve \with age der Wein wird mit zunehmendem Alter besser
    11. (in direction of) mit + dat
    they went \with popular opinion sie gingen mit der öffentlichen Meinung
    I prefer to go \with my own feeling ich verlasse mich lieber auf mein Gefühl
    \with the current/tide/wind mit der Strömung/der Flut/dem Wind
    12. (using) mit + dat
    she paints \with watercolors sie malt mit Wasserfarben
    they covered the floor \with newspaper sie bedeckten den Boden mit Zeitungspapier
    13. (in circumstances of, while)
    \with things the way they are so wie die Dinge sind [o stehen]
    \with two minutes to take-off mit nur noch zwei Minuten bis zum Start
    what \with school and all, I don't have much time mit der Schule und allem bleibt mir nicht viel Zeit
    14. (despite) bei + dat
    \with all her faults trotz all ihrer Fehler
    even \with... selbst mit...
    15. (working for) bei + dat
    he's been \with the department since 1982 er arbeitet seit 1982 in der Abteilung
    16. (in support of)
    I agree \with you 100% ich stimme dir 100 % zu
    to be \with sb/sth hinter jdm/etw stehen
    to go \with sth mit etw dat mitziehen
    up/down \with sth hoch/nieder mit etw dat
    17. (to match)
    to go \with sth zu etw dat passen
    18. (filled with, covered by) mit + dat
    the basement is crawling \with spiders der Keller wimmelt von Spinnen
    his plate was heaped \with food sein Teller war mit Essen vollgeladen
    19. (on one's person) bei + dat
    , an + dat
    do you have a pen \with you? hast du einen Stift bei dir?
    bring a cake \with you bring einen Kuchen mit
    are you \with me? verstehst du?
    I'm sorry, but I'm not \with you Entschuldigung, aber da komm' ich nicht mit fam
    * * *
    [wIð, wɪɵ]
    prep
    1) mit

    with no... — ohne...

    (together) with the Victory, it's the biggest ship of its class — neben der Victory ist es das größte Schiff in seiner Klasse

    to walk with a stick — am or mit einem Stock gehen

    put it with the rest — leg es zu den anderen

    the wind was with us — wir hatten den Wind im Rücken, wir fuhren etc mit dem Wind

    how are things with you? — wie gehts?, wie stehts? (inf)

    See:
    → with it
    2) (= at house of, in company of etc) bei

    I'll be with you in a moment — einen Augenblick bitte, ich bin gleich da

    4) (cause) vor (+dat)

    to be ill with measles — die Masern haben, an Masern erkrankt sein

    5) (= in the case of) bei, mit

    the trouble with him is that he... — die Schwierigkeit bei or mit ihm ist (die), dass er...

    it's a habit with him —

    with God, all things are possible — bei or für Gott ist kein Ding unmöglich

    6) (= while sb/sth is) wo

    you can't go with your mother ill in bed — wo deine Mutter krank im Bett liegt, kannst du nicht gehen

    7) (= in proportion) mit
    8) (= in spite of) trotz, bei

    with all his faults — bei allen seinen Fehlern, trotz aller seiner Fehler

    9)

    (= in agreement, on side of) I'm with you there (inf) — da stimme ich dir zu

    10) (inf

    expressing comprehension) are you with me? — kapierst du? (inf), hast dus? (inf), kommst du mit? (inf)

    * * *
    with [wıð; wıθ] präp
    1. (zusammen) mit:
    would you like rice with your meat? möchten Sie Reis zum Fleisch?
    2. (in Übereinstimmung) mit, für:
    he that is not with me is against me wer nicht für mich ist, ist gegen mich;
    a) ich bin ganz Ihrer Ansicht oder auf Ihrer Seite,
    b) ich verstehe Sie sehr gut;
    vote with the Conservatives! stimmt für die Konservativen!;
    blue does not go with green Blau passt nicht zu Grün
    3. mit (besitzend):
    4. mit (vermittels):
    what will you buy with the money? was wirst du (dir) von dem Geld kaufen?
    with the door open bei offener Tür
    6. mit (in derselben Weise, im gleichen Grad, zur selben Zeit):
    7. bei:
    8. (kausal) durch, vor (dat):
    stiff with cold steif vor Kälte;
    tremble with fear vor Angst zittern
    9. bei, für:
    with God all things are possible bei Gott ist kein Ding unmöglich
    10. von, mit (Trennung): → break1 C 1, etc
    11. gegen, mit:
    fight with s.o
    12. bei, aufseiten:
    it rests with you to decide die Entscheidung liegt bei dir
    13. nebst, samt:
    14. trotz:
    with the best intentions, he failed completely;
    with all her brains bei all ihrer Klugheit
    15. wie:
    have the same faith with s.o
    16. angesichts;
    in Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass:
    you can’t leave with your mother so ill du kannst nicht weggehen, wenn deine Mutter so krank ist
    17. with it umg
    a) auf Draht, auf der Höhe,
    b) up to date, modern
    frenzied [ˈfrenzıd] adj
    1. außer sich, rasend ( beide: with vor dat)
    2. frenetisch (Geschrei etc), (Beifall auch) rasend
    3. wild, hektisch:
    the room was full of frenzied activity im Zimmer herrschte hektische Aktivität
    w. abk
    2. wide
    4. wife
    5. with
    6. PHYS work
    * * *
    preposition
    1) mit

    put something with something — etwas zu etwas stellen/legen

    be with it — (coll.) up to date sein

    not be with somebody — (coll.): (fail to understand) jemandem nicht folgen können

    I'm not with you — (coll.) ich komme nicht mit

    be one with somebody/something — mit jemandem/etwas eins sein

    3) (owing to) vor (+ Dat.)
    7) (at the same time as, in the same way as) mit
    9) (despite) trotz; see also will II 1. 4)
    * * *
    prep.
    mit präp.

    English-german dictionary > with

  • 63 علم

    عِلْم \ knowledge: what one knows: His knowledge of radio is very wide. His general knowledge is slight. learning: knowledge that is gained by long serious study: He is a man of great learning. scholarship: the qualities of a very learned person: This writer on Shakespeare is famous for his scholarship. science: the careful study of any serious subject: political science; the science of language. \ بِغَير عِلْمِه \ behind sb.’s back: when someone is not present: He tells untrue stories about me behind my back. \ عِلْم الآثار القَديمة \ archaeology, archeology: the scientific study of life in the distant past by digging up ancient cities, examining buried objects, etc. \ عِلْم الاجْتِماع \ sociology: the study of society and human behaviour in groups. \ عِلْم الإِحْصَاء \ statistics: (with pl. verb) facts that are shown by numbers; (with sg. verb) the science of showing facts by numbers: National statistics of births and deaths are collected regularly. Statistics is a modern science. \ عِلْم الأَحْياء \ biology: the science of living things. \ عِلْم الأخلاق \ ethics: the study of good and bad in human behaviour. \ عِلْم الأرصاد الجوّيّة \ meteorology: the science of the weather. \ عِلْم الأساطير \ mythology: myths in general; the study of myths. \ عِلْم الاشْتِقاق (في علم اللُّغَة)‏ \ etymology: the study of the history of words. \ عِلْم الأصوات \ phonetics: (as subject of study; pl. as a practical activity) the science of speech sounds; the signs used for these sounds; the practical use of this science: Phonetics is a modern science. Are these phonetics correct? Phonetics help foreigners to pronounce words. \ عِلْم الاقتصاد \ economics: the science of national economy. \ عِلْم الإنْسَان \ anthropology: the scientific study of man, his way of life, religions, races, etc. \ عِلْم بالوُصُول \ acknowledg(e)ment: a note of receipt: I sent the money but I’ve had no acknowledgement. \ عِلْم التاريخ \ history: an orderly record or study of past events: a student of history; the history of Europe. \ عِلْم التَّحْليل النَّفْسي \ psychoanalysis: (the scientific study of) a way of treating disorders ot the mind by examination of all that sb. can remember of his past life, dreams, feelings, etc.. \ عِلْم التَّدْبِير المنزليّ \ domestic science: the study of cooking and other housekeeping skills. \ عِلْم التَّنْجيم \ astrology: the study of the stars in relation to human fate. \ عِلْم الجَبْر \ algebra: a branch of mathematics, using signs and letters as well as numbers. \ عِلْم الجُغْرافيا \ geography: the scientific study of the structure, produce and use of the earth’s surface. \ عِلْم الحَرْب \ warfare: the science of making war; fighting. \ عِلْم حَرَكة السوائل \ hydraulics: the science of controlling and using liquid pressure, esp. for engineering purposes. \ عِلْم الحَشَرات \ entomology: the study of insects. \ عِلْم الحَيَوان \ zoology: the scientific study of animal life. \ عِلْم الرِّياضيّات \ mathematics: the science of numbers and space; the practical use of this science: Mathematics is an exact science. maths: the usual shortening of mathematics. \ عِلْم الزراعة بدون تُربة \ hydroponics: the science of growing plants in water, without soil. \ عِلْم السِّيَاسَة \ politics: (sg. as an art or activity; pl. as personal beliefs, etc.) the art of government; the affairs of government; one’s opinions on government: Is politics an art or a science? My politics are my private concern. \ عِلْم الصحّة \ hygiene: the study and practice of how to keep good health, esp. by paying attention to cleaniness. \ عِلْم صيانة الأحراش \ forestry: the science of growing trees for man’s use as wood. \ عِلْم الطّبّ \ medicine: the science and the art of dealing with disease. \ عِلْم طَبَقات الأرض \ geology: the study of the rocks that make up the earth. \ عِلْم الطبيعة \ physics: the science of heat, light, sound, Motion, etc.: Physics is an important branch of science. \ See Also الفيزياء \ عِلْم طبيعيّ \ science: the study of the substances, forces, etc. found in nature (esp. Biology; Chemistry; Physics): Schools teach science. \ عِلْم الطُّيُور \ ornithology: the scientific study of birds. \ عِلْم الفَلَك \ astronomy: the scientific study of the stars. \ عِلْم الكِيمْياء \ chemistry: the science that studies the nature and behaviour of all substances. \ عِلْم المالية \ finance: the science of controlling money. \ See Also إدارة المال \ عِلْم المَنْطِق \ logic: the science of reasoning. \ عِلْم النَّبَات \ botany: the scientific study of plants. \ عِلْم النَّفْس \ psychology: the scientific study of the mind. \ عِلْم الهَنْدَسة \ geometry: the science of lines, angles, surfaces and solid figures, and of their measurements.

    Arabic-English dictionary > علم

  • 64 face

    feis
    1. noun
    1) (the front part of the head, from forehead to chin: a beautiful face.) cara, rostro
    2) (a surface especially the front surface: a rock face.) superficie
    3) (in mining, the end of a tunnel etc where work is being done: a coal face.) cara de trabajo

    2. verb
    1) (to be opposite to: My house faces the park.) estar enfrente de
    2) (to turn, stand etc in the direction of: She faced him across the desk.) estar de cara, ponerse de cara
    3) (to meet or accept boldly: to face one's fate.) afrontar
    •
    - - faced
    - facial
    - facing
    - facecloth
    - facelift
    - face-powder
    - face-saving
    - face value
    - at face value
    - face the music
    - face to face
    - face up to
    - in the face of
    - lose face
    - make/pull a face
    - on the face of it
    - put a good face on it
    - save one's face
    face1 n
    1. cara
    2. esfera
    face2 vb
    1. dar a
    2. mirar hacia
    3. ponerse de cara a
    we must face facts, we are lost debemos afrontar la realidad, estamos perdidos
    tr[feɪs]
    1 (of person) cara, rostro
    3 (side) cara
    4 (of card, coin) cara
    6 (of watch) esfera
    8 (look) cara, expresión nombre femenino
    1 (look towards) mirar hacia
    ■ she turned to face me se volvió hacia mí, se volvió para mirarme
    ■ everybody face the blackboard! ¡todo el mundo mira cara a la pizarra!
    2 (look onto) mirar hacia, estar orientado,-a hacia, dar a
    3 (be opposite to) estar enfrente de
    4 (confront) presentarse, plantearse; (deal with) enfrentarse a
    5 (tolerate) soportar
    6 (cover - building) revestir ( with, de), recubrir ( with, de); (- material) forrar ( with, de)
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    face down (person, card) boca abajo
    face to face cara a cara
    face up (person, card) boca arriba
    let's face it seamos realistas, reconozcámoslo
    on the face of it a primera vista
    shut your face! ¡cierra el pico!
    to face the music dar la cara
    to have a long face andar con cara larga
    to have the face to do something tener la cara de hacer algo
    to keep a straight face mantenerse serio,-a, contener la risa
    to look somebody in the face poder mirar a alguien en la cara
    to lose face quedar mal
    to make faces hacer muecas
    to pull faces hacer muecas
    to put on a brave face poner al mal tiempo buena cara
    to save face salvar las apariencias
    to say something to somebody's face decirle algo a alguien a la cara
    face cloth toallita
    face cream crema facial
    face flannel toallita
    face pack mascarilla facial
    face ['feɪs] v, faced ; facing vt
    1) line: recubrir (una superficie), forrar (ropa)
    2) confront: enfrentarse a, afrontar, hacer frente a
    to face the music: afrontar las consecuencias
    to face the facts: aceptar la realidad
    3) : estar de cara a, estar enfrente de
    she's facing her brother: está de cara a su hermano
    4) overlook: dar a
    face vi
    : mirar (hacia), estar orientado (a)
    face n
    1) : cara f, rostro m
    he told me to my face: me lo dijo a la cara
    2) expression: cara f, expresión f
    to pull a long face: poner mala cara
    3) grimace: mueca f
    to make faces: hacer muecas
    4) appearance: fisonomía f, aspecto m
    the face of society: la fisonomía de la sociedad
    5) effrontery: desfachatez f
    6) prestige: prestigio m
    to lose face: desprestigiarse
    7) front, side: cara f (de una moneda), esfera f (de un reloj), fachada f (de un edificio), pared f (de una montaña)
    8) surface: superficie f, faz f (de la tierra), cara f (de la luna)
    9)
    in the face of despite: en medio de, en visto de, ante
    n.
    • cara s.f.
    • fachada s.f.
    • faz s.f.
    • mueca s.f.
    • pundonor s.m.
    • rostro s.m.
    • semblante s.m.
    • visaje s.m.
    face (s.o.) down
    expr.
    • hacerle frente (a alguien) expr.
    v.
    • acarear v.
    • aceptar v.
    • afrontar v.
    • arrostrar v.
    • carear v.
    • encarar v.
    • enfrentar v.
    • mirar hacia v.
    feɪs
    I
    1) c
    a) (of person, animal) cara f, rostro m

    if your face doesn't fit... — si no le/les caes bien...

    I'm not just a pretty face, you know! — (set phrase) no te creas que soy tan tonta

    I must put my face on o do my face — (hum) tengo que maquillarme or pintarme

    to feed o stuff one's face — (colloq) atiborrarse de comida, ponerse* morado (Esp fam)

    in the face of stiff opposition — en medio de or ante una fuerte oposición

    to argue/shout until one is blue in the face — discutir/gritar hasta cansarse

    to fall flat on one's face — caerse* de bruces; ( blunder) darse* de narices

    to fly in the face of something — hacer* caso omiso de algo

    to laugh on the other side of one's face: you'll laugh on the other side of your face when you're fired! se te van a acabar las ganas de reír(te) cuando te despidan!; to somebody's face a or en la cara; to show one's face aparecer*; to stare somebody in the face: the solution was staring me in the face — tenía la solución delante de las narices

    b) ( person) cara f
    c) ( expression) cara f

    to keep a straight face: I could hardly keep a straight face casi no podía aguantarme (de) la risa; to make o (BrE also) pull a face poner* mala cara; the children were making faces at each other los niños se hacían muecas; to put a brave face on it — poner(le)* al mal tiempo buena cara

    2)
    a) (appearance, nature) (no pl) fisonomía f
    b) c ( aspect) aspecto m
    c) u ( dignity)

    to lose face — desprestigiarse, quedar mal

    3) c (of coin, medal, solid) cara f; (of clock, watch) esfera f, carátula f (Méx)
    4) c ( of cliff) pared f

    to disappear off the face of the earth — desaparecer* de la faz de la tierra


    II
    1.

    she turned to face him/the wall — se volvió hacia él/la pared

    2) ( confront) enfrentarse a

    to be faced with something — estar* or verse* frente a or ante algo

    let's face it, we have no alternative — seamos realistas, no nos queda otra alternativa

    3)
    a) ( be presented with) \<\<problem/increase\>\> enfrentarse
    b) ( bear)

    several problems face us — se nos presentan or se nos plantean varios problemas

    4) ( Const) \<\<wall/surface\>\> recubrir*

    2.
    vi
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [feɪs]
    1. N
    1) (=part of body) cara f, rostro m

    • the bomb blew up in his face — la bomba estalló delante suyo

    it all blew up in his face * — (fig) le salió el tiro por la culata *

    • I could never look him in the face again — no tendría valor para mirarle a la cara de nuevo

    • to say sth to sb's face — decirle algo a la cara a algn

    to bring two people face to face — poner a dos personas cara a cara, confrontar a dos personas

    to come face to face with — [+ person] encontrarse cara a cara con; [+ problem, danger] enfrentarse con

    • face up — boca arriba

    - put a brave or good face on it
    - lose face
    - be off one's face
    - put one's face on
    - save face
    - set one's face against sth
    - show one's face
    blue 1., 1), egg 1., 1), laugh 2., plain 1., 1), pretty 1., 1), slap 1., stuff 2., 1)
    2) (=expression) cara f, expresión f

    a happy face — una cara alegre or de Pascua

    • his face fell — puso cara larga

    • a long face — una cara larga

    • to make or pull faces (at sb) — hacer muecas (a algn)

    straight 1., 1)
    3) (=person) cara f

    we need some new or fresh faces on the team — el equipo necesita sangre nueva

    4) (=surface) superficie f; [of dial, watch] esfera f; [of sundial] cuadrante m; [of mountain, cliff, coin, playing card] cara f; [of building] fachada f, frente m
    5) (=aspect)
    6) (=effrontery) descaro m, cara f, caradura f
    7) (=typeface) tipo m de imprenta

    • face down(wards) — [person, card] boca abajo

    • in the face of — [+ enemy] frente a; [+ threats, danger] ante; [+ difficulty] en vista de, ante

    • on the face of it — a primera vista, a juzgar por las apariencias

    • face up(ward) — [person, card] boca arriba

    - fly in the face of reason
    2. VT
    1) (=be facing) [+ person, object] estar de cara a; (=be opposite) estar enfrente de

    face the wall! — ¡ponte de cara a la pared!

    - face both ways
    2) [room, building]
    a) (=overlook) dar a, tener vista a
    b) (=be opposite to) [+ building] estar enfrente de
    3) (=confront) [+ enemy, danger, problem, situation] enfrentarse a; [+ consequences] hacer frente a, afrontar

    I can't face him — (ashamed) no podría mirarle a los ojos

    he faces a fine of £200 if convicted — le espera una multa de £200 si lo declaran culpable

    faced with the prospect of living on his own, he... — ante la perspectiva de vivir solo,...

    • to face facts — aceptar los hechos or la realidad

    to face the fact that... — reconocer que...

    • let's face it! — ¡seamos realistas!, ¡reconozcámoslo!

    - face the music
    4) (=bear, stand)

    • I can't face breakfast this morning — hoy no podría desayunar nada

    5) (=clad) revestir
    6) (Sew) (on inside) forrar; (on outside) recubrir
    3. VI
    1) [person, animal] (=look) mirar hacia; (=turn) volverse hacia

    face this way! — ¡vuélvete hacia aquí!

    right face! — (US) (Mil) ¡derecha!

    about face! — (US) (Mil) ¡media vuelta!

    2) [building]

    which way does the house face? — ¿en qué dirección está orientada la casa?

    it faces east/towards the east — da al este/mira hacia el este

    4.
    CPD

    face card N — (US) figura f

    face cloth N — = face flannel

    face cream N — crema f para la cara

    face flannel N — (Brit) toallita f; (=glove) manopla f (para lavarse la cara)

    (Cosmetics) = face pack

    face pack N — mascarilla f facial

    face paint N — pintura ornamental para la cara

    face painting N — (for children) pintura f facial

    face powder N — polvos mpl para la cara

    face scrub N — = facial scrub

    face value N — [of coin, stamp] valor m nominal

    - take sb at face value
    * * *
    [feɪs]
    I
    1) c
    a) (of person, animal) cara f, rostro m

    if your face doesn't fit... — si no le/les caes bien...

    I'm not just a pretty face, you know! — (set phrase) no te creas que soy tan tonta

    I must put my face on o do my face — (hum) tengo que maquillarme or pintarme

    to feed o stuff one's face — (colloq) atiborrarse de comida, ponerse* morado (Esp fam)

    in the face of stiff opposition — en medio de or ante una fuerte oposición

    to argue/shout until one is blue in the face — discutir/gritar hasta cansarse

    to fall flat on one's face — caerse* de bruces; ( blunder) darse* de narices

    to fly in the face of something — hacer* caso omiso de algo

    to laugh on the other side of one's face: you'll laugh on the other side of your face when you're fired! se te van a acabar las ganas de reír(te) cuando te despidan!; to somebody's face a or en la cara; to show one's face aparecer*; to stare somebody in the face: the solution was staring me in the face — tenía la solución delante de las narices

    b) ( person) cara f
    c) ( expression) cara f

    to keep a straight face: I could hardly keep a straight face casi no podía aguantarme (de) la risa; to make o (BrE also) pull a face poner* mala cara; the children were making faces at each other los niños se hacían muecas; to put a brave face on it — poner(le)* al mal tiempo buena cara

    2)
    a) (appearance, nature) (no pl) fisonomía f
    b) c ( aspect) aspecto m
    c) u ( dignity)

    to lose face — desprestigiarse, quedar mal

    3) c (of coin, medal, solid) cara f; (of clock, watch) esfera f, carátula f (Méx)
    4) c ( of cliff) pared f

    to disappear off the face of the earth — desaparecer* de la faz de la tierra


    II
    1.

    she turned to face him/the wall — se volvió hacia él/la pared

    2) ( confront) enfrentarse a

    to be faced with something — estar* or verse* frente a or ante algo

    let's face it, we have no alternative — seamos realistas, no nos queda otra alternativa

    3)
    a) ( be presented with) \<\<problem/increase\>\> enfrentarse
    b) ( bear)

    several problems face us — se nos presentan or se nos plantean varios problemas

    4) ( Const) \<\<wall/surface\>\> recubrir*

    2.
    vi
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > face

  • 65 independiente

    adj.
    1 independent.
    2 separate (aparte).
    3 freelance, indie.
    f. & m.
    independent, maverick.
    * * *
    1 independent
    2 (individualista) self-sufficient
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [gen] independent
    2) [piso etc] self-contained
    3) (Inform) stand-alone
    2.
    * * *
    adjetivo/masculino y femenino independent
    * * *
    = freebooting, self-contained, self-supporting, separate, stand-alone [standalone], free-standing, non-partisan [nonpartisan], self-directed, self-reliant, independent, independent, self-organising [self-organizing, -USA].
    Ex. Such considerations whether invested with the gravitas assumed by LSIC whenever they address such imponderables or when issued by freebooting critics miss the mark.
    Ex. From mainframe and mini-computers in the 60s and 70s the trend of the 80s is towards micro-based, self-contained personal computers on the one hand, and superfast, high-performance computers on the other.
    Ex. Three self-supporting scales for the measurement of reading attitude were used, namely, the questionnaires of Estes, Heathington, and La Pray.
    Ex. One of the most obvious of the limitations of this approach is that it is difficult to decide what constitutes a separate work.
    Ex. BLCMP (originally Birminghan Libraries Cooperative Mechanisation Project) is a co-operative venture which embraces both network and stand-alone services, and batch and online services.
    Ex. A free-standing terminal is a computer in its own right, which processes and stores data about the transactions and which may also exchange data with a central computer at predetermined intervals, say at the end of a working day.
    Ex. To support these ends, the public library must be readily accessible to all, its use must be free of charge, it must be non-partisan and non-sectarian.
    Ex. Libraries can play an important role in self-directed learning and in improving adult reading skills = Las bibliotecas pueden desempeñar un importante papel en el aprendizaje autodidacta y en la mejora de las habilidades lectoras de los adultos.
    Ex. The modern concept of helping library users become information literate, self-reliant learners must replace traditional BI = El concepto moderno de ayudar a los usuarios de la biblioteca a adquirir los conocimientos básicos en el manejo de la información, a ser alumnos autosuficientes, debe sustituir a la formación de usuarios tradicional.
    Ex. The organization wants employees to be dependent and the employee wants to be independent.
    Ex. However, recent book industry statistics show that the market share held by the independents is shrinking.
    Ex. These techniques may lead to the study of science as a self-organizing system in the form of neural network like structures.
    ----
    * actuar de un modo independiente = go it alone.
    * con financiación independiente = self-funded.
    * Federación Nacional de Asesorías Independientes (FIAC) = National Federation of Independent Advice Centres (FIAC).
    * semiindependiente = semi-independent.
    * ser independiente = go + Posesivo + own way, stand on + Posesivo + own (two) feet.
    * * *
    adjetivo/masculino y femenino independent
    * * *
    = freebooting, self-contained, self-supporting, separate, stand-alone [standalone], free-standing, non-partisan [nonpartisan], self-directed, self-reliant, independent, independent, self-organising [self-organizing, -USA].

    Ex: Such considerations whether invested with the gravitas assumed by LSIC whenever they address such imponderables or when issued by freebooting critics miss the mark.

    Ex: From mainframe and mini-computers in the 60s and 70s the trend of the 80s is towards micro-based, self-contained personal computers on the one hand, and superfast, high-performance computers on the other.
    Ex: Three self-supporting scales for the measurement of reading attitude were used, namely, the questionnaires of Estes, Heathington, and La Pray.
    Ex: One of the most obvious of the limitations of this approach is that it is difficult to decide what constitutes a separate work.
    Ex: BLCMP (originally Birminghan Libraries Cooperative Mechanisation Project) is a co-operative venture which embraces both network and stand-alone services, and batch and online services.
    Ex: A free-standing terminal is a computer in its own right, which processes and stores data about the transactions and which may also exchange data with a central computer at predetermined intervals, say at the end of a working day.
    Ex: To support these ends, the public library must be readily accessible to all, its use must be free of charge, it must be non-partisan and non-sectarian.
    Ex: Libraries can play an important role in self-directed learning and in improving adult reading skills = Las bibliotecas pueden desempeñar un importante papel en el aprendizaje autodidacta y en la mejora de las habilidades lectoras de los adultos.
    Ex: The modern concept of helping library users become information literate, self-reliant learners must replace traditional BI = El concepto moderno de ayudar a los usuarios de la biblioteca a adquirir los conocimientos básicos en el manejo de la información, a ser alumnos autosuficientes, debe sustituir a la formación de usuarios tradicional.
    Ex: The organization wants employees to be dependent and the employee wants to be independent.
    Ex: However, recent book industry statistics show that the market share held by the independents is shrinking.
    Ex: These techniques may lead to the study of science as a self-organizing system in the form of neural network like structures.
    * actuar de un modo independiente = go it alone.
    * con financiación independiente = self-funded.
    * Federación Nacional de Asesorías Independientes (FIAC) = National Federation of Independent Advice Centres (FIAC).
    * semiindependiente = semi-independent.
    * ser independiente = go + Posesivo + own way, stand on + Posesivo + own (two) feet.

    * * *
    1 ‹carácter› independent
    2 ‹político› independent
    independent, independent candidate
    * * *

     

    independiente adjetivo, masculino y femenino
    independent
    independiente adjetivo
    1 (sin ataduras) independent
    un partido independiente, an independent party
    2 (individualista) self-reliant
    ' independiente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    absoluta
    - absoluto
    - autosuficiente
    - bañera
    - chalet
    - autonómico
    - congelador
    - presentar
    English:
    financially
    - free agent
    - freelance
    - freestanding
    - independent
    - ITV
    - nonpartisan
    - unattached
    - emancipated
    - maisonette
    - self
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [país, persona] independent
    2. [aparte] separate
    ♦ nmf
    [político] independent
    * * *
    adj independent
    * * *
    : independent
    * * *
    independiente adj independent

    Spanish-English dictionary > independiente

  • 66 perfil

    m.
    1 outline, shape (contorno).
    2 profile.
    de perfil in profile
    3 profile.
    4 side view, contour, profile.
    * * *
    1 (gen) profile
    2 (silueta) outline
    \
    de perfil in profile
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [gen] profile (tb fig); (=contorno) silhouette, outline; (Geol, Arquit) section, cross section; (Fot) side view

    de perfil — in profile, from the side

    perfil bajo, neumáticos de perfil bajo — low-profile tyres o (EEUU) tires

    2) [profesional] profile

    perfil del cliente — (Com) customer profile

    3) pl perfiles (=rasgos) features, characteristics; (=cortesías) social courtesies; (=retoques) finishing touches
    * * *
    1)
    a) (del cuerpo, la cara) profile

    una foto/un retrato de perfil — a profile photograph/portrait

    visto de perfil — seen from the side, if you look at it from the side

    b) (contorno, silueta) profile, silhouette
    2) (Arquit) cross section; (Tec) profile, longitudinal section
    3) ( características) profile
    * * *
    = profile, profile, contour, pattern.
    Ex. The user then receives, on a regular basis, notifications of new documents or information which fall within the topic specified in his profile.
    Ex. A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.
    Ex. As a result, requesters have turned to the courts to define the contours of public access in the computer age.
    Ex. In the same way that citation orders may have more or less theoretical foundations, equally reference generation may follow a predetermined pattern.
    ----
    * creación de perfiles de usuario = user profiling.
    * crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.
    * de perfil = in profile.
    * impreso de perfil de búsqueda = profile search form.
    * perfil de búsqueda = search profile.
    * perfil de grupo = group profile.
    * perfil de interés = subject interest.
    * perfil de interés del usuario = subject profile, user interest profile.
    * perfil de la biblioteca = library profile.
    * perfil de un + Nombre = Nombre + in profile.
    * perfil documental = document profile.
    * perfil DSI = SDI profile.
    * perfil genético = genetic pattern.
    * perfil profesional = career profile.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (del cuerpo, la cara) profile

    una foto/un retrato de perfil — a profile photograph/portrait

    visto de perfil — seen from the side, if you look at it from the side

    b) (contorno, silueta) profile, silhouette
    2) (Arquit) cross section; (Tec) profile, longitudinal section
    3) ( características) profile
    * * *
    = profile, profile, contour, pattern.

    Ex: The user then receives, on a regular basis, notifications of new documents or information which fall within the topic specified in his profile.

    Ex: A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.
    Ex: As a result, requesters have turned to the courts to define the contours of public access in the computer age.
    Ex: In the same way that citation orders may have more or less theoretical foundations, equally reference generation may follow a predetermined pattern.
    * creación de perfiles de usuario = user profiling.
    * crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.
    * de perfil = in profile.
    * impreso de perfil de búsqueda = profile search form.
    * perfil de búsqueda = search profile.
    * perfil de grupo = group profile.
    * perfil de interés = subject interest.
    * perfil de interés del usuario = subject profile, user interest profile.
    * perfil de la biblioteca = library profile.
    * perfil de un + Nombre = Nombre + in profile.
    * perfil documental = document profile.
    * perfil DSI = SDI profile.
    * perfil genético = genetic pattern.
    * perfil profesional = career profile.

    * * *
    A
    1 (del cuerpo, de la cara) profile
    una foto/un retrato de perfil de su hijo a profile photograph/portrait of her son
    vista de perfil me recuerda a su hermana seen from the side o if you look at her from the side, she looks like her sister, in profile she reminds me of her sister
    un perfil griego/romano a Greek/Roman profile
    2 (contorno, silueta) profile, silhouette
    B
    1 ( Arquit) cross section
    2 ( Tec) profile, longitudinal section
    3 ( Inf) footprint
    C
    (rasgos, características): el perfil de la mujer moderna the profile of the modern woman
    quiere un puesto de trabajo que se adapte a su perfil he wants a position which suits his qualifications and experience
    les interesa una persona con un perfil empresarial they are looking for someone with a managerial background o with managerial experience
    Compuesto:
    genetic profile
    * * *

     

    perfil sustantivo masculino
    a) (del cuerpo, la cara) profile;


    visto de perfil seen from the side
    b) (contorno, silueta) profile, silhouette

    perfil sustantivo masculino
    1 profile
    2 (contorno) silhouette, outline, contour
    3 Geom cross section
    ' perfil' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ondulada
    - ondulado
    - silueta
    - costa
    - neto
    English:
    cross-section
    - dim
    - outline
    - profile
    - side view
    * * *
    perfil nm
    1. [de cara, cuerpo] profile;
    una foto de perfil a photograph in profile;
    en la foto salgo de perfil I appear in profile in the photo;
    le vi de perfil I saw him in profile o from the side;
    un perfil griego a Greek profile
    2. [contorno] outline, shape;
    un perfil aerodinámico an aerodynamic shape
    3. [característica] characteristic;
    el perfil de un candidato a candidate's profile;
    un perfil psicológico a psychological profile;
    buscan licenciados con un perfil comercial they are looking for graduates with a background in sales
    4. Mat cross section
    * * *
    m profile;
    de perfil in profile, from the side;
    dar el perfil para un cargo fit the profile
    * * *
    perfil nm
    1) : profile
    2)
    de perfil : sideways, from the side
    3) perfiles nmpl
    rasgos: features, characteristics
    * * *
    1. (de cosa) outline
    2. (de persona) profile

    Spanish-English dictionary > perfil

  • 67 monde

    monde [mɔ̃d]
    masculine noun
       a. world
    • où va le monde ? whatever is the world coming to?
    • envoyer or expédier qn dans l'autre monde to send sb to meet his (or her) maker
    • c'est le monde à l'envers ! whatever next!
    • le monde est petit ! it's a small world!
    • c'est un monde ! (inf) it's just not right!
    • musique/cuisine du monde world music/food
    • pas le moins du monde ! not at all!
    • ce village, c'est le bout du monde that village is in the middle of nowhere
    • ce n'est pas le bout du monde ! ( = ce n'est rien) it won't kill you!
       b. ( = gens) est-ce qu'il y a du monde ? ( = quelqu'un) is there anybody there? ; ( = foule) are there many people there?
    • il y a du monde ( = des gens) there are some people there ; ( = foule) there's quite a crowd
    • il y avait un monde fou ! (inf) the place was packed!
       c. ( = milieu social) set
    • le monde ( = la bonne société) society
    * * *
    mɔ̃d
    nom masculin
    1) gén world

    aller or voyager de par le monde, parcourir le monde — to travel the world

    c'est le bout du monde!, c'est au bout du monde! — it's in the back of beyond!

    ce n'est pas le bout du monde! — fig it' s not such a big deal!

    elle n'est plus de ce monde — euph she's no longer with us euph

    quand je ne serai plus de ce monde — euph when I have departed this world

    je n'étais pas encore au monde — I wasn't yet born; grand

    2) ( milieu) world

    un monde nous sépare — we are worlds apart; nouveau

    3) ( gens) people

    j'ai du monde ce soir — (colloq) I'm having people round GB ou over US tonight

    4) ( bonne société) society

    le beau or grand monde — high society

    ••

    c'est un monde! — (colloq) that's a bit much!

    * * *
    mɔ̃d nm
    1) (= planète) world
    2) (= bonne société)

    femme du monde — socialite, society woman

    3) (= milieu) world
    4) (= gens)

    beaucoup de monde — many people, a lot of people

    Il y avait beaucoup de monde au concert. — There were a lot of people at the concert.

    peu de monde — not many people, few people

    * * *
    monde nm
    1 ( terre) world; l'homme le plus grand/le plus riche du monde the tallest/the wealthiest man in the world; ce sont les meilleurs amis du monde they are the best of friends; expliquer le plus calmement/logiquement du monde que to explain quite calmly/logically that; pas le moins du monde not in the least ou slightest; si vous êtes le moins du monde soucieux if you are (in) the least bit worried; s'il souffrait le moins du monde if he felt any pain at all ou the slightest pain; se porter le mieux du monde to be fine; au monde gén on earth, in the world; personne/rien au monde ne la fera changer d'avis she won't change her mind for anybody/anything; pour rien au monde il ne raterait le match he wouldn't miss the match for anything; dans le monde entier all over the world; à travers le monde throughout the world; aller or voyager de par le monde liter, parcourir le monde to travel the world; il irait jusqu'au bout du monde pour la retrouver he would go to the ends of the earth to find her again; c'est le bout du monde!, c'est au bout du monde! it's miles from anywhere!, it's in the back of beyond!; mon père habite à l'autre bout du monde my father lives halfway around the world; ce n'est pas le bout du monde! fig it's not such a big deal!; comme le monde est petit! it's a small world!; ⇒ métier;
    2 ( société humaine) world; la faim/paix dans le monde world famine/peace; être les premiers au monde à faire to be the first in the world to do; vouloir refaire le monde to want to change the world ; être ouvert sur le monde to be aware of what is going on in the world; se retirer du monde to withdraw from the world; à la face du monde for all the world to see;
    3 ( ici-bas) les biens de ce monde worldly goods; en ce bas monde here below; l'autre monde the next world, the world to come; elle n'est plus de ce monde euph she's no longer with us euph; quand je ne serai plus de ce monde euph when I have departed this world; la perfection n'est pas de ce monde there is no such thing as perfection; le monde des vivants the land of the living; je n'étais pas encore au monde I wasn't yet born; ⇒ grand;
    4 (microcosme, section) world; le monde du travail/des idées the world of work/of ideas; le monde arabe/médical the Arab/medical world; le monde libre the free world; le monde moderne the modern world; le monde animal the animal kingdom; ils ne sont pas du même monde ( milieu) they are from different social backgrounds; c'est un monde à part it's a completely different world; cet événement marqua la fin d'un monde this event marked the end of an era; ⇒ ancien;
    5 ( gens) people; il y a du monde ( une foule) there are a lot of people; ( des gens) there's someone there; de plus en plus de monde more and more people; il n'y a pas grand monde there aren't many people; tout le monde everybody, everyone; voir beaucoup de monde to have a busy social life ; j'ai du monde ce soir○ I'm having people round GB ou over US tonight; elle se moque or se fout◑ du monde! what does she take us for?; tout mon petit monde my family and friends (pl); réunir tout son monde ( entourage) to get everyone together;
    6 ( bonne société) society; sortir dans le monde to go out into society; le beau or grand monde high society;
    7 ( écart) il y a un monde entre there's a world of difference between; un monde nous sépare, il y a un monde entre nous we are worlds apart.
    mettre un enfant au monde to bring a child into the world; venir au monde to come into the world; se faire (tout) un monde de qch to get all worked up about sth; ainsi va le monde that's the way it goes; depuis que le monde est monde since the beginning of time; il faut de tout pour faire un monde Prov it takes all sorts to make a world Prov; c'est le monde à l'envers! the world's turned upside down!; c'est un monde○! that's a bit much!
    [mɔ̃d] nom masculin
    1. [univers] world
    il n'est plus de ce monde he's no longer with us, he's gone to the next world
    en ce bas monde here on earth, here below
    depuis que le monde est monde since the beginning of time, since the world began
    2. [humanité] world
    tout le monde everybody, everyone
    tout le monde sait cela everybody ou the whole world knows that
    3. [pour intensifier]
    le plus simplement/gentiment du monde in the simplest/kindest possible way
    c'est ce que j'aime/je veux le plus au monde it's what I love/want most in the world
    pour rien au monde not for anything, not for the world
    nul ou personne au monde nobody in the world
    4. [communauté] world
    le monde de la finance the world of finance, the financial world
    le monde capitaliste/communiste the capitalist/communist world
    le monde animal/végétal the animal/plant world
    5. [gens] people (pluriel)
    il y a du monde? [en entrant chez quelqu'un] is there anybody home ou there?
    il y a un monde fou, c'est noir de monde the place is swarming ou alive with people
    ne t'en fais pas, je connais mon monde! don't worry, I know who I'm dealing with!
    tu te moques ou fiches (familier) ou fous (familier) du monde! you've got a nerve ou a bloody nerve!
    6. [société] world
    [groupe social] circle, set
    [classes élevées]
    le (beau) ou grand monde high society
    fréquenter le beau ou grand monde to mix with high society ou in society
    gens du monde socialites, society people
    7. [domaine] world, realm
    c'est un monde! (familier) that beats everything!, well I never!
    pourquoi ne ranges-tu jamais tes affaires, c'est un monde tout de même! (familier) why in the world ou why oh why don't you ever put your things away?

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > monde

  • 68 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

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    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 69 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 70 gaucho

    adj.
    1 Argentinean.
    2 gaucho.
    m.
    gaucho, cowboy of the pampas.
    * * *
    1. SM
    1) LAm gaucho; (=vaquero) cowboy, herdsman, herder (EEUU)
    2) Cono Sur (=jinete) good rider, expert horseman
    3) And (=sombrero) wide-brimmed straw hat
    2. ADJ
    1) gaucho antes de s, gaucho-like
    2) Cono Sur * (=servicial) helpful
    GAUCHO Gaucho is the name given to the men who rode the Pampa, the plains of Argentina, Uruguay and parts of southern Brazil, earning their living on cattle farms. Important parts of the gaucho's traditional costume include the faja, a sash worn around the waist, the facón, a sheath knife, and boleadoras, strips of leather weighted with stones at either end which were used somewhat like lassos to catch cattle. During the 19th century this vast pampas area was divided up into large ranches and the free-roaming lifestyle of the gaucho gradually disappeared. Gauchos were the inspiration for a tradition of literatura gauchesca, of which the most famous work is the two-part epic poem "Martín Fierro" written by the Argentine José Hernández between 1872 and 1879 and mourning the loss of the gaucho way of life and their persecution as outlaws.
    * * *
    masculino gaucho
    •• Cultural note:
    A peasant of the pampas of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. Modern gauchos work as foremen on farms and ranches and take part in rodeos. Gauchos fought for Argentine independence from Spain, but later became involved in political disputes and suffered persecution. A literary genre, literatura gauchesca, grew up in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The most famous work is Martín Fierro, an epic poem by José Hernández about the misfortunes of an Argentine gaucho when the huge pampas are divided into ranches. Traditionally gauchos wore baggy trousers, leather chaps, a chiripá, a garment that went over their trousers and came up around their waist, boots, a hat, a leather waistcoat, a belt with a large buckle. They carried a facón - a large knife with a curved blade, and used boleadoras, ropes weighted at each end and thrown like lassos, to catch cattle
    * * *
    masculino gaucho
    •• Cultural note:
    A peasant of the pampas of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. Modern gauchos work as foremen on farms and ranches and take part in rodeos. Gauchos fought for Argentine independence from Spain, but later became involved in political disputes and suffered persecution. A literary genre, literatura gauchesca, grew up in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The most famous work is Martín Fierro, an epic poem by José Hernández about the misfortunes of an Argentine gaucho when the huge pampas are divided into ranches. Traditionally gauchos wore baggy trousers, leather chaps, a chiripá, a garment that went over their trousers and came up around their waist, boots, a hat, a leather waistcoat, a belt with a large buckle. They carried a facón - a large knife with a curved blade, and used boleadoras, ropes weighted at each end and thrown like lassos, to catch cattle
    * * *
    1 ( RPl fam) (servicial) helpful, obliging
    2 ( Chi) (argentino) Argentinian
    gaucho (↑ gaucho a1)
    A peasant of the pampas of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. Modern gauchos work as foremen on farms and ranches and take part in rodeos.
    Gauchos fought for Argentine independence from Spain, but later became involved in political disputes and suffered persecution.
    A literary genre, literatura gauchesca, grew up in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The most famous work is Martín Fierro, an epic poem by José Hernández about the misfortunes of an Argentine gaucho when the huge pampas are divided into ranches.
    Traditionally gauchos wore baggy trousers, leather chaps, a chiripá, a garment that went over their trousers and came up around their waist, boots, a hat, a leather waistcoat, a belt with a large buckle. They carried a facón - a large knife with a curved blade, and used boleadoras, ropes weighted at each end and thrown like lassos, to catch cattle.
    * * *

    gaucho sustantivo masculino
    gaucho
    ' gaucho' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bombacha
    - matrero
    * * *
    gaucho, -a
    ♦ adj
    RP Fam [servicial] helpful, obliging
    ♦ nm,f
    gaucho
    GAUCHO
    The Gauchos were the cowboys of Argentina and Uruguay, skilled horsemen who were in charge of the huge cattle-herds of the pampas. The culture of the Gaucho, which dates from colonial times, combines elements from several sources: Spain, indigenous Indian culture, and that of freed slaves. They gained fame for their courage and daring during the wars of independence against Spain, but they later became increasingly marginalized because of their fiercely independent spirit and nomadic customs. Nevertheless they remain vivid figures in the national imagination, together with their working tools and weapons – the Spanish hunting knife and Indian “boleadoras” – their distinctive clothing, such as the poncho, and customs, such as drinking mate and singing campfire songs. They were immortalized by José Hernández in his long poem “El gaucho Martín Fierro” (1872-79), which is Argentina's national epic and did much to create and popularize their legend. Although this tradition may be affectionately sent up nowadays (e.g. in the comic strip “Inodoro Pereyra” by the cartoonist Fontanarrosa), the Gaucho is still regarded by many as the embodiment of the virtues of solidarity and companionship.
    * * *
    Rpl
    I adj gaucho atr
    II m gaucho
    * * *
    gaucho nm
    : gaucho

    Spanish-English dictionary > gaucho

  • 71 καί

    καί conjunction (Hom.+), found most frequently by far of all Gk. particles in the NT; since it is not only used much more commonly here than in other Gk. lit. but oft. in a different sense, or rather in different circumstances, it contributes greatly to some of the distinctive coloring of the NT style.—HMcArthur, ΚΑΙ Frequency in Greek Letters, NTS 15, ’68/69, 339–49. The vivacious versatility of κ. (for earlier Gk. s. Denniston 289–327) can easily be depressed by the tr. ‘and’, whose repetition in a brief area of text lacks the support of arresting aspects of Gk. syntax.
    ① marker of connections, and
    ⓐ single words
    α. gener. Ἰάκωβος καὶ Ἰωσὴφ καὶ Σίμων καὶ Ἰούδας Mt 13:55. χρυσὸν καὶ λίβανον καὶ σμύρναν 2:11. ἡ ἐντολὴ ἁγία καὶ δικαία καὶ ἀγαθή Ro 7:12. πολυμερῶς κ. πολυτρόπως Hb 1:1. ὁ θεὸς κ. πατήρ God, who is also the Father 1 Cor 15:24; cp. 2 Cor 1:3; 11:31; Eph 1:3; Js 1:27; 3:9 al.—Connects two occurrences of the same word for emphasis (OGI 90, 19 [196 B.C.] Ἑρμῆς ὁ μέγας κ. μέγας; pap in Mayser II/1, 54) μείζων κ. μείζων greater and greater Hv 4, 1, 6. ἔτι κ. ἔτι again and again B 21:4; Hs 2, 6 (B-D-F §493, 1; 2; s. Rob. 1200).
    β. w. numerals, w. the larger number first δέκα καὶ ὁκτώ Lk 13:16. τεσσεράκοντα κ. ἕξ J 2:20. τετρακόσιοι κ. πεντήκοντα Ac 13:20.—The καί in 2 Cor 13:1 ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων καὶ τριῶν σταθήσεται πᾶν ῥῆμα=‘or’ ([v.l. ἢ τριῶν for καὶ τριῶν as it reads Mt 18:16]; cp. Js 4:13 v.l. σήμερον καὶ αὔριον=‘today or tomorrow’, but s. above all Thu. 1, 82, 2; Pla., Phd. 63e; X., De Re Equ. 4, 4 ἁμάξας τέτταρας καὶ πέντε; Heraclides, Pol. 58 τρεῖς καὶ τέσσαρας; Polyb. 3, 51, 12 ἐπὶ δυεῖν καὶ τρισὶν ἡμέραις; 5, 90, 6; Diod S 34 + 35 Fgm. 2, 28 εἷς καὶ δύο=one or two; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1091 p. 305, 22 W. τριέτης καὶ τετραέτης) by the statement of two or three witnesses every charge must be sustained, as explained by Dt 19:15.
    γ. adding the whole to the part and in general (Aristoph., Nub. 1239 τὸν Δία καὶ τοὺς θεούς; Thu. 1, 116, 3; 7, 65, 1) Πέτρος καὶ οἱ ἀπόστολοι Peter and the rest of the apostles Ac 5:29. οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς κ. τὸ συνέδριον ὅλον the high priest and all the rest of the council Mt 26:59. Vice versa, adding a (specially important) part to the whole and especially (πᾶς Ἰουδὰ καὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ 2 Ch 35:24; cp. 32, 33; 1 Macc 2:6) τοῖς μαθηταῖς κ. τῷ Πέτρῳ Mk 16:7. σὺν γυναιξὶ κ. Μαριάμ Ac 1:14.
    δ. The expr. connected by καί can be united in the form of a hendiadys (Alcaeus 117, 9f D.2 χρόνος καὶ καρπός=time of fruit; Soph., Aj. 144; 749; Polyb. 6, 9, 4; 6, 57, 5 ὑπεροχὴ καὶ δυναστεία=1, 2, 7; 5, 45, 1 ὑπεροχὴ τῆς δυναστείας; Diod S 5, 67, 3 πρὸς ἀνανέωσιν καὶ μνήμην=renewal of remembrance; 15, 63, 2 ἀνάγκη καὶ τύχη=compulsion of fate; 16, 93, 2 ἐπιβουλὴ κ. θάνατος=a fatal plot; Jos., Ant. 12, 98 μετὰ χαρᾶς κ. βοῆς=w. a joyful cry; 17, 82 ἀκρίβεια κ. φυλακή) ἐξίσταντο ἐπὶ τῇ συνέσει καὶ ταῖς ἀποκρίσεσιν αὐτοῦ they were amazed at his intelligent answers Lk 2:47. δώσω ὑμῖν στόμα κ. σοφίαν I will give you wise utterance 21:15. τροφὴ κ. εὐφροσύνη joy concerning (your) food Ac 14:17. ἐλπὶς κ. ἀνάστασις hope of a resurrection 23:6 (2 Macc 3:29 ἐλπὶς καὶ σωτηρία; s. OLagercrantz, ZNW 31, ’32, 86f; GBjörck, ConNeot 4, ’40, 1–4).
    ε. A colloquial feature is the coordination of two verbs, one of which should be a ptc. (s. B-D-F §471; Rob. 1135f) ἀποτολμᾷ κ. λέγει = ἀποτολμῶν λέγει he is so bold as to say Ro 10:20. ἔσκαψεν κ. ἐβάθυνεν (=βαθύνας) Lk 6:48. ἐκρύβη κ. ἐξῆλθεν (=ἐξελθών) J 8:59. Sim. χαίρων κ. βλέπων I am glad to see Col 2:5. Linking of subordinate clause and ptc. Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλθεν … καὶ ἰδοῦσα J 11:32 v.l. Cp. παραλαβών … καὶ ἀνέβη Lk 9:28 v.l.
    ⓑ clauses and sentences
    α. gener.: ἐν γαστρὶ ἕξει κ. τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14). εἰσῆλθον … κ. ἐδίδασκον Ac 5:21. διακαθαριεῖ τὴν ἅλωνα αὐτοῦ κ. συνάξει τὸν σῖτον Mt 3:12. κεκένωται ἡ πίστις καὶ κατήργηται ἡ ἐπαγγελία Ro 4:14 and very oft. Connecting two questions Mt 21:23, or quotations (e.g. Ac 1:20), and dialogue (Lk 21:8), or alternate possibilities (13:18).
    β. Another common feature is the practice, drawn fr. Hebrew or fr. the speech of everyday life, of using κ. as a connective where more discriminating usage would call for other particles: καὶ εἶδον καὶ (for ὅτι) σεισμὸς ἐγένετο Rv 6:12. καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς … καὶ (for ὅτι) ἔλεγον and the king learned that they were saying Mk 6:14 (s. HLjungvik, ZNW 33, ’34, 90–92; on this JBlinzler, Philol. 96, ’43/44, 119–31). τέξεται υἱὸν καὶ καλέσεις τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ (for οὗ τὸ ὄνομα καλ.) Mt 1:21; cp. Lk 6:6; 11:44. καλόν ἐστιν ἡμᾶς ὧδε εἶναι καὶ ποιήσωμεν σκηνάς Mk 9:5. Esp. freq. is the formula in historical narrative καὶ ἐγένετο … καὶ (like וַ … וַיְהִי) and it happened or came about … that Mt 9:10; Mk 2:15; Lk 5:1 v.l. (for ἐγένετο δὲ … καὶ; so also the text of 6:12), 12, 17; 14:1; 17:11 al. (Gen 7:10 al.; JosAs 11:1; 22:1). S. MJohannessohn, Das bibl. Καὶ ἐγένετο u. seine Geschichte, 1926 (fr. ZVS 35, 1925, 161–212); KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT I, 1 ’62, 29–62; Mlt-Turner 334f; ÉDelebecque, Études Grecques sur L’Évangile de Luc ’76, 123–65; JVoelz, The Language of the NT: ANRW II/25/2, 893–977, esp. 959–64.—As in popular speech, κ. is used in rapid succession Mt 14:9ff; Mk 1:12ff; Lk 18:32ff; J 2:13ff; 1 Cor 12:5f; Rv 6:12ff; 9:1ff. On this kind of colloquial speech, which joins independent clauses rather than subordinating one to the other (parataxis rather than hypotaxis) s. B-D-F §458; Rdm.2 p. 222; Rob. 426; Dssm., LO 105ff (LAE 129ff), w. many references and parallels fr. secular sources. This is a favorite, e.g., in Polyaenus 2, 3, 2–4; 2, 4, 3; 3, 9, 10; 3, 10, 2; 4, 6, 1; 7, 36 al.
    γ. It is also coordination rather than subordination when κ. connects an expr. of time with that which occurs in the time (Od. 5, 362; Hdt. 7, 217; Thu. 1, 50, 5; Pla., Symp. 220c; Aeschin. 3, 71 νὺξ ἐν μέσῳ καὶ παρῆμεν; s. B-D-F §442, 4; KBrugmann4-AThumb, Griechische Gramm. 1913, 640*): ἤγγικεν ἡ ὥρα κ. παραδίδοται the time has come when he is to be given up Mt 26:45. κ. ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν when they crucified him Mk 15:25. κ. ἀνέβη εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα when he went up to Jerusalem J 2:13. κ. συντελέσω when I will make Hb 8:8 (Jer 38:31); cp. J 4:35; 7:33; Lk 19:43; 23:44; Ac 5:7.
    δ. καί introducing an apodosis is really due to Hebr./LXX infl. (B-D-F §442, 7; Abel §78a, 6 p. 341; Mlt-H. 422; KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT I, 1 ’62, 66–72; but not offensive to ears trained in good Gk.: s. Il. 1, 478; Hdt. 1, 79, 2; sim.Thu. 2, 93, 4 ὡς ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐχώρουν εὐθύς; 8, 27, 5; Herm. Wr. 13, 1 …, καὶ ἔφης; Delebecque [s. above in β] 130–32) καὶ ὅτε ἐπλήσθησαν ἡμέραι ὀκτὼ …, κ. ἐκλήθη τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Lk 2:21; cp. Rv 3:20. Also κ. ἰδού in an apodosis Lk 7:12; Ac 1:10.
    ε. connecting negative and affirmative clauses Lk 3:14. οὔτε ἄντλημα ἔχεις κ. τὸ φρέαρ ἐστὶ βαθύ you have no bucket, and the well is deep J 4:11; cp. 3J 10 (οὔτε … καί Eur., Iph. Taur. 591f; Longus, Past. 1, 17; 4, 28; Aelian, NA 1, 57; 11, 9; Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 2, 4 οὔτε πάντα ἡ Λεσβία, Δωρί, πρὸς σὲ ἐψεύσατο καὶ σὺ τἀληθῆ ἀπήγγελκας Μυρτίῳ ‘It wasn’t all lies that Lesbia told you, Doris; and you certainly reported the truth to Myrtium’). After a negative clause, which influences the clause beginning w. καί: μήποτε καταπατήσουσιν … κ. στραφέντες ῥήξωσιν ὑμᾶς Mt 7:6; cp. 5:25; 10:38; 13:15 (Is 6:10); 27:64; Lk 12:58; 21:34; J 6:53; 12:40 (Is 6:10); Ac 28:27 (Is 6:10); 1 Th 3:5; Hb 12:15; Rv 16:15.
    ζ. to introduce a result that comes fr. what precedes: and then, and so Mt 5:15; 23:32; Mk 8:34; 2 Cor 11:9; Hb 3:19; 1J 3:19. καὶ ἔχομεν and so we have 2 Pt 1:19. Esp. after the impv., or expr. of an imperatival nature (Soph., Oed. Col. 1410ff θέσθε … καὶ … οἴσει, El. 1207; Sir 2:6; 3:17) δεῦτε ὀπίσω μου καὶ ποιήσω and then I will make Mt 4:19. εἰπὲ λόγῳ, κ. ἰαθήσεται ὁ παῖς μου speak the word, and then my servant will be cured Mt 8:8; Lk 7:7; cp. Mt 7:7; Mk 6:22; Lk 10:28; J 14:16; Js 4:7, 10; Rv 4:1.—καί introduces a short clause that confirms the existence of someth. that ought to be: ἵνα τέκνα θεοῦ κληθῶμεν, καὶ ἐσμέν that we should be called children of God; and so we really are (καλέω 1d) 1J 3:1 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 40 §161 they were to conquer Sardinia, καὶ κατέλαβον=and they really took it; 4, 127 §531 one day would decide [κρίνειν] the fate of Rome, καὶ ἐκρίθη).
    η. emphasizing a fact as surprising or unexpected or noteworthy: and yet, and in spite of that, nevertheless (Eur., Herc. Fur. 509; Philostrat., Her. 11 [II 184, 29 Kayser] ῥητορικώτατον καὶ δεινόν; Longus, Past. 4, 17 βουκόλος ἦν Ἀγχίσης καὶ ἔσχεν αὐτὸν Ἀφροδίτη) κ. σὺ ἔρχῃ πρὸς μέ; and yet you come to me? Mt 3:14; cp. 6:26; 10:29; Mk 12:12; J 1:5, 10; 3:11, 32; 5:40; 6:70; 7:28; 1 Cor 5:2; 2 Cor 6:9; Hb 3:9 (Ps 94:9); Rv 3:1. So also, connecting what is unexpected or otherw. noteworthy with an attempt of some kind (JBlomqvist, Das sogennante και adversativum ’79): but ζητεῖ κ. οὐχ εὑρίσκει but he finds none (no resting place) Mt 12:43. ἐπεθύμησαν ἰδεῖν κ. οὐχ εἶδαν but did not see (it) 13:17; cp. 26:60; Lk 13:7; 1 Th 2:18. Cp. GJs 18:3 (not pap). Perhaps Mk 5:20. Introducing a contrasting response καὶ ἀποδώσεις μοι Hv 2, 1, 3.
    θ. to introduce an abrupt question, which may often express wonder, ill-will, incredulity, etc. (B-D-F §442, 8. For older lit. exx. of this usage s. Kühner-G. II p. 247f; for later times EColwell, The Gk. of the Fourth Gospel ’31, 87f): κ. πόθεν μοι τοῦτο; how have I deserved this? Lk 1:43. κ. τίς; who then? Mk 10:26; Lk 10:29; J 9:36. καὶ τί γέγονεν ὅτι … ; how does it happen that … ? 14:22. καὶ πῶς σὺ λέγεις … ; how is it, then, that you say … J 14:9 v.l. W. a protasis εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ λυπῶ ὑμᾶς, κ. τίς ὁ εὐφραίνων με; for if I make you sad, who then will cheer me up? 2 Cor 2:2 (cp. Ps.-Clem., Hom. 2, 43; 44 εἰ [ὁ θεὸς] ψεύδεται, καὶ τίς ἀληθεύει;). Thus Phil 1:22 is prob. to be punctuated as follows (s. ADebrunner, GGA 1926, 151): εἰ δὲ τὸ ζῆν ἐν σαρκί, τοῦτο μοι καρπὸς ἔργου, καὶ τί αἱρήσομαι; οὐ γνωρίζω but if living on here means further productive work, then which shall I choose? I really don’t know. καὶ πῶς αὐτοῦ υἱός ἐστιν; how, then, is he his son? Lk 20:44 (cp. Gen 39:9).
    ι. to introduce a parenthesis (Eur., Orest. 4, Hel. 393; X., Equ. 11, 2.—B-D-F §465, 1; Rob. 1182) κ. ἐκωλύθην ἄρχι τοῦ δεῦρο but so far I have been prevented Ro 1:13.
    ⓒ oft. explicative; i.e., a word or clause is connected by means of καί w. another word or clause, for the purpose of explaining what goes before it and so, that is, namely (PPetr II, 18 [1], 9 πληγὰς … καὶ πλείους=blows … indeed many of them.—Kühner-G. II 247; B-D-F §442, 9; Rob. 1181; Mlt-Turner 335) χάριν κ. ἀποστολήν grace, that is, the office of an apostle Ro 1:5. ἀπήγγειλαν πάντα καὶ τὰ τ. δαιμονιζομένων they told everything, namely what had happened to those who were possessed Mt 8:33. καὶ χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτος that is, grace upon grace J 1:16. Cp. 1 Cor 3:5; 15:38.—Mt 21:5.—Other explicative uses are καὶ οὗτος, καὶ τοῦτο, καὶ ταῦτα (the first and last are in earlier Gk.: Hdt., X. et al.; s. Kühner-G. I 647; II 247) and, also ascensive and indeed, and at that Ἰ. Χρ., καὶ τοῦτον ἐσταυρωμένον J. Chr., (and) indeed him on the cross 1 Cor 2:2. καὶ τοῦτο Ro 13:11; 1 Cor 6:6, 8; Eph 2:8. καὶ ταῦτα w. ptc. and to be sure Hb 11:12. See B-D-F §290, 5; 425, 1; 442, 9.—The ascensive force of καί is also plain in Ῥωμαῖον καὶ ἀκατάκριτον a Roman citizen, and uncondemned at that Ac 22:25. ἔρχεται ὥρα καὶ νῦν ἐστιν an hour is coming, indeed it is already here J 5:25. προσέθηκεν καὶ τοῦτο ἐπὶ πᾶσιν καὶ κατέκλεισεν τὸν Ἰωάννην ἐν φυλακῇ added this on top of everything else, namely to put John in prison Lk 3:20.
    ⓓ After πολύς and before a second adj. καί is pleonastic fr. the viewpoint of modern lang. (earlier Gk.: Hom. et al. [Kühner-G. II 252, 1]; cp. Cebes 1, 1 πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα ἀναθήματα; 2, 3; B-D-F §442, 11) πολλὰ … κ. ἄλλα σημεῖα many other signs J 20:30 (cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 318). πολλὰ κ. βαρέα αἰτιώματα many severe charges Ac 25:7. πολλὰ … καὶ ἕτερα Lk 3:18 (cp. Himerius, Or. 40 [=Or. 6], 6 πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα). πολλοὶ καὶ ἀνυπότακτοι Tit 1:10.
    ⓔ introducing someth. new, w. loose connection: Mt 4:23; 8:14, 23, 28; 9:1, 9, 27, 35; 10:1; 12:27; Mk 5:1, 21; Lk 8:26; J 1:19 and oft.
    ⓕ καί … καί both … and, not only …, but also (Synes., Dreams 10 p. 141b καὶ ἀπιστεῖν ἔξεστι καὶ πιστεύειν.—B-D-F §444, 3; Rob. 1182; Mlt-Turner 335) connecting single expressions Mt 10:28; Mk 4:41; Ro 11:33; Phil 2:13; 4:12. κ. ἐν ὀλίγῳ κ. ἐν μεγάλῳ Ac 26:29. κ. ἅπαξ κ. δίς (s. ἅπαξ 1) Phil 4:16; 1 Th 2:18. Connecting whole clauses or sentences: Mk 9:13; J 7:28; 9:37; 12:28; 1 Cor 1:22. Introducing contrasts: although … yet (Anthol. VII, 676 Δοῦλος Ἐπίκτητος γενόμην καὶ σῶμʼ ἀνάπηρος καὶ πενίην ῏Ιρος καὶ φίλος ἀθανάτοις ‘I was Epictetus, a slave; crippled in body and an Iros [a beggar in Hom., Od.] in poverty, but dear to the Immortals’) J 15:24; Ac 23:3. καὶ … κ. οὐ Lk 5:36; J 6:36. καὶ οὐ … καί 17:25; κ. … κ. now … now Mk 9:22. On τὲ … καί s. τέ 2c. Somet. w. ἤ q.v. 1aβ.—HCadbury, Superfluous καί in the Lord’s Prayer (i.e. Mt 6:12) and Elsewhere: Munera Studiosa (=WHatch Festschr.) ’46.
    ② marker to indicate an additive relation that is not coordinate to connect clauses and sentences, also, likewise, funct. as an adv.
    ⓐ simply κ. τὴν ἄλλην the other one also Mt 5:39; cp. vs. 40; 6:21; 12:45; Mk 1:38; 2:26; 8:7 and oft. Freq. used w. pronouns κἀγώ (q.v.). καὶ σύ Mt 26:73. κ. ὑμεῖς 20:4, 7; Lk 21:31; J 7:47 and oft. κ. αὐτός (s. αὐτός 1f).
    ⓑ intensive: even Mt 5:46f; 10:30; Mk 1:27; Lk 10:17; J 14:9 v.l.; Ac 5:39; 22:28; Ro 9:24 (ἀλλὰ καί); 1 Cor 2:10; 2 Cor 1:8; Gal 2:17; Eph 5:12; Phlm 21; Hb 7:25; 1 Pt 4:19 (but s. d below); Jd 23; Hs 5, 2, 10; 7:1; ἔτι καὶ νῦν Dg 2:3. CBlackman, JBL 87, ’68, 203f would transl. Ro 3:26b: … even in the act of declaring righteous (cp. the gen. abs. Polemon Soph. B 14 Reader καὶ Δάτιδος ἀποπλέοντος=even though Datis was sailing away). In formulas expressing a wish: ὄφελον καί if only, would that Gal 5:12. In connection w. a comparative: κ. περισσότερον προφήτου one who is even more than a prophet Mt 11:9. κ. μείζονα ποιήσει J 14:12.
    ⓒ In sentences denoting a contrast καί appears in var. ways, somet. in both members of the comparison, and oft. pleonastically, to our way of thinking καθάπερ …, οὕτως καί as …, thus also 2 Cor 8:11. ὥσπερ …, οὕτως καί (Hyperid. 1, 2, 5–8) Ro 5:19; 11:30f; 1 Cor 11:12; 15:22; Gal 4:29. ὡς …, οὕτως καί Ro 5:15, 18. ὸ̔ν τρόπον …, οὕτως καί 2 Ti 3:8.—οὕτως καί thus also Ro 6:11. ὡσαύτως καί in the same way also 1 Cor 11:25. ὁμοίως καί (Jos., Bell. 2, 575) J 6:11; Jd 8. ὡς καί Ac 11:17; 1 Cor 7:7; 9:5. καθὼς καί Ro 15:7; 1 Cor 13:12; 2 Cor 1:14; Eph 4:17. καθάπερ καί Ro 4:6; 2 Cor 1:14.—καί can also stand alone in the second member w. the mng. so also, so. ὡς … καί Mt 6:10; Ac 7:51; Gal 1:9; Phil 1:20. καθὼς … καί Lk 6:31 v.l.; J 6:57; 13:15; 1 Cor 15:49.—οἷος …, τοιοῦτος καί 1 Cor 15:48. After a comp. ὅσῳ καί by so much also Hb 8:6. καί is found in both members of the comparison (s. Kühner-G. II 256; 2 Macc 2:10; 6:14) Ro 1:13; 1 Th 2:14. καθὼς καὶ … οὕτως καί Col 3:13 (cp. Hyperid. 1, 40, 20–25 ὥσπερ καὶ … οὕτω καί; 3, 38).
    ⓓ w. expressions that introduce cause or result, here also pleonastic to a considerable degree διὰ τοῦτο καί for this reason (also) Lk 11:49; J 12:18. διὸ καί Lk 1:35; Ac 10:29; Ro 4:22; Hb 13:12. εἰς τοῦτο καί 2 Cor 2:9. ὥστε καί 1 Pt 4:19 (but this pass. may well fit in b). ὅθεν καί Hb 7:25; 11:19.
    ⓔ after an interrogative (as Thu., X., et al.; s. Kühner-G. II 255. S. also B-D-F §442, 14) at all, still ἱνατί καὶ τ. γῆν καταργεῖ; Lk 13:7. τί καί; (Hyperid. 3, 14 τί καὶ ἀδικεῖ; what kind of wrong, then, is he committing?) τί καὶ ἐλπίζει; why does he still (need to) hope? Ro 8:24. v.l. τί καὶ βαπτίζονται; why are they baptized (at all)? 1 Cor 15:29; cp. vs. 30.
    ⓕ used w. a relative, it oft. gives greater independence to the foll. relative clause: Mk 3:14; Lk 10:30; J 11:2 v.l.; Ac 1:3, 11; 7:45; 10:39; 11:30; 12:4; 13:22; 28:10; Ro 9:24; 1 Cor 11:23; Gal 2:10; Col 1:29 al.
    ⓖ used pleonastically w. prep.
    α. μετά (BGU 412, 6 μετὰ καὶ τ. υἱοῦ) Phil 4:3.
    β. σύν (ins in PASA III 612; PFay 108; BGU 179, 19; 515, 17) 1 Cl 65:1.—Dssm., NB 93 (BS 265f).
    ⓗ w. double names ὁ καί who is also called … (the earliest ex. in a fragment of Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 15, 51 p. 469, 23 Jac. ῏Ωχος καὶ Δαρειαῖος [s. Hatch 141]; OGI 565; 574; 583; 589; 603; 604; 620; 623; 636; POxy 45; 46; 54; 101; 485; 1279; PFay 30; BGU 22, 25; 36, 4; Jos., Ant. 1, 240; 5, 85; 12, 285; 13, 320; 18, 35. Further material in WSchmid, Der Atticismus III 1893, 338; Dssm., B 181ff [BS 313–17]. Lit. in B-D-F §268, 1) Σαῦλος, ὁ καὶ Παῦλος Ac 13:9. Ἰγνάτιος, ὁ καὶ Θεοφόρος ins of all the letters of Ign.
    ⓘ with other particles
    α. καὶ γάρ for (s. γάρ 1b).—καὶ γὰρ … ἀλλά (or granted that … but) 2 Cor 13:4; Phil 2:27.—καὶ γὰρ οὐ(κ): neither 1 Cor 11:9; for even … not 2 Cor 3:10.
    β. καί γε (without intervening word [opp. earlier Gk, e.g. Pla., Phd. 58d; Rep. 7, 531a]: Hippocr., Septim. 9, VII 450 Littré; Cornutus p. 40, 12; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; Rhetor Apsines [III A.D.] p. 332, 17 Hammer; TestReub 4:4 al.; for גָּם always in Theod. [DBarthélemy, Les devanciers d’Aquila ’63, 31ff]), weakened force: (if) only or at least Lk 19:42 v.l.; intensive: indeed (Jos. Ant 29, 19) Ac 2:18 (J 3:2 v.l.; Mel., P. 30, 207); Hm 8:5; 9:9. καί γε οὐ μακράν= and indeed God is not far Ac 17:27.—Kühner-G. II 176b; Schwyzer II 561; B-D-F §439, 2; Rdm.2 35–37.
    γ. καὶ … δέ and also, but also (s. δέ 5b).
    δ. καίτοι (Il. 13, 267 et al., ins, pap; 4 Macc 2:6; 5:18; 7:13; Ath. 8, 1 al.; Mel., P. 58, 422) particle (B-D-F §425, 1; 450, 3; Rob. 1129 and 1154) w. finite verb (Chion, Ep. 3, 1; Jos. Ant. 5, 78) yet, on the other hand Ac 14:17. W. gen. abs. foll. (BGU 850, 4 [76 A.D.] καίτοι ἐμοῦ σε πολλὰ ἐρωτήσαντος; 898, 26; Philo, Vi. Mos. 1, 20; Jos., Ant. 2, 321; Ath. 19, 2; 25, 2) Hb 4:3.—καίτοι γε or καί τοι γε (since Aristoph., Ach. 611; but esp. in later Gk. [cp. Schwyzer II 561; MMeister, De Aiocho dial., Breslau diss. 1915 p. 31, 5]; Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 364b; Jos., Bell. 1, 7, Ant. 5, 36; Epict. 3, 24, 90; Just., A II, 11, 2; D. 7, 3; Ath. 3, 1; 22, 7; SIG 685, 76 and 82 [139 B.C.]) although J 4:2; Ac 14:17 v.l.; Dg 8:3. W. part. foll. (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 230; Mel., P. 58, 422) AcPt Ox 849, 18.—Kühner-G. II 151f; B-D-F §439, 1; 450, 3.—For ἀλλὰ κ., δὲ και, ἐὰν κ., εἰ κ., ἢ κ. s. ἀλλά, δέ, ἐάν, εἰ, ἤ.—ERobson, KAI-Configurations in the Gk. NT, 3 vols. diss. Syracuse ’79. LfgrE s.v. καί col. 1273f (lit.). DELG. M-M. EDNT.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > καί

  • 72 afectar

    v.
    1 to affect.
    las medidas afectan a los pensionistas the measures affect pensioners
    La conversación afecta sus ideas The conversation affects his ideas.
    2 to upset, to affect badly.
    le afectó mucho la muerte de su hermano his brother's death hit him hard
    3 to damage.
    a esta madera le afecta mucho la humedad this wood is easily damaged by damp
    4 to affect, to feign.
    afectó enfado he feigned o affected anger
    María afecta interés pero no es así Mary feigns interest but it is not so.
    5 to pretend to.
    El chico afecta saber mucho The boy pretends to know a lot.
    * * *
    1 (aparentar) to affect
    2 (impresionar) to move
    3 (dañar) to damage
    4 (concernir) to concern
    1 (impresionarse) to be affected, be moved
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=repercutir sobre) to affect
    2) (=entristecer) to sadden; (=conmover) to move
    3) frm (=fingir) to affect, feign

    afectar ignorancia — to affect o feign ignorance

    4) (Jur) to tie up, encumber
    5) LAm [+ forma] to take, assume
    6) LAm (=destinar) to allocate
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tener efecto en) to affect
    b) ( afligir) to affect (frml)
    2) ( fingir) <admiración/indiferencia> to affect, feign
    * * *
    = affect, colour [color, -USA], cut into, disturb, hit, impair, mar, plague, take + Posesivo + toll (on), beset (with/by), concern, afflict, disrupt, bias, prejudice, cross over, bedevil, dog, dent, make + a dent in, ail, strike, spill over into, take + a toll on, hobble, cast + an impact.
    Ex. Errors such as indexers assigning unsuitable terms to concepts, or relationships being omitted, will affect precision.
    Ex. Lastly, the style, length and contents of an abstract should and will be coloured by the resources of the abstracting agency.
    Ex. The paperback has cut sharply into fiction circulation, and Ennis is right in questioning this type of library.
    Ex. Transcribe the data as found, however, if case endings are affected, if the grammatical construction of the data would be disturbed, or if one element is inseparably linked to another.
    Ex. Flooding, fire, earthquake, collapsed buildings and landslides are the most frequent kinds of disasters to hit libraries: nearly all will lead to wet books.
    Ex. It is difficult to neglect either entirely, without impairing the effectiveness in fulfilling the other objective.
    Ex. Unfortunately, much of Metcalfe's writing is marred by what appears to be a deep-rooted prejudice against the classified approach, particularly as exemplified by Ranganathan.
    Ex. Title indexes have always been plagued by the absence of terminology control.
    Ex. The pressures which modern society puts on all its members are great and those pressures take their toll.
    Ex. Since 1963 they have produced their own bibliographic listings with various degrees of efficiency and comprehensiveness but usually with the same depressing tardiness in recording new publications which has so beset the UNDEX listings.
    Ex. The first issue concerns the consistent description of subjects.
    Ex. There will also be those who have in fact decided what information they need but are afflicted by the paralysis of 'unverbalised thought'.
    Ex. Essentially, problem patrons can be considered in three groups: (1) the dangerous or apparently dangerous; (2) the patron who disrupts readers; and (3) the nuisance whose focus is the librarian.
    Ex. A sample would be biased if some elements in the population have no chance of selection.
    Ex. The very requirements for success in one area may prejudice success in another.
    Ex. Conversely, indirect costs are those factors that are difficult to assign to individual products because they cross over several products.
    Ex. The article has the title 'Piracy, crooked printers, inflation bedevil Russian publishing'.
    Ex. The title of the article is 'Sweeping away the problems that dog the industry?'.
    Ex. Perhaps by the year 2010 newspaper circulations might be seriously dented by online services.
    Ex. Office automation products and techniques will be able to make a sizeable dent in the growing number of office workers.
    Ex. The federal government has been once again defined as something broken and part of the problem ailing America.
    Ex. The collections of the National Library of the Czech Republic have suffered from the floods that recently struck a large part of the country.
    Ex. The artificiality of institutional concepts has spilled over into the structure of the publishing services on which the user depends for Community information.
    Ex. Agoraphobia can take a toll on sufferers' families as well as the sufferers themselves, as some agoraphobics may become housebound or cling to certain people for safety.
    Ex. With Florida's no-fault auto insurance law set to expire in October, there are fears that that medical services could be hobbled.
    Ex. An interest-rate increase is a weapon to fight inflation which will cast an impact on all industries.
    ----
    * afectar a = cut across, have + impact (on), have + effect on, have + implication for, impinge on/upon, operate on, carry over to.
    * afectar a la eficacia de Algo = prejudice + effectiveness.
    * afectar al mundo = span + the globe.
    * afectar a todo = run through.
    * afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.
    * afectar a una decisión = colour + decision, affect + decision.
    * afectar completamente = engulf.
    * afectar directamente = cut to + the quick.
    * afectar directamente a = cut to + the heart of.
    * afectar fuertemente = hit + hard.
    * afectar mucho = hit + hard.
    * dificultad + afectar = difficulty + dog.
    * no afectar = be immune against, leave + unaffected.
    * no ser afectado = leave + unaffected.
    * problema + afectar = problem + afflict, problem + plague.
    * problemática que afecta a = issues + surrounding.
    * que afecta a = surrounding.
    * que afecta a toda la sociedad = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a todas las culturas = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a varias edades = cross-age [cross age].
    * que afecta a varias generaciones = cross-generational.
    * ser afectado por = have + a high stake in.
    * sin ser afectado = untouched.
    * verse muy afectado por = have + a high stake in.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tener efecto en) to affect
    b) ( afligir) to affect (frml)
    2) ( fingir) <admiración/indiferencia> to affect, feign
    * * *
    = affect, colour [color, -USA], cut into, disturb, hit, impair, mar, plague, take + Posesivo + toll (on), beset (with/by), concern, afflict, disrupt, bias, prejudice, cross over, bedevil, dog, dent, make + a dent in, ail, strike, spill over into, take + a toll on, hobble, cast + an impact.

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    * afectar a = cut across, have + impact (on), have + effect on, have + implication for, impinge on/upon, operate on, carry over to.
    * afectar a la eficacia de Algo = prejudice + effectiveness.
    * afectar al mundo = span + the globe.
    * afectar a todo = run through.
    * afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.
    * afectar a una decisión = colour + decision, affect + decision.
    * afectar completamente = engulf.
    * afectar directamente = cut to + the quick.
    * afectar directamente a = cut to + the heart of.
    * afectar fuertemente = hit + hard.
    * afectar mucho = hit + hard.
    * dificultad + afectar = difficulty + dog.
    * no afectar = be immune against, leave + unaffected.
    * no ser afectado = leave + unaffected.
    * problema + afectar = problem + afflict, problem + plague.
    * problemática que afecta a = issues + surrounding.
    * que afecta a = surrounding.
    * que afecta a toda la sociedad = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a todas las culturas = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a varias edades = cross-age [cross age].
    * que afecta a varias generaciones = cross-generational.
    * ser afectado por = have + a high stake in.
    * sin ser afectado = untouched.
    * verse muy afectado por = have + a high stake in.

    * * *
    afectar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (tener efecto en) to affect
    la nueva ley no afecta al pequeño empresario the new law doesn't affect the small businessman
    está afectado de una grave enfermedad pulmonar ( frml); he is suffering from a serious lung disease
    la enfermedad le afectó el cerebro the illness affected her brain
    las zonas afectadas por las inundaciones the areas hit o affected by the floods
    2 (afligir) to affect ( frml)
    lo que dijiste lo afectó mucho what you said upset him terribly
    3 ( Der) ‹bienes› to encumber
    B (fingir) ‹admiración/indiferencia› to affect, feign afectar + INF to pretend to + INF
    * * *

     

    afectar ( conjugate afectar) verbo transitivo
    1


    b) ( afligir) to affect (frml);


    2 ( fingir) ‹admiración/indiferencia› to affect, feign
    afectar verbo transitivo
    1 (incumbir) to affect: la medida nos afecta a todos, the measure affects us all
    2 (impresionar, entristecer) to affect, sadden: le afectó mucho la muerte de su padre, she was deeply affected by her father's death
    ' afectar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    inmune
    - tocar
    - afligir
    - impresionar
    - repercutir
    - sacudir
    English:
    affect
    - damage
    - get
    - hit
    - tell
    - upset
    - dent
    - difference
    - disrupt
    - impair
    - interfere
    - touch
    - whole
    * * *
    1. [incumbir] to affect;
    las medidas afectan a los pensionistas the measures affect pensioners
    2. [afligir] to upset, to affect badly;
    todo lo afecta he's very sensitive;
    lo afectó mucho la muerte de su hermano his brother's death hit him hard
    3. [producir perjuicios en] to damage;
    la sequía que afectó a la región the drought which hit the region;
    a esta madera le afecta mucho la humedad this wood is easily damaged by damp
    4. [simular] to affect, to feign;
    afectó enfado he feigned o affected anger
    5. RP [destinar, asignar] to assign
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( producir efecto en) affect
    2 ( conmover) upset, affect
    3 ( fingir) feign
    * * *
    1) : to affect
    2) : to upset
    3) : to feign, to pretend
    * * *
    1. to affect
    2. (conmover) to affect / to upset [pt. & pp. upset]

    Spanish-English dictionary > afectar

  • 73 ALL-

    may be prefixed to almost every adjective and adverb in an intensive sense, very, extremely.
    * * *
    may in old writers be prefixed to almost every adjective and adverb in an intensive sense, like Engl. very, Lat. per-, Gr. οια-, ζα-. In common talk and modern writings it is rare (except after a negative), and denotes something below the average, viz. tolerably, pretty well, not very well; but in the Sagas, something capital, exceeding. In high style it may perhaps be used in the old sense, e. g. allfagrt ljós oss birtist brátt, a transl. of the Ambrosian hymn, Aurora lucis rutilat. The instances in old writers are nearly endless, e. g. all-annt, n. adj. very eager, Fms. ii. 41; ironically, 150. all-apr, adj. very sore, very harsh, v. apr. all-auðsóttligt, n. adj. very easy, Fs. 40. all-auðveldliga, adv. very easily, Fms. iv. 129. all-auðveldligr, adj. very easy, Fms. v. 331. all-auðveldr, adj. id., Fbr. 158: neut. as adv., Hkr. ii. 76. all-ágætr, adj. very famous, Fms. ii. 76. all-áhyggjusamliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very careful, Fms. vi. 184. all-ákafliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very hot, impetuous, Hkr. i. 234, ii. 32. all-ákaft, adj. very fast, Nj. 196. all-áræðiliga, adv. very likely, Fær. 183. all-áræðislítill, adj. very timid, Fms. vi. 217. all-ástúðligt, n. adj. very hearty, intimate, Fms. ii. 20. all-banvænn, adj. very likely to prove mortal, Orkn. 148. all-beinn, adj. very hospitable, Fms. ii. 84, Eb. 286: neut. as adv., Fær. 259. all-beiskr, adj. very harsh, bitter, Sturl. iii. 167. all-bert, n. adj. very manifest, Lex. Poët. all-bitr, adj. very biting, sharp, Sks. 548. all-bitrligr, adj. of a very sharp appearance, Vígl. 20. all-bjartr, adj. very bright, Fms. viii. 361. all-bjúgr, adj. very much bent, curved, Ölkofr. 39. all-blár, adj. very blue, Glúm. 394. all-blíðliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very blithely, kindly, Fær. 132. all-blíðr, adj. very mild, amiable, Sd. 158, Fms. i. 202. all-bráðgörr, adj. very soon mature, Eb. 16. all-bráðliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very hastily, Orkn. 72. all-bráðr, adj. very hot-headed, Njarð. 370: neut. as adv. very soon, Fms. xi. 51: dat. pl. all-bráðum, as adv. very suddenly, 139. all-bros-ligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very funny, laughable, Fms. iii. 113. all-dasigr, adj. very sluggish, Lex. Poët. all-digr, adj. very big, stout; metaph. puffed up, Nj. 236. all-djarfliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very boldly, Fms. ii. 313, Orkn. 102. all-djúpsettr, adj. very deep, thoughtful, Bret. 158. all-drengiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very bold, gallant, Lv. 110. all-dræmt, n. adj. very boastfully, from dramb, superbia, (the modern word is dræmt = slowly, sluggishly); þeir létu a. yfir sér, boasted, Sturl. ii. 56. MS. Mus. Brit. 1127; Cod. A. M. has allvænt, prob. wrongly. all-dyggr, adj. very doughty, Lex. Poët. all-dýrr, adj. very dear, Fms. iii. 159. all-eiguligr, adj. very worth having, Sd. 146. all-eina (theol.), á Guð alleina (a hymn), alone: Hkr. iii. 339 (in a spurious chapter). all-einarðliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very sincere, candid, open, Ld. 334. all-eldiligr and -elliligr, adj. of a very aged appearance, Fms. iii. 125. all-fagr, adj. very bright, fair, Orkn. 296 old Ed.: neut. as adv. very fairly, Sturl. i. 72. all-fast, n. adj. very firmly, steadfastly, Eb. 290, Fær. 259. all-fastorðr, adj. very ‘wordfast,’ very true to his word, Fms. vii. 120. all-fálátr, adj. very taciturn, close, Fas. iii. 408. all-fáliga, adv. on very cold terms, Sturl. iii. 298. all-fámáligr, adj. very close, of very few words, Fms. iii. 85, iv. 366. all-fámennr, adj. followed by very few people, Sturl. ii. 122, Magn. 386. all-far, adj. very few, Eg. 512, Ld. 272, Ísl. ii. 356: neut. on very cold terms, Fms. xi. 55. all-fáræðinn, adj. of very few words, Fms. iv. 312. all-feginn, adj. very ‘fain,’ glad, Eg. 240, Ld. 330. all-feginsamliga, adv. very ‘fain,’ gladly, Eg. 27. all-feigligr, adj. having the mark of death very plain on one’s face, v. feigr, Sturl. iii. 234. all-feitr, adj. very fat, Fms. x. 303. all-ferliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very rudely, Fms. iv. 263. all-fémikill, adj. very costly, Ld. 298. all-fjarri, adv. very far, far from, metaph., Hkr. ii. 246; eigi a., not improper, Fbr. 15. all-fjartekit, part. very far-fetched, Skálda 166. all-fjölgan, adj. acc. very numerous (does not exist in nom.), Sks. 138 A. all-fjölkunnigr, adj. very deeply versed in sorcery, Fms. ii. 175, Fas. i. 412. all-fjölmeðr and -mennr, adj. followed, attended by very many people, much frequented, Eg. 724, 188, Hkr. i. 215: n. sing. in very great numbers, Fms. i. 36. all-fjölrætt, n. adj. very heedful, much talked of, Nj. 109. all-forsjáll, adj. very prudent, Hom. 115. all-framr, adj. very famous, Lex. Poët.; very far forward, Grett. 161 A. all-frekliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very daringly, impudently, Fas. i. 24. all-frekr, adj. too eager, too daring, Fms. vii. 164. all-friðliga, adv. in very great peace, Lex. Poët. all-fríðr, adj. very beautiful, Eg. 23, Hkr. i. 225, ii. 354, Fms. i. 2. all-frjáls, adj. very free, independent, v. alfrjáls. all-fróðligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very wise, learned, Sks. 306 B. all-fróðr, adj. very learned, Sks. 30. all-frægr, adj. very famous, Fms. ii. 324, Hkr. i. 232, ii. 187, Ld. 122. all-frækiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj., and all-frækn, adj. and -liga, adv. very bold, boldly, Ísl. ii. 267, Hkr. i. 239, Fms. i. 121. all-fúss, adj. and -liga, adv. very eager, eagerly, Eg. 488, Fms. xi. 89. all-fýsiligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very desirable, Eg. 19, 468. all-fölr, adj. very pale, Lex. Poët. all-gagnsamr, adj. very profitable, gainful, Ísl. ii. 56. all-gamall, adj. very old, Hkr. i. 34. all-gegniliga and -gegnliga, adv. very fittingly, Sturl. ii. 63. all-gemsmikill, adj. very wanton, frolicsome, Sturl. ii. 57. all-gerla and -görviligr, v. -görla, -görviligr. all-gestrisinn, adj. very hospitable, Háv. 40. all-geysilegr, adj. and -liga, adv. very impetuous, Fms. x. 81. all-gildliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. with a very grand air, Grett. 121. all-gildr, adj. very grand, Lex. Poët. all-giptusam-liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very lucky, Fms. x. 53. all-glaðliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very joyfully, joyful, Fms. iii. 143, Lv. 55. all-glaðr, adj. very joyful, Eg. 163, Ld. 176. all-gleymr, adj. very gleeful, mirthful, in high spirits, [glaumr], verða a. við e-t, Sturl. iii. 152, Eb. 36. all-glæsiliga, adj. and -ligr, adv. very shiny, Eb. 34, Fas. iii. 626, Fms. ix. 430. all-glöggsær, adj. very transparent, dearly visible, metaph., þorf. Karl. 380. all-glöggt, n. adj. very exactly, Hkr. iii. 253, Fas. iii. 13. all-góðmannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very kindly, kind, Mag. 6. all-góðr, adj. very good, Nj. 222, Eg. 36, 198. all-greiðliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very easy, easily, Eb. 268: neut. as adv., Eb. l. c. all-grimmliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very grimly, fiercely, Fas. iii. 414. all-grimmr, adj. very cruel, fierce, Hkr. iii. 167. all-grun-samliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very suspiciously, Ísl. ii. 364. all-göfugr, adj. very distinguished, Eg. 598, Bs. i. 60. all-görla, adv. very clearly, precisely, Hkr. iii. 133, Fms. xi. 15. all-görviligr, adj. very stout, manly, Fms. ii. 28. all-hagstæðr, adj. with a very fair wind, Sturl. iii. 109. all-harðligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very hard, stern, Fas. i. 382. all-harðr, adj. very hard, stern, Fms. i. 177: n. sing. severely, Nj. 165, Grág. i. 261. all-háskasamligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very hazardous, Fms. v. 135. all-heiðinn, adj. quite heathen, Fs. 89 (in a verse). all-heilagr, adj. very sacred, Lex. Poët. all-heimskliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very foolish, frantic, Hkr. ii. 190, Fas. iii. 293. all-heimskr, adj. very silly, stupid, Eg. 376, Grett. 159. all-heppinn, adj. very lucky, happy, Lex. Poët. all-herðimikill, adj. very broad-shouldered, Eg. 305. all-hermannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very martial, Fms. xi. 233. all-hjaldrjúgr, adj. very gossipping, chattering, Lv. 57: neut. as adv., Vápn. 10. all-hógliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very gently, Fms. xi. 240, vi. 274. all-hóleitr and -háleitr, adj. very sublime, Hom. 23. all-hór and -hár, adj. very high, tall, v. -hár. all-hratt, n. adj. in all speed, Lex. Poët. all-hraustliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very bravely, Fms. viii. 289, Eb. 34. all-hraustr, adj. very valiant, Fms. viii. 267. all-hreystimannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very valiantly, Fms. xi. 95. all-hrumliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very infirmly from age, Fas. ii. 91. all-hræddr, adj. very much afraid, Fbr. 94. all-hræðinn, adj. very timid, Fms. vi. 155. all-huml;mgsjúkr, adj. very grieved, heart-sick, Hkr. i. 243, Fms. vi. 133. all-hvass, adj. of the wind, blowing very sharp, Fms. ix. 20, Lex. Poët. all-hyggi-ligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very carefully, Fas. iii. 610. all-hýrliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very blandly, with a very bright face, Fas. iii. 636. all-hæðiligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very ridiculous, Finnb. 312. all-hældreginn, adj. walking very much on one’s heels, dragging the heels very much in walking, of an aged or beggarly person, Band. 9. all-hœgliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very softly, meekly, Fms. xi. 389. all-hœlinn, adj. very bragging, Lex. Poët. all-iðinn, adj. very diligent, laborious, Bs. i. 278. all-illa, adv. and -illr, adj. very badly, bad, wicked, Nj. 242, cp. ilia; ill-willed, Eg. 542: compar., vera allver um, to be worse off, Nj. 221 (Ed. allvant); angry, Lv. 145; disgraceful, Eg. 237; unfortunate, Sturl. ii. 47. all-jafnlyndr, adj. very calm, even-tempered, Fms. vi. 287. all-kaldr, adj. very cold, Vápn. 21. all-kappsamliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. with very much zeal, liberally, Hkr. i. 271; veita a., of hospitality, Ld. 292; mæla a., frankly, peremptorily, 296. all-kappsamr, adj. very eager, vehement, Eg. 187. all-karlmannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very manfully, Fms. x. 141. all-kaupmannliga, adv. in a very businesslike, tradesmanlike way, Fms. v.255. all-kátligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very funny, Grett. 112. all-kátr, adj. very joyful, Nj. 18, Eg. 44, 332. all-keppinn, adj. very snappish, Lex. Poët. all-kerskiligr and -keskiligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very sarcastic, biting, Sturl. ii. 196. all-klókr, adj. very shrewd, Hkr. iii. 317. all-knáliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very stoutly, vigorously, Rd. 312. all-kostgæflliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very earnestly, in a very painstaking way, Stj. all-kostigr, adj. very excellent, Lex. Poët. all-kviklatr, adj. very quick, lively, Ld. 270. all-kynliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very strangely, strange, Ísl. ii. 58, Fms. ii. 227, Grett. 160. all-kyrrligr, adj. very quiet, tranquil, Háv. 49. all-kærr, adj. very dear, beloved, Eg. 139, Fms. i. 48; very fond of, Hkr. i. 194: neut., Eg. 116, of mutual love. all-langr, adj. very long, Háv. 49. all-laust, n. adj. very loosely, Fms. xi. 103. all-lágr, adj. very low, short of stature, Fbr. 68. all-lengi, adv. very long, K. Þ. K. 158. all-léttbrúnn, adj. of very brightened, cheerful countenance, Ld. 94. all-léttiliga, adv. very lightly, Fas. iii. 612. all-léttmælt, n. adj., vera a. um e-t, to speak in a very lively way, Fms. iv. 261. all-léttr, adj. very light (in weight), Fas. iii. 487. all-líkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. in very agreeable, courteous terms, Fas. i. 84. all-likligr, adj. very likely, Fas. ii. 247, Sks. 669. all-líkr, adj. very like, Fas. iii. 579, Sd. 160, Korm. 142. all-lítilfjörligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very puny, prop. having little life in one, Háv. 54. all-lítill, adj. very little, Fær. 268: n. sing. all-lítt, as adv. very little, Nj. 108, 130, Korm. 172; poorly, Grett. 116. all-lyginn, adj. very given to lying, Fbr. 157. all-makligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very deserving, fitting, Sturl. iii. 127, Bjarn. 22. all-mann-fátt, n. adj. with very few people, Gísl. 31. all-mannhættr, adj. very dangerous, Fas. iii. 34. all-mannskæðr, adj. very full of manskathe, very murderous, Fms. ii. 512. all-mannæenligr, adj. a very promising man, Fms. iv. 254. all-mannvænn, adj. a man of very great promise, Hkr. ii. 182. all-margliga, adv. very affably, Sturl. iii. 27. all-margmæltr, part. very talkative, Sturl. ii. 179. all-margr, adj. very numerous, pl. very many, Nj. 32, Grág. ii. 176, Sks. 328, Gþl. 329. all-margrætt, n. adj. part. very much spoken of, Fms. viii. 275. all-málugr, adj. very loquacious, Hkr. iii. 152, 655 xi. 2. all-máttfarinn, adj. very much worn out, with very little strength left, Fas. ii. 356. all-máttlítill, adj. very weak, Fms. i. 159. all-meginlauss, adj. very void of strength, Fms. xi. 103. all-mikilfengligr, adj. very high and mighty, very imposing, Fs. all-mikill, adj. very great, Ísl. ii. 269, Nj. 193, Eg. 29, 39: neut. as adv. greatly, Fms. i. 24, vii. 110. all-mikilmannliga, adv. very nobly, Sturl. i. 33. all-misjafn, adj. very variously, unfavourably, in such phrases as, mæla a. um e-t, there were very different stories about the matter, leggja a. til, ganga a. undir, taka a. á, Eg. 242, Hkr. ii. 123, Fms. i. 86, vii. no, Ld. 166. all-mjór, adj. very slim, slender, narrow, Hkr. iii. 117, Gþl. 173. all-mjök, adv. very much, Nj. 134, Ld. 196, Eg. 19; féllu þá a. menn, in very great numbers, Fms. i. 173. all-myrkr, adj. very dark, Fms. ix. 23. all-mæðiliga, adv. with very great effort, heavily, Fms. ix. 16. all-nauðigr, adj. and -liga, adv. very reluctant, unwilling, Grett. 153; a. staddr, dangerously, Fms. v. 212. all-náinn, adj. very near, nearly related, Sks. 330. all-náttförull, adj. very much given to wandering by night, Lex. Poët. all-níðskárr, adj. of a poet, given to mocking, satirical verse, [níð and skáld (?)], Fms. ii. 7. all-nóg, adv. very abundantly, Sd. 182. all-nær, adv. very near, Fms. vii. 289; metaph., lagði a. at, pretty nearly, well-nigh, Fs., Sks. 684 B. all-nærri, adv. very near, Ld. 202, Fas. iii. 339. all-opt, adv. very often, Anecd. 38, Gþl. 169. all-orðfátt, n. adj. in the phrase, göra a. urn, to be very short of words as to, Bjarn. 31. all-ógurligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very frightful, Edda 41. all-ólmliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very furiously, Fas. iii. 546, Bárð. 177. áll-óttalaust, n. adj. with very little to fear, Eg. 371, v. l. all-ramskipaðr, adj. part. very strongly manned, Fms. iii. 13. all-rauðr, adj. very red, Ld. 182. all-ráðligr, adj. very expedient, advisable, Grett. 145. all-reiðiligr, adj. looking very wrathful, Fms. iv. 161. all-reiðr, adj. very wroth, angry, Edda 57, Nj. 135, Eg. 139. all-ríkmarmligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very grand, pompous, magnificent, Fms. i. 213. all-ríkr, adj. very powerful, Fms. i. 115. all-rýrliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very feebly, puny, Fbr. 28. all-röskliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very smart, brisk, Fms. viii. 317. all-sannligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very likely, ‘soothlike,’ Fms. iv. 270. all-sáttgjarnliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very placable, of mild disposition, Sturl. iii. 288. all-seinn, adj. very slow, Bs. i. 192: neut. as adv. slowly, Grett. 151 A. all-sigrsæll, adj. very victorious, having very good luck in war, Hkr. i. 28. all-skammr, adj. very short, very scant, Nj. 264: neut. substantively, a very short way, Finnb. 324; short distance, Fms. iv. 329. all-skapliga, adv. very fittingly, properly, Grett. 120. all-skapværr, adj. of a very gentle, meek disposition, Sturl. all-skapþungt, n. adj., vera a., to be in a very gloomy, depressed state of mind, Fms. iv. 26. all-skarpr, adj. very sharp, Lex. Poët. all-skeinuhættr, adj. very dangerous, vulnerable, Sturl. ii. 139. all-skemtiligr, adj. very amusing, Sturl. ii. 77. all-skillítill, adj. very slow-witted, dull, Sturl. j. 89. all-skjallkænliga, adv. [skjalla, to flatter], very coaxingly, Grett. 131 A. all-skjótt, n. adj. as adv. very soon, Nj. 236. all-skrautligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very smart, splendid, Fas. ii. 366, Mag. 11. all-skygn, adj. very sharp-sighted, Hrafn. 33. all-skyldr, adj. bound to, very obligatory; neut. = bounden duty, Sks. 484; deserved, Gþl. 61:
    β. nearly related, near akin, Fms. xi. 75. all-skyndiliga, adv. very quickly, Blas. 40. all-skynsamliga, adv. very judiciously, Sturl. iii. 161. all-skyrugr, adj. all curd-besprent, Grett. 107 A. all-sköruliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very frankly, boldly, dignified, Sturl. iii. 39, Fms. ix. 5, Ld. 94 C, 226, Bs. i. all-sljáliga, adv. very slowly, sluggishly, Grett. 101 A. all-smár, adj. very small, Fms. v. 55, xi. 61. all-snarpliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very sharply, smartly, Fms. viii. 346. all-snarpr, adj. very sharp, Fms. i. 38, Nj. 246. all-snemma, adv. very early, Fms. ii. 223. all-snjallr, adj. very shrewd, clever, Fms. viii. 367. all-snúðula, adv. very quickly, Lex. Poët. all-snæfr, adj. very brisk, id. all-snöfurmannligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very brisk and energetic looking, of a man, Fms. xi. 79. all-spakliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very mildly, moderately, wisely, Hkr. ii. 41. all-spakr, adj. very gentle, wise, Fms. vi. 298. all-starsýnn, adj. who stares very hard at a thing, looking fixedly upon, Fms. vi. 203. all-sterkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very briskly, strongly, Ld. 158, Fas. iii. 612. all-sterkr, adj. very strong, Hkr. i. 238, Eg. 285; Ísl. ii. 461 ( very vehement); as a pr. name, Fms. iii. 183. all-stilliliga, adv. very calmly, in a very composed manner, Ld. 318. all-stirðr, adj. very stiff, Háv. 46. all-stórhöggr, adj. dealing very hard blows, Fms. i. 171. all-stórliga, adv. very haughtily, Hkr. ii. 63, Ld. 168. all-stórmannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very munificently, nobly, Fas. iii. 45; haughtily, Sd. 146. all-stórorðr, adj. using very big words, Eg. 340, Ld. 38 ( very boisterous). all-stórr, adj. very great, metaph. big, puffed up, Ld. 318; dat. all-stórum, as adv. very largely, Edda 32. all-strangr, adj. very rapid, Lex. Poët. all-styggr, adj. very ill-humoured, cross, Grett. 103 A. all-styrkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very stoutly, Stj. 402. all-styrkr, adj. very strong, Fms. i. 177. all-svangr, adj. very hungry, Lex. Poët. all-svinnliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very wisely, prudently, wise, Fas. i. 95, ii. 266. all-sættfúss, adj. very placable, peace-loving, very willing to accept an atonement, Sturl. iii. 19. all-sœmiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very seemly, decorous, honourable, Hkr. i. 215, Ísl. ii. 163. all-tiginn, adj. very princely, Lex. Poët. all-tillátsamr, adj. very indulgent, lenient, Þórð. 12. all-tíðrætt, n. adj. very much talked of, much spoken of, Eg. 99, Sturl. i. 199. all-tíðvirkr, adj. very quick at work, Fms. xi. 377. all-torfyndr, adj. very hard to find, Fms. vii. 356. all-torfært, n. adj. very hard to pass, cross, Eg. 546. all-torsótt, n. adj. part. very difficult to reach, Eg. 546. all-tortryggiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very suspiciously, Sturl. ii. 47. all-torveldligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very difficult, Str. all-trauðr, adj. very slow, unwilling, Fms. xi. 39. all-tregr, adj. very tardy, Fær. 114, Bárð. 178. all-trúr, adj. very true. Fms. vi. 377. all-tryggr, adj. very trusty, Hkr. iii. 167. all-tvítugr, false reading, instead of eigi alls t., not quite twenty, Sturl. i. 181. all-undarligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very odd, wonderful, Fms. ii. 150. all-ungr, adj. very young, Eg. 268, Fms. i. 14, Ld. 274. all-úbeinskeyttr, adj. shooting very badly, Fms. ii. 103. all-úblíðr, adj. very harsh, unkind, Fas. ii. all-úbragðligr, adj. very ill-looking, Sturl. iii. 234. all-údæll, adj. very spiteful, untractable, Sturl. i. 99. all-úfagr, adj. very ugly, metaph., Fms. iii. 154. all-úfimliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very awkwardly, Fas. ii. 543. all-úframliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very backward, shy, timid, Fbr. 38 C. all-úfríðr, adj. very ugly, Fms. xi. 227. all-úfrýnn, adj. very sullen, ‘frowning,’ sour, Eg. 525. all-úfrægr, adj. very inglorious, Fms. iv. 259. all-úglaðr, adj. very gloomy, sad, Hkr. iii. 379. all-úhægr, adj. very difficult, Eg. 227. all-úhöfðingligr, adj. very low-looking, very plebeian, Finnb. 222. all-úkátr, adj. very sorrowful, Edda 35, Eg. 223, Fms. i. 37. all-úknár, adj. very weak of frame, Grett. 119 A, very badly knit; Bs. i. 461 (of boys). all-úkonungligr, adj. very unkingly, Fms. viii. 158. all-úkunnigr, adj. quite unknown, Ísl. ii. 412. all-úlífligr, adj. very unlikely to live, Hkr. ii. 200. all-úlíkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very unlikely, Gísl. 24, Sd. 123, Finnb. 310. all-úlíkr, adj. very unlike, Glúm. 364. all-úlyginn, adj. not at all given to lie, truthful, Fbr. 157. all-úmáttuliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. weakly, very weak, tender, Fms. iv. 318. all-úráðinn, adj. part. very ‘unready’ (cp. Ethelred the ‘unready’), undecided, Lv. 9. all-úráðliga, adv. very unadvisedly, rashly, Odd. 12 old Ed. all-úsannligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very untruthful, unjust; also, unlikely, Fms. vii. 141. all-úsáttfúss, adj. very implacable, unwilling to come to terms, Sturl. iii. 275. all-úskyldr, adj. very strange to, not at all bound to…, Eg. 10. all-úspakr, adj. very unruly, Sturl. ii. 61. all-úsváss, adj. very uncomfortable, of weather, cold and rainy, Bs. i. 509. all-úsýnn, adj. very uncertain, doubtful, Glúm. 358, Sturl. i. 105. all-úsæligr, adj. of very poor, wretched appearance, Niðrst. 109. all-úvinsæll, adj. very unpopular, Fms. iv. 369, Fas. iii. 520. all-úvísliga, adv. very unwisely, Niðrst. 6. all-úvænliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. of very unfavourable prospect, Fas. ii. 266; n. adj. very unpromising, Grett. 148 A. all-úvænn, adi. very ugly, Fas. i. 234; very unpromising, unfavourable, Ísl. ii. 225: neut. as adv. unfavourably, Fms. xi. 134. all-úþarfr, adj. very unthrifty, very unprofitable, something that had better be prevented, Eg. 576, Hkr. ii. 245. all-vandlátr, adj. very difficult, hard to please, Fms. vi. 387. all-vandliga, adv. with very great pains, exactly, carefully, Sks. 658 B. all-vant, n. adj., vera a. um e-t, to be in a very great strait, Nj. 221. all-varfærr, adj. very careful, solicitous, Eg. 63. all-vaskligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very brisk, smart, gallant, Hkr. i. 104; compar. v. alvaskligr. all-vaskr, adj. very brisk, gallant, Fms. viii. 226. all-vandr, adj. very bad, of clothes, much worn, Pm. 11. all-vápndjarfr, adj. very bold, daring in arms, Hkr. iii. 63. all-veðrlítið, n. adj. very calm, with little wind, Fms. vi. 360. all-vegliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very grand, princely, nobly, Fms. i. 20, Eg. 332, Hkr. i. 15. all-vel, adv. very well, Nj. 12, Eg. 78, 198; compar. albetr, v. alvel. all-vesall, adj. very puny, wretched, Nj. 97. all-vesalliga, adv. very wretchedly, Ölk. 35. all-vesalmannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. id., Ísl. ii. 416. all-vesæll, adj. very miserable, base, vile, Nj. 97. all-vingjarnliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very friendly, amicable, Sturl. ii. 168. all-vingott, n. adj. on very friendly terms, Fbr. 129. all-vinsæll, adj. very popular, used of a man blessed with many friends, Fms. i. 184, ii. 44, Orkn. 104 old Ed. all-virðuligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very worthy, dignified, Fms. x. 84, Bs. i. 83. all-vitr, adj. very wise, Sks. 29 B (superl.) all-vitrliga, adv. very wisely, Fas. ii. 66. all-víða and all-vítt, n. adj. very widely, Hkr. iii. 141, Lex. Poët. all-vígliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. in a very warlike manner, Fms. ix. 488, Fas. ii. 112. all-vígmannliga, adv. very martially, Fas. iii. 150. all-vígmóðr, adj. quite wearied out with fighting, Introd. to Helgakviða (Sæm.) all-víss, adj. very wise, sure, Sks. 520, Lex. Poët.: neut. to a dead certainty, Lex. Poët. all-vænliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very promising, handsome, Glúm. 349, Fms. v. 260, Fbr. 114. all-vænn, adj. id., Clem. 24, Bs. i. 340: neut., þykja a. um, to be in high spirits, Ísl. ii. 361; make much of, Fms. ii. 76; as adv. favourably, Fms. iv. 192. all-vörpuligr, adj. of a very stout, stately frame, Hkr. ii. 254. all-vöxtuligr, adj. very tall, of large growth, Fas. iii. 627. all-þakkligr, adj. very pretty, = þekkiligr, Lex. Poët. all-þakksamliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very thankfully, Fms. i. 120, Ld. 298. all-þarfliga, adv. very thriftily, very pressingly; biðja a., to beg very hard, Edda 45. all-þarfr, adj. very thrifty, Lex. Poët. all-þéttr, adj. very crowded, cp. Lex. Poët. all-þrekligr, adj. of a very robust frame, Hkr. ii. 2. all-þröngr, adj. as neut. in a very great crowd, Edda 24. all-þungliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very hard, unwilling, reluctant, Sturl. ii. 120; taka a. á e-m, to be very hard upon, Mag. 1. all-þungr, adj. very unfavourable, Hkr. ii. 358; hostile, badly disposed towards, Eb. 108, Eg. 332; þykja a., to dislike, Fms. viii. 441; a. orð, to blame, Sturl. ii. 62. all-þykkr, adj. very thick, Fas. i. 339: n. sing. as adv. thickly, Fms. vii. 70 (of great numbers slain on the battle-field). all-æfr, adj. very furious, wrath, Ísl. ii. 258, Lv. 60, Fas. i. 404. all-ægiligr, adj. very terrible, Dropl. 18. all-æstr, adj. very incited, vehement, Nj. 231. all-örorðr, adj. very quick-tongued, frank, outspoken, Eg. 340. all-öruggliga, adv. very steadfastly, very firmly, Grett. 153 A. all-öruggr, adj. very unflinching, Bs. i. 624.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > ALL-

  • 74 شيء

    شَيْء \ article: a particular thing: an article of clothing. element: a part of sth.; a quality that is noticed: There is an element of truth in what you say. object: sth. that can be seen or touched: The dead man had been struck with some sharp object, such as an axe. thing: an action: You did the wrong thing, any object I can’t lift heavy things, a matter; an affair He told me some strange things. \ أَشْياء متعاقِبَة أو متتالِيَة \ succession: a number of things that follow each other: a succession of accidents. \ أَشْياء مُسْتَنْقَذَة \ salvage: things that are salvaged; waste material (such as paper and iron) that can be collected, treated and reused. \ أَشْياء نفيسة جدًّا \ treasure: sth. very valuable and rare: art treasures. \ شَيْءٌ آخَر \ other: (in comparisons) a different one: Some smoke; others do not. He likes French cigarettes and won’t smoke any others. This side is dry; the other is wet. \ الشَّيْءُ الأَقَلّ \ least: one that is smallest: That is the least of my troubles! Helping him was the least we could do. \ شَيْءٌ تافه \ trifle: a small unimportant matter: Don’t quarrel over trifles. \ شَيْءٌ ثَمين \ asset: a valuable quality or possession: A fast runner is an asset to his team. \ See Also قيم (قَيِّم)، مكسب (مَكْسَب)‏ \ شَيْءٌ جَذّاب \ attraction: power of attracting; sth. that attracts. \ See Also جذب (جَذْب)‏ \ شَيْءٌ حَرِيّ بالنَّظَر \ sight: sth. that is seen, or is worth seeing: The spring flowers in the public gardens are a wonderful sight. We are going to Rome to see the sights. \ شَيْءٌ شبيه بِـ \ something like: rather like: A rat looks something like a mouse, but it’s bigger. \ See Also مثل (مِثْل)‏ \ شَيْءٌ عَجيب \ wonder: sth. that causes surprise or admiration: Read about the wonders of modern science. Clever men can work wonders (produce surprising results). \ شَيْءٌ عديم القيمة \ dud: sth. useless because it is badly or dishonestly made; sth. that doesn’t work: We bought a dud washing-machine. This coin is a dud. \ شَيْءٌ غَرِيب \ curiosity: a strange object. \ الشَّيْءُ القليل \ little: hardly anything; less than a reasonable amount: He did little to help her. \ شَيْءٌ مؤسِف \ shame: (with a) an unfortunate thing: It’s a shame that you can’t go with us to the park. \ See Also محزن (مُحْزِن)‏ \ شَيْءٌ مَا \ anything: pron. a thing of any kind: Will you have anything to eat?. something: some thing (but usu. anything in questions or negative sentences): Give him something to eat. \ شَيْءٌ مُخْجِل \ shame: a dishonourable thing: It’s a shame to play tricks on a blind man. \ See Also مخز (مُخْزٍ)‏ \ شَيْءٌ مُخَيِّب للأَمَل \ disappointment: (a cause for) being disappointed. \ شَيْءٌ معروض \ exhibit: sth. that is put on show. \ شَيْءٌ مِنْ \ any: pron. in questions; after if or whether: Have you any money? Have you any books on art? I wonder if / whether she has any milk / any bottles of beer?, after not and without: I haven’t got any money / books. He did it without any difficulty. some: (with nouns) an amount of: I need some money. Can you lend me some?. \ See Also أي (أيّ)‏ \ شَيْءٌ مُنْتَج \ production: producing; the quantity of things produced; an act of producing (a play or film): We must increase car production. They saw a new production of ‘Romeo and Juliet’. \ See Also إنتاج (إنْتَاج)‏ \ شَيْءٌ نادر الحصول \ freak: sth. that is rare and peculiar; a living creature of unnatural form: By some strange freak, a little snow fell in Egypt. This animal is a freak; it has two tails. \ شَيْءٌ هائِل الحَجْم \ monster: an unusually large (and often strangely shaped) person or thing; a nasty cruel person: They found the bones of some ancient monster. An aircraft with 500 seats is a real monster. \ شَيْءٌ يُشْتَرَى للاستثمار \ investment: sth. expensive that seems worth it: I bought this picture as an investment (I hope to sell it at a higher price later). \ شَيْءٌ يُشْعَل به (وَلْعَة)‏ \ light: the use of a match or lighter for a cigarette: Can you give me a light?. \ شَيْءٌ يُلهي \ distraction: sth. that takes one’s mind off one’s work. \ See Also يُشْغِل \ والشَّيءُ بالشّيءِ يُذكَر (عِلى فِكْرَة)‏ \ by the way: (used when adding a new idea to what one has said): By the way, did you know his wife was ill?.

    Arabic-English dictionary > شيء

  • 75 pensée

    pensée [pɑ̃se]
    feminine noun
       a. ( = idée) thought
    • aller jusqu'au bout de sa pensée ( = raisonner) to take one's line of thought to its logical conclusion ; ( = dire ce qu'on pense) to say what one thinks
    • à la pensée que... to think that...
       b. ( = fleur) pansy
    * * *
    pɑ̃se
    1) gén, Philosophie thought
    2) ( esprit) mind

    en pensée, par la pensée — [se représenter, voir] in one's mind

    3) ( manière de penser) thinking
    4) ( fleur) pansy
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    pɑ̃se nf
    1) (= idée) thought
    2) (le fait de penser) thinking no pl
    3) (façon de penser) thinking
    4) (doctrine) thought

    les pensées orientales — Eastern thought, Oriental thought

    5) BOTANIQUE pansy
    * * *
    pensée nf
    1 ( faculté) thought; le cerveau, siège de la pensée the brain, seat of thought; la pensée distingue l'homme de l'animal thought distinguishes man from animals;
    2 ( ce que l'on pense) thought; être perdu dans ses pensées to be lost in thought; faites-nous part de vos pensées sur or à ce sujet let us know your thoughts on this matter; voilà une pensée très profonde! iron how profound!; à la pensée de at the thought of; j'enrage à la pensée qu'elle puisse être avec lui I'm furious at the thought that she might be with him; je frémis rien qu'à la pensée de devoir y aller I shudder at the very thought of having to go there; j'aimerais connaître le fond de ta pensée I'd like to know what you really think deep down; il l'a fait dans la pensée de vous être agréable he did it thinking that it would please you; dire sa pensée to speak one's mind, to say what one thinks; lire dans les pensées de qn to read sb's mind ou thoughts; il a eu une pensée pour les victimes de l'accident he remembered the victims of the accident; j'ai eu une pensée émue pour mes grands-parents I thought fondly of my grandparents;
    3 ( esprit) mind; venir à la pensée de qn to come to sb's mind; elle essayait de chasser l'image de sa pensée she was trying to get the image out of her mind; en pensée, par la pensée [se représenter, voir] in one's mind; nous serons avec vous par la pensée we'll be with you in spirit;
    4 ( manière de penser) thinking; pensée claire/confuse clear/muddled thinking;
    5 ( philosophie) thought; la pensée moderne/grecque/marxiste modern/Greek/Marxist thought; la pensée de Hegel/Machiavel the thought of Hegel/Machiavelli; une pensée politique très pauvre impoverished political ideas (pl);
    6 ( fleur) pansy.
    pensée unique dominant ideology.
    [pɑ̃se] nom féminin
    1. [idée] thought, idea
    tout à la pensée de son rendez-vous, il n'a pas vu arriver la voiture deeply absorbed in ou by the thought of his meeting, he didn't see the car (coming)
    être tout à ou perdu dans ses pensées to be lost in thought
    a. [méchantes] to have evil thoughts
    b. [sexuelles] to indulge in immoral ou bad thoughts
    2. [façon de raisonner] thought
    aller au bout ou au fond de sa pensée: pour aller jusqu'au bout ou fond de ma pensée je dirais que... to be absolutely frank, I'd say that...
    allez donc jusqu'au bout de votre pensée come on, say what you really think ou what's really on your mind
    4. [esprit] mind
    pensée conceptuelle/logique/mathématique conceptual/logical/mathematical thought
    ‘Pensées’ Pascal ‘Pensées’
    6. [idéologie] (way of) thinking
    la pensée chrétienne Christian thinking, the Christian way of thinking
    7. [dans les formules]
    avec nos affectueuses ou meilleures pensées with (all) our love ou fondest regards
    ————————
    pensées nom féminin pluriel
    LITTÉRATURE & PHILOSOPHIE thoughts

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > pensée

  • 76 Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)

    [br]
    b. 6 October 1887 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
    d. 27 August 1965 Cap Martin, France
    [br]
    Swiss/French architect.
    [br]
    The name of Le Corbusier is synonymous with the International style of modern architecture and city planning, one utilizing functionalist designs carried out in twentieth-century materials with modern methods of construction. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, born in the watch-making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Jura mountain region, was the son of a watch engraver and dial painter. In the years before 1918 he travelled widely, studying building in many countries. He learned about the use of reinforced concrete in the studio of Auguste Perret and about industrial construction under Peter Behrens. In 1917 he went to live in Paris and spent the rest of his life in France; in 1920 he adopted the name of Le Corbusier, one derived from that of his ancestors (Le Corbesier), and ten years later became a French citizen.
    Le Corbusier's long working life spanned a career divided into three distinct parts. Between 1905 and 1916 he designed a number of simple and increasingly modern houses; the years 1921 to 1940 were ones of research and debate; and the twenty years from 1945 saw the blossoming of his genius. After 1917 Le Corbusier gained a reputation in Paris as an architect of advanced originality. He was particularly interested in low-cost housing and in improving accommodation for the poor. In 1923 he published Vers une architecture, in which he planned estates of mass-produced houses where all extraneous and unnecessary features were stripped away and the houses had flat roofs and plain walls: his concept of "a machine for living in". These white boxes were lifted up on stilts, his pilotis, and double-height living space was provided internally, enclosed by large areas of factory glazing. In 1922 Le Corbusier exhibited a city plan, La Ville contemporaine, in which tall blocks made from steel and concrete were set amongst large areas of parkland, replacing the older concept of city slums with the light and air of modern living. In 1925 he published Urbanisme, further developing his socialist ideals. These constituted a major reform of the industrial-city pattern, but the ideas were not taken up at that time. The Depression years of the 1930s severely curtailed architectural activity in France. Le Corbusier designed houses for the wealthy there, but most of his work prior to 1945 was overseas: his Centrosoyus Administration Building in Moscow (1929–36) and the Ministry of Education Building in Rio de Janeiro (1943) are examples. Immediately after the end of the Second World War Le Corbusier won international fame for his Unité d'habitation theme, the first example of which was built in the boulevard Michelet in Marseille in 1947–52. His answer to the problem of accommodating large numbers of people in a small space at low cost was to construct an immense all-purpose block of pre-cast concrete slabs carried on a row of massive central supports. The Marseille Unité contains 350 apartments in eight double storeys, with a storey for shops half-way up and communal facilities on the roof. In 1950 he published Le Modular, which described a system of measurement based upon the human male figure. From this was derived a relationship of human and mathematical proportions; this concept, together with the extensive use of various forms of concrete, was fundamental to Le Corbusier's later work. In the world-famous and highly personal Pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp (1950–5), Le Corbusier's work was in Expressionist form, a plastic design in massive rough-cast concrete, its interior brilliantly designed and lit. His other equally famous, though less popular, ecclesiastical commission showed a contrasting theme, of "brutalist" concrete construction with uncompromisingly stark, rectangular forms. This is the Dominican Convent of Sainte Marie de la Tourette at Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle near Lyon, begun in 1956. The interior, in particular, is carefully worked out, and the lighting, from both natural and artificial sources, is indirect, angled in many directions to illuminate vistas and planes. All surfaces are carefully sloped, the angles meticulously calculated to give optimum visual effect. The crypt, below the raised choir, is painted in bright colours and lit from ceiling oculi.
    One of Le Corbusier's late works, the Convent is a tour de force.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Honorary Doctorate Zurich University 1933. Honorary Member RIBA 1937. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1937. American Institute of Architects Gold Medal 1961. Honorary Degree University of Geneva 1964.
    Bibliography
    His chief publications, all of which have been numerously reprinted and translated, are: 1923, Vers une architecture.
    1935, La Ville radieuse.
    1946, Propos d'urbanisme.
    1950, Le Modular.
    Further Reading
    P.Blake, 1963, Le Corbusier: Architecture and Form, Penguin. R.Furneaux-Jordan, 1972, Le Corbusier, Dent.
    W.Boesiger, 1970, Le Corbusier, 8 vols, Thames and Hudson.
    ——1987, Le Corbusier: Architect of the Century, Arts Council of Great Britain.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard (Le Corbusier)

  • 77 seguro4

    = comfortable, dependable, reliable, safe [safer -comp., safest -sup.], secure, sure [surer -comp., surest -sup.], assertive, tight [tighter -comp., tightest -sup.], you bet!.
    Ex. A modern comfortable library could look like that in Berlin's Tiergarten, with its opne-air gardens, or resemble Evanston's library with its comfortable chairs and elegant (and, one hopes, safe) fireplaces.
    Ex. If the supplier is a dealer, then ensure that this is a reputable and dependable dealer who can provide help with installation, maintenance and support.
    Ex. Computers are reliable, and less prone to error provided they are instructed or programmed appropriately and correctly.
    Ex. A modern comfortable library could look like that in Berlin's Tiergarten, with its opne-air gardens, or resemble Evanston's library with its comfortable chairs and elegant (and, one hopes, safe) fireplaces.
    Ex. An academic library should be secure to control user behaviour and loss of books.
    Ex. The surest way to arrive at such a decision is to be guided by principles of helpful citation order.
    Ex. I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.
    Ex. The platen was lashed up tight to the toe of the spindle by cords which connected hooks at its four corners to another set of hooks at the four lower corners of the hose.
    Ex. The article 'Computer games in the learning resources center? you bet!' discusses some of the benefits of using computer games in education.
    ----
    * accidente seguro = accident waiting to happen.
    * algo casi seguro = a sure bet, safe bet.
    * algo es seguro = one thing is for sure.
    * algo seguro = safe bet.
    * blanco seguro = sitting duck.
    * camino seguro al desastre = blueprint for disaster.
    * camino seguro al éxito = blueprint for success.
    * camino seguro al fracaso = blueprint for failure.
    * conocer de seguro = know for + certain, know for + sure.
    * dar por seguro que = rest + assured that.
    * de éxito seguro = sure-fire [surefire].
    * demasiado seguro de uno mismo = overconfident.
    * deportista lento pero seguro = plodder.
    * de seguro = for sure, for certain.
    * de un modo seguro = securely.
    * en un lugar seguro = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * en un sitio seguro = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * estar moviéndose en terreno seguro = be on secure ground.
    * estar seguro = be sure, make + sure, set + your watch by.
    * estar seguro de = be certain (of), be confident about, feel + confident.
    * estar seguro de que = be confident that.
    * ir a lo seguro = play it + safe.
    * ir sobre seguro = be on secure ground, play it + safe.
    * jugar a lo seguro = play it + safe.
    * jugar sobre seguro = play it + safe.
    * no estar seguro = be uncertain.
    * no estar seguro de = be unsure about/of.
    * oportunidad casi segura = a sporting chance.
    * poco seguro = dicey [dicier -comp., diciest -sup.].
    * problema seguro = accident waiting to happen.
    * puerto seguro = safe harbour.
    * saber de seguro = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.
    * seguro (de) = confident (in).
    * seguro de sí mismo = smug, assured, self-assured, poised.
    * seguro de uno mismo = self-confident.
    * sentirse más seguro de = gain + confidence (with/in).
    * ser algo seguro = be a cinch, be a doddle, be a breeze, be a picnic, be duck soup.
    * ser casi seguro = be a good bet.
    * ser seguro = be on the cards.
    * ser seguro que + Subjuntivo = be bound to + Infinitivo.
    * terreno seguro = safe ground, solid ground.

    Spanish-English dictionary > seguro4

  • 78 world

    wə:ld
    1. сущ.
    1) мир, свет;
    вселенная around, round the world ≈ вокруг света to travel around the world ≈ путешествовать вокруг света, путешествовать по миру to bring into the world ≈ произвести на свет, родить to see the world ≈ повидать мир New World ≈ Новый свет, Америка Old World ≈ Старый свет world over ≈ во всем мире, в целом мире, по всему миру outside world ≈ внешний мир next world ≈ потусторонний мир worlds apart ≈ очень далеко world at large, whole world, entire world ≈ весь мир
    2) общество great world ≈ светское общество
    3) определенная сфера деятельности, мир the world of letters ≈ литературный мир the world of music ≈ мир музыки the world of sport ≈ спортивный мир financial world ≈ деловой мир scientific world ≈ научный мир
    4) мир, царство the animal world ≈ животный мир the vegetable world ≈ растительный мир
    5) период истории There are many problems in the modern world. ≈ В современном мире очень много проблем. ancient world ≈ древний мир medieval world ≈ средневековье modern world ≈ современность
    6) кругозор, мир His world is a very narrow one. ≈ Его кругозор очень узок.
    7) куча, множество He has had a world of troubles. ≈ У него была пропасть хлопот.
    8) служит для усиления a world too ≈ слишком What in the world does he mean? ≈ Что, наконец, он хочет сказать? ∙ to come down in the world ≈ опуститься, утратить былое положение to come up in the world, to rise in the world ≈ сделать карьеру to think the world (of smb.) ≈ быть очень высокого мнения о ком-л. he would give the world to know ≈ он бы все отдал, только бы узнать all the world and his wife ≈ все без исключения;
    все светское общество for all the world like ≈ похожий во всех отношениях for all the world as if ≈ точно так, как если бы how goes the world with you? ≈ как ваши дела?
    2. прил.
    1) всемирный, мировой;
    охватывающий весь мир world championship ≈ первенство мира world line-up ≈ расстановка сил в мире world market ≈ мировой рынок world outlook, view ≈ мировоззрение, миропонимание world peace ≈ мир во всем мире world problems ≈ мировые проблемы world trade ≈ международная торговля
    2) известный во всем мире world scientist ≈ ученый с мировым именем мир, свет, земля, земной шар - the whole /entire/ * весь мир - to bring into the * произвести на свет, родить - to come into the * появиться на свет, родиться - a citizen of the * гражданин мира, космополит - the * over, all over the * во всем мире, по всему миру - a journey round the * кругосветное путешествие - *'s fair всемирная выставка планета - are there any other inhabited *s? есть ли еще обитаемые миры, кроме нашего? мир, вселенная часть земного шара - the Third W. countries страны "третьего мира" - the Old W. Старый Свет - the New W. Новый Свет население земного шара, человечество сфера, область - the * of books мир книг - the scientific * научный мир - the * of commerce мир коммерции мир, царство - the animal * животный мир период истории - the ancient * древний мир жизнь( человека) - to begin the * вступить в жизнь - to begin the * anew начать новую жизнь - to have the * before one иметь перед собой всю жизнь;
    у него все впереди - to take the * as it is /as one finds it/ приспосабливаться к жизни;
    воспринимать мир таким, каков он есть - to let the * slide не стараться переделать жизнь /мир/, не идти против течения;
    пренебрегать условностями - to know the * иметь опыт, знать жизнь - to come up /to rise, to make one's way/ in the * сделать карьеру, преуспеть в жизни - to come /to go/ down in the * утратить прежнее положение в обществе - how is the * using you?, how goes the * with you? (разговорное) как дела?, как живете? - the * goes very well with me( разговорное) у меня все в порядке, я живу хорошо - so goes /wags/ the * (разговорное) такова жизнь окружающая среда;
    мир, мирок;
    круг (знакомых и т. п.) - her middle-class * ее мещанский мирок, ее мелкобуржуазное окружение - I do not move in his * я не принадлежу к его кругу общество - the great *, the * of fashion высший свет - all the * and his wife "весь свет" - he lives out of the * он редко бывает в обществе - what will the * say? какова будет реакция общественности? - all the * knows that... всем известно, что... (разговорное) множество, масса, уйма - a * of faults уйма недостатков - a * of waters необозримая водная гладь /ширь/ - a * of money бешеные деньги - to bring upon oneself a * of trouble навлечь на себя массу неприятностей - to think the * of smb. быть чрезвычайно высокого мнения о ком-л. - the holiday did me a * /worlds/ of good отпуск принес мне огромную пользу - it makes a * of difference это совсем иное дело - they are *s apart между ними лежит пропасть (религия) мир, свет - to forsake the * отказаться /уйти/ от мира;
    постричься в монахи - to go to a better * уйти в лучший мир /на тот свет/ - the other /the next/ *, the * to come тот свет, загробная жизнь - this * этот свет, этот (бренный) мир (в противоп. потустороннему миру) - in this * and the next на этом и на том свете - he is not long for this * он не жилец на этом свете - the lower /the nether/ * преисподняя, ад;
    земля (в противоп. небесам) ;
    этот свет в эмоц.-усил. значении: - what in the * did he mean? что же он хотел сказать? - who in the * is that fellow? кто бы это мог быть? - I do not know what in the * to do with it ума не приложу, что с этим делать - for all the * like похожий во всех отношениях - for all the * as if точно так, как если бы - to the * крайне, чрезвычайно - tired to the * устал до смерти - drunk to the * мертвецки пьян > on top of the * на вершине счастья;
    вне себя от радости и т. п. > out of this * необычайный, изумительный, замечательный > her voice is simply out of this * у нее великолепный голос > she had a figure which was out of this * такой фигуры, как у нее, свет не видывал > * without end (церковное) во веки веков > not for the * ни в коем случае;
    ни за что на свете > he would give the * to know that он отдал бы все на свете, чтобы узнать это;
    ему страстно хочется узнать об этом > to make the best of both *s иметь и то, и другое (без необходимости выбора) > to carry the * before one преуспеть в жизни;
    добиться быстрого и полного успеха > dead to the * ничего не замечающий;
    не реагирующий на окружающее( о спящем, пьяном и т. п.) > the * is his oyster перед ним открыты все двери > it's a small * мир тесен относящийся ко всему миру, всемирный, мировой - a * championship первенство мира охватывающий весь мир - * peace мир во всем мире известный во всем мире - * scientist ученый с мировым именем ~ мир, царство;
    the animal (vegetable) world животный (растительный) мир ~ outlook (или view) мировоззрение, миропонимание;
    to begin the world вступать в новую жизнь;
    not for the world ни за что на свете ~ мир, свет;
    вселенная;
    to bring into the world произвести на свет, родить;
    the Old World Старый свет;
    the New World Новый свет business ~ деловой мир to come up( или to rise) in the ~ сделать карьеру;
    out of this world разг. великолепный corporate ~ деловой мир developing ~ развивающиеся страны the lower ~ преисподняя, ад;
    to the world sl. крайне, совершенно;
    drunk to the world = мертвецки пьян financial ~ финансовые круги for all the ~ as if точно так, как если бы;
    how goes the world with you? как ваши дела?;
    to know the world иметь опыт all the ~ and his wife все светское общество;
    for all the world like похожий во всех отношениях fourth ~ страны с крайне низким уровнем жизни fourth ~ четвертый мир ~ общество;
    the great world светское общество ~ множество, куча;
    he has had a world of troubles у него была пропасть хлопот not of this ~ = не от мира сего;
    he would give the world to know он бы все отдал, только бы узнать world мир, кругозор;
    his world is a very narrow one его кругозор (или мирок) очень узок for all the ~ as if точно так, как если бы;
    how goes the world with you? как ваши дела?;
    to know the world иметь опыт for all the ~ as if точно так, как если бы;
    how goes the world with you? как ваши дела?;
    to know the world иметь опыт the lower ~ преисподняя, ад;
    to the world sl. крайне, совершенно;
    drunk to the world = мертвецки пьян not of this ~ = не от мира сего;
    he would give the world to know он бы все отдал, только бы узнать to come up (или to rise) in the ~ сделать карьеру;
    out of this world разг. великолепный so goes (или wags) the ~ такова жизнь;
    to come down in the world опуститься, утратить былое положение to think the ~ (of smb.) быть очень высокого мнения (о ком-л.) ;
    world without end на веки вечные third ~ развивающиеся страны third ~ третий мир the lower ~ преисподняя, ад;
    to the world sl. крайне, совершенно;
    drunk to the world = мертвецки пьян western ~ западный мир ~ служит для усиления: what in the world does he mean? что, наконец, он хочет сказать?;
    a world too слишком world мир, кругозор;
    his world is a very narrow one его кругозор (или мирок) очень узок ~ мир, царство;
    the animal (vegetable) world животный (растительный) мир ~ мир, свет;
    вселенная;
    to bring into the world произвести на свет, родить;
    the Old World Старый свет;
    the New World Новый свет ~ мир ~ множество, куча;
    he has had a world of troubles у него была пропасть хлопот ~ общество;
    the great world светское общество ~ определенная сфера деятельности, мир;
    the world of letters (of sport) литературный (спортивный) мир ~ служит для усиления: what in the world does he mean? что, наконец, он хочет сказать?;
    a world too слишком the ~ at large весь мир;
    the world over во всем мире, в целом мире ~ attr. мировой, всемирный;
    world problems мировые проблемы;
    world peace мир во всем мире ~ line-up расстановка сил в мире;
    world market мировой рынок;
    world trade международная торговля ~ определенная сфера деятельности, мир;
    the world of letters (of sport) литературный (спортивный) мир ~ outlook (или view) мировоззрение, миропонимание;
    to begin the world вступать в новую жизнь;
    not for the world ни за что на свете the ~ at large весь мир;
    the world over во всем мире, в целом мире ~ attr. мировой, всемирный;
    world problems мировые проблемы;
    world peace мир во всем мире ~ attr. мировой, всемирный;
    world problems мировые проблемы;
    world peace мир во всем мире ~ служит для усиления: what in the world does he mean? что, наконец, он хочет сказать?;
    a world too слишком to think the ~ (of smb.) быть очень высокого мнения (о ком-л.) ;
    world without end на веки вечные WorldBanking World "Банковский мир" (журнал, издаваемый в Великобритании)

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > world

  • 79 fashionable

    adjective
    modisch [Kleider, Person, Design]; vornehm [Gegend, Hotel, Restaurant]; Mode[farbe, -krankheit, -wort, -autor]

    it isn't fashionable any more — es ist nicht mehr modern od. in Mode

    * * *
    adjective (following, or in keeping with, the newest style of dress, way of living etc: a fashionable woman; a fashionable part of town.) modern
    * * *
    fash·ion·able
    [ˈfæʃənəbl̩]
    adj modisch; person extravagant; (for stylish people) schick[imicki] sl, Schickeria- sl
    ▪ to be/become \fashionable in Mode [o fam in] sein/werden, in Mode kommen
    a suit of a \fashionable cut ein modisch geschnittener Anzug
    \fashionable restaurant Schickerialokal nt sl, Schickimickilokal nt ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ fam
    a \fashionable couple ein Paar nt aus dem Jetset
    * * *
    ['fʃnəbl]
    adj
    clothes, look, person modisch; restaurant, shop, area schick; idea, artist zurzeit beliebt

    or color (US) — Modefarbe f

    to become fashionable — in Mode kommen, modern werden

    it's fashionable to do that — es ist modern or (in) Mode, das zu tun

    Michelle is super fashionable (inf) — Michelle hat supermoderne Klamotten (inf)

    * * *
    A adj (adv fashionably)
    1. modisch, modern
    2. vornehm, elegant
    3. a) in Mode:
    be very fashionable große Mode sein ( with bei; to inf zu inf);
    be fashionable again wieder modern oder aktuell sein
    b) Mode…:
    fashionable complaint Modekrankheit f;
    fashionable writer Modeschriftsteller(in)
    B s eleganter Herr, elegante Dame:
    the fashionables pl die Schickeria
    * * *
    adjective
    modisch [Kleider, Person, Design]; vornehm [Gegend, Hotel, Restaurant]; Mode[farbe, -krankheit, -wort, -autor]
    * * *
    adj.
    elegant adj.
    modern adj.
    modisch adj.

    English-german dictionary > fashionable

  • 80 bring

    A vtr
    1 (convey, carry) apporter [present, powers, supplies, message, news, rain, destruction, change, happiness, consolation, hope] ; have you brought your camera? as-tu pris or apporté ton appareil-photo? ; wait and see what tomorrow brings attends de voir ce que demain nous apportera ; to bring sth with one apporter qch ; to bring sb flowers/a cake apporter des fleurs/un gâteau à qn ; the case has brought him publicity l'affaire lui a fait de la publicité ; to bring sb wealth/fame rendre qn riche/célèbre ; to bring sth to ( contribute) apporter qch à [school, work, area] ; it has brought prosperity to the region cela a rendu la région prospère ; to bring one's talents to sth apporter son talent à qch ; to bring one's experience to sth faire bénéficier qch de son expérience ; that brings the total to 100 cela fait un total de 100 ; to bring a smile to sb's face faire sourire qn ; to bring a blush to sb's cheeks faire rougir qn ; to bring sth to a halt arrêter qch ; to bring the conversation round ou around to amener la conversation à ; to bring sth into faire entrer qch dans [house, room] ; introduire qch dans [conversation, story] ; to bring sth into existence créer qch ; to bring sth upstairs monter qch ; the wind brought the tree down le vent a fait tomber l'arbre ; don't forget to bring it home n'oublie pas de le rapporter ; to bring shame/disgrace on sb attirer la honte/le déshonneur sur qn ; to bring sth on ou upon oneself attirer qch ; you brought it on yourself tu l'as cherché ; her remarks brought gasps of surprise from the audience ses propos ont provoqué l'étonnement dans le public ; his novel brought praise from the critics son roman lui a valu les louanges de la critique ;
    2 ( come with) amener [friend, relative, dog] ; to bring sb with one amener qn (avec soi) ; to bring sb to amener qn à [wedding, party, office] ;
    3 (lead, draw) the path brings you to the church le chemin te conduit jusqu'à l'église ; the Games brought people to the city les Jeux ont attiré du monde vers la ville ; the noise brought them to the window le bruit les a attirés à la fenêtre ; I brought him to the ground je l'ai fait tomber ; that brings me to the question of ceci m'amène à la question de ; to bring sb to himself/herself ramener qn à la réalité ; what brings you here? qu'est-ce qui t'amène? ; to bring sb to do sth faire faire qch à qn ; I couldn't bring him to accept je n'ai pas pu lui faire accepter ; to bring sb/a dog into the country faire entrer or introduire qn/un chien dans le pays ; to bring sb into the room faire entrer qn dans la pièce ; to bring sb into contact with sth faire connaître qch à qn ; to bring sb into contact with sb mettre qn en contact avec qn ; to bring sb home ( transport home) raccompagner qn, ramener qn ; ( to meet family) amener qn à la maison ;
    4 TV, Radio the game will be brought to you live from Sydney le match sera retransmis en direct de Sydney ; modern technology brings the war into your living room la technologie moderne fait entrer la guerre jusque chez vous ; we bring you all the latest news on vous donne les dernières nouvelles ; ‘brought to you by Sudso Soap’ ‘qui vous est offert par Sudso Soap’
    5 Jur, Admin to bring a case/a dispute before the court porter une affaire/un litige devant le tribunal ; to bring sb before the court faire comparaître qn devant le tribunal ; to bring a matter before the committee/a bill before parliament soumettre une question au comité/un projet de loi au parlement.
    B v refl to bring oneself to do se décider à faire ; I couldn't bring myself to get up/to tell him je n'ai pas pu me lever/le lui dire.
    ▶ bring about [sth], bring [sth] about provoquer [change, reform, war, disaster, death] ; amener [settlement, reconciliation] ; entraîner [success, failure, defeat].
    ▶ bring along [sth], bring [sth] along apporter [object] ;
    ▶ bring along [sb], bring [sb] along amener, venir avec [friend, partner].
    ▶ bring back [sth], bring [sth] back
    1 ( return with) rapporter [souvenir, gift] (from de) ; to bring sb back sth rapporter qch à qn ;
    2 ( restore) redonner [colour, shine] ; to bring sb's memory/sight back rendre la mémoire/vue à qn ;
    3 ( reintroduce) rétablir [currency, custom] ; restaurer [monarchy, democracy] ;
    4 ( restore memory of) rappeler [night, time, occasion] ; seeing her brought it all back to me tout m'est revenu lorsque je l'ai vue ; to bring back memories ranimer des souvenirs ; to bring back memories of sth ranimer le souvenir de qch.
    ▶ bring down [sth], bring [sth] down
    1 ( cause collapse of) renverser [government, dictator] ;
    2 ( reduce) réduire [inflation, unemployment, expenditure] ; faire baisser [rate, level, price, temperature] ; diminuer [cost of living, swelling] ;
    3 ( shoot down) abattre [plane, grouse, tiger] ;
    4 ( cause to hit) to bring [sth] down on sb/sth abattre [qch] sur qn/qch [cane, hammer] ; to bring sb's wrath down on sb littér ou hum attirer la colère de qn sur qn ;
    ▶ bring [sb] down ○ déprimer [person].
    ▶ bring forth [sth], bring [sth] forth
    1 ( provoke) susciter [question, protest, scorn] ;
    2 littér ( produce) produire [object, fruit, blossom] ; faire jaillir [water] ;
    3 littér donner naissance à [child].
    ▶ bring forward [sth], bring [sth] forward
    1 ( make sooner) avancer [meeting, wedding, election] (by de) ;
    2 ( propose) avancer [proposals, plan] ; proposer [bill, amendment, motion] ;
    3 Accts reporter [total, balance, deficit] ; balance brought forward: £354.90 report: £354.90 ;
    4 ( bring in) présenter [witness, person].
    ■ bring in:
    ▶ bring in [sth] rapporter [amount, money, interest] ; introduire [custom] ;
    ▶ bring in [sth], bring [sth] in
    1 ( introduce) introduire [legislation, measure, reference, new character] ;
    2 Agric rentrer [crop, harvest] ; récolter [wheat, corn, fruit] ;
    ▶ bring in [sb], bring [sb] in
    1 ( involve) faire appel à [consultant, expert, reinforcements, police, army] (from de ; as pour être) ; if I could bring in Mrs Cox at this point… j'aimerais faire intervenir Mme Cox sur ce point… ;
    2 ( to police station) amener [qn] (au poste) [suspect] ; to be brought in for questioning être amené au poste pour être interrogé.
    ▶ bring [sb] into faire participer [qn] à [conversation, organization] ; don't bring my mother into this! laisse ma mère en dehors de ça!
    ■ bring off:
    ▶ bring off [sth], bring [sth] off réussir [feat, performance] ; conclure [deal] ; décrocher [victory]
    ■ bring on:
    ▶ bring on [sth], bring [sth] on
    1 ( provoke) provoquer [attack, migraine, fit, labour] ; être à l'origine de [bronchitis, rheumatism, pneumonia] ; what brought that on? ( to someone) qu'est-ce qui t'a pris? ;
    2 ( encourage) accélérer la pousse de [plant, crop] ;
    ▶ bring on [sb], bring [sb] on
    1 (to stage, field) faire entrer [dancer, substitute] ;
    2 ( encourage) pousser [player, child].
    ■ bring out:
    ▶ bring out [sth], bring [sth] out
    1 sortir [gun, handkerchief etc] ;
    2 Comm sortir [edition, volume, new model] ;
    3 ( highlight) faire ressortir [detail, colour, melody, flavour, meaning, instinct, spirit] ; to bring out the artist/the child in sb faire ressortir l'artiste/l'enfant en qn ;
    ▶ bring out [sb], bring [sb] out
    1 ( draw out) faire parler [guest, interviewee] ;
    2 ( on strike) mettre [qn] en grève [workers] ;
    3 to bring sb out in spots donner des boutons à qn.
    ▶ bring [sb] round
    1 ( revive) faire revenir [qn] à soi ;
    2 ( convince) convaincre ; to bring sb round to one's way of thinking amener qn à partager ses vues.
    ▶ bring together [sth/sb], bring [sth/sb] together
    1 ( assemble) réunir [family, experts, sides, themes] ;
    2 ( create bond between) rapprocher [couple, lovers, siblings] ; it brought us closer together cela nous a rapprochés.
    ■ bring up:
    ▶ bring up [sth], bring [sth] up
    1 ( mention) aborder, parler de [question, subject] ;
    2 ( vomit) vomir, rendre [food] ;
    ▶ bring up [sb], bring [sb] up élever ; to bring sb up to do apprendre à [qn] à faire ; to be brought up by sb/in China être élevé par qn/en Chine ; to be brought up as a Catholic recevoir une éducation catholique ; to be brought up on stories of war être nourri de récits de guerre ; it's the way I was brought up c'est comme ça que j'ai été élevé ; well/badly brought up bien/mal élevé.

    Big English-French dictionary > bring

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