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structural+parts

  • 61 low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly for construction sites

    1. НКУ распределения и управления для строительных площадок (НКУ СП)

     

    НКУ распределения и управления для строительных площадок (НКУ СП)
    Комбинация одного или нескольких трансформаторных устройств или коммутационных аппаратов с устройствами управления, измерения, сигнализации, защиты и регулирования со всеми внутренними электрическими и механическими соединениями и конструктивными элементами, разработанная и изготовленная для применения на любых строительных площадках — для наружной и внутренней установки.
    [ ГОСТ Р 51321. 4-2000 ( МЭК 60439-4-90)]

    EN

    low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly for construction sites (ACS)
    combination of one or several transforming or switching devices with associated control, measuring, signalling, protective and regulating equipment complete with all their internal electrical and mechanical connections and structural parts, designed and built for use on all construction sites, indoors and outdoors
    [IEC 60439-4, ed. 2.0 (2004-06)]

    FR

    ensemble d'appareillage à basse tension utilisé sur les chantiers (EC)
    combinaison d'un ou de plusieurs appareils de transformation ou de connexion avec équipements associés de commande, de mesure, de signalisation, de protection et de régulation complètement assemblés avec toutes leurs liaisons internes électriques et mécaniques et leurs éléments de construction (voir 2.4), conçue et construite pour être utilisée sur tous les chantiers, à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur.
    [IEC 60439-4, ed. 2.0 (2004-06)]

    0480
    Рис. ABB

    0481
    Рис. ABB

    0482
    Рис. ABB

    НКУ СП, устанавливаемое на ножках

    НКУ СП, закрепляемое на вертикальной поверхности

    НКУ СП розеточное

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

     

    Assemblies for construction sites have different dimensions, ranging from the simple socket-outlet units to proper distribution boards in metal enclosure or insulating material.
    These assemblies are usually mobile.
    The Standard IEC 60439-4 establishes the particular requirements for this type of assemblies, making specific reference to mechanical strength and resistance to corrosion.
    [ABB]

    НКУ для строительных площадок имеют разные размеры и функции - от простых розеточных до распределительных панелей в металлической или пластмассовой оболочке.
    Данные НКУ обычно являются переносными.
    Стандарт МЭК 60439-4 устанавливает дополнительные требования для НКУ данного типа, особенно по механической прочности и коррозионной стойкости.
    [Перевод Интент]

    Тематики

    • НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)

    EN

    FR

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly for construction sites

  • 62 конструктивная деталь

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > конструктивная деталь

  • 63 основной металл и покрытие

    •

    Parts can be designed with a base metal of the required structural properties, allowing the overlay to meet wear and corrosion needs.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > основной металл и покрытие

  • 64 деталь

    1. ж. detail
    2. ж. piece, part, component, member

    комплектующая деталь — accessory; component

    конструктивная деталь — structural member; design feature

    сменная деталь — change part; replacement part

    детали, притягиваемые магнитом — parts attractable by magnet

    Синонимический ряд:
    подробность (сущ.) мелочь; подробность; тонкость; частность

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > деталь

  • 65 intimidad

    f.
    1 private life (vida privada).
    en la intimidad in private
    violar la intimidad de alguien to invade somebody's privacy
    2 intimacy.
    imperat.
    2nd person plural (vosotros/ustedes) Imperative of Spanish verb: intimidar.
    * * *
    1 (amistad) intimacy
    2 (vida privada) privacy, private life
    1 (asuntos privados) private matters, personal affairs
    \
    en la intimidad in private
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=amistad) intimacy, familiarity
    2) (=ámbito privado) privacy
    3) pl intimidades (=cosas personales) personal matters, private matters; euf (=genitales) private parts euf, privates euf hum
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( ambiente privado) privacy
    b) ( relación estrecha) intimacy
    2) intimidades femenino plural
    a) ( cosas íntimas) private life, personal o private affairs (pl)
    b) (euf) ( partes pudendas) private parts (pl) (euph), privates (pl) (colloq)
    * * *
    = intimacy, privacy.
    Ex. A public library's design can go far in either reinforcing or thwarting the intimacy of reading and in determining its success -- functionally, aesthetically and financially.
    Ex. Other walls, where security and privacy are absolutely essential, are not structural and are designed to be easily demounted and erected elsewhere.
    ----
    * intimidades = intimations.
    * intimidad personal = personal privacy.
    * invadir la intimidad de Alguien = intrude on + Posesivo + privacy.
    * Posesivo + intimidades = Posesivo + family jewels, Posesivo + privates.
    * violación de la intimidad = breach of privacy, invasion of privacy.
    * violar la intimidad = invade + privacy.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( ambiente privado) privacy
    b) ( relación estrecha) intimacy
    2) intimidades femenino plural
    a) ( cosas íntimas) private life, personal o private affairs (pl)
    b) (euf) ( partes pudendas) private parts (pl) (euph), privates (pl) (colloq)
    * * *
    = intimacy, privacy.

    Ex: A public library's design can go far in either reinforcing or thwarting the intimacy of reading and in determining its success -- functionally, aesthetically and financially.

    Ex: Other walls, where security and privacy are absolutely essential, are not structural and are designed to be easily demounted and erected elsewhere.
    * intimidades = intimations.
    * intimidad personal = personal privacy.
    * invadir la intimidad de Alguien = intrude on + Posesivo + privacy.
    * Posesivo + intimidades = Posesivo + family jewels, Posesivo + privates.
    * violación de la intimidad = breach of privacy, invasion of privacy.
    * violar la intimidad = invade + privacy.

    * * *
    A
    la boda se celebró en la mayor intimidad it was a very quiet wedding
    en la intimidad del hogar in the privacy of one's home
    hay gran intimidad entre ellos they are very close
    1 (cosas íntimas) private life, personal o private affairs (pl)
    2 ( euf) (partes pudendas) private parts (pl) ( euph), privates (pl) ( colloq)
    * * *

    Del verbo intimidar: ( conjugate intimidar)

    intimidad es:

    2ª persona plural (vosotros) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    intimidad    
    intimidar
    intimidad sustantivo femenino
    1



    2
    ◊ intimidades sustantivo femenino plural

    a) ( cosas íntimas) private life, personal o private affairs (pl)

    b) (euf) ( partes pudendas) private parts (pl) (euph), privates (pl) (colloq)

    intimidar ( conjugate intimidar) verbo transitivo


    intimidad sustantivo femenino
    1 (relación) intimacy
    2 (círculo, parcela no pública) private life: es más simpática en la intimidad, she's nicer in private
    en esta casa no tengo intimidad, I have no privacy in this house
    intimidar verbo transitivo to intimidate
    ' intimidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    atentado
    - celosa
    - celoso
    - confianza
    - vulnerar
    English:
    intimacy
    - intrusion
    - privacy
    - affair
    - quiet
    * * *
    1. [vida privada] private life;
    en la intimidad in private;
    violar la intimidad de alguien to invade sb's privacy
    2. [privacidad] privacy;
    en la intimidad de in the privacy of
    3. [amistad] intimacy
    4.
    intimidades [asuntos privados] personal matters
    5. Fam Euf
    intimidades [partes pudendas] privates, private parts
    * * *
    f
    1 intimacy
    2 (lo privado) privacy;
    en la intimidad in private
    * * *
    1) : intimacy
    2) : privacy, private life
    * * *
    intimidad n (vida privada) private life [pl. lives]

    Spanish-English dictionary > intimidad

  • 66 деталь

    component, detail, element, feature, ( узла) member, component part, part, piece
    * * *
    дета́ль ж.
    1. (изображения, чертежа) detail
    2. ( часть физического целого) piece, part, component, member
    бракова́ть дета́ль — reject a part, reject a workpiece
    пригоня́ть [подгоня́ть] дета́ль — fit (up) a part
    разбрако́вывать дета́ли — inspect for quality
    сопряга́ть дета́ли — mate (up) parts
    армату́рная дета́ль — reinforcing member
    ба́зовая дета́ль — location [locating] part, positioning [adjuster] piece
    брако́ванная дета́ль — rejected part
    ведо́мая дета́ль — driven member
    веду́щая дета́ль — driving member
    взаимозаменя́емые дета́ли — interchangeable parts
    враща́ющаяся дета́ль — revolving [rotating] part
    второстепе́нная дета́ль — minor part
    глубокотя́нутая дета́ль — deep-drawn piece
    гото́вая дета́ль — finished part, finished piece
    дистанцио́нная дета́ль — spacer
    закладны́е дета́ли стр. — embedded fittings, embedded metals; inserts; blockouts
    запасна́я дета́ль — spare part
    изна́шиваемая дета́ль ( рассчитанная на износ) — wearing member, wearing part
    износосто́йкая дета́ль — wear-resisting part
    изно́шенная дета́ль — worn-out part
    дета́ль изображе́ния — detail
    комплекту́ющая дета́ль — ( вспомогательная) accessory; ( часть целого) component, part
    конструкти́вная дета́ль — ( элемент конструкции) structural member; ( конструктивная особенность) design feature
    дета́ль констру́кции ( на чертеже) — detail
    ко́рпусные дета́ли ( машин) — (stationary) base members
    крепё́жная дета́ль — fastener, fastening part
    листовы́е дета́ли — sheet articles
    литы́е дета́ли — moulded pieces
    дета́ли маши́н ( название научной дисциплины) — machine elements
    дета́ли маши́нной обрабо́тки — machined parts
    неотве́тственная дета́ль — minor part
    неподви́жная дета́ль — stationary part
    несу́щая дета́ль — (load-)bearing part
    нормализо́ванная дета́ль — standard component
    обраба́тываемая дета́ль — workpiece
    обрабо́танная дета́ль — finished part
    одноти́пные дета́ли — duplicate parts
    опо́рная дета́ль — bearing part
    основна́я дета́ль ( в системе допусков и посадок) — basic part
    отве́тственная дета́ль — critical [vital] part
    отьё́мные дета́ли — removable parts
    охва́тываемая дета́ль — male part
    охва́тывающая дета́ль — female part
    па́рная дета́ль — mate, mating part
    перехо́дная дета́ль — reducer
    покупна́я дета́ль — purchased part, foreign part
    поса́дочная дета́ль ( в системе допусков и посадок) — mating part
    приго́ночная дета́ль — make-up part, make-up piece
    про́бная дета́ль — sample piece, test part
    распо́рная дета́ль — distance piece, spacer
    резьбова́я дета́ль — thread piece
    ремо́нтная дета́ль — repair piece
    сва́риваемая дета́ль — weldment
    сварна́я дета́ль — welded part, weldment
    сме́нная дета́ль — ( для настройки рабочего диапазона) change part; (вместо изношенной, негодной и т. п.) replacement part
    соедини́тельная дета́ль — fastener, fastening part
    сопряжё́нные дета́ли — mating parts
    станда́ртная дета́ль — standard part
    строи́тельные дета́ли — structural elements
    съё́мная дета́ль — removable part
    тру́щаяся дета́ль — rubbing part
    дета́ль увели́ченных разме́ров — oversize part
    дета́ль уме́ньшенных разме́ров — undersize part
    уплотня́ющая дета́ль — sealing part
    устано́вочная дета́ль — location [locating] part, positioning [adjuster] piece
    фасо́нная дета́ль — (odd-)shaped [profiled] part
    фикси́рующая дета́ль — retainer

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > деталь

  • 67 елемент

    1. хим., физ. element
    съставни елемент и ingredients; composite parts
    3. прен. element, strain
    елемент на хумор/несигурност an element of humour/uncertainty
    4. (индивид) character, person
    съмнителен елемент a suspicious character
    прогресивните елементи в обществото the progressive section of society
    батерия от три елемента a battery of three elements
    6. ел. cell
    * * *
    елемѐнт,
    м., -и, (два) елемѐнта 1. хим., физ. element; Периодична таблица на \елементите (на Менделеев) periodic table of elements;
    2. ( съставна част) element, component, unit, member; крепежен \елемент raker; носещ \елемент carrier, supporting member; свързващ \елемент linking member, tie element; стандартен \елемент unified element; строителни \елементи (structural) elements; стружкочупещ \елемент torque-chipper; съставни \елементи ingredients; composite parts; фабричен (строителен) \елемент prefab;
    3. прен. element, strain; хумористични \елементи flashes of humour;
    4. ( индивид) character, person; престъпни \елементи criminals; съмнителен \елемент suspicious character; само мн. ( представители на дадена среда) elements, section;
    5. ( отделен съд за добиване на галванически ток) element; батерия от три \елемента battery of three elements;
    6. ел. cell; чувствителен \елемент sensing element, sensor.
    * * *
    component: an елемент of humour - елемент на хумор; ingredient ; streak {`stri;k} (прен.)
    * * *
    1. (индивид) character, person 2. (отделен съд за добиване на галванически ток) element 3. (съставна част) element 4. ЕЛЕМЕНТ на хумор/несигурност an element of humour/uncertainty 5. батерия от три ЕЛЕМЕНТа a battery of three elements 6. ел. cell 7. мн. ч.(представители на дадена среда) elements, section 8. прен. element, strain 9. престъпни ЕЛЕМЕНТи criminals 10. прогресивните ЕЛЕМЕНТи в обществото the progressive section of society 11. строителни ЕЛЕМЕНТ и (structural) members/elements 12. съмнителен ЕЛЕМЕНТ а suspicious character 13. съставни ЕЛЕМЕНТ и ingredients;composite parts 14. фабричен (строителен) ЕЛЕМЕНТ prefab 15. хим., физ. element

    Български-английски речник > елемент

  • 68 part

    1) часть; доля || распадаться на части; разделять, разделяться
    2) деталь; часть ( изделия); элемент; компонент; сегмент || детализировать
    3) раздел (напр. программного обеспечения)
    •

    to build around an actual part — изготавливать (напр. приспособление) применительно к обрабатываемой детали

    to handle parts randomly — загружать детали, загружать обрабатываемые детали ( на станок) в произвольной последовательности

    - 2D part
    - 3D part
    - accepted part
    - accessible moving parts
    - active gas parts
    - active part of cutting tool
    - active part
    - actuated part
    - address part
    - aspheric part
    - aspherical part
    - assembled part
    - assembly base part
    - associated part
    - axially symmetrical part
    - baffled-off part
    - bar part
    - bar-coded part
    - basic part
    - blank part
    - body part
    - bottom-most part
    - bought-out parts
    - box-like part
    - box-shaped part
    - box-type part
    - candidate part
    - case-type part
    - catapulting part
    - ceramic-machined part
    - ceramic-turned part
    - certified part
    - change part
    - chuck part
    - chucked part
    - chucking part
    - circular part
    - clamped part
    - close tolerance part
    - common parts
    - completed part
    - complex geometry part
    - complex part
    - component part
    - conductive part
    - constituent part
    - consumable part
    - contoured part
    - conveyorized part
    - current part
    - curved part
    - cutting part
    - defective part
    - detail part
    - die-cast part
    - disoriented part
    - duplicate part
    - end part
    - exceptional parts
    - exposed rotating machine parts
    - extension part
    - fabricated part
    - facing part
    - facsimile part
    - failed part
    - family part
    - family-related part
    - fast-revolving part
    - faulty part
    - figurine part
    - figurine-shaped part
    - filler part
    - finish turned part
    - finished part
    - finishing part
    - first-off piece part
    - first-run part
    - fixed part of the machine
    - flat bar part
    - flat-pattern parts
    - FMS rotational part
    - fractional part
    - functioning part
    - green part
    - half-done part
    - half-machined part
    - hand-fed part
    - hard part
    - HBM-type parts
    - hemispherical part
    - high value-added part
    - high-load part
    - high-precision part
    - high-production parts
    - high-volume parts
    - incoming part
    - injection-molded part
    - in-process part
    - integral part
    - integral-rib part
    - integrated part
    - interchangeable part
    - in-tolerance part
    - labor-intensive part
    - lathe-turned part
    - live parts
    - long-run parts
    - loose part
    - low value-added part
    - low-mix parts
    - low-volume parts
    - machined part
    - machinery parts
    - main journal part
    - male die part
    - mass production parts
    - master part
    - master threaded part
    - mating parts
    - medium-run parts
    - medium-volume parts
    - microsized part
    - mid-volume parts
    - minor part
    - moving part
    - multiple parts
    - multiple-diameter part
    - multiple-operation part
    - NC-machined part
    - near-net-shape part
    - necked part
    - net shape part
    - nonconforming parts
    - non-FMS part
    - nonproductive parts of the cycle
    - nonrecurring parts
    - nonrotational part
    - nonservice part
    - numerical part of identity
    - odd parts
    - odd-shaped part
    - offending part
    - off-gage part
    - off-queue part
    - off-the-shelf part
    - one-of-a-kind parts
    - one-off parts
    - on-queue part
    - open tolerance part
    - operative parts
    - option part
    - out-of-spec part
    - out-of-tolerance part
    - pallet-fixtured part
    - palletized part
    - partially completed part
    - part-machined part
    - passive part
    - piece part
    - pin journal part
    - pliable part
    - PM part
    - powder metal part
    - powder part
    - precision part
    - precision-machined part
    - prismatic part
    - processed part
    - production part
    - program part
    - projected part
    - proof part
    - prototype part
    - quality part
    - quality-checked part
    - randomly fabricating parts
    - randomly sequenced parts
    - rapidly wearing part
    - raw part
    - raw primary part
    - reference part
    - related parts
    - removable parts
    - repair part
    - replacement part
    - representative part
    - revolving part
    - rotary part
    - routing part
    - rubbing part
    - sample part
    - scored part
    - semicompleted part
    - semifinished part
    - service parts
    - shaft part
    - shaped part
    - shaping part
    - short-run parts
    - short-run time parts
    - single-diameter part
    - sizing part
    - slender part
    - small-envelope part
    - snap-in part
    - software part
    - spare part
    - stack-machined parts
    - stack-routed parts
    - stationary part
    - stepped part
    - stereolithography part
    - stress-relieved part
    - structural part
    - substandard part
    - tapered part
    - test part
    - threaded part
    - tool cutting part
    - top quality part
    - transmission parts
    - turned part
    - ultra-high-precision part
    - ultra-precision part
    - unworked part
    - wearing parts
    - wire-frame CAD parts
    - work part
    - working part of cutting tool

    English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > part

  • 69 часть


    part
    (деталь или неразъемный узел)
    один, две или несколько элементов, соединенных вместе, и обычно не подлежащие разборке, которая может привести к нарушению функционального назначения части. — one piece, or two or more pieces joined together which are not normally subject to disassembly without destruction of designed use.
    - (составляющая доля) — part
    смесь состоит из одной части воды и одной части бензола. — mixture contains one part of water and one part of benzol.
    - (зона, участок конструкции или детали) — portion
    данная часть крыла заключена между фюзеляжем и внутренним двигателем. — this portion of the wing is between the fuselage and the inboard engine.
    - (узел крыла или фюзеляжа, представляющий собой единую конструктивно-технологическую единицу) — section
    - агрегата (блока, сборки) — sub-assembly
    - аэродинамической трубы, рабочая — wind-tunnel test section
    -, весовая (вес. ч.) — part by weight
    -, горячая (двиг.) — "hotп", portion, "hot end" overheating of the "hot end" of the engine.
    - двигателя, входная (передняя) входная часть двигателя состоит из входного воздухозаборного контура и наружного корпуса. — engine nose section the engine nose section consists of an inner duct (engine air inlet) and outer cowl surrounding the duct.
    - двигателя, нижняя датчик тахометра смонтирован в нижней части двигателя. — engine bottom the tachometer generator is mounted on/at/the bottom of the engine.
    - двигателя, проточная (газовоздушный тракт) — engine gas flow duct
    -, забустерная (системы управления) — actuating /actuator/ portion of system)
    -, запасная — spare part
    -, измерительная (напр., расходомера, топливомера) — metering portion
    - компрессора, проточная — compressor airflow duct
    - конструкции, несиловая — secondary structural member
    - конструкции, силовая — primary structural member
    - контакта (шр), срезанная (для подпайки провода) (рис. 74) — bevelled end (of connector terminal)
    - коридора, головная (для посадки /высадки пассажиров в аэропорту) — passenger boarding bridge head
    -, корневая (крыла) — root portion
    - крыла, кессоная — wind torsion box
    - крыла, консольная (кчк, при наличии очк) — inner wing
    - крыла, неподвижная (нчк, у крыла изменяемой геометрии) — fixed wing (section)
    - крыла, носовая (носок крыла) (рис.1) — wing leading edge section
    - крыла, отъемная (очк) (рис. 1, 8) — outer wing (panel)
    - крыла, поворотная (пчк) — pivoting wing (section)
    - крыла, подвижная (поворотная) — movable /moving, pivoting/ wing
    - крыла, подвижная (предкрылок, закрылок, спойлер) — wing extendable device
    - крыла, средняя (счк) (рис. 8) — inner wing
    - крыла, центральная (цчк) — wing center section
    - кулачка, цилиндрическая (не воздействующая на сопряженную деталь) — cam dwell
    - купола парашюта, верхняя — parachute canopy crown

    the upper portion of canopy.
    - купола парашюта, нижняя (юбка) — parachute саперу skirt the lower portion of the canopy.
    - лопасти, комлевая (возд. винта) (рис. 58) — blade shank
    - лопатки, замковая (ротора) — blade root
    - лопатки (ротора), замковая "елочного" типа — balde fir-tree root
    - лопатки (ротора), замковая типа "ласточкин хвост" — blade dovetail root
    - лопатки (ротора), замковая, фиксируемая пальцем и кольцом — blade solid root (with retaining pin and locking ring)
    - лопатки, корневая (замковая) — blade root
    - материальная часть (матчасть) — hardware
    влияние климатических условий на матчасть и техсостав. — effect of climatic conditions on hardware and working personnel.
    - нервюры, средняя — intermediate rib
    межлонжеронная часть нервюры (рис. 10). — intermediate rib is the interspar portion of the rib.
    - опоры, подвижная (поворотный хомут передней опоры шасси) — (lower) steering collar /sleeve/
    -, ответная (шр) — mating half of connector
    -, открытая (штока амортизатора, гидроцилиндра) — exposed portion (of shock strut piston or actuator operating rod)
    -, переходная (конструкции) — transition section
    напр., часть, соединяющая двигатель с удлинительной трубой или трубу с соплом.
    -, поворотная (передн. стойки шасси) — (nose landing gear) steering sleeve
    -, подвижная — moving /movable/ part
    - полета, оставшаяся (до конечного пункта маршрута) — remainder of flight generator is inoperative for remainder of flight.
    -, проточная (воздуха, газа) — (air, gas) flow section
    -, профильная (лопасти, лопатки) — (blade) airfoil portion
    -, рабочая (лопасти) — pressure side
    -, рабочая (прибора, устройства) — working part
    проверять состояние всех подвижных или рабочих частей компаса. — аll movable or working parts of the compass must be inspected for condition.
    - разъема, наземная (наземного оборудования) — connector /coupling/ ground part
    - разъема, самолетная — connector /coupling/ aircraft part
    - самолета, подвижная — aircraft (movable) part
    к подвижным частям самолета относятся: закрылки, возд. тормоза, снайперы и т.д. — flaps, air brakes, spellers, etc. are movable parts of the aircraft structure.
    -, силовая (бустерной системы) — power portion
    силовая часть включает источник питания (напр., гидронасос), краны, трубопроводы и исполнительные механизмы. — the power portion includes power source, such as hydraulic pumps, and such items as valves, lines and actuators.
    - системы — portion of system
    - системы, исполнительная — actuating /actuator/ portion of system
    - снаряжения (неполный состав) — incomplete operational items
    -, составная (агрегата, системы) — component part each component part acts and interacts in accordance with overall design of an arrangement (system).
    деталь, подузел, узел и/или изделие. — either а part, sub-assembly, assembly, assembly and/or unit.
    - управление, забустерная — power-operated output (control) linkage
    - уравнения (правая, левая) — equation (right-hand, lefthand) side
    - фонаря, неподвижная — fixed portion of canopy
    - фонаря, откидная — hinged portion of canopy
    - фонаря, сдвижная — sliding portion of canopy
    - фюзеляжа (рис. 6) — fuselage section
    - фюзеляжа, герметичная — fuselage area within pressure seals, pressurized area of fuselage
    - фюзеляжа, задняя, правая (левая) — aft right (left) fuselage
    - фюзеляжа, негерметичная — unpressurized area of fuselage
    - фюзеляжа, нижняя — fuselage underside /bottom/
    - фюзеляжа, носовая — fuselage nose section
    - фюзеляжа, отклоняемая носовая — fuselage droop nose
    - фюзеляжа, передняя — fuselage nose section
    - фюзеляжа, передняя правая (левая) — right (left) forward fuselage
    - фюзеляжа, средняя — fuselage center section
    - фюзеляжа, хвостовая — fuselage tail section
    - хвостовой балки, переходная (между фюзеляжем и балкой) — tail bottom transition section
    - центрального пульта, задняя (передняя) — aft (forward) center pedestal
    - элемента конструкции — portion of structural element or component)
    - элерона, концевая — outboard portion of aileron
    - элерона, корневая — inboard portion of aileron
    - элерона, носовая — nose /le/ portion of aileron, aileron le section
    в левой (правой, центральной) ч. приборной доски — at left (right, central) portion of instrument panel
    пилотажные приборы командира корабля находятся в левой части приборной доски, второго пилота - в правой, а приборы силовой установки в центральной. — pilot's flight instruments are at the left of the instrument panel, copilot's instruments are at the right, power plant instruments are at the (lower) center.
    в передней (задней) ч. кабины — at fore (rear) end of cabin

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > часть

  • 70 Struktur

    Struktur f GEN structure, pattern, breakdown
    * * *
    f < Geschäft> structure, pattern, breakdown
    * * *
    Struktur
    formation, arrangement of parts, structure, pattern, make-up, setup, fabric, texture;
    • demographische Struktur audience composition;
    • gesellschaftliche Struktur structure of society;
    • soziale Struktur social structure (fabric);
    • Struktur des Kreditgeschäfts structure of the lending business;
    • wirtschaftliche Struktur eines Landes economic setup of a country;
    • Struktur der Produktionsaufwendungen input mix;
    • genetische Struktur lebender Organismen verändern to manipulate the genetic structure of living organisms;
    • Strukturanalyse structural analysis;
    • Strukturänderung des Handels change in the pattern of trade;
    • Strukturanpassung structural adjustment;
    • Strukturanpassungsmaßnahmen structural adaptation measures;
    • Strukturdaten structural data.

    Business german-english dictionary > Struktur

  • 71 конструкция


    construction, structure
    - (элемент) — structure
    -, безопасно разрушаемая — fail-safe structure
    принцип безопасно разрушаемей конструкции заложен в проект самолета. — aircraft is designed to "занsafeп principle. fail-safe philosophy is fully employed in aircraft.
    -, блочная — module construction
    -, вспомогательная — secondary structure
    -, кессонная — torsion box structure
    -, клееная — bonded structure
    -, композиционная — composite structure
    -, коробчатая — box structure
    - крыла — wing structure
    - купола парашюта с расположением нитей ткани параллельно оси полотнища — parachute саперу block construction. arrangement of the gores such that the direction of the weft threads of the fabric is parallel to the gore centreline.
    - купола парашюта с расположением нитей ткани под углом (к оси полотнища) — parachute canopy bias eonstruction. arrangement of the gores such that the direction of threads of the fabric makes an angle of 45 grad. with the gore centreline.
    -, моноблочная (неразъемная) — single-piece structure
    -, несиловая — secondary structure
    -, основная (ла) — main structure
    - планера самолета, вертолета — airframe structure
    - планера самолета (заголовок раздела) — structure
    - планера и несущей системы (вертолета) — (helicopter) flight structure
    включает несущий и хвостовой винты, органы их управления, фюзеляж и основные элементы крепежа. — flight structure includes гоtors, controls, fuselage, and their related primary attachments.
    -, сварная — weldment
    узел, части которого соединены сваркой. — an assembly whose соmрonent parts are joined by welding.
    -, силовая — load-carrying /-supporting/ structure, primary structure
    -, силовая (на которую воздействуют нагрузки на землe и в полете) — structure supporting the flight and ground loads
    -, с многоярусной прочностью — multipath structure
    - с работающей обшивкой — stressed-skin structure
    вид конструкции ла, у которого наружная обшивка несет нагрузки, воздействующие на конструкцию. — а type of aircraft construetion in which the strength of the external skin is utilized to carry structural loads.
    -, слоистая — sandwich
    элемент конструкции, состоящий из двух параллельных наружных обшивок с заполнителем (между ними) из другого материала. — а structural component сопsisting of two parallel skins attached to either side of a core of а material of different properties.
    -, сотовая — honeycomb structure
    -, статически неопределимая — statically indeterminate structure
    -, статически определимая — statically determinate structure
    -, ферменная — truss structure
    -, цельнометаллическая — all-metal structure
    изменение к. — change in design
    изменение к. (доработка) — modification
    особенности к. — design features
    отличия к. — structural differences
    прочность к. — structural strength
    элементы к. (планера) — structures

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > конструкция

  • 72 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 73 Teil

    Teil I m 1. GEN part, piece, portion; 2. RECHT party • als ein Teil von GEN as a proportion of Teil II n IND component
    * * *
    m 1. < Geschäft> part, piece, portion; 2. < Recht> party ■ als ein Teil von < Geschäft> as a proportion of
    n < Ind> component
    * * *
    Teil
    part, half, (Abschnitt) section, segment, division, (Anteil) lot, share, [pro]portion, quota, (Bauteil) [structural] member, (Bestandteil) component, element, (Prozentsatz) percentage, (Stück) piece, (Zubehör) accessory;
    • aus allen Teilen der Welt from all over the world;
    • zu gleichen Teilen share alike, in equal parts (shares, [pro]portions), fifty-fifty;
    • zum Teil geschäftlich semibusiness;
    • ausgewechselte Teile replaced parts;
    • auswechselbare Teile interchangeable parts;
    • einleitender Teil (Urkunde) recital;
    • innerhalb eines Jahres fälliger Teil (Obligation) current maturity;
    • figürlicher Teil (Markenname) trade character;
    • fremdbezogener Teil bought item;
    • gebrauchsfertige Teile off-the-shelf components;
    • geschäftlich genutzter Teil (Grundstück) business proportion;
    • geschädigter Teil injured party;
    • lokaler Teil (Zeitung) local section;
    • pfändbarer Teil judgement- (mace-proof, US) portion;
    • redaktioneller Teil editorial matter;
    • restlicher Teil residue;
    • risikoreicherer Teil (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) aggressive portion (US);
    • überlebender Teil (Versicherung) surviving party;
    • unbedruckter Teil blind part;
    • vertragsschließender Teil contracting party, contractant;
    • dem Einkommen zugerechneter Teil income-apportioned part;
    • wesentlicher Teil einer Beschwerde sum and substance of a complaint;
    • risikoschwächerer Teil [der Effektenanlage] defensive portion (US);
    • großer Teil der Einwohner large number of the inhabitants;
    • größerer Teil der Ernte heft of the crop;
    • nicht rückversicherter Teil des Risikos retained risk;
    • ungedeckter Teil der Staatsschuld deadweight debt (Br.);
    • einleitender Teil einer Urkunde whereas clauses;
    • größerer Teil des Vermögens bulk of the property;
    • Teile mit hoher Verschleißquote high-mortality parts;
    • Teil einer Versuchsgruppe (Marktforschung) subsample;
    • schadhafte Teile auswechseln to replace defective parts;
    • Teile reprivatisieren to hive off parts;
    • nur ein Teil des Jahres befahrbar sein to be passable only part of the year;
    • zu gleichen Teilen beteiligt sein to go shares (share and share alike, fifty-fifty);
    • Teil eines Nachlasses zweckbestimmen to set off a portion of an estate;
    • Teilabhebung partial withdrawal;
    • Teilabrechnung (Testamentsvollstrecker) partial account;
    • Teilabschnitt (Abzahlung) instal(l)ment, (Anleihe) fractional lot (US), (Autobahn, Bahn) section;
    • Teilabtretung partial assignment;
    • Teilaktie stock scrip;
    • Teilakzept partial acceptance;
    • Teilanmeldung (Patent) partial application;
    • Teilanspruch part interest;
    • Teil arbeitslosengeld, Teilarbeitslosenunterstützung partial unemployment benefit;
    • Teilarbeitslosigkeit partial unemployment;
    • Teilausführung partial execution;
    • Teilausgabe (Anleihe) slice;
    • Teilausverkauf closeout (US), clearance sale;
    • Teilbefrachtung partial freighting;
    • Teilbefriedigung partial satisfaction;
    • Teilbeschäftigter part-time worker;
    • Teilbeschäftigung part-time employment;
    • Teilbetrag fractional amount, (Abzahlung) instal(l)ment, (Anleihe) part, slice, (Quote) quota;
    • in Gold zahlbarer Teilbetrag (Weltwährungsfonds) gold tranche;
    • auf der Rückseite eines Wechsels den Empfang eines Teilbetrages quittieren to endorse a sum of money on a bill;
    • in Teilbeträgen in denominations;
    • Teilbetrieb part of a business;
    • Teilbilanz section of a balance sheet;
    • Teilcharter part-charter;
    • auf Teileinkünfte verzichten to relinquish one’s right to part of the income.

    Business german-english dictionary > Teil

  • 74 посадка (деталей)


    fit
    характер соединения двух сопряженных деталей, выражающийся значениями зазоpa или натяга (между валом и отверстием). основные группы посадок: с натягом, переходная, с зазором, — there are three principal types of fit: interference - in which the shaft is larger than the hole, trans the shaft and hole are approximately the same size, clearance - where the hole is larger than the shaft.
    - (пассажиров) — embarkation, emplaning
    вход и расположение пассажиров в ла для совершения полета. — the boarding of an aircraft for the purpose of commencing a flight.
    - (самолета или вертолета на землю, воду или палубу) — landing. the landing must be made without exeessiye yertical acceleration, tendency to bounce, nose oyer, ground loop, porpoise or water loop.
    -, аварийная — emergency landing

    either a forced or a precautionary landing.
    -, аварийная (с поломкой) — crash landing
    -, аварийная, вероятная (возможная) — anticipated crash landing
    -, автоматическая — automatic landing, autoland
    -, безопасная — safe landing
    -, вертикальная (вертолета) — vertical landing
    -, визуальная — visually judged landing
    -, визуальная с использованием ручного (штурвального управления) — visually judged manual
    - вне аэродрома, вынужденная (параграф разд.3 рлэ) — emergency landing on land
    -, внеаэродромная — off-field landing
    -, внеочередная — priority landing
    - в пму (простых метеоусловиях) — nwc landing. landing under normal weather conditions.
    - в пути — intermediate landing
    - вслепую — instrument landing
    - в сложных метеорологических условиях — bad-weather landing
    - в случае воздействия атмосферного электрического разряда — lightning strike landing
    - в условиях плохой видимости — low-visibility landing
    -, вынужденная — emergency /forced/ landing
    при вынужденной посадке на воду поведение ла не должно создавать опасность ранения пассажиров и затруднять условия оставления ла. — in an emergency landing on water the behavior of the airplane should not cause immediate injury to the occupants or make it impossible for them to escape.
    -, вынужденная на сушу (вне аэродрома) — off-field landing
    -, грубая — rough /hard/ landing
    -, директорная (по командам системы директорного или траекторного управления) — flight-director landing, fd landing, landing with response to fd commands
    - для движения вручную — push fit
    посадка деталей, при которой требуется небольшое усилие от руки. не рекомендуется для подвижных деталей. — slight manual effort is required to assemble the parts. suitable for detachable or locating,parts but not for moving parts.
    - до впп — undershoot(ing) landing
    -, жесткая — rough landing
    -, испытательная — test landing
    проверить нагрев тормозов колес после выполнения ряда испытательных посадок, — check wheel brakes for excessive heating during a series of five test landings.
    - на авторотации (вертолета) — autorotation landing
    - на авторотации с пробегом (вертолета) — roll-oil autorotation landing
    - на аэродром (напр., назначения) — landing at aerodrome (of destination)
    - на аэродром аэропорта — landing at airport
    - на ближайший пригодный аэродром — landing at the nearest suitable aerodrome
    - "на брюхо" — belly landing
    - на воду — landing on water, water landthe probable behavior of the airplane in a water landing must be investigated.
    - на воду, аварийная (вынужденная) — ditching, emergency landing on water
    - на воду, вероятная (предполагаемая) заголовок раздела рлэ "порядок действий при возможной посадке на воду". — anticipated ditching
    - на две точки — two-point landing
    - на исправную основную опору шасси — touchdown on the good gear side
    - на критическом угле атаки — stall landing
    - на малом газе — idle-power landing
    - на одно колесо — one-wheel landing
    - на палубу — deck landing
    -, напряженная (класс) — driving fit
    посадка менее плотная чем прессовая, — it is little less tight than force fit.
    - на скользкую впп — landing on slippery runway
    - на точность — spot landing
    - на три точки — three-point landing
    - (самолета) на фюзеляж при невозможности выпуска всех опор шасси — lg-up landing, belly landing
    - на хвост — tail-down landing.
    -, неизбежная (обязательная) — imminent landing
    -, неподвижная (группа посадок) — interference fit (type)
    -, не предусматривающая высадку пассажиров, выгрузку грузов и почты — stop for non-traffic purpose
    -, неудавшаяся (потребовавщая уход на второй круг) — balked landing
    -, нормальная — normal landing
    -, ночная — night landing
    -, односторонняя (для случая нагружения) — one-wheel landing condition
    -, парашютирующая — pancake landing
    - пассажиров (в самолет) — passenger embarkation
    -, переходная (группа посадок) — transition fit (type)
    -, плотная (класс) — push fit
    посадка, требующая небольшого усилия от руки при сборке деталей. — slight manual effort is required to assemble the parts.
    - по-вертолетному — helicopter-type landing
    - по-вертолетному, вертикальмая — vertical landing
    - по ветру — downwind landing
    -, подвижная (группа посадок) — clearance fit (type)
    -, подвижная (класс) — running fit
    для деталей, перемещающихся относительно друг друга. — suitable for various types of moving parts
    - по командам системы директорного (траекторного) управления — landing with response to flightdirector commands, fd landing
    - no приборам — instrument landing
    - nо-самолетному (вертолета) — running landing
    - по указаниям с земли — talk-down landing
    - по 1-ой, 2-ой, 3-ей категории икао — icao category i, ii, ill landing
    - по i -ой, 2-ой, 3-ей категории (икао), автоматическая — category 1, (ii, iii) automatic landing (category ill a/l)
    -, правильная — correct landing
    -, прерванная (с последующим переходом к набору высоты) — balked /aborted/ landing be prepared for an aborted landing under emergency type circumstances.
    -, прессовая (класс) — force fit
    - при боковом ветре — cross-wind landing
    - при встречном ветре — upwind landing
    -, промежуточная — intermediate stop
    -, промежуточная (на маршруте, кратковременная) — enroute stop (of short duration)
    - против ветра — upwind landing
    -, резкая — hard landing
    - с автоматическим заходом на посадку — automatic approach landing
    - с асимметричной тягой (в результате отказа двигателя) — asymmetric thrust landing
    - с боковым ветром — crosswind landing
    - с боковым ветром на скользкую впп — cross-wind landing on (very) slippery unway
    - с весом, превышающим допустимый посадочный вес — overweight landing. landing at weight greater than thе structural design landing weight.
    - с визуальной ориентировкой — contact landing
    - с выкатыванием за предопы впп — overshooting landing
    - с "гладким крылом" (с отказавшей или не выпущенной механизацией крыла) — clean wing landing
    - с задранным хвостом — tail-high landing
    - с зазором — clearance fit
    - с заклиненным стабилизатором — jammed stabilizer landing
    - с коротким пробегом — short landing
    -, слелая — instrument landing
    - с минимальным запасом (остатком) топлива — minimum fuel landing procedure
    - с натягом — interference fit
    посадка деталей с отрицательным зазором — nterference fits are quoted as negative clearances.
    -, с невыпущенным шасси — wheels-up landing
    - с немедленным взлетом после приземления (при тренировочных полетах для предотвращения перегрева тормозов колес) — touch-and-go-landing. touch-and-go landings are used to save flying time and to reduce heating of brakes (for flight training)
    - с неполностью выпущенными закрылками — partial flap landing, landing with partial flap
    в случае заклинения закрылкон не допускается попытка изменения угла установки закрылков, и посадка выполняется с неполностью выпущенными закрылками. — if flaps lock in place, do not attempt to change flap position, and use partial flap landing procedure.
    - с неработающими двигатепями — power-off landing
    - со скосом — lateral drift landing
    - с остановившимся винтом — dead-stick landing
    - с парашютированием — pancake landing
    самолет парашютирует при посадке при значительной вертикальной скорости снижения и пониженной поступательной скорости. — aircraft pancakes when landing at abnormally high rate of descent or low forward speed.
    - с перелетом — overshooting landing
    - с планирования — glide landing
    - с повторным взлетом (без остановки на впп или летном поле) — touch-and-go landing. а landing in which the airplane touches down but does not come to a stop before making another takeoff.
    - с повторным ударом о землю ("козел") — rebound landing. the landing gear must be investigated for the loads occurring during rebound of the airplane from the landing surface.
    - с подрывом (резким увеличением подъемной силы крыла или несущего винта) — pull-up landing
    - с полностью выпущенными закрылками (предкрылками) — full flap (or slat) landing
    - с полностью убранными закрынками — zero flap landing, landing with zero flap
    - с полностью убранными за- покрылками и полностью выпущенными предкрылками — flap-full slat landing
    - с поломкой — crash landing
    - с поступательной скоростью (вертолета) — air run landing
    - с провалом (парашютированием) — pancake landing
    - с прямой — straight-in landing
    - с работающими двигателями — power landing
    - с убранными шасси — gear-up landing
    - с убранными закрылками — nо flap /zero flap/ landing
    - "с ходу" (без полета по кругу над аэродромом) — straight-in landing
    -, точная — accuracy landing
    -, трехточечная — three-point landing
    -, тугая (класс) — force fit
    посадка, требующая механического усилия при сборке. — mechanical pressure is required for assembly and once assembled no dismantling is likely to be required.
    -, ходовая (класс) — running fit
    для движущихся деталей. — suitable for moving parts.
    вид или группа п. — type of fit
    допуски и посадки (заголовок) — fits and clearances
    допуск (на) п. — allowance
    запрос на п. — landing request
    карта (таблица) допусков и посадок — schedule of fits and clearances
    класс п. — class of fit
    "к посадке не готов" (табло) — unsafe ldg
    загорание табло сопровождается звуковой сигнализацией, если шасси не зафиксированы замками выпущеннаго положения при убранном рычаге управления двигателем. — the annunciator is lit and horn sounds that indicates lg is not locked down when throttle levers are retarded.
    очередность п. — landing sequence
    разрешение на п. — landing clearance
    заходить на п. — approach
    принимать решение идти на п. — commit landing
    садиться по посадке "р" (по посадочной поверхности) — be fitted to surface орп
    совершать п. (на) — land (at), conduct landing (at)

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > посадка (деталей)

  • 75 ремонт


    repair
    (восстановление детали, узла, раздел руководства по ремонту)
    ремонт проводится с целью восстановления изношенной или поврежденной детали (узла). — repair is required to return unit to service after wear or damage has occurred.
    - (капитальный, средний) — overhaul (о/h, о-н)
    - в аэродромных условиях — field repair

    data pertaining to repair of the structure adaptable to field repair.
    - в мастерских (капитальный) — shop overhaul
    -, восстановительный — (reconditioning) repair
    - в процессе эксплуатации — in-service repair
    - в строго регламентированные сроки — hard-time overhaul
    - в цехе (капитальный) — shop overhaul
    - в цехе (часть процесса капитального ремонта) — shop repair
    -, капитальный — overhaul
    заключается в полной разборке и дефектации изделия, в замене или ремонте всех составных частей, сборке и проверке изделия. — overhaul requires complete disassembly and inspection of the item, replacement and repair of parfs included, assembly and testing.
    -, капитальный (при необходимости подчеркнуть различные виды ремонта) — major overhaul. major overhaul consists of complete reconditioning of an aircraft, powerplant, accessory, unit.
    - конструкции планера (ла) — structural repair
    ремонт силовых и несиловых элементов конструкции в аэродромных (полевых) условиях. — repair of primary and secondary structure adaptable to field repair.
    - (восстановление) лакокрасочного покрытия — reconditioning of paint coating
    -, мелкий (малый) — minor repair

    each applicant may make minor repairs to the engine during block tests.
    - на рембазе — depot overhaul
    - планера — structural repair
    -, планово-восстановительный (предупредительный) — approved repair
    -, плановый (рекомендуемый) — recommended overhaul
    -, последний — last overhaul
    - по состоянию — on-condition repair /overhaui/
    -, профилактический (предупредительный) — preventive maintenance
    включает замену нормалей без проведения сложных операций по разборке/сборке агрегата, — "preventive maintenance" means replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations.
    - разрешенный в эксплуатации (текущий) — approved repair
    ремонт для обеспечения безопасности эксплуатации изделия, напр., устранение обнаруженной течи. — repair required for safe ореration such as: what is a leak and when does it require repair.
    -, рекомендованный — recommended overhaul
    -, средний — light overhaul
    для восстановления эксплуатационных характеристик изделия ремонтом или заменой только изношенных или поврежденных частей. — procedures designed to accomplish only certain work necessary to guarantee satisfactory performance until the next recommended overhaul.
    -, текущий — current /running, permanent/ repair /overhaul/
    - элементов конструкции (планера) — structural repair
    после последнего (капитального) р. (графа формуляра) — since last overhaul
    направлять в р. — forward for overhaul
    направлять в р. (в процессе кап. ремонта) — forward for repair

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > ремонт

  • 76 части, запасные


    spare, parts, spares
    - (прибора), остальные — the rest of (instrument) parts
    -, ответные (штепсельн. разъема) — mating connectors
    - самолета — airplane components
    основные части самолета показаны на схеме технологических разъемов (рис. i). — the exploded view shows the major structural components of the airplane.
    (5) частей воды на (2) части кислоты — (5) parts (of) water to (2) parts (of) acid

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > части, запасные

  • 77 geometry

    geometry
    n
    1.   геометрия

    2.   геометрические характеристики; геометрическая форма; внешнее очертание предмета

    3.   линейные размеры

    - geometry of parts
    - geometry of shells
    - geometry of specimens
    - geometry of structural forms
    - geometry of structure
    - as-designed geometry
    - axisymmetric geometry
    - basic geometry
    - basic geometry in elevation
    - basic geometry in plan
    - basic geometry of bridges
    - cable geometry
    - flow geometry
    - hydraulic geometry
    - imperfect geometry
    - modified geometry
    - structural geometry

    Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. . 1995.

    Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > geometry

  • 78 SSL

    3) Строительство: skid steer loader (мини-погрузчик), structural slab level
    4) Телекоммуникации: Secure Socket Layer (IETF)
    5) Сокращение: Secure Socket Layer (secure computer connection on Internet), Security Sockets Layer (security protocol), Single Station Location, Standard Shipping Label (specification due 2004, for USPS POS ONE systems), Strategic Stocking Location (2006 national initiative for USPS spare parts delivery within 50 miles of warehouse in 2 hours with coverage 365 days / 24 hours), Submarine Safety Lanes, Single-Stuck Line
    6) Электроника: Secure Sockets Layer
    7) Вычислительная техника: Secure Socket Layer (Netscape, RSA, WWW, Verschluesselung)
    8) Связь: Secure Socket Layer
    9) Биотехнология: sequence specificity landscape
    10) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: structural safety level
    13) Расширение файла: Software Sciences Limited
    14) Сотовая связь: (secure socket layer) протокол защищённой связи через интернет
    15) Майкрософт: протокол SSL
    16) Программное обеспечение: Scalable Software Library
    17) Международная торговля: System Specification Language

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SSL

  • 79 ssl

    3) Строительство: skid steer loader (мини-погрузчик), structural slab level
    4) Телекоммуникации: Secure Socket Layer (IETF)
    5) Сокращение: Secure Socket Layer (secure computer connection on Internet), Security Sockets Layer (security protocol), Single Station Location, Standard Shipping Label (specification due 2004, for USPS POS ONE systems), Strategic Stocking Location (2006 national initiative for USPS spare parts delivery within 50 miles of warehouse in 2 hours with coverage 365 days / 24 hours), Submarine Safety Lanes, Single-Stuck Line
    6) Электроника: Secure Sockets Layer
    7) Вычислительная техника: Secure Socket Layer (Netscape, RSA, WWW, Verschluesselung)
    8) Связь: Secure Socket Layer
    9) Биотехнология: sequence specificity landscape
    10) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: structural safety level
    13) Расширение файла: Software Sciences Limited
    14) Сотовая связь: (secure socket layer) протокол защищённой связи через интернет
    15) Майкрософт: протокол SSL
    16) Программное обеспечение: Scalable Software Library
    17) Международная торговля: System Specification Language

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ssl

  • 80 paro

    m.
    1 unemployment (desempleo). (peninsular Spanish)
    estar en (el) paro to be unemployed
    quedarse en paro to be left unemployed
    paro cíclico/encubierto/estructural cyclical/hidden/structural unemployment
    paro biológico = temporary halt to fishing at sea to preserve fish stocks
    paro cardiaco cardiac arrest
    paro laboral industrial action
    3 strike (huelga). (especially Latin American Spanish)
    4 suspension, stop.
    5 forced unemployment, lockout, suspension of work, work stoppage.
    6 cardiac arrest.
    7 titmouse, straight-beaked bird.
    pres.indicat.
    1 1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: parir.
    2 1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: parir.
    * * *
    1 stop
    2 (desempleo) unemployment; (subsidio) unemployment benefit, US unemployment compensation
    3 (interrupción) stoppage, strike
    \
    cobrar el paro to be on unemployment benefit, be on the dole
    estar en el paro to be unemployed
    paro cardiaco cardiac arrest
    paro indefinido indefinite strike
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    I
    SM (Orn) tit
    II
    SM
    1) (=desempleo) unemployment

    lo han enviado al paro — they have put him out of a job, they have made him unemployed

    2) (=subsidio) unemployment benefit, unemployment insurance (EEUU)

    cobrar el paro — to be on the dole *, receive unemployment benefit frm

    3) (=interrupción) stoppage

    paro biológico — (Pesca) temporary fishing ban

    paro del sistema — (Inform) system shutdown

    4) (=huelga) strike
    5) And, Caribe (Dados) throw
    6)

    en paro — And (=de una vez) all at once, in one go

    * * *
    1) (esp AmL) ( huelga) strike

    están en or de paro — (AmL) they're on strike

    2) (Esp)
    a) ( desempleo) unemployment
    b) ( subsidio) unemployment benefit
    3) (de máquina, proceso) stoppage
    4) (Col)

    en paro — ( totalmente) completely, totally

    * * *
    = stoppage, halt, unemployment, joblessness.
    Ex. The induction course will give all the necessary employment details relating to such matters as the amount of leave entitlement, insurance stoppages, what to do in case of sickness, etc..
    Ex. The success of the investment campaign has led some to call for a total embargo, which would include an academic boycott and a halt to the sale of books.
    Ex. But the good times ran out and the world recession of the 1970s brought rising inflation, unemployment and increasing pressure for better social services.
    Ex. The growth of poverty and joblessness, new immigrant populations, and the ubiquitous need for technical literacy continue to increase the significance of the public library's role in lifelong learning = En los Estados Unidos, el aumento de la pobreza y el desempleo, la nueva población de inmigrantes y la necesidad de poseer conocimientos básicos en tecnología continúa aumentando la importancia del papel de la biblioteca pública en el aprendizaje permanente.
    ----
    * paro cardiaco = cardiac arrest.
    * * *
    1) (esp AmL) ( huelga) strike

    están en or de paro — (AmL) they're on strike

    2) (Esp)
    a) ( desempleo) unemployment
    b) ( subsidio) unemployment benefit
    3) (de máquina, proceso) stoppage
    4) (Col)

    en paro — ( totalmente) completely, totally

    * * *
    = stoppage, halt, unemployment, joblessness.

    Ex: The induction course will give all the necessary employment details relating to such matters as the amount of leave entitlement, insurance stoppages, what to do in case of sickness, etc..

    Ex: The success of the investment campaign has led some to call for a total embargo, which would include an academic boycott and a halt to the sale of books.
    Ex: But the good times ran out and the world recession of the 1970s brought rising inflation, unemployment and increasing pressure for better social services.
    Ex: The growth of poverty and joblessness, new immigrant populations, and the ubiquitous need for technical literacy continue to increase the significance of the public library's role in lifelong learning = En los Estados Unidos, el aumento de la pobreza y el desempleo, la nueva población de inmigrantes y la necesidad de poseer conocimientos básicos en tecnología continúa aumentando la importancia del papel de la biblioteca pública en el aprendizaje permanente.
    * paro cardiaco = cardiac arrest.

    * * *
    paro (↑ paro a1)
    A ( esp AmL) (huelga) strike
    hacer un paro de 24 horas to go on o stage a 24-hour strike
    están en or de paro ( AmL); they're on strike
    Compuestos:
    ( Col) community protest
    ( esp AmL); sit-down strike
    ( esp AmL) general strike
    ( AmL) lockout
    B ( Esp)
    1 (desempleo) unemployment
    está en paro he's unemployed
    2 (subsidio) unemployment benefit, unemployment compensation ( AmE)
    cobrar el paro to claim unemployment benefit, to draw the dole ( BrE colloq)
    Compuestos:
    ( Esp): están en paro forzoso they have been laid off
    ( Esp) official unemployment figures (pl)
    ( Esp); (huelga) occupation ( by workers on strike); (desempleo) layoff; (en la producción) stoppage (due to lack of parts, etc)
    C (de una máquina, un proceso) stoppage
    Compuesto:
    paro cardíaco or cardiaco
    heart failure, cardiac arrest
    D ( Zool) tit
    Compuesto:
    coal tit
    E
    ( Col): en paro (totalmente) completely, totally
    The name in Spain for both unemployment and unemployment benefit. The period for which paro can be claimed ranges from three months to a year, depending on how long a person has been working. The amount paid decreases over the period of unemployment.
    * * *

     

    Del verbo parar: ( conjugate parar)

    paro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    paró es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Del verbo parir: ( conjugate parir)

    paro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    parar    
    parir    
    paro
    parar ( conjugate parar) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( detenerse) to stop;

    ir/venir a paro to end up;
    fue a paro a la cárcel he ended up in prison;
    ¿a dónde habrá ido a paro aquella foto? what can have happened to that photo?;
    ¡a dónde iremos a paro! I don't know what the world's coming to
    2 ( cesar) to stop;

    ha estado lloviendo sin paro it hasn't stopped raining;
    no para quieto ni un momento he can't keep still for a minute;
    no para en casa she's never at home;
    paro DE + INF to stop -ing;
    paró de llover it stopped raining
    3 (AmL) [obreros/empleados] to go on strike
    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹coche/tráfico/persona› to stop;

    ‹motor/máquina› to stop, switch off
    b) ‹ hemorragia› to stanch (AmE), to staunch (BrE)

    c) ‹balón/tiro› to save, stop;

    ‹ golpe› to block, ward off
    2 (AmL)

    b) ( poner vertical) ‹vaso/libro› to stand … up;


    pararse verbo pronominal
    1 ( detenerse)

    b) [reloj/máquina] to stop;

    [coche/motor] to stall;

    2


    se paró en una silla she stood on a chair;
    ¿te puedes paro de cabeza/de manos? can you do headstands/handstands?
    b) (AmL) [ pelo] ( hacia arriba) to stick up;

    ( en los lados) to stick out

    parir ( conjugate parir) verbo intransitivo [ mujer] to give birth;
    [ vaca] to calve;
    [yegua/burra] to foal;
    [ oveja] to lamb
    verbo transitivo

    b) [ mamíferos] to have, bear (frml)

    paro sustantivo masculino
    1 (esp AmL) ( huelga) strike;

    están en or de paro (AmL) they're on strike;
    paro cívico (Col) community protest;
    paro general (esp AmL) general strike
    2 (Esp)




    3 paro cardíaco or cardiaco cardiac arrest
    parar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to stop: para de saltar, stop jumping
    para un momento en la farmacia, stop a minute at the chemist's
    no pares de hablar, por favor, keep talking, please
    2 (alojarse) to stay
    3 (finalizar, terminar) el cuadro fue a parar al rastro, the painting ended up in the flea market
    II verbo transitivo
    1 to stop
    2 Dep to save
    3 LAm to stand up
    ♦ Locuciones: dónde va a parar, by far: mi hija es muchísmo más inteligente que la suya, dónde va a parar, my daughter is far more intelligent than theirs
    parir verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to give birth (to)
    ♦ Locuciones: poner a alguien a parir, to run sb down
    paro sustantivo masculino
    1 (desempleo) unemployment: ahora está en el paro, he's unemployed now
    estoy cobrando el paro, I'm on the dole
    2 (huelga) strike, stoppage
    3 paro cardíaco, heart failure
    ' paro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    balón
    - cardiaca
    - cardíaca
    - cardiaco
    - cardíaco
    - fregotear
    - seca
    - seco
    - simbólica
    - simbólico
    - apuntar
    - forzoso
    - interponerse
    - parar
    English:
    blow
    - deal with
    - dole
    - drain
    - draw up
    - entitlement
    - flag down
    - grind
    - idleness
    - mass
    - off
    - on
    - pull over
    - seasonal
    - sign on
    - tit
    - unemployed
    - unemployment
    - work-to-rule
    - cardiac
    - general
    - jobless
    - lock
    - prick
    - short
    - sign
    - still
    - stoppage
    - strike
    * * *
    paro1 nm
    1. Esp [desempleo] unemployment;
    estar en (el) paro to be unemployed;
    lleva cinco meses en el paro she's been unemployed for five months;
    quedarse en paro to be left unemployed
    paro cíclico cyclical unemployment;
    paro encubierto hidden unemployment;
    paro estructural structural unemployment;
    paro registrado registered unemployment, official unemployment
    2. Esp [subsidio] unemployment benefit, Br dole money;
    apuntarse al paro to sign on;
    cobrar el paro to claim o receive unemployment benefit
    3. esp Am [huelga] strike;
    Am
    estar en o [m5] de paro to be on strike;
    Am
    hacer paro to strike;
    Am paro de brazos caídos sit-down (strike); Am paro cívico community protest;
    paro general general strike;
    Am paro indefinido indefinite strike;
    paro laboral Br industrial o US job action
    4. [cesación] [acción] shutdown;
    [estado] stoppage;
    los trabajadores realizaron un paro de diez minutos para condenar el último atentado the workers staged a ten-minute stoppage in protest at the latest attack
    paro biológico = temporary halt to fishing at sea to preserve fish stocks;
    paro cardiaco cardiac arrest
    5. Méx Fam [excusa] excuse;
    con el paro de que tiene mucho trabajo nunca sale she never goes out, saying she's too busy
    6. Méx Fam [favor] favour;
    hazme el paro, dile que la llamaré luego be a dear, tell her I'll call her later
    7. RP paro de manos handstand;
    hacer un paro de manos to do a handstand
    paro2 nm
    [ave] titmouse
    * * *
    m
    1 unemployment;
    estar en paro be unemployed;
    cobrar el paro collect unemployment benefits
    2 ZO tit(mouse)
    * * *
    paro nm
    1) huelga: strike
    2) : stoppage, stopping
    3)
    paro forzoso : layoff
    * * *
    paro n unemployment

    Spanish-English dictionary > paro

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