side-note

ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε (Hom.+; ins, pap [s. Rydbeck 88–97, w. critique of Mayser and Bl-D. on alleged rarity in pap]; LXX [Thackeray p. 191]; En 106:16; TestSol; TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 15 [Stone p. 18]; TestJob, GrBar; ApcMos 22; EpArist 28; Philo; Jos., Ant. 10, 113; apolog.) demonstrative pron. (Schwyzer II 209f; B-D-F §289; Rob. 696f [on needed correction of the two last s. Rydbeck above])

① a ref. to an entity viewed as present or near in terms of the narrative context, this

ⓐ w. ref. to what follows (so predom.), esp. in the formula τάδε λέγει this is what … says (introductory formula in the decrees of the Persian kings: Hdt. 1, 69, 2 al.; IMagnMai 115, 4 [=SIG 22, s. editor’s note]; Ps.-Pla., Alcib. II, 12, 14c τ. λ. Ἄμμων; Jos., Ant. 11, 26. In the OT freq. as an introduction to prophetic utterance [Thackeray p. 11]; so also [after LXX] TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 15 [Stone p. 18]; TestJob 4:3; 7:9; GrBar and ApcMos 22 τάδε λέγει Κύριος. Also in wills: PGiss 36, 10 [161 B.C.] τάδε λέγει γυνὴ Ἐλληνὶς Ἀμμωνία; GRudberg, Eranos 11, 1911, 170–79; Mussies 180. As introd. to a letter Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 5 p. 336, 22 Jac. Cp. GGerhard, Unters. z. Gesch. d. gr. Briefes: I, D. Anfangsformel, diss. Hdlbg 1903) Ac 21:11; Rv 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7, 14; B 6:8; 9:2 (Jer 7:3), 5 (Jer 4:3); cp. IPhld 7:2.

ⓑ w. ref. to what precedes (Soph., Hdt. et al.; Aelian, NA 4, 15 p. 85, 28; 9, 63 p. 241, 11; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 218, 25; 271, 3 al.; Jos., Ant. 17, 2; 19; Just., A II, 5, 3) γυνή τις … καὶ τῇδε ἦν ἀδελφή she had a sister Lk 10:39 (cp. Gen 25:24; 38:27; Judg 11:37 B; MJohannessohn, ZVS 66, ’39, p. 184, 7); 16:25 v.l. (Marcion; s. Zahn, Gesch. des ntl. Kanons II/2, 1892, 480) ἥδε ἀπεκρίθη 1 Cl 12:4.

ⓒ w. ref. to time as present context (Just., A I, 45, 6, A II, 12, 6) ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ ἕως τῆσδε τῆς ἡμέρας from Adam to the present 1 Cl 50:3. ἐν τῇδε τῇ ἐπιστολῇ in this letter (the one I’m writing) 63:2.

② a ref. to an entity not specified, such and such εἰς τήνδε τὴν πόλιν into this or that city, into such and such a city Js 4:13 (Eur., Orestes 508 et al.; τήνδε for Att. τὴν δεῖνα or τὴν καὶ τήν Epict. 1, 12, 28 [the two forms side by side]; not strictly a vernacular expression, pace MDibelius/HGreeven, Hermeneia Comm. ’76 ad loc; s. Rydbeck 96f. Cp. Cyr. Scyth. p. 207, 20 τῆσδε τῆς πόλεως; 185, 13; Plut., Mor. 623e τήνδε τὴν ἡμέραν [W-S. §23, 1c note 2; B-D-F §289; Rob. 696f.—The same expr. in Appian, Liby. 108 §510 and Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 384 D.]; τόνδε τὸν ἄνθρωπον [Hierocles 11, 439]; τόδε ‘this and that’ [B-D-F loc. cit.; also Plut., Mor. 168d; SIG² 737, 62]; τοῦδέ τινος = τοῦ δεῖνος [PMich 154, 24—c. 300 A.D.]; cp. the Mod. Gk. use of ὁ τάδε(ς) = ὁ δεῖνα [KBrugmann, Die Demonstrativpronomina: ASG[Leipz] 22, 1904, 133 note]; JWackernagel, Syntax I² 1928, 108). ὅδε is also found as v.l. Ac 15:23.—Rydbeck, 88–99.—DELG. M-M, but s. Rydbeck.

Ἰουδαῖος, αία, αῖον (Clearchus, the pupil of Aristotle, Fgm. 6 [in Jos., C. Ap. 1, 179]; Theophr., Fgm. 151 W. [WJaeger, Diokles v. Karystos ’38, 134–53: Theophrastus and the earliest Gk. report concerning the Judeans or Jews]; Hecataeus of Abdera [300 B.C.]: 264 Fgm. 25, 28, 2a Jac. [in Diod S 1, 28, 2] al.; Polyb.; Diod S; Strabo; Plut.; Epict. 1, 11, 12f, al.; Appian, Syr. 50 §252f, Mithrid. 106 §498, Bell. Civ. 2, 90 §380; Artem. 4, 24 p. 217, 13; Diog. L. 1, 9; OGI 73, 4; 74, 3; 726, 8; CIG 3418; CB I/2, 538 no. 399b τ. νόμον τῶν Εἰουδέων [on Ἰ. in ins s. RKraemer, HTR 82, ’89, 35–53]; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 55; 56 [both III B.C.]; 57 [II B.C.]; BGU 1079, 25 [41 A.D.]; PFay 123, 16 [100 A.D.]; POxy 1189, 9; LXX; TestSol; AscIs 2:7; EpArist; SibOr; Philo, Joseph., Ar., Just., Tat. For a variety of synonyms s. Schürer III 87–91.). Gener. as description of ‘one who identifies with beliefs, rites, and customs of adherents of Israel’s Mosaic and prophetic tradition’ (the standard term in the Mishnah is ‘Israelite’). (Since the term ‘Judaism’ suggests a monolithic entity that fails to take account of the many varieties of thought and social expression associated with such adherents, the calque or loanword ‘Judean’ is used in this and other entries where Ἰ. is treated. Complicating the semantic problem is the existence side by side of persons who had genealogy on their side and those who became proselytes [on the latter cp. Cass. Dio 37, 17, 1; 67, 14, 2; 68, 1, 2]; also of adherents of Moses who recognized Jesus as Messiah [s. Gal 2:13 in 2d below; s. also 2eα] and those who did not do so. Incalculable harm has been caused by simply glossing Ἰ. with ‘Jew’, for many readers or auditors of Bible translations do not practice the historical judgment necessary to distinguish between circumstances and events of an ancient time and contemporary ethnic-religious-social realities, with the result that anti-Judaism in the modern sense of the term is needlessly fostered through biblical texts.)

① pert. to being Judean (Jewish), with focus on adherence to Mosaic tradition, Judean, as a real adj. (Philo, In Flacc. 29; Jos., Ant. 10, 265) ἀνὴρ Ἰ. (1 Macc 2:23; 14:33) Judean Ac 10:28; 22:3. ἄνθρωπος 21:39. ἀρχιερεύς 19:14. ψευδοπροφήτης 13:6. ἐξορκισταί 19:13. γυνή (Jos., Ant. 11, 185) 16:1. χώρα Mk 1:5.—But γῆ J 3:22 is to be taken of Judea in the narrower sense (s. Ἰουδαία 1), and means the Judean countryside in contrast to the capital city. Of Drusilla, described as οὔσα Ἰουδαία being Judean or Jewish, but for the view that Ἰ. is here a noun s. 2b.

② one who is Judean (Jewish), with focus on adherence to Mosaic tradition, a Judean, Ἰουδαῖος as noun (so predom.). Since Jerusalem sets the standard for fidelity to Israel’s tradition, and since Jerusalem is located in Judea, Ἰ. frequently suggests conformity to Israel’s ancestral belief and practice. In turn, the geographical name provided outsiders with a term that applied to all, including followers of Jesus, who practiced customs variously associated with Judea (note the Roman perception Ac 18:15 [‘Judeans’ at Corinth]; 23:28).

ⓐ (ὁ) Ἰ. Judean (w. respect to birth, nationality, or cult) J 3:25; (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 57, 5 [II B.C.] παρʼ Ἰουδαίου=from a Judean) 4:9; 18:35; Ac 18:2, 24; 19:34; Ro 1:16; 2:9f, 17, 28f (on the ‘genuine’ Judean cp. Epict. 2, 9, 20f τῷ ὄντι Ἰουδαῖος … λόγῳ μὲν Ἰουδαῖοι, ἔργῳ δʼ ἄλλο τι); 10:12; Gal 2:14; 3:28; Col 3:11.—Collective sing. (Thu. 6, 78, 1 ὁ Ἀθηναῖος, ὁ Συρακόσιος; EpArist 13 ὁ Πέρσης; B-D-F §139; Rob. 408) Ro 3:1.

ⓑ of Drusilla οὔσα Ἰουδαία being a Judean Ac 24:24, but for the simple adjectival sense s. 1 end.

ⓒ (οἱ) Ἰουδαῖοι (on the use of the art. B-D-F §262, 1; 3) the Judeans οἱ Φαρισαῖοι κ. πάντες οἱ Ἰ. Mk 7:3; τὸ πάσχα τῶν Ἰ. J 2:13; cp. 5:1; 6:4; 7:2; ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰ. (Appian, Mithrid. 117 §573 Ἰουδαίων βασιλεὺς Ἀριστόβουλος) Mt 2:2; 27:11, 29 (in these three last pass., Ἰ. is used by non-Israelites; Mt’s preferred term is Ἰσραήλ); Mk 15:2 and oft. πόλις τῶν Ἰ. Lk 23:51; ἔθνος τῶν Ἰ. Ac 10:22; λαὸς τῶν Ἰ. 12:11. χώρα τῶν Ἰ. 10:39 (Just., A I, 34, 2; cp. A I, 32, 4 ἡ γῆ Ἰουδαίων). ἄρχων τῶν Ἰ. J 3:1; συναγωγὴ τῶν Ἰ. Ac 14:1a. Cp. J 2:6; 4:22; 18:20. Ἰ. καὶ Ἕλληνες (on the combination of the two words s. B-D-F §444, 2: w. τε … καί) Judeans and Hellenes Ac 14:1b; 18:4; 19:10; 20:21; 1 Cor 1:24; 10:32; 12:13; PtK 2 p. 15, 7; ἔθνη τε καὶ Ἰ.= non-Judeans and Judeans Ac 14:5; cp. ISm 1:2. Ἰ. τε καὶ προσήλυτοι Judeans and proselytes Ac 2:11; cp. 13:43; οἱ κατὰ τὰ ἔθνη Ἰ. the Judeans who live among the nations (in the Diaspora) 21:21. Judeans and non-Judeans as persecutors of Christians MPol 12:2; cp. also 13:1; 17:2; 18:1; 1 Th 2:14 (Polytheists, Jews, and Christians Ar. 2, 1).—Dg 1.—Without the art. (cp. 19:3 φαρισαῖοι) Mt 28:15, suggesting that not all ‘Judeans’ are meant, and without ref. to Israel, or Jews, as an entity.

ⓓ a Mosaic adherent who identifies with Jesus Christ Judean Gal 2:13; cp. Ac 21:20 and eα below. On Rv 2:9; 3:9 s. Mussies 195.

ⓔ in J Ἰουδαῖοι or ‘Judeans’ for the most part (for exceptions s. a and c) constitute two groups

α. those who in various degrees identify with Jesus and his teaching J 8:52; 10:19–21; 11:45; 12:11 al.

β. those who are in opposition to Jesus, with special focus on hostility emanating from leaders in Jerusalem, center of Israelite belief and cult; there is no indication that John uses the term in the general ethnic sense suggested in modern use of the word ‘Jew’, which covers diversities of belief and practice that were not envisaged by biblical writers, who concern themselves with intra-Judean (intra-Israelite) differences and conflicts: 1:19; 2:18, 20; 5:10, 15f; 6:41, 52 (a debate); 7:1, 11, 13; 9:18, 22; 10:24, 31, 33 (in contrast to the πολλοί from ‘beyond the Jordan’, 10:40–42, who are certainly Israelites) 11:8; 13:33; 18:14. S. Hdb. exc. on J 1:19 and, fr. another viewpoint, JBelser, TQ 84, 1902, 265ff; WLütgert, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 147ff, Schlatter Festschr. 1922, 137–48; GBoccaccini, Multiple Judaisms: BRev XI/1 ’95, 38–41, 46.—J 18:20 affirms that Jesus did not engage in sectarian activity. Further on anti-Judean feeling in J, s. EGraesser, NTS 11, ’64, 74–90; DHare, RSR, July, ’76, 15–22 (lit.); Hdb. exc. on J 1:19; BHHW II 906–11, 901f, 905.—LFeldman, Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World ’93.—MLowe, Who Were the Ἰουδαῖοι?: NovT 18, ’76, 101–30; idem Ἰουδαῖοι of the Apocrypha [NT]: NovT 23, ’81, 56–90; UvonWahlde, The Johannine ‘Jews’—A Critical Survey: NTS 28, ’82, 33–60; JAshton, ibid. 27, ’85, 40–75 (J).—For impact of Ἰουδαῖοι on gentiles s. ESmallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule fr. Pompey to Diocletian ’81; SCohen, Crossing the Boundary and Becoming a Jew: HTR 82, ’89, 13–33; PvanderHorst, NedTTs 43, ’89, 106–21 (c. 200 A.D.); PSchäfer, Judeophobia, Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World ’97.—On the whole word s. Ἱσραήλ end. For Ἰουδαῖοι in ins s. SEG XXXIX, 1839. M-M. EDNT. TW.

Grammatical information: m., f.

Meaning: `deer, deer-cow' (Il.). (Cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 31.)

Compounds: Note ἐλαφη-βόλος (with rhythmically preferable - η- for - ο-, Schwyzer 438f. m. Lit.) `killing deer' (Σ 319 a. o.) with ἐλαφηβολία `deer-hunt' (S.), ἐλαφηβόλια (sc. ἱερά) n. pl. name of a Artemis feast (Phocis), from where the month name Έλαφηβολιών (treaty in Th. 4, 118). As 2. member in determinative compp., τραγ-έλαφος `buck-deer' (Ar., Pl.; cf. Risch IF 59, 56), ἱππ-, ὀν-, ταυρ-έλαφος (Arist.).

Derivatives: Diminut. ἐλάφιον (Ar. Th. 1172), ἐλαφίνης `young deer, deer-calf' (Aq., H.; s. Chantr. Form. 203); ἐλαφῆ `deer-skin' (Poll.); ἐλαφίαι οἱ τῶν ἐλάφων ἀστράγαλοι H.; ἐλαφίς name of a waterbird (Dionys. Av. 2, 11); s. Thompson Birds s. v.; ἐλάφειος `of a deer' (X., Arist.); ἐλάφειον and ἐλαφικόν as plant names (Ps.-Dsc.), s. Strömberg Pflanzennamen 118, Wortstudien 50. - On Elaphe as name of a kind of snake and NGr. dialectforms λαφιάτης etc. s. Georgakas Μνήμης χάριν 1, 119f., 124f.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [303] * h₁el-en- `deer

Etymology: The side-form ἐλλός `deer-calf' (τ 228, Ant. Lib. 28, 3), which (with Aeolic development?) can stay for *ἐλ-νος (Lejeune Traité de phonétique 132, Schwyzer 284), can be connected with a widespraed name for the deer: Arm. eɫn, gen. eɫin, Lith. élnis, OCS jelenь, Celt., e. g. Welsh. elain, OWelsh month name Elembiu (: Έλαφηβολιών?, s. Kořínek below); note also ἔνελος νεβρός H. (from * elen- ?); the n-stem also in ἔλαφος \< *eln̥-bho-s (cf. Skt. vŕ̥ṣan-: vr̥ṣa-bhá- and Schwyzer 495, Chantraine 263). Unclear Toch. A yäl `antilope, gazelle'. On Goth. etc. lamb `lam' (very doubtful) s. Kořínek Listy filol. 62, 280ff. - Further uncertain connections s. 2. ἄλκη `Elch'; s. also Bechtel Lex. s. v., Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. élnis, Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. olénь, Porzig Gliederung 210.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `drive (on) (tr. a. intr.), move, put (a ship) to shore, land',

Other forms: (gramm.), aor. κέλσαι (Od.; on the phonetics Schwyzer 285), fut. κέλσω (A., E.), κελῶ (H.)

Compounds: also with prefix, esp. ὀ-κέλλω, aor. ὀκεῖλαι (IA.), rarely ἐπι-, ἐγ-, εἰσ-, συγ-κέλσαι (ep., also Hp., Ar.), ἐπ-έκειλα Act. Ap. 27, 41.

Derivatives: Beside it κέλομαι (Il., Dor.), aor. ( ἐ)κέκλετο (Il.) with new present κέκλομαι (A. R.), ( ἐ)κελήσατο (Pi., Epich., Epid.), fut. κελήσομαι (κ 296), rarely with ἐπι-, παρα-, `drive on, exhort, call'. Further athematic κέντο (Alcm. 141) \< *κέλτο (on the phonetics Schwyzer 213, on the formation ibd. 678f.). - Derivv. κέλης, κελεύω, κλόνος, s. vv.

Origin: ( ὀ)κέλλω PGX. κέλομαι IEX [548] * kel- `drive on'

Etymology: κέλλω (yot-present) and κέλομαι, which are semantically close, exist unmixed side by side. That they are cognate is mostly not doubted, though for κέλομαι the meaning `call to' reminds of καλεῖν (thus Fraenkel Mélanges Boisacq 1, 367f., Specht KZ 59, 86ff.); but this meaning could have developed from `drive on, invite, summon. request' secondarily. - The other languages have no forms that agree closely with the Greek ones. Semantically closest is the secondary present Skt. kalayati ( kāl-) `drives'. Note also the root aorist Toch. A śäl, B śala `he brought', pl. kalar, śälāre (Pedersen Tocharisch 183ff.), with a nā- present källāṣ, källāṣṣäṃ; neither meaning nor form however is clear. The same holds for Alb. qil `bring, carry' and for Germ., e. g. Goth haldan `βόσκειν, ποιμαίνειν', NHG halten. A nominal formation one might compare is Lat. celer `quick'; (quite uncertain however is Lat. celeber `populous, abounding in'. - Inspite of the differences in meaning one usually assumes that they have the same root (DELG). Connections with other languages are few and rather doubtful. Further there is the problem of ὀ-, which is assumed in ὄζος etc. The meaning of ( ὀ)κέλλω `run a ship aground', the usual way of landing (except in a harbour) is so concrete that I would assume a separate verb, but I see no further indications that the verb is Pre-Greek; perh. the ὀ- is Pre-Greek.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `incline (oneself), lean (on), sink, bend'.

Other forms: - ομαι, aor. κλῖναι, κλίνασθαι (Il.), pass. κλιθῆναι (Od.), κλινθῆναι (Il.;; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 404 w. n. 2, Schwyzer 761), also κλινῆναι (Att.; prob. for *κλι-ῆναι; Schwyzer 760), fut. κλῐνῶ (Att.), perf. midd. κέκλῐμαι (Il.), with κέκλῐκα (Plb.),

Compounds: very often with prefix, e. g. ἀνα-, κατα-, παρα-, ἐν-, ἀπο-,

Derivatives: 1. from the root with δ-suffix: δι-κλί-δ-ες f. `double leaning, two-winged' (s. v.), ἐγκλίς ἡ καγκελλωτη θύρα (EM); παρα-, ἐγ-κλιδόν `turning aside, inclining' (Od.). 2. From a prefixed present with ending after the s-stems (Schwyzer 513): κατα-, ἐπι-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, συγ-κλινής etc. `inclined away, slant etc.' (Hp., A.) with ἐπικλίν-εια (Heliol. Med.), συγκλιν-ίαι pl. (Plu.). 3. compounds with τη-suffix: παρα-, συγ-κλί-της `who lies beside or together at the table' (X.. Plu.), ἐπι-κλίν-της `who inclines to the side' (Arist.). - 4. κλειτύ̄ς (also κλῑτύς after κλί̄νω), ύος f. `slope, hill' (Il.; on the notation Schwyzer 506 w. n. 7). 5. κλεῖτος n. (A. R. 1, 599), κλῐ́τος n. (Lyc., LXX, AP) `slope, side'. - 6. κλίσις, most. in prefixcompp., e. g. ἀνά-, κατά-, ἀπό-κλισις `leaning back etc.' (IA.). - 7. κλίμα n. (with hell. ῐ for ει; Schwyzer 523) `inclination, slope, quarter, land', also ἔγκλι-μα etc. (Arist.), with κλιματίας `inclining' (Herakleit., Amm. Marc.), κλιματικός `belonging to the sone' (Vett. Val.). 8. κλῖμαξ, - ακος f. `trep, ladder, climax etc.' (Od.) with κλιμάκιον (IA.), - ίς (Att. inscr., hell.), κλιμακίσκοι πάλαισμα ποιόν H.; κλιμακίζω `use a grip called κλῖμαξ in the fighting', metaph. `bring down' (Att.); κλιμακωτός (Plb.), - ώδης (Str.) `like a trep'; also κλιμακ-τήρ `rug of a ladder' (IA.), `critical point of a mans life' (Varro) with κλιμακτηρικός, - τηρίζω (Gell., Vett. Val.); on the formation of κλῖμαξ (ῑ analog. for ει [*κλεῖ-μα] from κλί̄νω) Rodriguez Adrados Emerita 16, 133ff.; on κλιμακτήρ Chantraine Formation 327f. - 9. κλισμός `arm-chair' (Ion.Il.) with κλισμίον, - άκιον (inscr., Call.), `inclination, slope' (Arist.). - 10. ἀνά-κλιθρον `back of a chair' (Ptol.). - 11. κλίτα στοαί, κλίταν ( καὶ τάν cod.) στοάν H., prop. `leaning'; from there κλισία, Ion. - ίη `pile-dwelling, shed, chapel; arm-chair, resting-bed, tomb' ( Il.), κλίσιον nearly `annex, stoa' (ω 208, Delos III<sup>a</sup>), also `annex, shed, chapel' (Lys., Paus.); often written κλεισίον (inscr.), also κλεισία f. `tavern' (ep.), perh. through adaptation to κλείω `lock' (diff. Schulze Q. 295 A. 3 and Fraenkel KZ 45, 168); from there κλεισιάδες ( θύραι) `doors of the κλ(ε)ισία, of the κλ(ε)ισίον' (Hdt., Ph., D. H., Plu.); details on κλισίη in Frisk Eranos 41, 59ff., Scheller Oxytonierung 61. - 12. ( ἐγ-, ἐκ-)κλιτικός `inflecting etc.' (gramm.); to ( ἔγ-, ἔκ-)κλισις. - From the present: 13. κλίνη `layer, bed, litter' (IA.; cf. Chantraine Formation 192) with κλινίς, - ίδιον, - ίον, - άριον (Com.), κλίνειος `belonging to a κλίνη' (D.), - ήρης `censorius' (Ph., J.); as 2. member in σύγ-κλινος `bedfellow' (Men.). - 14. κλιντήρ, - ῆρος m. `id.' (Od.) with κλιντήριον, - ίδιον, - ίσκος (Ar.), ἀνακλιν-τήρ `neighbour at table' (Ps.-Callisth.); παρακλίν-τωρ `id.' (AP); ἀνά-, ἐπί-κλιν-τρον `back (leaning) etc.' (Erot. in Poll., Ar., inschr. etc.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [600] *ḱlei- `lean'

Etymology: The yot-presens κλί̄νω \< *κλῐ́ν-ι̯ω, which is a Greek innovation, goes back on an older nasal-presens, seen in several languages but in diff. forms: Lat. clīnāre, Germ., e. g. OS hlinōn, OHG hlinēn \> lehnen, Balt., e. g. Latv. slìe-n-u, slìet, EastLith. šli-n-ù, šliñti `lean', Av. sri-nu-, ptc. sri-ta- `lean', prob. also Arm. li-ni-m, aor. ipv. le-r, `become, be'; the basis was athem. *ḱli-n-ā-mi. Beside this there was in Indo-Iranian and Baltic a thematic root-present, e. g. Skt. śrayati = Lith. (old a. dial.) šlejù `lean'. The originally only presentic nasal has in Latin and Germanic conquered the whole inflexion, but in Greek did not reach the perfect ( κέ-κλι-ται: Skt. śi-śri-y-é), partly also the passive aorist. - The Greek nominal derivations are mostly innovations; note, except ( ἄ)-κλιτος = Skt. śri-tá-, Av. sri-ta- `leaning', κλίσις, formally = Lith. šli-tì-s `shove-shed'; κλίτον = Germ. e. g. OHG lit `cover', NHG Augen- lid; beside it with full grade (as in κλει-τύς) e. g. OWNo. hlīð f. `slope'. As in κλίνη the nasal came in OHG hlina `reclinatorium'. - Several nominal formations in Bq s. v., Pok. 600ff., W.-Hofmann s. clīnō.

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μετά (Hom.+) prep. w. gen. and acc., in the NT not (B-D-F §203; Rob. 610) w. dat.—For lit. s. ἀνά, beg.; also for μετά (and σύν) Tycho Mommsen, Beiträge zu d. Lehre v. den griech. Präp. 1895. Basic idea: ‘in the vicinity of ’.

A. w. gen. with

① marker of placement, with, among, in company with someone (Gen 42:5; EpArist 180; En 22:13; 99:10; PsSol 4:6; JosAs 10:3 al.) or someth. ἦν μετὰ τῶν θηρίων he was among the wild animals Mk 1:13 (Diog. L. 6, 92 μόσχοι μετὰ λύκων). ἦν συγκαθήμενος μ. τῶν ὑπηρετῶν he sat down among the servants 14:54. μετὰ ἀνόμων ἐλογίσθη he was classed among the criminals Mk 15:28; Lk 22:37. τὸ μέρος αὐτοῦ μ. τῶν ἀπίστων θήσει he will assign him his lot among the faithless (unbelievers?) Lk 12:46; cp. Mt 24:51. ζῆτειν τὸν ζῶντα μ. τῶν νεκρῶν seek the living among the dead Lk 24:5. μὴ γογγύζετε μετʼ ἀλλήλων do not grumble among yourselves J 6:43. εἱστήκει Ἰούδας μετʼ αὐτῶν 18:5. ἡ σκηνὴ τ. θεοῦ μετὰ τ. ἀνθρώπων Rv 21:3a. μετὰ τῶν νεφελῶν in the midst of the clouds 1:7.

② marker of assoc. in gener. sense denoting the company within which someth. takes place, with

ⓐ w. gen. of pers. in company w. whom someth. takes place

α. w. verbs of going, remaining, etc. προσέρχεσθαι μ. τινος come (in company) with someone Mt 20:20; cp. 5:41; Mk 1:29; 3:7; 5:24, 37; 11:11; 14:17; Lk 2:51; 6:17; 9:49; 14:31; J 3:22b; 11:54; Ac 24:1; Gal 2:1. Angels accompanying the Messiah Mt 25:31; cp. 16:27; Mk 8:38; 1 Th 3:13; 2 Th 1:7. περιπατεῖν μ. τινος (Menand., Fgm. 178 Kö., Sam. 587f S. [242f Kö.]; ApcEsdr 6:12) J 6:66. γίνεσθαι μ. τινος be, remain with someone Ac 7:38; 9:19; 20:18; AcPlCor 2:4 (ApcMos 2 ἐγένοντο μ. ἀλλήλων). οἱ μ. αὐτοῦ γενόμενοι his companions Mk 16:10. μένειν μ. τινος stay with someone 1J 2:19 (ParJer 3:15). ζήσασα μ. ἀνδρός Lk 2:36. ἀκολουθεῖν μ. τινος follow (after) someone Rv 6:8; 14:13 (s. ἀκολουθέω 2).

β. used w. trans. verbs ἄγειν τινὰ μ. ἑαυτοῦ bring someone along (s. ἄγω 1b) 2 Ti 4:11. παραλαμβάνειν τινὰ μεθʼ ἑαυτοῦ take or bring someone along (as a companion) (Gen 22:3) Mt 12:45; 18:16; Mk 14:33. ἔχειν τι μ. ἑαυτοῦ have someth. with oneself: bread 8:14; τινά someone (PGM 4, 1952): the lame Mt 15:30; the poor Mk 14:7; Mt 26:11; J 12:8; the bridegroom Mk 2:19b. Pass. συγκατεψηφίσθη μετὰ τ. ἕνδεκα ἀποστόλων he was chosen (to serve) with the eleven apostles Ac 1:26 (cp. Himerius, Or. 44 [=Or. 8], 3 μετὰ τῶν θεῶν ἀριθμούμενος=numbered with the gods).

γ. esp. εἶναι μ. τινος be with someone, in someone’s company.

א. lit. of close association: the disciples w. Jesus Mt 26:69, 71; Mk 3:14; 14:67; Lk 22:59; J 15:27; 17:24. Also of accompaniment for a short time Mt 5:25; J 3:26; 9:40; 12:17; 20:24, 26. Of Jesus’ association w. his disciples 13:33; 14:9; 16:4; 17:12. Of relations between the superintendent and the congregation μετὰ τ. ἐπισκόπου εἶναι be with, on the side of, the supervisor/bishop IPhld 3:2. οἱ μ. τινος (sc. ὄντες) someone’s friends, companions, etc. (Diod S 17, 96, 2 οἱ μεθʼ Ἡρακλέους; SIG 175, 5; 659, 5; 826e II, 30; Am 4:2; 8:10; Gen 24:59; 1 Macc 7:23; JosAs 27:7; AscIs 2:15; 3:6, 14; Jos., Vi. 397, Ant. 7, 20; Just., D. 8, 3 al.) Mt 12:3f; 26:51; Mk 1:36; 2:25; Lk 6:3f. Of things ἄλλα πλοῖα ἦν μ. αὐτοῦ other boats were with him, accompanied him Mk 4:36. ὁ μισθός μου μετʼ ἐμοῦ (sc. ἐστιν) Rv 22:12. τὸ πῦρ ἐστι μετʼ αὐτοῦ the fire (of judgment) awaits him (the interpretation of the Armenian text; sim. the Lat.) AcPlCor 2:37.

ב. in ref. to supportiveness be with someone, stand by, help someone of God’s help (Gen 21:20; 26:3; 28:20 al.; Jos., Ant. 15, 138) J 3:2; 8:29; 16:32; Ac 7:9 (cp. Gen 39:2, 21); 10:38; cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 8:8); Lk 1:28; Ro 15:33. Of God’s hand (1 Ch 4:10) Lk 1:66; Ac 11:21. Of Christ: Mt 28:20; Ac 18:10.

ג. a favorite expr. in conclusions of letters ὁ θεὸς τῆς ἀγάπης καὶ εἰρήνης ἔσται μ. ὑμῶν will be with you 2 Cor 13:11; cp. Phil 4:9; ὁ κύριος κτλ. 2 Th 3:16 (cp. Ruth 2:4); 2 Ti 4:22. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ μ. ὑμῶν (sc. ἔσται) 1 Cor 16:23; cp. 1 Th 5:28; 1 Cl 65:2. μ. τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25; 21:9. μ. πάντων ὑμῶν 2 Th 3:18; cp. Eph 6:24. Short and to the point: ἡ χάρις μ. ὑμῶν Col 4:18; 1 Ti 6:21; cp. Tit 3:15; Hb 13:25. ἔσται μεθʼ ἡμῶν χάρις ἔλεος εἰρήνη 2J 3.—ἡ ἀγάπη μου μ. πάντων ὑμῶν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ my love is with you all in Christ Jesus 1 Cor 16:24. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου Ἰ. Χρ. καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τ. θεοῦ καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν 2 Cor 13:13 (WvanUnnik, Dominus Vobiscum: liturg. formula, TManson memorial vol., ’59, 270–305; on the Trinitarian formula s. the lit. on πνεῦμα 8).—In the expr. ὅσα ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς μ. αὐτῶν Ac 14:27; 15:4 (cp. Hs 5, 1, 1) ὤν could be supplied what God has done in helping them; but ποιεῖν can just as well go w. μ. αὐτῶν has done for them, after the analogy of עָשָׂה עִם פּ׳ (Tob 12:6; 13:7 ἃ ποιήσει μεθʼ ὑμῶν; Jdth 8:26 ὅσα ἐποίησεν μετὰ Ἀβραάμ; 15:10; 1 Macc 10:27. In addition, cp. BGU 798, 8 εὐχαριστοῦμεν τῇ ἡμῶν δεσποίνῃ εἰς πάντα τὰ καλὰ ἃ ἐποίησεν μετὰ τ. δούλων αὐτῆς. But s. also LMaloney, ‘All That God Had Done with Them’ ’91, 118–21: God works ‘with’ the apostles and ‘through’ them). Here also belongs ποιεῖν ἔλεος μ. τινος have mercy on someone, show mercy to someone (Gen 24:12; 2 Km 3:8; JosAs 23:4) Lk 1:72; 10:37 (MWilcox, The Semitisms in Ac, ’65, 84f). ἐμεγάλυνεν κύριος τὸ ἔλεος αὐτοῦ μετʼ αὐτῆς the Lord has shown great mercy to her 1:58 (cp. 1 Km 12:24; Ps 125:2f).—In πληρώσεις με εὐφροσύνης μ. τοῦ προσώπου σου Ac 2:28=Ps 15:11 the LXX has literally translated אֶת־פָּנֶיךָ; it means in your presence.

ד. in ref. to taking sides or being allied in some way with someone: in contrast to εἶναι κατά τινος be against someone is εἶναι μ. τινος be with someone, on someone’s side Mt 12:30a; Lk 11:23a (AFridrichsen, ZNW 13, 1912, 273–80).

ⓑ to denote the company in which an activity or experience takes place: ἀνακεῖσθαι μ. τινος recline at table with someone (for a meal) Mt 26:20. ἀνακλιθῆναι 8:11; cp. Lk 24:30. βασιλεύειν Rv 20:4, 6. γρηγορεῖν Mt 26:38, 40. δειπνεῖν Rv 3:20 (TestJob 15:2). δουλεύειν Gal 4:25. ἐμπαίζειν Mt 27:41. ἐσθίειν 9:11; 24:49; Mk 2:16ab; 14:14, 18; Lk 5:30 (TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 9 [Stone p. 10]). ἠρώτα … ἵνα φάγῃ μ. αὐτοῦ he asked (him) to eat with him 7:36 (cp. TestAbr B 6 p. 110, 21 [Stone p. 68]; JosAs 7:1). εὐφραίνεσθαι 15:29; Ro 15:10 (Dt 32:43). κλαίειν 12:15b. κληρονομεῖν Gal 4:30 (Gen 21:10; Just., D. 26, 1; cp. συγκληρονομεῖν JosAs 24:9). πίνειν Mt 26:29. ποιεῖν τὸ πάσχα celebrate the Passover (with someone) 26:18. συνάγειν 12:30b; Lk 11:23b. συνεσθίειν Gal 2:12. ταράττεσθαι Mt 2:3. τρώγειν J 13:1 v.l. χαίρειν Ro 12:15a.

ⓒ The associative aspect can also derive expression from the fact that two opposite parties exert influence upon one another or that one party brings the other to adopt a corresponding, and therefore common, attitude

α. in friendly, or at least not in hostile, fashion: εἰρηνεύειν (3 Km 22:45) Ro 12:18; cp. 2 Ti 2:22; Hb 12:14. εὐθηνίαν ἔχειν Hm 2:3. κοινωνίαν ἔχειν 1J 1:3a, 7. λαλεῖν μετά τινος (cp. Gen 31:24, 29; 1 Macc 7:15) Mk 6:50; J 4:27ab. συλλαλεῖν μ. τινος Mt 17:3; Ac 25:12. συμβούλιον διδόναι Mk 3:6. συνάγεσθαι Mt 28:12; J 18:2. συνᾶραι λόγον Mt 18:23; 25:19. ἐγένοντο φίλοι ὅ τε. Ἡρῴδης καὶ ὁ Πιλᾶτος μετʼ ἀλλήλων Lk 23:12. οἱ μοιχεύοντες μετʼ αὐτῆς those who commit adultery with her Rv 2:22. πορνεύειν (cp. Ezk 16:34; TestAbr A 10 p. 88, 7 [Stone p. 24]) 17:2; 18:3, 9. μολύνεσθαι 14:4 (cp. En 12:4 τῶν γυναικῶν ἐμιάνθησαν).

β. in hostile fashion; after verbs of fighting, quarreling, etc. to denote the pers. w. whom the strife is being carried on πολεμεῖν μ. τινος carry on war with = against someone (נִלְחַם עִם פּ׳ 1 Km 17:33; 3 Km 12:24; ParJer 7:10. But s. also OGI 201, 3 ἐπολέμησα μετὰ τῶν Βλεμύων; BGU 1035, 9; 11. Also in Mod. Gk. [AThumb, Hdb. der neugriech. Volkssprache² 1910 §162, 1 note]) Rv 2:16; 12:7; 13:4; 17:14 (B-D-F §193, 4; Rob. 610). Also πόλεμον ποιεῖν (Gen 14:2; 1 Ch 5:19) 11:7; 12:17; 13:7 (Da 7:21 Theod.); 19:19. ζητεῖν μ. τινος deliberate or dispute w. someone J 16:19; cp. 3:25 (cp. ApcEsdr 2:6 δικάζου μεθʼ ἡμῶν). κρίνεσθαι go to law w. someone 1 Cor 6:6. κρίματα ἔχειν μ. τινος have lawsuits w. someone vs. 7.

ⓓ of any other relation betw. persons, whether already existing or brought about in some manner εἶδον τὸ παιδίον μ. Μαρίας Mt 2:11. ἀνταποδοῦναι ὑμῖν ἄνεσιν μ. ἡμῶν 2 Th 1:7. ἐκδέχομαι αὐτὸν μ. τῶν ἀδελφῶν 1 Cor 16:11. Of delegations, composed of several units Mt 22:16; 2 Cor 8:18. συμφωνεῖν Mt 20:2.

ⓔ of things ὧν τὸ αἷμα ἔμιξεν μ. τῶν θυσιῶν αὐτῶν Lk 13:1. Pass. πιεῖν οἶνον μ. χολῆς μεμιγμένον Mt 27:34.

ⓕ to show a close connection betw. two nouns, upon the first of which the main emphasis lies (Thu. 7, 75, 3 λύπη μ. φόβου; Pla., Rep. 9, 591b ἰσχύν τε καὶ κάλλος μετὰ ὑγιείας λαμβάνειν; Ar. 11:2 τόξον ἔχειν μ. φαρέτρας) ἀγάπη μ. πίστεως Eph 6:23. πίστις μ. σωφροσύνης 1 Ti 2:15. εὐσέβεια μ. αὐταρκείας 6:6. Cp. Eph 4:2b; Col 1:11; 1 Ti 1:14. φάρμακον μ. οἰνομέλιτος ITr 6:2.

③ marker of attendant circumstances of someth. that takes place, with

ⓐ of moods, emotions, wishes, feelings, excitement, states of mind or body (Xenophon Eph. 1, 15, 5 μ. ἀδείας; 2, 10, 4 μ. ἐπιμελείας; PAmh II, 133, 11 μετὰ πολλῶν κόπων; PLond II, 358, 8 p. 172 [II A.D.]; SIG index IV p. 445f; LXX [Johannessohn, Präp. 209ff]; En et al.) μ. αἰδοῦς with modesty 1 Ti 2:9. μ. αἰσχύνης with shame (s. αἰσχύνη 2) Lk 14:9. μ. εὐνοίας Eph 6:7. μ. εὐχαριστίας Phil 4:6; 1 Ti 4:3f; cp. Ac 24:3. μετὰ χαρᾶς (2 Macc 15:28; 3 Macc 5:21; 6:34; En 10:16; PsSol 8:16 al.; s. χαρά 1a) 1 Th 1:6; Hb 10:34; 13:17; cp. Phil 2:29. μ. φόβου καὶ τρόμου 2 Cor 7:15; Eph 6:5; Phil 2:12. μ. φόβου καὶ χαρᾶς Mt 28:8. μ. πραΰτητος καὶ φόβου 1 Pt 3:16. μ. παρρησίας (Lev 26:13; 1 Macc 4:18; s. παρρησία 3a) Ac 2:29; 4:29, 31; 28:31; Hb 4:16. μ. πεποιθήσεως 1 Cl 31:3. μ. σπουδῆς (3 Macc 5:24, 27; Mel., P. 12, 80) Mk 6:25; Lk 1:39. μ. ταπεινοφροσύνης Eph 4:2a; cp. Ac 20:19. μ. ὀργῆς (3 Macc 6:23; TestJob 4:4) Mk 3:5. μ. δακρύων in tears (3 Macc 1:16; 4:2; 5:7; TestAbr A 9 p. 86, 19 [Stone p. 20]; 14 p. 94, 21 [St. p. 36]; JosAs 28:8; ApcEsdr 6:23; s. δάκρυον) Mk 9:24 v.l.; Hb 5:7; 12:17. μ. εἰρήνης (s. εἰρήνη 1b) Ac 15:33; Hb 11:31.

ⓑ of other accompanying phenomena (Antig. Car. 148 μετὰ φλογὸς καίεσθαι) μ. διωγμῶν though with persecutions Mk 10:30. μ. ἐπιθέσεως τῶν χειρῶν 1 Ti 4:14. μ. νηστειῶν Ac 14:23. μ. θορύβου (Jos., Ant. 5, 216) 24:18. μ. παρακλήσεως 2 Cor 8:4. μ. παρατηρήσεως Lk 17:20. μ. ὕβρεως καὶ πολλῆς ζημίας Ac 27:10 (s. ὕβρις 3). μ. φαντασίας 25:23. μ. δυνάμεως καὶ δόξης Mt 24:30; Mk 13:26; Lk 21:27 (Just., A I, 50, 1 al. μ. δόξης, D. 132, 1 w. δυνάμεως). μ. ἐξουσίας καὶ ἐπιτροπῆς Ac 26:12 (Jos., Ant. 20, 180 μετʼ ἐξουσίας). μ. βραχίονος ὑψηλοῦ ἐξάγειν τινά (s. βραχίων) Ac 13:17. μ. φωνῆς μεγάλης w. a loud voice Lk 17:15 (cp. EpArist 235; 281; JosAs 28:9). μ. σάλπιγγος with a trumpet call Mt 24:31 (Plut., Mor. 1135f μετʼ αὐλῶν=with the sound of flutes). σφραγίσαντες τ. λίθον μετὰ τ. κουστωδίας makes the stationing of the guard an accompaniment to the sealing of the stone Mt 27:66 (another possibility here is the instrumental use of μετά [Lycurgus the orator 124 μ. παραδειγμάτων διδάσκειν; SEG VIII, 246, 8 μετὰ κυνῶν—an instrument of torture—βασανίσαι; CWessely, Neue griech. Zauberpap. 1893, 234 γράφε μ. μέλανος; 2 Macc 6:16]: secure the stone by means of a guard; s. σφραγίζω 1).

ⓒ of concrete objects, which serve as equipment (Appian, Maced. 9 §4 μετὰ χρυσῶν στεφάνων; POxy 123, 15; 19 μετὰ τῶν χλαμύδων εἰσβῆναι; 1 Esdr 5:57; Jdth 15:13; TestJob 24:10 μ. ψαλίδος; JosAs 7:4 μ. χρυσίου καὶ ἀργύριου; ParJer 9:31 μ. πολλῶν λίθων; ApcSed 7:10 μ. χαλιναρίου; ApcMos 40 μ. τῶν σινδόνων) μ. μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων Mt 26:47; 55; Mk 14:43, 48; Lk 22:52. μ. φανῶν καὶ λαμπάδων καὶ ὅπλων (Xenophon Eph. p. 336, 20 μ. λαμπάδων) J 18:3.

B. w. acc. In our lit. only in the mng. after, behind

① marker of position that is behind someth., behind (Hom.+; Polyb.; Just., A I, 13, 4; Tat. 2, 2; not LXX) μ. τὸ δεύτερον καταπέτασμα behind the second curtain Hb 9:3.

② marker of time after another point of time, after (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX)

ⓐ with the time expressly given μ. πολὺν χρόνον (2 Macc 6:1.—μετʼ οὐ πολὺν χρ.: Hero Alex. I p. 340, 6; SIG 1169, 54; Jos., Vi. 407) Mt 25:19. μ. τοσοῦτον χρόνον (4 Macc 5:7; ParJer 5:18) Hb 4:7. μ. χρόνον τινά (Diod S 9, 10, 2; Witkowski 26, 9 [III B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 8, 398; cp. En 106:1 μ. δὲ χρόνον; ApcSed 13:3 μ. χρόνον) Hv 1, 1, 2f; Hs 5, 2, 5; 9, 13, 8. μ. ἡμέρας ἕξ after six days Mt 17:1; Mk 9:2 (ApcMos 42 μ. τὰς ἓξ ἡμέρας). μ. τρεῖς ἡμέρας (Artem. 4, 33 p. 224, 5; Polyaenus 6, 53; 8, 62; EpArist 301; TestJob 52:1f; 53:7; ParJer 9:14; Jos., Ant 7, 280) Mt 27:63; Mk 8:31; 10:34; Lk 2:46; cp. μ. τρεῖς ἡμέρας καὶ τρεῖς νύκτας AcPlCor 2:30. μ. δύο ἡμέρας Mt 26:2; Mk 14:1 (cp. Caesar, Bell. Gall. 4, 9, 1 post tertiam diem=on the third day). μ. τινας ἡμέρας Ac 15:36; 24:24. μετʼ οὐ πολλὰς ἡμέρας (Artem. 1, 78 p. 72, 30; Jos., Ant. 5, 328, Vi. 309) Lk 15:13. οὐ μ. πολλὰς ταύτας ἡμέρας not long after these days = within a few days Ac 1:5 (B-D-F §226; 433, 3; Rob. 612; 1158; Dssm., ZVS 45, 1913, 60). W. gen. foll. μ. ἡμέρας εἴκοσι τῆς προτέρας ὁράσεως twenty days after the former vision Hv 4, 1, 1 (cp. Biogr. p. 31 μετὰ ξ´ ἔτη τοῦ Ἰλιακοῦ πολέμου; Gen 16:3). μ. τρεῖς μῆνας Ac 28:11. μ. τρία ἔτη Gal 1:18. ὁ μ. τετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη γεγονὼς νόμος 3:17.

ⓑ w. designations that are general, but include the idea of time: μ. τὴν ἄφιξίν μου Ac 20:29. μ. τὸ πάσχα after the Passover 12:4. μ. τὴν μετοικεσίαν Βαβυλῶνος Mt 1:12.

ⓒ gener. μ. τὴν θλῖψιν after the (time of) tribulation Mk 13:24; cp. μ. τὴν θλῖψιν τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐκείνων Mt 24:29. μ. τὴν ἔγερσιν 27:53. μ. τὴν ἀνάγνωσιν Ac 13:15. μ. τὸ βάπτισμα 10:37. μ. μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν Tit 3:10. μ. τὸ ψωμίον after he had eaten the piece of bread J 13:27.—Quite gener. μ. τοῦτο after this, afterward (Lucian, Hermot. 31; Gen 18:5; Lev 14:19; EpArist 258; TestJob 11:4; TestReub 1:9; TestLevi 6:3; Just., D. 57, 4) J 2:12; 11:7, 11; 19:28; Hb 9:27; Rv 7:1. μ. ταῦτα after this (Aeneas Tact. 240; 350; Diod S 1, 7, 1; Ex 3:20; 11:8 and oft.; TestJob 21:4; TestLevi 6:5; TestJos 19:5; JosAs 10:15; ParJer 3:10; ApcEsdr 4:36; ApcMos 2; Just., A I, 32, 6) Mk 16:12; Lk 5:27; 10:1 and oft. μ. οὐ πολύ (Dio Chrys. 56 [73], 8; Lucian, Scyth. 1; Herodian 1, 9, 7; BGU 614, 14; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 96 II, 9; 1 Esdr 3:22; Jos., Ant. 12, 132) not long afterward Ac 27:14. μ. μικρόν a short while afterward Mt 26:73; Mk 14:70 (Just., D. 56, 17). Also μ. βραχύ Lk 22:58 (cp. μετʼ ὀλίγον: Lucian, Dial, Mort. 15, 3; PRyl 77, 41; Wsd 15:8; Jdth 13:9; TestAbrA 7 p. 84, 8 [Stone p. 16]; GrBar 9:3; Jos., Ant. 12, 136; 10:15; Just., D. 56, 18).

ⓓ w. subst. aor. inf. foll.

α. w. acc. (SIG 633, 105; 640, 13; 695, 78; 1233, 1; Sir 46:20; Jdth 16:25; Bar 1:9; 1 Macc 1:1, 9; TestAbr B 12 p. 116, 11 [Stone p. 80]; 117, 5 [St. p. 82]; TestJob 5:2; TestLevi 18:1; ApcMos 1; Just., A I, 50, 12.—B-D-F §406, 3; Rob. 979) μ. τὸ ἐγερθῆναί με after I am raised up Mt 26:32; Mk 14:28. μ. τὸ παραδοθῆναι τὸν Ἰωάννην after John was arrested Mk 1:14.—Ac 1:3; 7:4; 10:41; 15:13; 19:21; 20:1; Hv 2, 1, 3; m 4, 1, 7; Hs 8, 1, 3; 8, 2, 5.

β. without acc. (Aelian, VH 12, 1 p. 118, 27; Herodian 2, 9, 5; SIG 976, 39; UPZ 110, 193 [164 B.C.]; Sir 23:20; 32:18 v.l.; 1 Macc 1:20; ApcMos 26:42f; Just., A I, 14, 1; Tat. 16, 1) μ. τὸ λαλῆσαι αὐτοῖς after he had spoken to them Mk 16:19.—Lk 12:5; 1 Cor 11:25; Hb 10:26.—W. perf. inf. 10:15.—M-M. EDNT. TW.

παρα-παίω,

A strike on the side, strike falsely,

χέλυν A.Fr. 314

.

II intr., strike a false note: metaph., to be infatuated, lose one's wits, Id.Pr. 1056 (anap.) ; ληρεῖν καὶ π. Ar. Pl. 508, cf. Pax90(anap.) ; μαίνομαι καὶ π. Pl.Smp. 173e, cf. Plb. 12.8.1 ;

παραπεπαικότας Plu.2.963f

; to be in error, Phld. Sign.32 ; π. τι commit a folly, Luc.Hist.Conscr.2 ;

π. πρὸς ὑλικὰς δυνάμεις Eun. VS p.474

B.:—also in [tense] pf. part. [voice] Pass., φωναὶ -πεπαις μέναι mad, foolish, S.Ichn.234.

b Medic., to be delirious, Gal.10.850,al.

2 fall away from,

τῆς ἀληθείας Plb.3.21.9

;

τοῦ δέοντος Id.4.31.2

,al.

3 dash in, prob. in Philox.2.26.

πράσσω, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. [full] πρήσσω, [dialect] Att. [full] πράττω (first in IG12.7.11, al., Ar. and X.), Cret. [full] πράδδω Leg.Gort.1.35: [tense] fut. πράξω, [dialect] Ion. πρήξω: [tense] aor. ἔπραξα, [dialect] Ion. ἔπρηξα: [tense] pf. πέπραχα, [dialect] Ion. πέπρηχα, (trans.) Hdt.5.106, X.HG5.2.32, Cyr.3.1.15, Din.3.21, Men.619, IG9(2).517.36 (Larissa, iii B. C.), PHib.1.80.11 (iii B. C.), (intr.) Pl.Com.187 codd., Arist.Rh.Al. 1440a36: [tense] plpf. ἐπεπράχει ([etym.] ν) (trans.) X. l.c., (intr.) App. BC5.83: [tense] pf. 2 πέπρᾱγα, [dialect] Ion. πέπρηγα, (intr.) Pi.P.2.73, Hdt.2.172, Ar.Pl. 629, Ra. 302, X.HG1.4.2, (trans.) Arist.EN 1168b35, al., SIG 364.70 (Ephesus, iii B. C.): [tense] plpf. ἐπεπράγεσαν (intr.) Th.2.4,7.24:— [tense] pf. πέπραγα [dialect] Att., πέπραχα Hellenistic, acc. to Moer.p.293 P., Phryn. PSp.103 B., but see above:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

A

πράξομαι Antipho Fr.67

, X. HG6.2.36 (also in pass. sense, Pi.P.4.243 (prob.), Pl.R. 452a): [tense] aor.

ἐπραξαμην S.OT 287

, Th.4.65, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. (v.supr.), also

πραχθήσομαι Aeschin.3.98

, Arist.Rh. 1359a11, etc.; [tense] fut. 3

πεπράξομαι S.OC 861

, Ar.Av. 847, Eup.9.3 D.: [tense] aor.

ἐπράχθην S.Tr. 679

, Th.4.54, etc.: [tense] pf.

πέπραγμαι A.Pr.75

, etc. (sts. in med. sense, v. infr. vi). [[pron. full] ᾱ by nature, as is shown by the [dialect] Ion. form πρήσσω, and by the accent in πρᾶγμα, πρᾶξις, etc.]

I in [dialect] Ep. only, pass through, pass over,

δὶς τόσσον ἅλα πρήσσοντες ἀπῆμεν Od.9.491

;

ῥίμφα πρήσσοντε κέλευθον Il.14.282

, 23.501;

ῥίμφα πρήσσουσι κέλευθον Od.13.83

;

ὁδὸν πρήσσουσιν ὁδῖται h.Merc. 203

: c. gen.,

ἵνα πρήσσωμεν ὁδοῖο Il.24.264

, Od.15.219; ὄφρα πρ. ὁδοῖο ib.47;

ἵνα πρήσσῃσιν ὁδοῖο 3.476

: Gramm. note that this sense is found only in [tense] pres., An.Ox.1.355, EM688.1.

II experience certain for- tunes, fare well or ill,

ὁ στόλος οὕτως ἔπρηξε Hdt.3.26

, cf.4.77, Th.7.24; so

ὡς ἔπρηξε Hdt.7.18

;

κατὰ νόον π. Id.4.97

, cf. Ar.Eq. 549;

πράξασαν ὡς ἔπραξεν A.Ag. 1288

;

εὖ πέπραγεν, ὅτι.. Pi.P.2.73

, cf. Hdt.1.24,42, etc.;

φλαύρως π. τῷ στόλῳ Id.6.94

;

π. καλῶς A.Pr. 979

;

χαλεπώτατα π. Th.8.95

;

ταπεινῶς π. Isoc.5.64

;

ὅστις καλῶς πράττει, οὐχὶ καὶ εὖ πράττει; Pl.Alc.1.116b

;

π. εὐτυχῶς S.Ant. 701

;

κάλλιστα E.Heracl. 794

; μακαρίως, εὐδαιμόνως, Ar.Pl. 629, 802: freq. with neut. Pron. or Adj.,

εὖ π. τι S.OT 1006

, cf. OC 391;

μηδὲν εὖ π. X.Mem.1.6.8

;

χρηστόν τι π. Ar.Pl. 341

;

καλά Th.6.16

;

χείρω Id.7.71

;

μεγάλα E.IA 346

;

πάντ' ἀγαθά Ar.Ra. 302

, cf. Eq. 683 (lyr.);

εὐδαίμονα E.El. 1359

(anap.);

πολλὰ καὶ ἀγαθά X.An.6.4.8

;

οἷον ἥθελεν S.OC 1704

(lyr.);

πράξας ἅπερ ηὔχου E.Or. 355

(anap.), cf.X.Mem.3.9.14.

III achieve, effect, accomplish,

οὔ τι Il.1.562

, 11.552, Od.2.191, etc.;

οὐδέ τι ἔργον ἐνθάδ' ἔτι πρήξει 19.324

, cf. 16.88;

χρῆμα μὲν οὐ πρήξεις, σὺ δ' ἐτώσια πόλλ' ἀγορεύσεις Hes.Op. 402

; κλέος ἔπραξεν won it, Pi.I.5(4).8; ἔπραξε δεσμόν achieved bondage, i.e. brought it on himself, Id.P.2.40;

τινὰ Νηρεΐδων π. ἄκοιτιν Id.N.5.36

; ὕμνον π. grant power of song, ib.9.3; λεόντεσσι π. φόνον do slaughter upon them, ib.3.46;

τὴν Κυπρίων ἀπόστασιν π. Hdt.5.113

; π. εἰρήνην, φιλίαν, bring it about, D.3.7, 18.162; π. τι παρά τινος get something from..,

ὧν δέονται πάντων πεπραγότες εἶεν παρὰ βασιλέως X.HG1.4.2

;

ἐλπὶς πράξειν τι παρὰ τῶν θεῶν ἀγαθόν Isoc.2.20

; also, attempt, plot,

δήμου κατάλυσιν And.3.6

: c. dat. pers.,

δαίμοσιν π. φίλα A.Pr. 660

;

Αοξίᾳ χάριν E. Ion37

, cf. 896 (lyr.), El. 1133, etc.;

σὺ τοῦτο πράξεις ὥστε..; A.Eu. 896

:—[voice] Pass.,

πέπρακται τοὖργον Id.Pr.75

;

φεῦ φεῦ πέπρακται E.Hipp. 680

;

τὰ πεπραγμένα Pi.O.2.15

, etc.;

ἡ ἐπὶ τοῖς πεπρ. ἀδοξία D. 1.11

;

τὰ πεπρ. λῦσαι Id.24.76

;

τὰ πραχθέντα A.Pr. 683

, etc.; τὰ ἔργα τῶν πραχθέντων the facts of what took place, Th.1.22;

οὐ γὰρ ἂν τό γε πραχθὲν ἀγένητον θείη Pl.Prt. 324b

.

2 abs., effect an object, be successful,

δὸς Τηλέμαχον πρήξαντα νέεσθαι Od.3.60

;

ἔπρηξας καὶ ἔπειτα Il.18.357

.

3 of sexual intercourse,

ἐπράχθη τὰ μέγιστα Theoc.2.143

.

4 to be busy with, σὺ μὲν τὰ σαυτῆς πρᾶσσ' mind your own business, S.El. 678;

πράττων ἔκαστος τὸ αὑτοῦ Pl. Phdr. 247a

, cf. Plt. 307e;

τὰ αὑτοῦ π. καὶ μὴ πολυπραγμονεῖν Id.R. 433a

, cf. 400e, etc. (whereas πολλὰ π. = πολυπραγμονεῖν, Hdt.5.33, E.HF 266, Ar.Ra. 228, etc.);

φιλοσόφου τὰ αὑτοῦ πράξαντος καὶ οὐ πολυπραγμονήσαντος Pl.Grg. 526c

, cf. Ap. 33a, etc.; οὐδ' εὖ.. οἰκοῦνται αἱ πόλεις, ὅταν τὰ αὑτῶν ἕκαστοι πράττωσι (ironical) Id.Alc.1.127b; μὴ τὰ αὑτῶν π. not to act their part, Id.R. 452c;

π. τὰ δέοντα X.Mem. 3.8.1

.

5 manage affairs, do business, act, εἰπεῖν τε καὶ πρᾶξαι ib.2.9.4, cf. 2.8.6; πράττειν τὰ πολιτικὰ πράγματα, τὰ τῆς πόλεως, manage state-affairs, take part in government, Pl.Ap. 31d, Lys.16.20;

τὰ Ἀθηναίων Pl.Smp. 216a

;

οἱ τὰ κοινὰ π. καὶ πολιτευόμενοι Arist.Pol. 1324b1

: abs., without any addition, ἱκανωτάτω λέγειν τε καὶ πράττειν, of able statesmen, X.Mem.1.2.15, cf. 4.2.1,4;

πολιτεύεσθαι καὶ π. D.18.45

, cf. 59, Pl.Prt. 317a.

6 generally, transact, negotiate, manage,

οἱ πράξαντες πρὸς αὐτὸν τὴν λῆψιν τῆς πόλεως Th. 4.114

; Θηβαίοις τὰ πράγματα π. manage matters for their interest, D.19.77:—so in [voice] Pass., τῷ Ἱπποκράτει τὰ.. πράγματα ἀπό τινων ἀνδρῶν.. ἐπράσσετο matters were negotiated with him by.., Th.4.76: but freq. abs., treat, negotiate, manage, act, οἱ πράσσοντες αὐτῷ ib. 110, cf. 5.76;

π. πρός τινα Id.2.5

, 4.73, etc.; ἐς (v.l. πρὸς) τοὺς βαρβάρους, ἐς τοὺς Εἵλωτας, Id.1.131, 132:—[voice] Pass.,

ἐπράττετο οὐ πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους Aeschin.3.64

; also

π. τι ὑπὲρ τῶν κοινῶν D.26.2

;

π. ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως τὰ πάτρια Id.59.73

;

π. περὶ εἰρήνης X.HG6.3.3

;

π. τῇ δύναιτο ἄριστα Hdt.5.30

;

π. ὡς ἄριστα καὶ πιστότατα Th.1.129

;

οἱ πράσσοντες

the traitors,

Id.4.89

, 113:—folld. by dependent clauses,

πρᾶσσε καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ τὰ σὰ ὅπῃ κάλλιστα ἕξει Id.1.129

; ἐς τὴν Πελοπόννησον ἔπρασσεν, ὅπῃ ὠφελία τις γενήσεται ib.65; π. ὅπως πόλεμος γένηται ib.57; π. ὅπως τιμωρήσονται ib.56, cf. 3.4,70, etc.: c. acc. et inf.,

μὴ δεῦρο πλεῖν τὴν ναῦν ἔπραττεν D.32.22

.

b esp. of secret practices and intrigues, εἴ τι μὴ ξὺν ἀργύρῳ ἐπράσσετ' ἐνθένδ' unless some bribery was being practised, S.OT 125;

καί τι αὐτῷ καὶ ἐπράσσετο ἐς τὰς πόλεις προδοσίας πέρι Th.4.121

, cf. 5.83;

μετάστασις ἐπράττετο Lys.30.10

;

τούτοις ἔπρασσον τὴν πόλιν Plb.4.17.12

; νῦν δ' αὔτ' Ἀτρεῖδαι φωτὶ παντουργῷ φρένας ἔπραξαν have jobbed them (the arms) away to a villain, S.Aj. 446.

IV practise,

πόνῳ π. θεοδμάτους ἀρετάς Pi. I.6(5).11

;

δίκαια ἢ ἄδικα Pl.Ap. 28b

, etc.;

ταῦτ' ἔπραξάν τε καὶ ἔλεξαν X.Cyr.5.1.1

;

ἃ καὶ λέγειν ὀκνοῦμεν οἱ πεπραχότες Men.619

: then abs., act,

π. ἔργῳ μὲν σθένος βουλαῖσι δὲ φρήν Pi.N.1.26

; ὡς πράττοντες as doing, Pl.R. 527a; μεθ' ἡμῶν ἔπραττεν, i. e. he took our side, Is.5.14.

2 study,

δράματα Suid.

s.v. Ἀριστοφάνης; συλλογισμούς Arr.Epict.2.17.27; ἐν τοῖς πραττομένοις in the poems which are now studied, made the subject of commentaries, Sch.Nic. Th.11.

V c. dupl. acc. pers. et rei, πράττειν τινά τι do something to one, E.Hel. 1394, Isoc.12.93;

ἀγαθόν τι π. τὴν πόλιν Ar. Ec. 108

.

VI exact payment from one,

αὐτοὺς ἑκατὸν τάλαντα ἔπρηξαν Hdt.3.58

; πράσσει με τόκον he makes me pay interest, Batr.185;

π. τινὰ χρέος Pi.O.3.7

, cf. P.9.104;

ὅσοι πράξεις πεπράγασιν SIG364.70

(Ephesus, iii B. C.);

τοὐφειλόμενον π. Δίκη A.Ch. 311

(anap.);

ἀντίποινα Id.Pers. 476

: freq. of tax-gatherers or other collectors of public debt, IG12.116.16, al., Pl.Lg. 774d;

π. τὰς εἰσφοράς D.22.77

, etc.; φόρον ἔπρησσον παρ' ἑκάστων obtained or demanded from.., Hdt.1.106: c. acc. pers., press for payment,

μὴ π. τοὺς ὀφειλέτας Plb.38.11.10

; π. τινά τι ὑπέρ τινος demand from one as the price for a thing, Luc.Vit.Auct.18: metaph., φόνον π. exact punishment or vengeance for a murder: hence, avenge, punish, A.Eu. 624;

τὰ περὶ τὸν φόνον ἀγριωτέρως π. Pl.Lg. 867d

:—[voice] Pass., ὑπὸ βασιλέως πεπραγμένος φόρους called on to pay up the tribute, Th.8.5; πραχθεὶς

ὑπὸτῶνδε Lys.9.21

codd., cf. Pl.Lg. 921c:—[voice] Med., exact for oneself,

πράξασθαί τινα μισθόν Pi.O.10(11).30

; ἀργύριον, χρήματα, Hdt.2.126, Th.4.65, cf. Ar.Ra. 561, etc.;

τὴν διπλασίαν π. τὸν ὑποφεύγοντα Pl.Lg. 762b

, cf. Plb.5.54.11;

π. τοὺς ἐξάγοντας τριακοστήν D.20.32

;

πράσσεσθαι χρέος Antipho Fr.67

; φόρους πράσσεσθαι ἀπό, ἐκ τῶν πόλεων, Th.8.5, 37;

παρ' αὐτῶν ἃ ὤφειλον Lys.17.3

, cf. And.2.11: metaph. of exacting punishment, etc.,

μεγάλ' ἀντ' ὀλίγων ἐπράξαο Call.Lav.Pall.91

:—[voice] Pass. [tense] pf. and [tense] plpf. in med. sense, εἰ μὲν ἐπεπράγμην τοῦτον τὴν δίκην if I had exacted from him the full amount, D.29.2.

VII c. acc. pers., πράττειν τινά deal with, finish off, euphem.,

ἔπρασσε δ' ᾇπέρ νιν, ὧδε θάπτει A.Ch. 440

(lyr.); πεπραγμένοι is f.l.ib. 132.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `jaw' (Hom.)

Other forms: γνάθος m. (Hp.). Note γναμφαί H. (acc. to LSJ, but not in Latte)

Derivatives: PN of a parasite Γνάθων, with Γναθώνειος, Γναθωνίδης, Γναθωνάριον (Plu.). Denom. γναθόω `hit the jaw' (Phryn. Com.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: γναθμός from γνάθος after λαιμός, βρεχμός, ὀφθαλμός. - Always compared with Lith. žándas `id.', Latv. zuôds `chin, sharp side'; the Lith. acute was explained from a laryngeal, which is impossible for Greek; it can also have been caused by a following d (Winter-Kortlandt law). A preform *gn̥h₂dʰ- would have given *γνᾱθος, *gn̥h₂edʰ- *γαναθος; so a laryngeal is impossible for Greek, nor can - να- be derived from any other PIE form. (The Lithuanian form, which has a quite different structure, cannot be cognate.) The form must therefore be non-IE, i.e. Pre-Greek. Further connection with γένυς is improbable, as this is IE. Macedonian κάναδοι σιαγόνες, γνάθοι H. has also often been compared; this may well be cognate, as a Pre-Greek form; does it stand for *κναδοι? (with epenthesis? for which see Fur. 378); it has also been connected with κνώδων, κνώδαλον.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: name of a sweet-scented plant, savory, `Satureia Thymbra' (Com., Thphr., Dsc.),

Other forms: also θύμβρον (Thphr.) and θυμβραία (Hp. ap. Gal.; after other plant names in - αία). Trough metathesis (or adaptation to θρύ-πτω?) θρύμβη (Gp.).

Derivatives: θυμβρώδης `θ.-like' (Thphr.), θυμβρίτης οἶνος `with θ. spiced wine' (Dsc.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 96).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Connected with θύμον, θύμος `thyme', but hardly directly derived from it (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 149); the β could be epenthetic between μ and ρ. An ρ-derivation from τύφω with nasalisation and deaspiration (Persson Stud. 56 n. 4 ;) is most improbable: there is no nasalization in Greek (except in Pre-Greek) and there was no deaspiration after nasal ( ἀμφί); the proposal is rejected by DELG - Further Slavic plant names are mentioned like Russ. dubrávka `Potentilla erecta'; "alles ganz hypothetisch oder unwahrscheinlich (dubrávka wohl von dubráva `Laubwald, Park')" Frisk. Niedermann Glotta 19, 14 recalls an Anatolian GN like Θύμβρη, Θύμβριον, and on the other side Τυφρηστός (southern spur of the Pindos, called after θύμβρα?). - It is clearly a non-(IE-)Greek plant-name, prob. Pre-Greek. The Anatolian place name could stem from a related language. Note also the metathesized form. The ending - αια is remarkable.

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Grammatical information: m. f.

Meaning: name of a sacrificial priest, prob. "observer of sacrifice" (Hom., E.), also as translation of Lat. haruspices (D. H.); adjectiv. θυοσκόα ἱρά (IG 14, 1389 12; verse-inscr).

Derivatives: θυοσκεῖν ἱεροῖς παρέξεσθαι, η θεοῖς H.; θυοσκεῖς 2. sg. A. Ag. 87 (- κινεῖς codd.); on the hyphaeresis (of *θυοσκοεῖν) cf. βοηθεῖν from βοηθόος.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [587] * (s)keu- `observe'

Etymology: An analysis of θυο-σκόος with *σκοϜός can hardly be rejected, which seems found in Goth. un-skawai (for * us-skawai?) sijaima = νήφωμεν; in any case one must connect the Germ. iterative OS skauwōn, OHG scouwōn ` schauen'. We thus get a side-form with σ- of the Greek iterative κοέω `note, understand', s. v.; cf. also ἀνακῶς.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `plash, bubble, of water' (Pi., A.).

Other forms: almost only in pres. a. ipf.

Compounds: rarely with prefix, e. g. ἀνα-, ὑπερ-,

Derivatives: καχλασμός (Zos. Alch., Gloss.), ἀνακάχλασις (Sch.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Rare side-form κοχλάζω ( PHolm. 3, 1, coni. in Plu. 2, 590f) with κόχλασμα (H. s. ἀπόβρασμα, πομφόλυξ). Onomatopoetic word with intensive reduplication (Schwyzer 647); cf. παφλάζω and Güntert Reimwortbildungen 161. No IE. etym.; s. Bq. with note(!). One compares κάχληξ. The variation α\/ο is typical of Pre-Greek.

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παράσημος, ον (σῆμα ‘mark, sign’; Trag. et al.; 2 Macc 2:29; BGU V, 1, 194=Jur. Pap. no. 93, 194; Philo; cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 241)

① pert. to being out of the ordinary, peculiar, odd βίος queer kind of life Dg 5:2.

② pert. to being marked (on the side) so as to be distinguished, marked ἐν πλοίῳ … Ἀλεξανδρινῷ παρασήμῳ Διοσκούροις in an Alexandrian ship that was marked by the Dioscuri i.e. that had the Dioscuri (twin sons of Zeus, Castor and Pollydeuces) as its insignia Ac 28:11 (on the dat. cp. Plut., Mor. 823b ἐπιφθόνοις παράσημος=making oneself noticed by hateful deeds). Yet it is hard to escape the suspicion that the text here, as so oft. in Ac, is damaged, and that it originally contained the noun τὸ παράσημον emblem, insignia situated on both sides of the prow of a ship (Plut., Mor. 162a τῆς νεὼς τὸ παράσημον; PLond II, 256a, 2 p. 99 [11–15 A.D.]; PTebt 486; Mitt-Wilck., I/2, 248, 19; Sb 423, 5. Note esp. CIL 3=ILS 4395 [22 A.D.] navis parasemo sopharia=a ship with sopharia as insignia). LCasson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, ’71, 344f. S. Διόσκουροι.—B-D-F §198, 7. DELG s.v. σῆμα. M-M. (dat. absolute).

πίστις, εως, ἡ (Hes., Hdt.+; ranging in meaning from subjective confidence to objective basis for confidence).

① that which evokes trust and faith

ⓐ the state of being someone in whom confidence can be placed, faithfulness, reliability, fidelity, commitment (X., An. 1, 6, 3; 3, 3, 4; Aristot., Eth. Eud, 7, 2, 1237b, 12; Polyb. 7, 12, 9; 38, 1, 8 al.; Herodian 2, 14, 4 al.; SIG 675, 22; OGI 557, 16; PTebt 27, 6; 51 [II B.C.]; POxy 494, 9; 705, 32; other pap M-M. s.v.; Ps 32:4; Pr 12:22; Jos., Ant. 2, 61; TestAsh 7:7) w. κρίσις and ἔλεος Mt 23:23. (Opp. ἀπιστία as Hes., Op. 370) τὴν πίστιν τοῦ θεοῦ καταργεῖν nullify the faithfulness/commitment of God (cp. Ps 32:4; Hos 2:22) Ro 3:3. πᾶσαν π. ἐνδείκνυσθαι ἀγαθήν show all good faith(fulness) Tit 2:10 (cp. BGU 314, 19 μετὰ πίστεως ἀγαθῆς). W. other virtues Gal 5:22 (on πίστις, πραΰτης cp. Sir 45:4; 1:27). W. ὑπομονή 2 Th 1:4. τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα I have remained faithful or loyal (πίστιν τηρεῖν as Polyb. 6, 56, 13; 10, 37, 5; Jos., Bell. 2, 121; 6, 345; OGI 339, 46f; IBM III, 587b, 5f [Dssm., LO 262=LAE 309, esp. note 3]) 2 Ti 4:7, though this would be classified by some under 3 below. S. also 1c below.

ⓑ a solemn promise to be faithful and loyal, assurance, oath, troth (X., Cyr. 7, 1, 44; 8, 8, 3, Hell. 1, 3, 12; Diod S 14, 9, 7; Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 86 §362 μεγάλας πίστεις ἔδωκεν=solemn assurances; 3 Macc 3:10; Jos., Ant. 12, 382) τὴν πρώτην πίστιν ἠθέτησαν 1 Ti 5:12 (s. also ἀθετέω 1 and cp. CIA app. [Wünsch, Praef. p. xv] of a woman who πρώτη ἠθέτησεν τὴν πίστιν to her husband). Cp. Rv 2:3.

ⓒ a token offered as a guarantee of someth. promised, proof, pledge (Pla., Phd. 70b; Isocr. 3, 8; Aristot., Rhet. 1, 1; 3, 13; Epicurus in Diog. L. 10, 63; 85: πίστις βεβαία=dependable proof; Polyb. 3, 100, 3; Περὶ ὕψους 39, 3=p. 74, 20 V.; Epict. 1, 28, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 119 §500; Jos., Ant. 15, 69) πίστιν παρασχὼν πᾶσιν ἀναστήσας αὐτόν (God has appointed a man [Jesus] to be judge of the world, and) he has furnished proof (of his fitness for this office) to all people by raising him (on πίστιν παρέχειν cp. Jos., Ant. 2, 218 πίστιν παρεῖχε; 15, 260; Polyb. 2, 52, 4 πίστιν παρέσχετο=gave a pledge, security; Vett. Val. 277, 29f) Ac 17:31. JBarton, Biblica 40, ’59, 878–84: π. in 2 Ti 4:7= bond deposited by an athlete. But see 3 below.—WSchmitz, ῾Η Πίστις in den Papyri, diss. Cologne, ’64.

② state of believing on the basis of the reliability of the one trusted, trust, confidence, faith in the active sense=‘believing’, in ref. to deity (Soph. Oed. R. 1445 νῦν γʼ ἂν τῷ θεῷ πίστιν φέροις; Pla., Leg. 12, 966de; Plut. Mor. 402e; 756b; Dio Chrys. 3, 51 παρὰ θεῶν τιμὴ κ. πίστις; Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 226 D.: πίστιν ἐν τ. θεοῖς ἔχειν; Appian, Liby. 57 §248 ἐς θεοὺς πίστις; Ep. 33 of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 352, 14]; Herm. Wr. 9, 10 ἐπίστευσε καὶ ἐν τῇ καλῇ πίστει ἐπανεπαύσατο; Porphyr., Ad Marcellam 21 τῆς βεβαίας πίστεως, τὸ μεμαθηκέναι, ὅτι ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ προνοεῖται πάντα. The divinity Πίστις in Plut., Num. 70 [16, 1] and in magic [exx. in Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 234f, among them Aberciusins. 12; PGM 4, 1014 ἀλήθεια καὶ πίστις; 12, 228]; Wsd 3:14; 4 Macc 15:24; 16:22; 17:2; Philo, Abr. 270; 271; 273, Mut. Nom. 182, Migr. Abr. 43f, Conf. Lingu. 31, Poster. Cai. 13 [on faith in Philo s. the lit. given under πιστεύω 2aα]; Jos, C. Ap. 2, 163; 169; Just., A I, 52, 1 πίστιν ἔχειν; 53, 11 πειθὼ καὶ πίστιν … ἐμφορῆσαι), in our lit. directed toward God and Christ, their revelations, teachings, promises, their power and readiness to aid.

ⓐ God: πίστις θεοῦ (cp. Jos., Ant. 17, 179.—Cp. π. καὶ φόβος ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 1, 7 [p. 72, 26]) faith, trust, confidence in God Mk 11:22; cp. Ac 19:20 D; 1 Cl 3:4; 27:3. π. θείου πνεύμαπος faith in the divine spirit Hm 11:9. ἡ π. τοῦ κυρίου Hs 6, 3, 6. π. (καὶ ἐλπὶς) εἰς θεόν 1 Pt 1:21. π. ἐπὶ θεόν Hb 6:1. ἡ πίστις ἡ πρὸς τὸν θεόν 1 Th 1:8 (on the constr. w. πρὸς τ. θ. cp. Philo, Abr. 268; 271; 273; Just., D. 121, 2 διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸν ἥλιον π.).—πίστις can also be characterized as faith in God by the context, without the addition of specific words; so in connection w. OT personalities: Abraham Ro 4:5, 9, 11–13, 16, 19f (s. also 2dα below); 1 Cl 10:7; 31:2; of Rahab 12:1, 8; of Esther 55:6 (ἡ τελεία κατὰ πίστιν). The OT heroes of faith Hb 11:4–33, 39 (w. this catalogue of heroes cp. Il. 4, 457–538; 2 Km 23:8–39; 1 Ch 11:10–12:18; CGordon, Homer, and the Bible: HUCA 26, ’55, 83).—But in Hb it is also true that God is specifically the object of the Christian’s faith, and Christ 12:2 is ὁ τῆς πίστεως ἀρχηγὸς καὶ τελειώτης. Cp. 10:38; 11:3; 13:7. (On faith in Hb s. Schlatter, Der Glaube im NT⁴ 1927, 520ff; BHeigl, Verfasser u. Adresse des Hb 1905, 109–18; GHoennicke, Die sittl. Anschauungen des Hb: ZWT 45, 1902, 26ff; Windisch, Hdb. exc. on Hb 11; Riggenbach and Michel on Hb 11; Strathmann on 10:38. S. ὑπόστασις end.)—ἐὰν ἔχητε πίστιν Mt 17:20. Opp. doubt 21:21. αἰτεῖν ἐν πίστει μηδὲν διακρινόμενος Js 1:6. ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως 5:15 (εὐχή 1). ἡ πίστις τῆς ἐνεργείας τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν faith in the working of God, who raised him from the dead Col 2:12.

ⓑ Christ

α. of belief and trust in the Lord’s help in physical and spiritual distress; oft. in the synopt. gospels: Mt 8:10; 9:2, 22, 29 (κατὰ τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν); 15:28; Mk 2:5; 4:40; 5:34; 10:52; Lk 5:20; 7:9, 50; 8:25, 48; 17:19; 18:42.—Cp. ἔχει πίστιν τοῦ σωθῆναι (the lame man) had faith that he would be cured Ac 14:9.

β. of faith in Christ, designated by the addition of certain words. By the obj. gen. (s. Just., D. 52, 4 διὰ τῆς πίστεως τῆς τοῦ χριστοῦ) πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ faith in Jesus Christ (and sim. exprs. On interp. as obj. gen. s. AHultgren, NovT 22, ’80, 248–63 [lit.]; response SWilliams, CBQ 49, ’87, 431–47.) Ro 3:22, 26; Gal 2:16ab, 20; 3:22; Eph 3:12; Phil 3:9a; Js 2:1; Rv 14:12; cp. 2:13 (ἡ πίστις μου=faith in me, the Human One [Son of Man]); IMg 1:1. (The πίστις Χριστοῦ in Paul is taken as a subj. gen. by JHaussleiter, Der Glaube Jesu Christi 1891, Was versteht Paulus unter christlichem Glauben?: Greifswalder Studien für HCremer 1895, 161–82 and GKittel, StKr 79, 1906, 419ff. See also Schläger, ZNW 7, 1906, 356–58; BLongenecker, NTS 39, ’93, 478–80 [lit. since ’81]; DCampbell, JBL 113, ’94, 265–85; response BDodd, 114, ’95, 470–73.—ADeissmann, Paulus² 1925, 125f [Paul, tr. WWilson, 1926, 162ff], speaks of the mystical gen., ‘faith in Christ’. Likew. HWeber, Die Formel ‘in Christo Jesu’: NKZ 31, 1920, 213ff, esp. 231, 3; WWeber, Christusmystik 1924, 82. S. also LAlbrecht, Der Glaube Jesu Christi 1921; OSchmitz, Die Christusgemeinschaft des Pls im Lichte seines Genetivgebr. 1924, 91–134; OHoltzmann, D. Glaube an Jes.: Stromata 1930, 11–25; GTaylor, JBL 85, ’66, 58–76: the passages in Gal=Christ’s reliability as a trustee. Cp. GHoward, HTR 60, ’67, 459–65; MHooker, NTS 35, ’89, 321–42.)—By prepositional phrases: πίστις εἰς Χριστόν (and sim. exprs.) faith in Christ Ac 20:21; 24:24; 26:18; Col 2:5 (Just., D. 40, 1).—Also πίστις ἐν Χριστῷ (and sim.) Gal 3:26; Eph 1:15; Col 1:4; 1 Ti 3:13; 2 Ti 3:15; 1 Cl 22:1. In ἱλαστήριον διὰ πίστεως ἐν τῷ αὐτοῦ αἵματι Ro 3:25, ἐν κτλ. prob. goes not w. πίστις, but w. ἱλαστήριον (s. Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc.; W-S. §20, 5d).—πίστις, ἣν ἔχεις πρὸς τ. κύριον Ἰησοῦν Phlm 5.—πίστις διὰ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χριστοῦ Ac 20:21 D; sim. ἡ πίστις ἡ διʼ αὐτοῦ 3:16b (cp. 1 Pt 1:21).—Jesus Christ is called ἡ τελεία πίστις ISm 10:2.

ⓒ πίστις can also be characterized by an objective gen. of the thing: ἡ πίστις τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ faith in his (Jesus’) name Ac 3:16a. ἡ πίστις τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Phil 1:27. εὐαγγελίων πίστις Dg 11:6. πίστις ἀληθείας 2 Th 2:13.

ⓓ πίστις is found mostly without an obj., faith, firm commitment

α. as true piety, genuine devotion (Sextus 7a and 7; ParJer 6:7), which for our lit. means being a Christian (τὸ ἀληθινὸν πάσχα … πίστει νονούμενον Hippol., Ref. 8, 18, 1; Did., Gen. 54, 11) Lk 18:8 (s. Jülicher, Gleichn. 288); 22:32; Ac 6:5=vs. 8 v.l.; cp. 11:24.—6:7; 13:8; 14:22; 15:9; 16:5; Ro 1:5, 8, 12, 17ab (ἐκ πίστεως εἰς πίστιν does not mean a gradation [as, in a way, Appian, Mithrid. 40 §154: Sulla came upon ἕτερον ὅμοιον ἐξ ἑτέρου=one wall, i.e. fortification, after another similar one] or a transition from one kind to another [Himerius, Or.=Ecl. 10, 6 ἐκ ᾠδῆς εἰς ᾠδὴν ἄλλην μετέβαλον=they changed from one kind of song to another], but merely expresses in a rhetorical way that πίστις is the beginning and the end; s. Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc., and a grave-ins [ANock, Sallust. p. xxxiii, 94] ἐκ γῆς εἰς γῆν ὁ βίος οὗτοσ=‘dust is the beginning and the end of human life’.—AFridrichsen, ConNeot 12, ’48, 54); 17c (here and in Gal 3:11 the LXX of Hab 2:4 [DCampbell, JBL 116, ’97, 713–19] is not followed literally, since it has ἐκ πίστεώς μου=‘as a result of my faithfulness’; even in Hb 10:38, where μου does occur, it goes w. δίκαιος, not w. πίστεως); Ro 3:27f (Luther’s addition of the word ‘alone’ in vs. 28 is hard to contest linguistically. Cp., e.g., Diog. L. 9, 6: Heraclitus wrote his work in very obscure language ὅπως οἱ δυνάμενοι προσίοιεν αὐτῷ=in order that only the capable might approach it. S. also Fitzmyer, ABComm. 360–64), 30f; 4:5–20 (s. also 2a above); 5:1f; 9:30, 32; 10:6, 17; 11:20 (opp. ἀπιστία); 12:3, 6 (s. ἀναλογία; for a difft. view 3 below); 14:1, 22 (s. ἐνώπιον 2b; others would place in 2dε), 23ab (but s. ε below); 16:26; 1 Cor 2:5; 15:14, 17; 16:13; 2 Cor 1:24ab; 4:13; 10:15; 13:5; Gal 3:7–26; 5:5, 6 (s. ἐνεργέω 1b); 6:10 (οἱ οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως, s. οἰκεῖος b); Eph 2:8; 3:17; 4:5, 13; 6:16; Phil 1:25 (χαρὰ τῆς πίστεως); 2:17; 3:9b; Col 1:23; 2:7; 1 Th 3:2, 5, 7, 10; 2 Th 1:3, 11; 3:2; 1 Ti 1:2, 4, 5 (π. ἀνυπόκριτος), 19ab; 4:1; 5:8; 6:10, 12, 21 (but s. 3 below); 2 Ti 1:5 (ἀνυπόκριτος π.); 2:18; 3:8; Tit 1:1, 4, 13; 3:15; Phlm 6 (s. κοινωνία 4); Hb 6:12; 10:22, 39 (opp. ὑποστολή); Js 1:3; 2:5; 1 Pt 1:5, 7, 9; 5:9; 2 Pt 1:1; 1J 5:4; 1 Cl 1:2 (ἡ πανάρετος κ. βεβαία π.); ISm 1:1 (ἀκίνητος π.); Hm 5, 2, 1; 12, 5, 4 (both πλήρης ἐν τῇ πίστει full of faith); 5, 2, 3 (π. ὁλόκληρος); 9:6 (ὁλοτελὴς ἐν τ. π.), 7 (opp. διψυχία), 12 (π. ἡ ἔχουσα δύναμιν); 12, 6, 1; Hs 9, 19, 2 (ἀπὸ τῆς π. κενοί); 9, 26, 8 (κολοβοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς π. αὐτῶν).—τὸ ῥῆμα τ. πίστεως Ro 10:8. οἱ λόγοι τῆς π. 1 Ti 4:6. τὸ μυστήριον τῆς π. 3:9. ὁ θεὸς ἤνοιξεν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν θύραν πίστεως God has opened the door of faith to the Gentiles, i.e. opened the way for them to participate in a new relationship w. God Ac 14:27 (s. also θύρα 1bγ). ἀκοὴ πίστεως Gal 3:2, 5 (s. ἀκοή 2 and 4b). (τὸ) ἔργον (τῆς) π. 1 Th 1:3; 2 Th 1:11 (s. ἔργον 1b). οἱ ἐκ πίστεως the people of faith (s. ἐκ 3b) Gal 3:7, 9. πῶς οὐν [πίστιν εὑρ]ίσκομεν; Ox 1081, 25f (but here [ταῦτα γιγν]ώ̣σκομεν is the preferable restoration w. Till after the Coptic SJCh 90, 2); 32. Of gnostics τοῦ ὄφεως πίστιν ἔχουσιν AcPlCor 2:20.—If the principal component of Christianity is faith, then π. can be understood as the Gospel in terms of the commitment it evokes (cp. SIG 932, 7 [II/I B.C.]) νῦν εὐαγγελίζεται τὴν πίστιν ἥν ποτε ἐπόρθει Gal 1:23 (s. 3 below). Perh. also Ro 1:5.

β. Hb 11:1 defines πίστις as ἐλπιζομένων ὑπόστασις, πραγμάτων ἔλεγχος οὐ βλεπομένων. There is here no qu. about the mng. of π. as confidence or assurance (s. 2a above), but on its relation to ὑπόστασις as its predication s. under that word.—(Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 6, 18 interprets πιστεύειν in someth. as incapability to see someth. that is apparent only to God.) Paul contrasts walking διὰ εἴδους (εἶδος 3) as the lower degree, with διὰ πίστεως περιπατεῖν 2 Cor 5:7 (s. KDeissner, Pls. u. die Mystik seiner Zeit² 1921, 101ff). On the other hand πίστις is on a higher level than merely listening to Christian preaching Hb 4:2.

γ. πίστις abs., as a Christian virtue, is often coupled w. others of the same kind, esp. oft. w. ἀγάπη: 1 Th 3:6; 5:8; 1 Ti 1:14; 2 Ti 1:13; Phlm 5; B 11:8; IEph 1:1; 9:1; 14:1; 20:1; IMg 1:2; 13:1; IRo ins; ISm ins; 6:1; 13:2; AcPl Ha 8, 35. W. ἀγάπη and other abstracts 2 Cor 8:7; Gal 5:22; Eph 6:23; 1 Ti 2:15; 4:12; 6:11: 2 Ti 2:22; 3:10; Tit 2:2; Rv 2:19; IPhld 11:2; Pol 4:2; Hm 8:9; cp. v 3, 8, 2–5. The triad πίστις, ἐλπίς, ἀγάπη 1 Cor 13:13; cp. also Col 1:4f; 1 Th 1:3; 5:8; B 1:4 (on this triad see s.v. ἀγάπη 1aα). W. ἐλπίς only (cp. 1 Pt 1:21) 1 Cl 58:2. The ζωῆς ἐλπίς is called ἀρχὴ καὶ τέλος πίστεως ἡμῶν B 1:6.—W. ἀλήθεια (TestLevi 8:2) 1 Ti 2:7 (cp. the combination POxy 70, 4f [III A.D.]); 1 Cl 60:4. W. δικαιοσύνη Pol 9:2. W. ὑπομονή Rv 13:10; w. ὑπομ. and other abstracts 2 Pt 1:5f; Pol 13:2 (cp. also the following passages already referred to in this section: 1 Ti 6:11; 2 Ti 3:10; Tit 2:2 and Js 1:3 [α above]). W. γνῶσις (Just., D. 69, 1) et al. 2 Pt 1:5f [s. above]; D 10:2. ἵνα μετὰ τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν τελείαν ἔχητε τὴν γνῶσιν B 1:5. W. φόβος and ἐγκράτεια Hm 6, 1, 1.—(Distinguished from θεία σοφία: Orig., C. Cels. 6, 13, 23.)

δ. faith as fidelity to Christian teaching. This point of view calls for ἔργα as well as the kind of πίστις that represents only one side of true piety: Js 2:14ab, 17, 18abc, 20, 22ab, 24, 26 (ἔργον 1a); Hv 3, 6, 5; Hs 8, 9, 1ab.

ε. Ro 14:22 and 23 π. as freedom or strength in faith, conviction (s. Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc.; but s. α above).

ζ. In addition to the πίστις that every Christian possesses (s. 2dα above) Paul speaks of a special gift of faith that belongs to a select few 1 Cor 12:9. Here he understands π. as an unquestioning belief in God’s power to aid people with miracles, the faith that ‘moves mountains’ 13:2 (cp. Mt 17:20.—21:21; s. 2a above). This special kind of faith may be what the disciples had in mind when they asked πρόσθες ἡμῖν πίστιν Lk 17:5; cp. vs. 6. τῇ πίστει φερόμενος ὁ Παυλος AcPl Ha 5, 1.

③ that which is believed, body of faith/belief/teaching (Diod S 1, 23, 8 ἰσχυρὰν πίστιν καὶ ἀμετάθετον=an article of faith that was firm and unshakable [concerning Orpheus and Dionysus]; Mel., HE 4, 26, 13; Ath. 8, 1; Iren., 1, 10, 2 [Harv. I, 92, 1]; Orig., C. Cels., 1, 42, 26; Did., Gen. 156, 23). So clearly Jd 3 (τῇ ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ τοῖς ἁγίοις πίστει), 20 (τῇ ἁγιωτάτῃ ὑμῶν πίστει.—ἅγιος 1aα). πίστις θεοῦ=that which, acc. to God’s will, is to be believed IEph 16:2.—This objectivizing of the term πίστις is found as early as Paul: Ro 1:5; Gal 1:23 (s. 2dα end) and perh. Gal 3:23–25 (s. Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc.). ASeeberg, D. Katechismus der Urchristenheit 1903, 110f, understands 1 Ti 1:19; 4:1, 6; 6:10, cp. 21; 2 Ti 2:18 in this manner. Ro 12:6 (but s. ἀναλογία) and 2 Ti 4:7 are also interpreted in this way by many.—EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 475–86; ASchlatter, D. Glaube im NT⁴ 1927; APott, Das Hoffen im NT in seiner Beziehung zum Glauben1915; ANairne, The Faith of the NT 1920; RGyllenberg, Pistis 1922; WKümmel, D. Glaube im NT: ThBl 16, ’38, 209–21; Dodd 65–68; TTorrance, ET 68, ’57, 111–14; CMoule, ibid. 157.—Synoptics: TShearer, ET 69, ’57, 3–6.—Esp. for Paul: BBartmann, Pls, die Grundzüge seiner Lehre u. die moderne Religionsgeschichte 1914; WMorgan, The Religion and Theology of Paul 1917; WHatch, The Pauline Idea of Faith in Its Relation to Jewish and Hellenistic Religion 1917; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 4:25; FKnoke, Der christl. Glaube nach Pls 1922; ERohde, Gottesglaube u. Kyriosglaube bei Pls: ZNW 22, 1923, 43–57; EWissmann, Das Verh. v. πίστις und Christusfrömmigkeit bei Pls 1926; MDibelius, Glaube u. Mystik b. Pls: Neue Jahrb. f. Wissensch. u. Jugendbildg. 7, ’31, 683–99; WMundle, D. Glaubensbegriff des Pls ’32 (p. xi–xvi extensive bibliog.); RGyllenberg, Glaube b. Pls: ZWT 13, ’37, 612–30; MHansen, Om Trosbegrebet hos Pls ’37; LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics, ’47, 270–77; 298–300; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 310–26 (Engl. tr. KGrobel I ’51, 314–30; for the Johannines II, 70–92, ’55); MMassinger, BiblSacra 107, ’50, 181–94 et al. S. also δικαιοσύνη 3a.—For the Fourth Gosp.: JBuswell, The Ethics of ‘Believe’ in the Fourth Gospel: BiblSacra 80, 1923, 28–37; JHuby, De la connaissance de foi chez S. Jean: RSR 21, ’31, 385–421; RSchnackenburg, D. Glaube im 4. Ev., diss. Breslau ’37; WHatch, The Idea of Faith in Christ. Lit. fr. the Death of St. Paul to the Close of the Second Century 1926.—EGraesser, D. Glaube im Hebräerbrief, ’65.—ABaumeister, D. Ethik des Pastor Hermae, 1912, 61–140.—ESeidl, π. in d. griech. Lit. (to Peripatetics), diss. Innsbruck, ’53; HLjungman, Pistis, ’64; DLührmann, Pistis im Judent., ZNW 64, ’73, 19–38. On faith in late Judaism s. Bousset, Rel.³ 534a (index); also DHay, JBL 108, ’89, 4611–76; DLindsay, Josephus and Faith ’93. On the Hellenistic concept πίστις Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 234–36.—DELG s.v. πείθομαι. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

προαίρεσις, εως, ἡ (αἱρέω; Pla., Demosth., Aristot., ins, pap, LXX, Test12Patr, EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Just., Tat., Ath.) a choosing of one thing before another, choice, commitment (freq. w. a political connotation, of one who chooses the correct side and manifests loyalty, s. Welles, ind.; also a favorite term of moral philosophers, e.g. Diogenes 21, 5 p. 114 Malherbe) λ[ά]β̣ε̣τ̣ε̣ π̣[ροαίρ]|εσιν ἀγαθήν make the right commitment, that is, from polytheism to Christianity AcPl Ha 1, 20 (for the use of ἀγαθ. w. προαίρεσις s. Welles, no. 75, 10, of a treasurer who is commended for his ‘exemplary dedication’ or ‘commitment’ to his responsibilities); s. the ed’s. note on the lacuna in 2, 2f.—M-M s.v. προαιρέω.