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121 PA
1. page address - адрес страницы;2. paging amplifier - усилитель сигнала поискового вызова; усилитель системы поискового вызова;3. parametric amplifier - параметрический усилитель;4. particular average - частная авария;5. per annum - ежегодно; в год;6. performance analysis - анализ технических характеристик;7. performance assessment - оценка эксплуатационных показателей;8. personnel area - зона пребывания персонала на АЭС;9. phase angle - фазовый угол; угол сдвига фазы;10. phosphorus per acre - доза фосфора на акр;11. phthalic anhydride - фталевый ангидрид;12. physiotherapy aid - физиотерапевтическое лечение;13. picric acid - пикриновая кислота;14. polarizer-analyzer - поляризатор-анализатор;15. polyacrylamide - полиакриламид;16. polyacrylate - полиакрилат;17. polyamide - полиамид;18. position approximate - приблизительное местонахождение;19. postulated accident - постулированная авария;20. power amplification - усиление мощности;21. power amplifier - усилитель мощности; сервоусилитель;22. power of attorney - доверенность;23. preamble - преамбула;24. preamplifier - предусилитель;25. precision architecture - точная архитектура; архитектура РА;26. precomputed altitude - расчётная высота;27. preliminary amplifier - предварительный усилитель, предусилитель;28. present altitude - текущая высота;29. pressure alarm - сигнализация о падении или превышении давления;30. primary air - первичный воздух;31. Privacy Act - закон о вторжении в личную жизнь;32. private account - счёт частного лица или фирмы;33. probability of acceptance - вероятность приёма;34. process average - среднее значение процесса; среднее качество изделий при данном процессе изготовления;35. processor architecture - архитектура процессора;36. procurement authorization - разрешение на закупку или заготовку;37. production assistant - ассистент видеорежиссера; помощник продюсера и его личный секретарь;38. production association - производственное объединение;39. program address - адрес в программе; адрес программы;40. program authority - утверждение программы;41. protected area - защищённая зона;42. protective agent - защитное вещество;43. pseudoatom - псевдоатом;44. public accountant - общественный бухгалтер;45. public address - публичное заявление; система звукоусиления; система общего оповещения; система громкоговорящей связи; корабельная трансляционная сеть;46. pulse amplifier - импульсный усилитель;47. pulse amplitude - амплитуда импульса;48. purge alarm - сигнал на продувку -
122 PAR
1. paragraph - параграф;2. parameter - параметр; характеристика;3. passive autocatalytic recombiner - пассивный аутокаталитический рекомбинатор;4. peak-to-average meter - прибор измерения отношения пикового значения сигнала к его среднему значению;5. Pennsylvania Advanced Reactor - усовершенствованный ядерный реактор в штате Пенсильвания;6. performance and reliability - рабочие характеристики и надёжность;7. performance appraisal report - отчёт по одобрению технических характеристик;8. performance autocatalytic report - отчёт об аутокаталитических параметрах;9. perimeter acquisition radar - периферийная РЛС обнаружения;10. phased-array radar - РЛС с фазированной антенной решёткой;11. potassium absorption ratio - отношение поглощённого калия к валовому;12. precision approach radar - посадочная РЛС; РЛС управления заходом на посадку; точная РЛС управления заходом на посадку;13. Princeton applied research laboratory - Принстонская лаборатория прикладных исследований;14. probability of being available and reliable - вероятность эксплуатационной готовности и безотказной работы;15. program adjustment request - запрос на корректировку программы;16. program-aid routine - вспомогательная (стандартная) программа;17. protective action recommendations - рекомендации по принятию защитных мер;18. pulse acquisition radar - импульсная РЛС обнаружения;19. purchasing approval request - заявка на утверждение закупок;20. pyridylazoresorcin - пиридилазорезорцин -
123 ♦ run
♦ run (1) /rʌn/n.1 corsa: She had a shower after her run, ha fatto una doccia dopo la corsa; to go for a run, andare a correre; I try to go for a run three times a week, cerco di andare a correre tre volte la settimana; at a run, di corsa; to break into a run, mettersi a correre; The soldiers went past at a run, i soldati sono passati di corsa; to take the dog for a run, portare il cane a correre; far fare una corsa al cane2 ( sport: atletica) corsa; corsa a piedi: a five kilometre run, una corsa di cinque kilometri; a cross-country run, una corsa campestre; the mile run, la corsa del miglio3 ( di mezzo di trasporto) linea ( di servizio); viaggio; rotta: The ferry was on the Calais-Dover run, il traghetto faceva servizio tra Calais e Dover; There will be more planes on the Milan-London run, ci saranno più aerei sulla rotta Milano-Londra4 viaggio, giro (in macchina): Let's go for a run in the car, andiamo a fare un giro in macchina; Who's doing the school run tomorrow?, chi porta i bambini a scuola domani?5 periodo; serie; ( poesia) ritmo: a run of good luck, un periodo di fortuna; una serie fortunata; unbeaten run, serie utile ( senza avere subito sconfitte); Chelsea's successful run ended on Saturday with a defeat at home, la serie ininterrotta di vittorie del Chelsea si è conclusa sabato con una sconfitta in casa; the run of the metre, il ritmo del verso6 (teatr., cinem.) tenitura; periodo di programmazione; permanenza in cartellone: The play had a long run in the West End, la commedia è rimasta a lungo in cartellone nella West End (a Londra); The show's run has been extended by three months, la programmazione dello spettacolo è stata prolungata di tre mesi7 (ind.) produzione; quantità prodotta8 (polit., ecc.) corsa (fig.); tentativo di ottenere (qc.): to make a run for the Presidency, essere in corsa per la presidenza; Her withdrawal has given her opponent a clear run, il suo ritiro ha lasciato campo libero al suo avversario; to have a practice run, fare una serie di prove9 (fin.) corsa (fig.); assalto (fig.): a run on the dollar, una corsa all'acquisto di dollari; un assalto al dollaro; a run on the bank, una corsa agli sportelli; un assalto alla banca ( da parte dei clienti)10 ( sci) pista; ( anche) discesa, manche: first run, prima manche; DIALOGO → - Skiiing- The lower runs were a bit slushy, la neve sulle piste più basse era sciolta; ski run, pista di sci11 ( baseball) «run» (punto ottenuto raggiungendo la «casa base») ( cricket) «run» ( punto ottenuto correndo tra due basi): ( baseball) to make a home run, fare un fuoricampo ( punto ottenuto quando il battitore manda la palla fuori dalla recinzione); ( cricket) to score a «run», mettere a segno un «run»12 zona recintata; recinto: cattle run, zona recintata per il bestiame; chicken run, recinto per polli; sheep run, recinto per le pecore13 lunghezza; tratto: a five-hundred-foot run of pipe, un tratto di tubatura di cinquecento piedi ( circa 150 metri); cinquecento piedi di tubatura14 – the run, la media: He is different from the ordinary run of mankind, è un uomo che si distingue dalla media della gente15 [u] libero accesso (o uso): The dogs have the run of the house, i cani hanno libero accesso alla casa; to give sb. the run of one's house, mettere la propria casa a disposizione di q.; The tenants have the run of the estate, gli inquilini hanno libero uso della proprietà17 ( di vernice) goccia (colata): Remove any runs before the paint dries, rimuovere le gocce (colate) prima che la vernice sia asciutta18 ( a carte) sequenza di carte dello stesso seme ( di solito, più di cinque; cfr. straight, B, def. 4)20 (zool.) branco ( di pesci che risalgono un fiume); risalita ( dei pesci): a run of salmon, un branco di salmoni21 canaletto in cui scorre l'acqua; ruscelletto; abbeveratoio; vasca22 (mus.) volata23 (aeron.) corsa a terra; rullaggio25 (aeron. mil.) missione; passaggio ( sull'obiettivo); ( anche) (= run-in, run-up) rotta d'approccio, volo d'avvicinamento al bersaglio ( di bombardiere)34 (equit.) trotto veloce; galoppo● (fam.) run-around, atteggiamento dilatorio (o evasivo): to get the run-around, essere tenuto sulla corda, essere menato per il naso; to give sb. the run-around, menare q. per il naso; tenere sulla corda q. □ run-down ► run-down e rundown □ (comput.) run time, tempo di esecuzione ( di un programma): run time error, errore in fase di esecuzione □ ( sport) against the run of play, inaspettatamente; nonostante il predominio degli avversari: Arsenal scored against the run of play, l'Arsenal ha segnato nonostante la partita fosse in mano agli avversari □ (comput.) at run time, in fase di esecuzione; all'esecuzione □ (fam.) fun run, corsa podistica a scopo di beneficenza □ to go on the run, darsi alla fuga (o alla latitanza, alla macchia) □ (fig.) to have had a (good) run for one's money, avere avuto delle belle soddisfazioni: I've had a good run for my money, but now it's time for the younger generation to take over, ho avuto le mie belle soddisfazioni, ma è ora di lasciare il posto ai giovani □ in the long run, a lungo andare; (econ.) a lungo termine; nel lungo periodo □ in the short run, a breve scadenza; (econ.) a breve termine; nel breve periodo □ to make a run for it, tentare la fuga □ on the run, in fuga; in movimento; in corsa: The robbers are still on the run, i rapinatori sono ancora in fuga (o latitanti); They had the enemy on the run, hanno messo il nemico in fuga; I have been on the run all day, sono stato in movimento (o ho corso) tutto il giorno; He made the pass on the run, ha passato la palla in volata □ to take a run at st., fare una corsa verso qc.; She took a run at the fence and jumped straight over, è corsa verso la recinzione e l'ha superata con un salto.run (2) /rʌn/A p. p. di to runB a.(nelle seguenti loc.)● run-of-the mill, comune; dozzinale □ ( di un inserto pubblicitario) run of paper, collocato sulla pagina ( di un giornale) a discrezione della direzione □ run on, (tipogr.) stampato di seguito; ( poesia: di un verso) la cui ultima parola si lega strettamente al verso successivo; che ha l'enjambement.♦ (to) run /rʌn/A v. i.1 correre; fare una corsa: Walk, don't run!, cammina, non correre!; A man came running along the street, un uomo è venuto di corsa per la strada; They ran across the road, hanno attraversato la strada di corsa; Let's run down to the beach, facciamo una corsa alla spiaggia!; It was starting to rain so we ran back inside, stava cominciando a piovere, quindi siamo rientrati di corsa; The boy ran into the house, il ragazzo è corso dentro casa; They ran to my aid, sono corsi in mio aiuto; We ran to see what was happening, siamo corsi a vedere cosa stava succedendo; Sarah ran into the room, Sarah è corsa nella stanza; She ran to meet him, gli è corsa incontro; The children are running about in the park, i bambini scorrazzano nel parco; The guard dog ran at me, il cane da guardia mi è corso contro; to run downstairs [upstairs], scendere [salire] le scale di corsa; to run counter to st., andare contro qc.; to run for the bus, correre per prendere l'autobus; to run for cover (o shelter) correre al riparo; (fam.) Run and get your bag, fila a prendere la borsa; (fam.) Run to the newsstand and get me a paper, will you?, per favore, fa' un salto all'edicola e prendimi un giornale; (fam.) to run all out (o flat out) correre a tutto spiano; to run at full speed, correre a tutta velocità (fam.: a tutta birra)2 ( sport) correre; partecipare a una corsa: I used to run when I was at school, da studente correvo nella squadra di atletica; He's running in the half marathon, corre nella mezza maratona; I run every day except Sunday, corro tutti i giorni tranne la domenica3 ( di strada, muro: di solito to run along, through, ecc.) correre; andare ( in un certo senso): The road runs along a ridge, la strada corre lungo un crinale; A path ran through the forest, un sentiero attraversava la foresta; A high wall runs along the edge of the estate, un alto muro costeggia i confini della proprietà4 ( di macchina, ecc.) funzionare, andare; ( di motore) essere in moto (o acceso): Does the heating run on oil or gas?, il riscaldamento va a gasolio o a gas?; Our new car runs on LPG, la nostra nuova macchina va a GPL; The engine isn't running properly, il motore non funziona bene; Don't leave the engine running, non lasciare il motore acceso; (comput.) The program will run on PC or Mac, il programma funziona sia su PC che su Mac5 ( di veicoli) (andare a) finire: I left the handbrake off and the car ran down the slope, non ho messo il freno a mano e l'auto è finita giù per la discesa; The truck ran onto the pavement, il camion è andato a finire sul marciapiedi6 ( di treni, di navi) viaggiare; andare: Trains to the airport run every hour, i treni per l'aeroporto partono (o passano) ogni ora; The ferry runs between the two ports, il traghetto fa la spola tra i due porti; The ship ran into port, la nave è entrata in porto; to run late [on time], viaggiare con un ritardo [in orario]; The train was running ten minutes late, il treno viaggiava con dieci minuti di ritardo; to run on rails, andare su rotaie7 scorrere: In northern Italy most streams run into the Po River, nell'Italia settentrionale la maggior parte dei corsi d'acqua defluisce nel Po; Tears were running down her cheeks, le scorrevano lacrime sul viso; Wait till the water runs hot, aspetta che scorra l'acqua calda; Don't leave the tap running!, non lasciare aperto il rubinetto!; ( dell'acqua corrente) to run cold, venire fredda ( a forza di scorrere); They were running with sweat, erano in un bagno di sudore8 (fig.) trascorrere; passare: Those summer days ran swiftly, quei giorni d'estate trascorrevano in fretta9 (lett.) spirare: A gentle breeze ran through the tall trees, una lieve brezza spirava fra gli alberi alti10 ( di pensiero, ecc.) ricorrere; ritornare: The tune was running in my head all day, quel motivo mi è frullato in testa tutto il giorno; The idea kept running through my mind, quell'idea mi ricorreva (o mi si presentava) sempre alla mente; Lara's theme had been running through my head all day long, era tutto il giorno che mi frullava nella testa il motivo di Lara11 ( di mormorio, diceria: di solito to run down, among, ecc.) diffondersi; circolare: A murmur ran among the crowd, un mormorio si è diffuso tra la folla; Rumours ran through the village, correvano (o circolavano) delle voci per il paese12 ( di sensazione: di solito to run down, through, ecc.) –: A thrill ran through her at the sound of his voice, un brivido di eccitazione l'ha percorsa quando ha sentito la sua voce; A shiver ran down his back, un brivido di freddo gli è corso lungo la schiena13 decorrere; essere pagabile da ( una certa data): ( banca, ecc.) Interest runs from January 1st, gli interessi decorrono dal 1В° di gennaio14 ( di prezzo, inflazione, ecc.) aver raggiunto; essere: Inflation is running at 4%, l'inflazione ha raggiunto il 4%; The price of oil is running between $80 and $90 a barrel, il prezzo del petrolio è attualmente compreso tra gli 80 e i 90 dollari al barile; The debt was running at an enormous figure, il debito ammontava a una cifra enorme15 durare; (leg.) essere valido (o in vigore): The lease had ten years to run, il contratto di affitto aveva una durata di dieci anni; It's a long film: it runs for three hours, è un film lungo: dura tre ore; DIALOGO → - Considering an evening course- The lessons run till Christmas, le lezioni si tengono fino a Natale; The contract runs until 2015, il contratto è valido fino al 201516 (polit., ecc.) concorrere; candidarsi: He is going to run for Parliament, intende candidarsi per la Camera dei Comuni; Do you think she'll run?, pensi che si candiderà?; He ran against his old allies, si è candidato contro i suoi ex alleati17 ( sport) arrivare ( primo, secondo, ecc.): He ran second, è arrivato secondo ( nella corsa); My horse ran last, il mio cavallo è arrivato ultimo18 fondersi; sciogliersi: It was so hot that butter started to run, era così caldo che il burro cominciava a sciogliersi19 ( di colore, vernice) stingere; colare: The colours ran in the wash and everything came out pink, i colori hanno stinto nel lavaggio e tutto è diventato rosa; My mascara is running, il mio mascara sta colando; The ink ran all over the page, l'inchiostro si è sparso su tutta la pagina22 (teatr., cinem.) essere in programmazione; tenere il cartellone: Agatha Christie's «Mousetrap» has been running for many years in London, la «Trappola per topi» di Agatha Christie tiene il cartellone da molti anni a Londra23 ( radio, TV) essere trasmesso; andare in onda: The series runs for six weeks from next Sunday, la serie va in onda per sei settimane a partire da domenica24 (fig.) andare; svolgersi: After a period of strikes, everything is running smoothly at the factory, dopo un periodo di scioperi, tutto sta andando bene in fabbrica25 ( di una malattia, di una caratteristica, ecc.) essere ereditaria ( in una famiglia, ecc.): Madness runs in his family, c'è un ramo di pazzia nella sua famiglia26 ( di scritta, testo) dire; fare: The song runs like this, la canzone fa così; The message ran: «meet me outside in half an hour», il messaggio diceva: «vediamoci fuori tra mezzora»B v. t.1 dirigere; gestire ( anche comm.): to run a business, dirigere un'azienda; to run the country, governare il paese; to run a shop, gestire un negozio; His mother-in-law runs the household, è sua suocera che dirige la casa; Who is running the contest?, chi organizza la gara?; to run a drugs racket, controllare un racket di droga2 ( sport) fare ( una corsa): to run the mile in five minutes, correre il miglio in cinque minuti; to run a race, fare una corsa ( a piedi)3 mettere in funzione ( una macchina, ecc.): Did you run the dishwasher?, hai messo in funzione (fam.: attaccato) la lavastoviglie?4 ( di solito to run through, along, down, ecc.) passare ( una mano, un dito, ecc.): She ran her fingers through her hair, si è passata le dita nei capelli; She ran a finger along the shelf, ha passato un dito sullo scaffale; to run one's fingers over the keyboard, far scorrere le dita sulla tastiera ( di un pianoforte); to run one's forefinger down a column of figures, controllare una colonna di cifre scorrendole con l'indice5 far scorrere: to run water into the bath tub, far scorrere l'acqua nella vasca da bagno; to run the water until it's hot, far scorrere l'acqua finché non viene calda; Run the tap for a few minutes, fai scorrere l'acqua dal rubinetto per qualche minuto; to run (sb. ) a bath, fare scorrere l'acqua per il bagno (a q.)6 (trasp.) fare andare, effettuare corse di ( autobus, treni, ecc.): to run a special train, mettere un treno straordinario; to run extra trains, far viaggiare treni straordinari; effettuare corse straordinarie ( di metropolitana)7 accompagnare in macchina; dare un passaggio a: to run sb. home [into town], accompagnare q. a casa [in centro] in macchina; I'll run you to the station, ti do un passaggio fino alla stazione8 pubblicare: to run a story [an advertisement], pubblicare una storia [un annuncio pubblicitario]; All the main newspapers ran the story, tutti i principali quotidiani hanno riportato la vicenda9 candidare; presentare come candidato: The party is running over 100 candidates at the next elections, il partito presenta più di 100 candidati alle prossime elezioni11 ( di solito to run through, under, behind, ecc.) far passare; infilare: They ran the cables through the wall, hanno fatto passare i cavi attraverso il muro; to run a thorn into one's finger, conficcarsi una spina nel dito; to run one's sword into sb., trafiggere q. con la spada12 far correre; ( sport) iscrivere a una corsa: to run a horse, far correre un cavallo; to run a horse in the Derby, iscrivere un cavallo al Derby15 contrabbandare: to run arms [liquor], contrabbandare armi [liquori]● (fig.) to come running, essere a disposizione; correre: She comes running every time he calls, corre ogni volta che la chiama □ (naut.) to run before the storm, fuggire la tempesta □ (naut.) to run before the wind, navigare col vento in poppa □ (mil.) to run a blockade, forzare un blocco □ to run a boat down to the water, calare in acqua una barca □ to run a car, mantenere un'automobile: I can't afford to run a car, non posso permettermi (di mantenere) una macchina □ to run cattle, mandare bestiame al pascolo □ to run sb. close, ( sport) incalzare q. alle spalle, tallonare q.; ( sport) piazzarsi alle spalle di q.; (fig.) non essere da meno di q. □ ( anche fig.) to run dry, esaurirsi; prosciugarsi □ to run errands (o messages), fare commissioni; fare ambasciate; fare il fattorino □ to run one's eyes over st., dare un'occhiata (o una scorsa) a qc. □ to run for it, scappare correndo a più non posso □ (fam.) to run it fine, farcela a stento; cavarsela per un pelo (o per un soffio) □ (naut.) to run foul (o afoul) ( with), entrare in collisione (con) □ to be running high –: Tensions were running high, c'era parecchia tensione □ to be running late [early, on time, behind], essere in ritardo [in anticipo, in orario, indietro]: I'm running late, so I'll see you at the restaurant, sono in ritardo, quindi ci vediamo al ristorante; The project was starting to run seriously behind, il progetto cominciava a prendere parecchio ritardo □ to run for one's life, correre per salvarsi la vita □ to run sb. 's life, dirigere la vita di q.: Don't try and run my life!, non cercare di dirigere la mia vita! □ (fin.: di un'azienda) to run at a loss, essere in passivo □ to be running low, diventare scarso: Our food supplies are running low, le nostre provviste di viveri sono diventate scarse □ to be running low on, rimanere con poco: My computer is running low on disk space, al mio computer rimane poco spazio sull'hard disk □ (fig.) to run a mile, scappare a gambe levate: She'd run a mile if he asked her to marry him, se le chiedesse di sposarla, scapperebbe a gambe levate □ ( sport: della palla, di un giocatore) to run out of bounds, uscire dal campo di gioco □ to run out of control, sfuggire di mano; ( di una persona, una situazione, ecc.) diventare ingovernabile □ ( sport: della palla) to run out of play, andare fuori campo □ to run sb. out of town, cacciare q. dalla città □ (fam.) to run sb. ragged, fare a pezzi q., stracciare q. (gli avversari, i nemici) □ to run the rapids, scendere le rapide ( in barca) □ (fam.) to run a red light, passare col rosso ( a un semaforo) □ to run rife, abbondare; ( di una malattia) essere diffusa; ( di una notizia) circolare; ( di una diceria) correre □ to run rings around sb., superare di gran lunga q. □ to run a risk, correre un rischio: He runs the risk of losing his home, corre il rischio di perdere la casa □ to run riot = to run wild ► sotto □ (naut.: del capitano) to run a ship to Boston, portare una nave a Boston □ to run short, finire, venire a mancare: Petrol is running short, sta finendo la benzina □ to run short of, rimanere a corto di: I ran short of money, sono rimasto a corto di soldi □ (fam.) to run the show, comandare; tenere le fila; ( sport) arbitrare in modo plateale □ ( sci) to run slalom gates, fare (o superare) le porte dello slalom □ to run a tab at the bar, pagare tutte le consumazioni alla fine □ (fam.) to run a temperature, avere la febbre □ to run tests [a check], fare degli esami [un controllo]: The doctors are running some tests on him, i medici gli stanno facendo degli esami □ to be up and running, funzionare bene: The new computer system is up and running, il nuovo sistema informatico funziona bene □ to run wild, ( di piante) inselvatichire, inselvatichirsi; (fig.: di persone, dell'immaginazione) scatenarsi □ ( sport) to run with the ball, ( baseball, rugby, ecc.) correre con la palla in mano; ( calcio) correre con la palla al piede □ to try to run before one can walk, mettere il carro davanti ai buoi □ His blood ran cold, gli si è gelato il sangue nelle vene □ This story will run and run, questa storia andrà avanti all'infinito □ Things must run their course, le cose devono seguire il loro corso □ (antiq.) His life has only a few hours to run, gli restano poche ore di vita. -
124 advisement
[əd'vaɪzmənt]сущ.; амер.1) обсуждение, подробное рассмотрениеunder advisement — на обсуждении, на рассмотрении
2) = academic advisement кураторствo; служба поддержки (в высших учебных заведениях, по различным вопросам: бытовым, учебным, финансовым и пр.) см. тж. advisee, adviserfinancial aid advisement program for high school seniors and their families — программа финансового консультирования учащихся выпускных классов и их семей
Our college has a strong advisement program. — Наш колледж имеет развитую систему кураторства.
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125 Empire, Portuguese overseas
(1415-1975)Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:• Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).• Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.• West Africa• Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.• Middle EastSocotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.• India• Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.• Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.• East Indies• Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas
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126 FAP
FAP, failure probability————————FAP, family assistance plan————————FAP, family assistance program————————FAP, finance and accounting policy————————FAP, financial assistance program————————FAP, first-aid post————————FAP, forward ammunition point————————FAP, Frequency Allocation panel————————FAP, frequency allocation planEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > FAP
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127 PAR
I сокр. [phased-array radar] РЛС с фазированной антенной решеткой II сокр. [precision approach radar] посадочная РЛС III сокр. [program-aid routine] вспомогательная (стандартная) программа -
128 channel
ˈtʃænl
1. сущ.
1) канал
2) сток;
сточная канава( искусственное сооружение, по которому стекает или течет вода) Syn: gutter
3) пролив (English) Channel ≈ Ла-Манш
4) русло;
фарватер;
проток
5) перен. источник, путь;
средство передачи Turning his abilities into that channel in which he was most likely to excel. ≈ Повернуть его способности в том направлении, где он мог бы достичь наибольшего успеха. back channel ≈ обходной (тайный) канал информации
6) радио, телев. полоса частот;
канал (телевизионный, радио) to change channels ≈ переключить на другой канал television channel, TV channel ≈ телевизионый канал
7) тех. желоб;
выемка;
паз, шпунт;
швеллер
8) шотл. гравий Syn: gravel
2. гл.
1) проводить канал;
рыть канаву The river has channelled its way through the rocks. ≈ Река проложила себе путь в скалах.
2) перен. направлять в определенное русло, проводить через канал It would be a good thing to have someone to channel all the enquiries about her. ≈ Было бы неплохо, если бы кто-нибудь направил все касающиеся ее запросы по нужному каналу.
3) строит. делать выемки, пазы ∙ channel off канал;
- * for irrigation ирригационный канал русло, фарватер;
проток;
- rivers cut their own *s to the sea реки сами прокладывают себе путь к морю пролив Ла-Манш;
- C. boat судно, совершающее рейсы между Великобританией и континентом;
- C. fever тоска по дому канава;
сток, сточная канава путь;
источник, средство, канал;
- through the usual *s из обычных источников, обычным путем;
- ordinary diplomatic *s обычные дипломатические каналы;
- *s of information источники информации;
- * of communication путь доставки донесений;
порядок представления сведений;
путь подвоза;
(специальное) канал связи;
- *s of distribution порядок распределения;
- the great *s of trade великие торговые пути;
- your only chance of success lies through this * вы можете достигнуть успеха только этим путем;
- he needs a new * for his activities ему нужно новое поле деятельности (американизм) (военное) инстанция;
- the soldier made his request through *s солдат подал рапорт по команде (телевидение) канал передачи;
- to change the * перейти на другой канал;
(американизм) (разговорное) переменить тему разговора;
- let's change the * давайте поговорим о чем-нибудь другом( компьютерное) канал ввода-вывода канал связи;
- selector * селекторный канал желоб;
выемка;
паз шпунт швеллер (физическое) (радиотехника) полоса частот;
разрешенный диапазон;
звуковой тракт( шотландское) гравий проводить канал;
рыть канаву;
прорезывать каналами;
- we ought to * this street to help water to flow away easily на этой улице надо прорыть канавы, чтобы облегчить сток воды пускать по каналу;
направлять в русло;
- aid must be *led through U.N. agencies помощь должна оказываться через учреждения ООН;
- try to * your abilities into something useful постарайтесь направить свои таланты на что-нибудь полезное (строительство) делать выемки или пазы analog ~ вчт. аналоговый канал back ~ вчт. обратный канал backward ~ вчт. обратный канал block multiplexer ~ вчт. блок-мультиплексный канал broadband ~ широкополосный канал buffered ~ вчт. буферизованный канал bypass ~ вчт. обходной канал bypass ~ вчт. параллельный канал byte-at-a-time ~ вчт. канал с побайтовым обменом byte-multiplexer ~ вчт. байт-мультиплексный канал channel стр. делать выемки или пазы;
channel off расходиться( в разных направлениях) ;
растекаться ~ тех. желоб;
выемка;
паз, шпунт;
швеллер ~ радио звуковой тракт ~ информационный канал ~ источник ~ канал;
русло;
фарватер;
проток ~ вчт. канал ~ канал ~ канал передачи ~ канал связи ~ проводить канал;
рыть канаву;
the river has channelled its way through the rocks река проложила себе путь в скалах ~ проводить канал ~ пролив;
the (English) Channel Ла-Манш ~ пролив;
the (English) Channel Ла-Манш ~ пролив ~ пускать по каналу;
перен. направлять в определенное русло ~ путь, источник;
the information was received through the usual channels информация была получена обычным путем ~ путь, источник, средство ~ путь ~ сток;
сточная канава ~ control block вчт. блок управления каналом ~ of distribution канал распределения ~ of distribution средство распределения ~ of sales канал сбыта channel стр. делать выемки или пазы;
channel off расходиться (в разных направлениях) ;
растекаться ~ program block вчт. блок канальной программы ~ status word вчт. слово состояния канала ~ waiting queue вчт. очередь к каналу channels in series вчт. последовательные каналы clock ~ вчт. канал синхронизации communication ~ вчт. канал связи cooperative ~s вчт. каналы производящие совместное обслуживание cooperative ~s вчт. объединенные каналы covert ~ вчт. незащищенный канал data ~ вчт. канал передачи данных data communication ~ вчт. канал передачи данных data link ~ вчт. канал передачи данных data transfer ~ вчт. канал передачи данных dedicated ~ вчт. выделенный канал dedicated ~ вчт. специальный канал direct ~ вчт. прямой канал discrete ~ вчт. дискретный канал distribution ~ канал распределения duplex ~ вчт. дуплексный канал fast ~ вчт. быстрый канал forward ~ вчт. прямой канал обмена free ~ вчт. незанятый канал free ~ вчт. свободный канал full ~ вчт. занятый канал half-duplex ~ вчт. полудуплексный канал idle ~ вчт. незанятый канал idle ~ вчт. свободный канал ~ путь, источник;
the information was received through the usual channels информация была получена обычным путем input ~ вчт. входной канал input-output ~ вчт. канал ввода-вывода interconnection ~ вчт. соединительный канал interface ~ вчт. интерфейсный канал interrupt ~ вчт. прерываемый канал leased ~ вчт. арендуемый канал logical ~ вчт. логический канал logical ~ number вчт. номер логического канала lossless ~ вчт. канал без потерь main ~ основной канал multiaccess broadcast ~ широковещательный коллективный канал multiplex ~ вчт. мультиплексный канал noiseless ~ вчт. канал без помех noisy ~ вчт. канал с помехами noncooperative ~s вчт. каналы с раздельным обслуживанием occupied ~ вчт. занятый канал one-way only ~ вчт. однонаправленный канал optical communication ~ оптический канал связи output ~ вчт. выходной канал primary ~ вчт. основной канал public service ~ канал общего пользования randomly varying ~ вчт. канал со случайными характеристиками reverse ~ вчт. обратный канал ~ проводить канал;
рыть канаву;
the river has channelled its way through the rocks река проложила себе путь в скалах satellite ~ вчт. спутниковый канал secondary ~ вчт. дополнительный канал selector ~ вчт. селекторный канал service ~ вчт. канал обслуживания service ~ вчт. обслуживающий канал special service ~ специализированный канал обслуживания standard ~ вчт. стандартный канал time-derived ~ вчт. канал с временным разделением time-varying ~ вчт. канал с переменными во времени характеристиками timing ~ вчт. канал синхронизации transmission ~ вчт. канал передачи unidirectional ~ вчт. однонаправленный канал variable ~ вчт. канал с переменными характеристиками variable ~s вчт. каналы с переменными характеристиками virtual ~ вчт. виртуальный канал voice ~ вчт. речевой канал
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