-
61 ♦ that
♦ that (1) /ðæt/a. e pron. dimostr. (pl. those)1 quello, quella; ciò; codesto, codesta; cotesto, cotesta: Give me that book, will you?, dammi quel libro, per piacere; Who are those people?, chi è quella gente?; I don't want this; I want that, non voglio questo; voglio quello; (spreg.) that George!, quel George!; DIALOGO → - Weather- Look at that sky!, guarda che cielo!; That isn't true at all!, ciò non è affatto vero!2 questo, questa: Has it come to that?, siamo giunti a questo (punto)?; siamo dunque a tanto?; That's what he said, questo è quello che disse3 (idiom.) Is that you, John?, sei tu, John?; Who was that on the phone?, chi era al telefono?; That's very like him, è tipico di lui; (cosa vuoi,) lui è fatto così; che altro ci si può aspettare da lui?; That's how I got it, ecco come l'ho avuto● That's all, ecco tutto!; tutto qui □ (fam.) That's a dear!, (che) bravo! □ (fam.) That's a good boy [girl]!, bravo [brava]!; che bravo ragazzo [brava ragazza] □ that is, cioè; vale a dire; ossia □ that one, quello, quella: I don't like this; I'll take that one, questo non mi piace; prendo quello □ that one over there, quello là □ That's right, giusto!; benissimo! □ That's it!, esatto!; giusto!; proprio così!; ( anche) ecco fatto!; basta!; DIALOGO → - In a sandwich bar- That's it, thanks, basta, grazie □ and (o and so) that's that!, ecco tutto!; tutto qui (o lì); ( anche) e basta; niente da fare; discorso chiuso!: I'm not giving you the money, and that's that, i soldi non te li do, e basta! □ and all that, e altro; e simili; eccetera eccetera; e così di seguito; e via dicendo □ (fam.) at that, a quel punto lì; tutto sommato; per giunta, inoltre: We left the matter at that, abbiamo lasciato la faccenda a quel punto; We had a lot of work, and painful work, at that, avevamo un sacco di lavoro, e faticoso, per giunta □ for all that, nonostante tutto ciò; con tutto ciò; ciononostante; nondimeno □ from that hour, da quel momento; da allora in poi □ like that, così; in questo (o quel) modo: Don't roll your eyes like that, non roteare gli occhi in quel modo!; He threw the ball like that, lanciò la palla così ( facendo seguire il gesto) □ on that, con ciò; al che □ talking of this and that, discorrendo del più e del meno □ There's that!, c'è anche questo (da dire); beh, anche questo è vero □ those who, coloro i quali (o le quali); quelli (o quelle) che □ What of that?, e con ciò?; che importa? □ ( facendo schioccare le dita) I wouldn't give that for it, non darei un soldo per averlo; non me ne importa un fico (fam.) □ (prov.) That's what it's all about, la vita è fatta di queste cose!♦ that (2) /ðæt, ðət/pron. relat.1 che; il quale, la quale; i quali, le quali: the dog that bit me, il cane che mi morse; those that don't believe me, coloro i quali non mi credono (o chi non mi crede); the boy [the film] ( that) we saw, il ragazzo [il film] che abbiamo visto ( that, se non è soggetto, di solito è sottinteso); No one ( that) I ever heard of could find the difference, nessuno, ch'io sappia, è mai riuscito a scoprire la differenza2 (in loc. temporali) in cui; che (fam.): the year that my son was born, l'anno che nacque mio figlio; the day ( that) I saw her, il giorno che la vidi● (fam.) Mrs Black, Ann Smith that was, la signora Black, da ragazza Ann Smith.♦ that (3) /ðæt, ðət/cong.1 ( spesso sottinteso) che: He promised ( that) he would go, ha promesso che ci sarebbe andato; There's no doubt ( that) they will come, non c'è dubbio che verranno; That he was ill can be proved, che fosse ammalato lo si può dimostrare; He was so tired ( that) he couldn't sleep, era così stanco che non riusciva a dormire2 (form.) perché; affinché; poiché: They gave their lives that we might live, diedero la vita affinché noi vivessimo3 che; poiché; per il motivo che: I'm glad ( that) you passed the exam, sono contento che tu abbia superato l'esame● but that, se non fosse (per il fatto) che □ (form.) in that, dacché; poiché □ now that, ora che; dal momento che; poiché □ so that, affinché; perché; poiché, cosicché (form.) □ Not that I have any objection, non che io ci trovi da ridire.♦ that (4) /ðæt/avv.(fam.) così; tanto; (fino) a tal punto: I can't work that hard, non ce la faccio a lavorare così intensamente; I will go that far and no further, arriverò fino a quel punto e non oltre; He's stingy, but not that stingy, è spilorcio, ma non fino a tal punto; DIALOGO → - Ordering food 2- I'm not that hungry, non ho così tanta fame● that much, tanto così ( facendo il gesto); ( di solito al neg.) molto; granché: I don't know that much about finance, non ne so granché di finanza □ (fam.) I was that tired I could drop, ero tanto stanco da non reggermi più in piedi. -
62 double
1. adjective1) (of twice the (usual) weight, size etc: A double whisky, please.) doble2) (two of a sort together or occurring in pairs: double doors.) doble3) (consisting of two parts or layers: a double thickness of paper; a double meaning.) doble4) (for two people: a double bed.) doble
2. adverb1) (twice: I gave her double the usual quantity.) dos veces2) (in two: The coat had been folded double.) en dos
3. noun1) (a double quantity: Whatever the women earn, the men earn double.) el doble2) (someone who is exactly like another: He is my father's double.) doble
4. verb1) (to (cause to) become twice as large or numerous: He doubled his income in three years; Road accidents have doubled since 1960.) duplicar, doblar2) (to have two jobs or uses: This sofa doubles as a bed.) hacer las veces de, usarse de•- doubles- double agent
- double bass
- double-bedded
- double-check
- double-cross
- double-dealing
5. adjective(cheating: You double-dealing liar!) hipócrita, falso
6. adjectivea double-decker bus.) de dos pisos- double figures
- double-quick
- at the double
- double back
- double up
- see double
double1 n adj adv dobleher telephone number is double four, double two, double one su número de teléfono es cuarenta y cuatro, veintidós, oncedouble2 vb duplicar / doblartr['dʌbəl]1 (gen) doble1 doble1 (amount) doble nombre masculino2 (person - lookalike) viva imagen nombre femenino, vivo retrato; (- substitute) doble nombre masulino o femenino1 (increase twofold) doblar, duplicar2 (fold in half) doblar por la mitad1 (increase twofold) doblarse, duplicarse3 (in bridge) doblar1 (tennis) partido de dobles\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLdouble or quits (el) doble o nadaat/on the double enseguidato be bent double estar encorvado,-ato be doubled up with laughter morirse de risa, desternillarse de risato be doubled up with pain retorcerse de dolorto do the double SMALLSPORT/SMALL hacer el dobleteto have double standards tener una doble moralto run a double check on something verificar algo dos vecesto do a double take reaccionar (tardíamente)double act pareja de humoristas, pareja de cómicosdouble agent agente nombre masulino o femenino dobledouble bass contrabajodouble bill programa nombre masculino dobledouble booking doble reservadouble chin papadadouble cream nata para montardouble Dutch (gibberish) chinodouble entendre doble sentidodouble entry entrada dobledouble fault SMALLSPORT/SMALL doble faltadouble glazing doble vidriodouble room habitación nombre femenino dobledouble vision doble visión nombre femenino1) : doblar, duplicar (una cantidad), redoblar (esfuerzos)2) fold: doblar, plegar3)to double one's fist : apretar el puñodouble vi1) : doblarse, duplicarse2)to double over : retorcersedouble adj: doble♦ doubly advdouble n: doble mfadj.• doblado, -a adj.• doble adj.• duplo, -a adj.adv.• doble adv.• dos veces adv.n.• doble s.m.• duplo s.m.v.• doblar v.• duplicar v.• plegar v.• redoblar v.'dʌbəl
I
1)a) ( twice as much) <amount/portion> doblewe get double pay on Sundays — los domingos nos pagan el doble or nos dan paga doble
my number is double three seven double four eight — (esp BrE) mi número es tres tres siete, cuatro cuatro ocho
it's spelled with a double `t' — se escribe con dos tes
double bend — curva f en S (read as: curva en ese)
inflation reached double figures o digits — la inflación alcanzó/rebasó el 10%
d) ( folded) doble2)a) ( dual) dobleb) ( false)
II
a) ( twice as much) <pay/earn/cost> el dobleb) ( two together)to see double — ver* doble
III
1)a) ( hotel room) doble fb) ( of spirits)2) ( lookalike) doble mf3)a) (in bridge, dice, dominoes, darts) doble mb) ( in baseball) doble m, doblete mc) ( Sport) ( double win) doblete m4) ( pace)
IV
1.
a) ( increase twofold) \<\<earnings/profits\>\> doblar, duplicar*; \<\<efforts\>\> redoblarb) ( Games) \<\<stake/call/bid\>\> doblar
2.
vi1) ( increase twofold) \<\<price/amount\>\> duplicarse*, doblarse2) ( have dual role)•Phrasal Verbs:['dʌbl]1. ADJ1) (=twice) doblemy income is double that of my neighbour — gano dos veces más que mi vecino, gano el doble que mi vecino
twins: double the trouble, and double the fun! — mellizos: el doble de problemas ¡y el doble de diversión!
2) (=extra-big) doble3) (=two, dual)it is spelt with a double "m" — se escribe con dos emes
double five two six (5526) — (Telec) cinco, cinco, dos, seis, cincuenta y cinco, veintiséis
figure 1., 4)•
throw a double six to commence play — para empezar el juego tiene que sacar un seis doble al tirar los dados2. ADV1) (=twice as much) [cost, pay] el dobleif you land on a pink square it counts double — si caes en una casilla rosa vale el doble or vale por dos
2) (=in half) por la mitadto be bent double — (with age) estar encorvado
3. N1) (=drink) doble m2) (=double room) habitación f doble3) (Cine) (=stand-in) doble mf4) (=lookalike) doble mf5) (in games) doble mdouble or quits, double or nothing — doble o nada
6) doubles (Tennis, Badminton) dobles mpla game of mixed/ladies' doubles — un partido de dobles mixtos/femininos
7) (Sport) (=double victory)8)at the double * — (=very quickly) a la carrera, corriendo
they ate their food at the double — comieron a la carrera, comieron corriendo
get into bed, at the double! — ¡a la cama corriendo!
9)on the double * — (=immediately) ya mismo
4. VT1) (=increase twofold) [+ money, quantity, profits] doblar, duplicar; [+ price, salary] doblar; [+ efforts] redoblar3) (Theat)he doubles the parts of courtier and hangman — hace dos papeles, el de cortesano y el de verdugo
he's doubling the part of Kennedy for Steve Newman — es el doble de Steve Newman en el papel de Kennedy
4) (in card games) doblarI'll double you! — ¡te doblo la apuesta!
5) (=circumnavigate) [+ headland] doblar5. VI1) (=become twice as great) [quantity] doblarse, duplicarse2) (=have two functions)3) (Theat)4) (=change direction suddenly) girar sobre sí mismo5) (Bridge) doblar6.CPDdouble act N — (=pair of performers) pareja f ; (=performance) dúo m
•
to do a double act — formar un dúodouble agent N — doble agente mf
double bar N — (Mus) barra f doble
double bass N — contrabajo m
double bassoon N — contrafagot m
double bed N — cama f de matrimonio
double bedroom N — habitación f doble
double bend N — (Aut) curva f en S
double bill N — (Cine) programa m doble
double bind N — dilema m sin solución, callejón m sin salida *
double bluff N —
perhaps, he thought, it's a kind of double bluff — quizás, pensó, intenta hacerme creer que está mintiendo pero en realidad dice la verdad
double boiler N — (US) cazos mpl para hervir al baño María
double booking N — (=booking for two) reserva f para dos; (=over-booking) doble reserva f
double chin N — papada f
double cream N — (Brit) crema f doble, nata f (para montar) (Sp), doble crema f (Mex)
double dealer N — traidor(a) m / f
double density disk N — (Comput) disco m de doble densidad
double doors NPL — puerta fsing de dos hojas
double Dutch * N — (Brit) chino * m
double eagle N — doble eagle m
double entry N — partida f doble
double entry book-keeping N — contabilidad f por partida doble
double exposure N — (Phot) doble exposición f
double-faultdouble fault N — (Tennis) falta f doble
double feature N — (Cine) sesión f doble, programa m doble
double figures N —
to be into double figures — rebasar la decena, pasar de diez
double first N — (Univ) título universitario británico con nota de sobresaliente en dos especialidades
double flat N — (Mus) doble bemol m
double garage N — garaje m doble
double glazing N — doble acristalamiento m, doble ventana f
double helix N — (Chem) hélice f doble
double indemnity N — (US) (Insurance) doble indemnización f
double indemnity coverage N — (US) seguro m de doble indemnización
double jeopardy N — (US) (Jur) procesamiento m por segunda vez
double knitting N — lana f de doble hebra
double knot N — nudo m doble
double-lockdouble lock N — cerradura f doble
double meaning N — doble sentido m
double negative N — (Gram) doble negación f (construcción gramatical, incorrecta en inglés, en la que se utilizan dos formas negativas)
double pay N — paga f doble
double pneumonia N — pulmonía f doble
double room N — habitación f doble
double saucepan N — (Brit) cazos mpl para hervir al baño María
double sharp N — (Mus) doble sostenido m
double spacing N —
double standard N —
to have double standards, have a double standard — aplicar una regla para unos y otra para otros
double star N — estrella f binaria
double stopping N — doble cuerda f
double take N —
to do a double take — (=look twice) tener que mirar dos veces
when I told him the news, he did a double take — cuando le di la noticia no daba crédito a sus oídos or no se lo creía
double talk N — lenguaje m con doble sentido
(Mil)double time N — (Ind, Comm) tarifa f doble
double track N — vía f doble
double vision N — doble visión f, diplopía f
double wedding N — boda f doble
double whammy * N — palo m doble *
double white lines NPL — líneas fpl blancas continuas
double windows NPL — ventanas fpl dobles
double yellow lines NPL — (Aut) línea doble amarilla de prohibido aparcar, ≈ línea fsing amarilla continua
* * *['dʌbəl]
I
1)a) ( twice as much) <amount/portion> doblewe get double pay on Sundays — los domingos nos pagan el doble or nos dan paga doble
my number is double three seven double four eight — (esp BrE) mi número es tres tres siete, cuatro cuatro ocho
it's spelled with a double `t' — se escribe con dos tes
double bend — curva f en S (read as: curva en ese)
inflation reached double figures o digits — la inflación alcanzó/rebasó el 10%
d) ( folded) doble2)a) ( dual) dobleb) ( false)
II
a) ( twice as much) <pay/earn/cost> el dobleb) ( two together)to see double — ver* doble
III
1)a) ( hotel room) doble fb) ( of spirits)2) ( lookalike) doble mf3)a) (in bridge, dice, dominoes, darts) doble mb) ( in baseball) doble m, doblete mc) ( Sport) ( double win) doblete m4) ( pace)
IV
1.
a) ( increase twofold) \<\<earnings/profits\>\> doblar, duplicar*; \<\<efforts\>\> redoblarb) ( Games) \<\<stake/call/bid\>\> doblar
2.
vi1) ( increase twofold) \<\<price/amount\>\> duplicarse*, doblarse2) ( have dual role)•Phrasal Verbs: -
63 supplement
1.
noun(an addition made to supply something lacking, or to correct errors etc: A supplement to the dictionary is to be published next year.) suplemento
2. -ment verb(to make, or be, an addition to: He does an evening job to supplement his wages.) complementarsupplement n suplemento1 (charge) suplemento■ a £5.00 supplement un suplemento de £5.002 (dietary) complemento3 SMALLLITERATURE/SMALL suplemento1 complementarsupplement ['sʌplə.mɛnt] vt: complementar, completarsupplement ['sʌpləmənt] n1) : complemento mdietary supplement: complemento alimenticio2) : suplemento m (de un libro o periódico)n.• apéndice (al contrato) s.m.n.• anejo s.m.• suplemento s.m.v.• complementar v.• suplir v.
I 'sʌpləmənt, 'sʌplɪmənt1) (addition to diet, income) complemento m2)a) ( additional part - at end of book) apéndice m; (- published separately) suplemento mb) ( section of newspaper - separate) suplemento m; (- inserted) separata f
II 'sʌpləment, 'sʌplɪmenttransitive verb \<\<diet/income\>\> complementar; \<\<report\>\> completar1.['sʌplɪmǝnt]N (gen) suplemento m2.[sʌplɪ'ment]VT complementar* * *
I ['sʌpləmənt, 'sʌplɪmənt]1) (addition to diet, income) complemento m2)a) ( additional part - at end of book) apéndice m; (- published separately) suplemento mb) ( section of newspaper - separate) suplemento m; (- inserted) separata f
II ['sʌpləment, 'sʌplɪment]transitive verb \<\<diet/income\>\> complementar; \<\<report\>\> completar -
64 off
1. n положение «выключено»to be set at off — находиться в положении «выключено»
be badly off — быть бедным; быть в плохом положении
be well off — быть зажиточным; быть в хорошем положении
off state — выключенное состояние; состояние "выключено"
2. n свободное времяto be off duty — быть свободным, не дежурить
the off hours — свободные часы; свободное время
3. n спорт. часть поля, находящаяся слева от боулера4. n разг. начало, стартto get off the mark — стартовать, взять старт
5. a более удалённый, дальний6. a находящийся с правой стороны, справа7. a мор. обращённый к морюon or off — вкл. или выкл.
bargain off — сбыть с рук, избавиться
on fff off switch — переключатель "вкл. - выкл."
8. a спорт. расположенный слева от боулера9. a второстепенный, менее важный, незначительныйoff street — переулок; улочка
10. a свободный, незанятыйday off, off day — свободный день; нерабочий день
off the ration — ненормируемый, свободно продаваемый
11. a неудачный, неблагоприятный12. a не совсем здоровыйtapering off — сходящий на нет; исчезновение
13. a несвежий14. a низкосортный, низкого качества; ниже стандарта15. a ошибочный, неправильныйoff the mark — неточно; ошибочно, неправильно, неверно
16. v разг. прекращатьpass off — исчезать; прекращаться; уменьшаться
17. v разг. идти на попятныйsign off — радио, подавать знак окончания передачи
18. v разг. амер. сл. убить, укокошить; «ликвидировать», «убрать»bump off — убить, убрать
blip off — убить, прикончить, укокошить
19. v разг. мор. редк. удаляться от берега, уходить в открытое мореcast off the high bar — отмах назад в вис из упора на в.ж.
20. int внимание!; остановись!shrug off — не обращать внимания; сбрасывать со счетов
21. int прочь!; долой!keep your hands off! — руки прочь!; руками не трогать!
to speed off — поспешно удалиться; поспешить прочь
belt off — поспешить уйти прочь; улизнуть, смыться
hats off! — шапки долой!; снять шапки!
Синонимический ряд:1. down (adj.) down; dull; slack; slow; sluggish; soft2. remote (adj.) negligent; negligible; outside; remote; slender; slight; slim; small3. wrong (adj.) erroneous; fallacious; false; inaccurate; incorrect; mistaken; unsound; untrue; wrong4. away (other) away; back; far-off; out5. away from (other) away from; disappearing; farther away; into the distance; over; removing; sheering off; vanishing6. crazy (other) crazy; insane; odd; peculiar; queer7. distant (other) afar; ahead; behind; beside; distant; far; remote; removed; up front8. mistaken (other) confused; erring; in error; mistaken; wrong9. not on duty (other) gone; not on duty; on vacation; unemployed -
65 drink
drɪŋk
1. сущ.
1) а) питье;
напиток weak drink ≈ слабый напиток to fix a drink, make a drink, mix a drink ≈ приготовить напиток ardent drink, potent drink, stiff drink, strong drink ≈ крепкий напиток, спиртной напиток fizzy drink ≈ газированный напиток soft drinks ≈ безалкогольные напитки still drink ≈ нешипучий напиток Syn: beverage б) алкогольный напиток He poured himself a drink. ≈ Он налил себе стаканчик спиртного.
2) а) глоток, стакан I asked for a drink of water. ≈ Я попросил стакан воды. to toss off a drink ≈ выпить залпом, выпить одним глотком б) доза лекарства One of the men came back with two drinks for the calf. ≈ Один из людей вернулся с двойной дозой лекарства для теленка.
3) склонность к спиртному, пьянство, алкоголизм to be on the drink ≈ быть в запое He eventually died of drink. ≈ В конце концов он умер от пьянства. in drink ≈ в пьяном виде, пьяный to take to drink ≈ стать пьяницей
4) амер.;
разг. водный простор, море( употребляется всегда с определенным артиклем) to fall into the drink ≈ падать за борт the big drink
2. гл.;
прош. вр. - drank, прич. прош. вр. - drunk
1) а) пить to drink off ≈ выпить много жидкости I always drink tea from a glass. ≈ Я всегда пью чай из стакана. John drank off a whole litre of beer all at once. ≈ Джон выпил не сходя с места целый литр пива. to drink the waters ≈ пить воды (лечиться на водах, на курорте) Syn: imbibe б) перен. впитывать, всасывать, поглощать The soil that had drunk the blood of his warriors. ≈ Земля, которая впитала кровь своих солдат. I drank in the land-wind with an enjoyment verging on intoxication. ≈ Я вдыхал воздух, приносимый с земли, с восторгом, доходящим до безумия. I stopped for a while to drink in the beauty of the scene. ≈ Я немного постоял, чтобы вобрать в себя красоту пейзажа. Syn: suck
2., absorb
2) выпить, глотнуть (содержимое стакана, бутылки и т. п.) ;
тж. перен. отпить, испить to drink the cup of joy (sorrow) ≈ пить из чаши радости (печали)
3) а) пить, пьянствовать to drink oneself drunk ≈ напиться to drink oneself sleepy ≈ напиться и заснуть to drink oneself to death ≈ упиться до потери сознания to drink oneself into incoherence ≈ упиться до невменяемости He drank himself into oblivion. ≈ Он напился до невменяемого состояния. drink like a fish Syn: tipple I
2. б) разг. снабжать выпивкой, напаивать He could not feed us, only lodge and drink us. ≈ Он не мог нас кормить, только давал нам пристанище и снабжал выпивкой.
4) пропивать (тж. drink away, drink up) They drank every cent. ≈ Они пропивали каждый цент.
5) поднимать тост, пить ( за кого-л.) I'll drink your good health. ≈ Я пью за Ваше здоровье. Syn: toast II
2., pledge
2. ∙ drink away drink down drink dry drink in drink off drink to drink up питье - food and * пища /еда/ и питье - to have a * напиться напиток - soft *s безалкогольные напитки - strong * спиртной напиток - it made a bearable * это был вполне сносный напиток спиртной напиток - long * стакан пива, сидра;
стакан виски с содовой - short * аперитив - to have a * at the bar пропустить стаканчик в баре - to stand smb. a * поставить кому-л. стаканчик, угостить кого-л. - to take to * пристраститься к спиртному;
запить состояние опьянения - in * пьяный;
в пьяном виде - to be in /the worse for, under the influence of/ drink быть в пьяном виде, захмелеть запой;
пьянство, алкоголизм - the * question вопрос об алкоголизме - to be on the * пить запоем, пить горькую;
пьянствовать, не просыхать - to die of * умереть от пьянства - to drive smb. to * довести кого-л. до алкоголизма глоток - * of water глоток воды (сленг) водный простор;
океан;
"лужа" - the big * (американизм) Атлантический океан;
река Миссисипи - the D. Ла-Манш - to cross the * пересечь океан /море/ - to fall into the * упасть в воду;
свалиться за борт пить - to * a glass dry выпить до дна, осушить стакан - to * air жадно глотать воздух - to * deep сделать большой глоток - fit to * пить можно - what will you have to *? что вы будете пить? - I could * the sea dry я умираю от жажды выпивать;
пить, пьянствовать - to * hard /deep, heavily/ пить запоем, сильно пить, пьянствовать;
пить мертвую, пить беспробудно /до бесчувствия, до потери сознания/ - to take to *ing запить, пристраститься к спиртному напаивать, подпаивать - to * smb. drunk напоить /подпоить/ кого-л. - to * oneself drunk напиться пьяным - to * oneself into debt залезть в долги из-за пьянства (тж. to) пить (за кого-л., за что-л.) ;
провозглашать тост - to * (to) the host выпить за хозяина - to * (a toast) to smb. выпить за кого-л. - to * success to smb., to * to smb.'s success выпить за чьи-л. успехи испить;
отведать, хлебнуть, испытать - to * the cup of suffering испить чашу страданий - to * the cup of joy пить из чаши радости всасывать, впитывать (часто * up, * in) - to * up moisture впитывать влагу( о растении) пропивать (тж. * away) - to * (away) one's earnings пропить все, что заработал иметь вкус, букет - to * flat быть безвкусным /пресным/ "идти" (о спиртном) - this wine *s well after a year это вино приобретает приятный вкус /хорошо пьется, хорошо идет/ после того, как постоит год > to * it упиться, нагрузиться;
нализаться, надраться, наклюкаться > to * smb. under the table напоить кого-л. до бесчувствия /до положения риз/;
напоить кого-л. допьяна;
"перепить" кого-л. > to * like a fish пить как сапожник ~ склонность к спиртному, пьянство;
in drink в пьяном виде, пьяный;
to be on the drink пить запоем;
to take to drink стать пьяницей the big ~ амер. шутл. Атлантический океан the big ~ амер. шутл. река Миссисипи drink вдыхать( воздух) ;
drink down выпить залпом;
drink in жадно впитывать;
упиваться( красотой и т. п.) ;
drink off = drink down;
drink to пить за здоровье, за процветание ~ впитывать (влагу;
о растениях) ~ глоток;
стакан (вина, воды) ;
to have a drink выпить;
попить, напиться ~ пить, пьянствовать;
to drink the health (of smb.) пить за (чье-л.) здоровье ~ (drank;
drunk) пить, выпить ~ питье;
напиток;
soft drinks безалкогольные напитки ~ склонность к спиртному, пьянство;
in drink в пьяном виде, пьяный;
to be on the drink пить запоем;
to take to drink стать пьяницей ~ спиртной напиток (тж. ardent drink, strong drink) the ~ разг. море;
to fall into drink падать за борт to ~ brotherhood выпить на брудершафт;
to drink hard, to drink heavily, to drink like a fish сильно пьянствовать to ~ deep сделать большой глоток to ~ deep сильно пьянствовать drink вдыхать (воздух) ;
drink down выпить залпом;
drink in жадно впитывать;
упиваться( красотой и т. п.) ;
drink off = drink down;
drink to пить за здоровье, за процветание drink вдыхать (воздух) ;
drink down выпить залпом;
drink in жадно впитывать;
упиваться (красотой и т. п.) ;
drink off = drink down;
drink to пить за здоровье, за процветание ~ up = drink down to ~ brotherhood выпить на брудершафт;
to drink hard, to drink heavily, to drink like a fish сильно пьянствовать to ~ brotherhood выпить на брудершафт;
to drink hard, to drink heavily, to drink like a fish сильно пьянствовать drink вдыхать (воздух) ;
drink down выпить залпом;
drink in жадно впитывать;
упиваться (красотой и т. п.) ;
drink off = drink down;
drink to пить за здоровье, за процветание to ~ brotherhood выпить на брудершафт;
to drink hard, to drink heavily, to drink like a fish сильно пьянствовать drink вдыхать (воздух) ;
drink down выпить залпом;
drink in жадно впитывать;
упиваться (красотой и т. п.) ;
drink off = drink down;
drink to пить за здоровье, за процветание off: ~ указывает на завершение действия: to pay off выплатить (до конца) ;
to drink off выпить (до дна) ~ пить, пьянствовать;
to drink the health (of smb.) пить за (чье-л.) здоровье drink вдыхать (воздух) ;
drink down выпить залпом;
drink in жадно впитывать;
упиваться (красотой и т. п.) ;
drink off = drink down;
drink to пить за здоровье, за процветание ~ up = drink down ~ up выпить до дна;
I could drink the sea dry меня мучит жажда, я очень хочу пить the ~ разг. море;
to fall into drink падать за борт ~ глоток;
стакан (вина, воды) ;
to have a drink выпить;
попить, напиться ~ up выпить до дна;
I could drink the sea dry меня мучит жажда, я очень хочу пить ~ склонность к спиртному, пьянство;
in drink в пьяном виде, пьяный;
to be on the drink пить запоем;
to take to drink стать пьяницей long ~ of water амер. разг. человек очень высокого роста ~ питье;
напиток;
soft drinks безалкогольные напитки ~ склонность к спиртному, пьянство;
in drink в пьяном виде, пьяный;
to be on the drink пить запоем;
to take to drink стать пьяницей -
66 be
'bi: ɡi:( abbreviation) (Bachelor of Engineering; first degree in Engineering.) licenciatura en Ingenieríabe vb1. serwhat time is it? It's 3 o'clock ¿qué hora es? Son las treswho is it? It's me ¿quién es? Soy yo2. estarhow are you? I'm fine ¿cómo estás? estoy bienwhere is Pauline? ¿dónde está Pauline?how far is it? ¿a qué distancia está?what day is it today? ¿qué día es hoy? / ¿a qué día estamos?3. tenerhow old are you? I'm 16 ¿cuántos años tienes? tengo 16 años4. costar / valer / serhow much is it? ¿cuánto cuesta? / ¿cuánto vale? / ¿cuánto es?the tickets are £15 each las entradas valen 15 libras cada una5. hacer6. haberhow many children are there? ¿cuántos niños hay?Se usa también para construir el tiempo verbal llamado present continuous que indica una acción que está pasando en estos momentoswhat are you doing? ¿qué estás haciendo? / ¿qué haces?look, it's snowing mira, está nevando
be sustantivo femenino: name of the letter b, often called be largaor grande to distinguish it from v 'be' also found in these entries: Spanish: A - abasto - abate - abismo - abotargarse - abreviar - abrirse - absoluta - absoluto - abultar - abundar - aburrir - aburrirse - acabose - acariciar - acaso - acertar - achantarse - acometer - acostada - acostado - acostumbrar - acostumbrada - acostumbrado - acreditar - activa - activo - adelantar - adelantarse - adentro - adivinarse - admirarse - adolecer - aferrarse - afianzarse - aficionada - aficionado - afligirse - agonizar - agotarse - agradecer - agua - ahogarse - ahora - aire - ajo - ala - alarmarse - alcanzar - alegrarse English: aback - abate - about - absent - accordance - account for - accountable - accustom - acquaint - action - addicted - address - adequate - adjust - admit - affiliated - afford - afraid - agenda - agree - agreement - ahead - air - airsick - alert - alive - alone - along - aloof - alphabetically - always - am - ambition - amenable - amusing - anathema - annoyance - anomaly - anxious - apologetic - appal - appall - are - arm - around - arrears - as - ashamed - aspire - assertbetr[biː]intransitive verb (pres 1ª pers am, 2ª pers sing y todas del pl are, 3ª pers sing is; pt 1ª y 3ª pers sing was, 2ª pers sing y todas del pl; pp been)2 (essential quality) ser3 (nationality) ser4 (occupation) ser5 (origin) ser6 (ownership) ser7 (authorship) ser8 (composition) ser9 (use) ser10 (location) estar11 (temporary state) estar■ how are you? ¿cómo estás?12 (age) tener13 (price) costar, valer■ a single ticket is £9.50 un billete de ida cuesta £9.5014 tener■ he's hot/cold tiene calor/frío■ we're hungry/thirsty tenemos hambre/sed1 (passive) ser■ she was arrested at the border fue detenida en la frontera, la detuvieron en la frontera■ he's hated by everybody es odiado por todos, todos lo odian■ he was discharged fue dado de alta, lo dieron de alta■ the house has been sold la casa ha sido vendida, la casa se ha vendido, han vendido la casa■ thirty children were injured treinta niños fueron heridos, treinta niños resultaron heridos■ the two areas of the town are divided by a wall las dos zonas de la ciudad están divididas por un muro1 (obligation) deber, tener que1 (future)phrase there is / there are1 hay■ is there much traffic ¿hay mucho tráfico?1 había■ were there many people? ¿había mucha gente?1 habrá1 habría■ if Mike came, there would be ten of us si viniera Mike, seríamos diez\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be about to «+ inf» estar para + inf, estar a punto de + infto be or not to be ser o no serbe ['bi:] v, was ['wəz, 'wɑz] ; were ['wər] ; been ['bɪn] ; being ; am ['æm] ; is ['ɪz] ; are ['ɑr] viJosé is a doctor: José es doctorI'm Ana's sister: soy la hermana de Anathe tree is tall: el árbol es altoyou're silly!: ¡eres tonto!she's from Managua: es de Managuait's mine: es míomy mother is at home: mi madre está en casathe cups are on the table: las tazas están en la mesato be or not to be: ser, o no serI think, therefore I am: pienso, luego existohow are you?: ¿cómo estás?I'm cold: tengo fríoshe's 10 years old: tiene 10 añosthey're both sick: están enfermos los dosbe v impersit's eight o'clock: son las ochoit's Friday: hoy es viernesit's sunny: hace solit's very dark outside: está bien oscuro afuerabe v auxwhat are you doing? -I'm working: ¿qué haces? -estoy trabajandoit was finished yesterday: fue acabado ayer, se acabó ayerit was cooked in the oven: se cocinó en el hornocan she be trusted?: ¿se puede confiar en ella?you are to stay here: debes quedarte aquíhe was to come yesterday: se esperaba que viniese ayerbev.(§ p.,p.p.: was, were, been) = estar v.(§pres: estoy, estás...) pret: estuv-•)• ser v.(§pres: soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son) subj: se-imp: er-fu-•)biːˌ weak form bi
1.
2)a) (followed by an adjective)she's French/intelligent — es francesa/inteligente
he's worried/furious — está preocupado/furioso
he's blind — es or (Esp tb) está ciego
have you never had gazpacho? it's delicious! — ¿nunca has comido gazpacho? es delicioso!
the gazpacho is delicious, did you make it yourself? — el gazpacho está delicioso ¿lo hiciste tú?
she was very rude to me — estuvo or fue muy grosera conmigo
Tony is married/divorced/single — Tony está or (esp AmL) es casado/divorciado/soltero
to be married to somebody — estar* casado con alguien
3)a) (followed by a noun) ser*who was Prime Minister at the time? — ¿quién era Primer Ministro en ese momento?
it's me/Daniel — soy yo/es Daniel
if I were you, I'd stay — yo que tú or yo en tu lugar me quedaría
b) ( play the role of) hacer* de4)how are you? — ¿cómo estás?
I'm much better — estoy or me encuentro mucho mejor
she's pregnant/tired — está embarazada/cansada
I'm cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/sleepy — tengo frío/calor/hambre/sed/sueño
b) ( talking about age) tener*how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?
he's a lot older/younger — es mucho mayor/menor
c) (giving cost, measurement, weight)how much is that? - that'll be $15, please — ¿cuánto es? - (son) 15 dólares, por favor
they are $15 each — cuestan or valen 15 dólares cada una
how tall/heavy is he? — ¿cuánto mide/pesa?
5)a) (exist, live)I think, therefore I am — pienso, luego existo
to let something/somebody be — dejar tranquilo or en paz algo/a alguien
b) ( in expressions of time)don't be too long — no tardes mucho, no (te) demores mucho (esp AmL)
I'm drying my hair, I won't be long — me estoy secando el pelo, enseguida estoy
how long will dinner be? — ¿cuánto falta para la cena?
c) ( take place) ser*6) (be situated, present) estar*where is the library? — ¿dónde está or queda la biblioteca?
where are you? — ¿dónde estás?
what's in that box? — ¿qué hay en esa caja?
who's in the movie? — ¿quién actúa or trabaja en la película?
how long are you in Chicago (for)? — (colloq) ¿cuánto (tiempo) te vas a quedar en Chicago ?
7) (only in perfect tenses) ( visit) estar*have you been to the exhibition yet? — ¿ya has estado en or has ido a la exposición?
2.
v impers1)a) (talking about physical conditions, circumstances)it's sunny/cold/hot — hace sol/frío/calor
it's so noisy/quiet in here! — qué ruido/silencio hay aquí!
I have enough problems as it is, without you... — yo ya tengo suficientes problemas sin que tú encima...
b) ( in expressions of time) ser*hi, Joe, it's been a long time — qué tal, Joe, tanto tiempo (sin verte)
c) ( talking about distance) estar*it's 500 miles from here to Detroit — Detroit queda or está a 500 millas de aquí
2)a) (introducing person, object) ser*it was me who told them — fui yo quien se lo dije or dijo, fui yo el que se lo dije or dijo
b) (in conditional use) ser*if it hadn't been o had it not been for Juan, we would have been killed — si no hubiera sido por Juan or de no ser por Juan, nos habríamos matado
3.
v aux1) to be -inga) ( used to describe action in progress) estar* + gerwhat was I saying? — ¿qué estaba diciendo?
she was leaving when... — se iba cuando...
how long have you been waiting? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace que esperas?, ¿cuánto (tiempo) llevas esperando?
b) ( with future reference)he is o will be arriving tomorrow — llega mañana
when are you seeing her? — ¿cuándo la vas a ver or la verás?
2) (in the passive voice) ser* [The passive voice, however, is less common in Spanish than it is in English]it was built in 1903 — fue construido en 1903, se construyó en 1903, lo construyeron en 1903
she was told that... — le dijeron or se le dijo que...
it is known that... — se sabe que...
3) to be to + infa) ( with future reference)if a solution is to be found... — si se quiere encontrar or si se ha de encontrar una solución...
b) ( expressing possibility)what are we to do? — ¿qué podemos hacer?
c) ( expressing obligation) deber* + inf, tener* que + inf, haber* de + inftell her she's to stay here — dile que debe quedarse or tiene que quedarse aquí, dile que se quede aquí
am I to understand that... ? — ¿debo entender que... ?
4) ( in hypotheses)what would happen if she were o was to die? — ¿qué pasaría si ella muriera?
5)she's right, isn't she? — tiene razón, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?
so that's what you think, is it? — de manera que eso es lo que piensas
are you disappointed? - yes, I am/no, I'm not — ¿estás desilusionado? - sí (, lo estoy)/no (, no lo estoy)
she was told the news, and so was he/but I wasn't — a ella le dieron la noticia, y también a él/pero a mí no
[biː] (present am, is or are pt was or were pp been)I'm surprised, are/aren't you? — estoy sorprendido, ¿y tú?/¿tú no?
1. INTRANSITIVE VERB1) (linking nouns, noun phrases, pronouns) serit's me! — ¡soy yo!
who wants to be Hamlet? — ¿quién quiere hacer de or ser Hamlet?
if I were you... — yo en tu lugar..., yo que tú... *
2) (possession) serUse [estar] with past participles used as adjectives describing the results of an action or process:it's round/enormous — es redondo/enorme
4) (changeable or temporary state) estarshe's bored/ill — está aburrida/enferma
how are you? — ¿cómo estás?, ¿qué tal estás?
how are you now? — ¿qué tal te encuentras ahora?
In certain expressions where English uses [be] + adjective to describe feelings ([be cold]/[hot]/[hungry]/[thirsty]), Spanish uses [tener] with a noun:I'm very well, thanks — estoy muy bien, gracias
I'm cold/hot — tengo frío/calor
I'm hungry/thirsty — tengo hambre/sed
afraid, sleepy, rightbe good! — ¡pórtate bien!
5) (age)"how old is she?" - "she's nine" — -¿cuántos años tiene? -tiene nueve años
6) (=take place) ser7) (=be situated) estarit's on the table — está sobre or en la mesa
where is the Town Hall? — ¿dónde está or queda el ayuntamiento?
it's 5 km to the village — el pueblo está or queda a 5 kilómetros
we've been here for ages — hace mucho tiempo que estamos aquí, llevamos aquí mucho tiempo, estamos aquí desde hace mucho tiempo
•
here you are(, take it) — aquí tienes(, tómalo)•
there's the church — ahí está la iglesiaa) (referring to weather) hacerit's hot/cold — hace calor/frío
b) (referring to time, date etc) serwake up, it's morning — despierta, es de día
what's the date (today)? — ¿qué fecha es hoy?
But note the following alternatives with [estar]:it's 3 May or the 3rd of May — es 3 de mayo
it's 3 May or the 3rd of May — estamos a 3 de mayo
c) (asking and giving opinion) seris it certain that...? — ¿es verdad or cierto que...?
is it fair that she should be punished while...? — ¿es justo que se la castigue mientras que...?
it is possible that he'll come — es posible que venga, puede (ser) que venga
it is unbelievable that... — es increíble que...
it's not clear whether... — no está claro si...
d) (emphatic) serwhy is it that she's so successful? — ¿cómo es que tiene tanto éxito?, ¿por qué tiene tanto éxito?
it was then that... — fue entonces cuando...
9) (=exist) haberthere is/are — hay
what is (there) in that room? — ¿qué hay en esa habitación?
is there anyone at home? — ¿hay alguien en casa?
there being no alternative solution... — al no haber or no habiendo otra solución...
let there be light! — ¡hágase la luz!
See:THERE IS, THERE ARE in there10) (=cost)how much was it? — ¿cuánto costó?
the book is £20 — el libro vale or cuesta 20 libras
how much is it? — ¿cuánto es?; (when paying) ¿qué le debo? frm
11) (=visit)has the postman been? — ¿ha venido el cartero?
have you ever been to Glasgow? — ¿has estado en Glasgow alguna vez?
12) (in noun compounds) futuro•
my wife to be — mi futura esposa•
been and * —you've been and done it now! — ¡buena la has hecho! *
that dog of yours has been and dug up my flowers! — ¡tu perro ha ido y me ha destrozado las flores!
•
you're busy enough as it is — estás bastante ocupado ya con lo que tienes, ya tienes suficiente trabajo•
if it hadn't been for..., if it hadn't been for you or frm had it not been for you, we would have lost — si no hubiera sido por ti or de no haber sido por ti, habríamos perdido•
let me be! — ¡déjame en paz!•
if that's what you want to do, then so be it — si eso es lo que quieres hacer, adelante•
what is it to you? * — ¿a ti qué te importa?2. AUXILIARY VERB1) (forming passive) serThe passive is not used as often in Spanish as in English, active and reflexive constructions often being preferred:it is said that... — dicen que..., se dice que...
she was killed in a car crash — murió en un accidente de coche, resultó muerta en un accidente de coche frm
what's to be done? — ¿qué hay que hacer?
•
it's a film not to be missed — es una película que no hay que perderse•
we searched everywhere for him, but he was nowhere to be seen — lo buscamos por todas partes pero no lo encontramos en ningún sitio2) (forming continuous) estarUse the present simple to talk about planned future events and the construction to talk about intention:what are you doing? — ¿qué estás haciendo?, ¿qué haces?
"it's a pity you aren't coming with us" - "but I am coming!" — -¡qué pena que no vengas con nosotros! -¡sí que voy!
will you be seeing her tomorrow? — ¿la verás or la vas a ver mañana?
will you be needing more? — ¿vas a necesitar más?
The imperfect tense can be used for continuous action in the past: for, sinceI'll be seeing you — hasta luego, nos vemos (esp LAm)
a)"he's going to complain about you" - "oh, is he?" — -va a quejarse de ti -¿ah, sí?
"I'm worried" - "so am I" — -estoy preocupado -yo también
"I'm not ready" - "neither am I" — -no estoy listo -yo tampoco
"you're tired" - "no, I'm not" — -estás cansado -no, ¡qué va!
"you're not eating enough" - "yes I am" — -no comes lo suficiente -que sí
"they're getting married" - "oh, are they?" — (showing surprise) -se casan -¿ah, sí? or -¡no me digas!
"he isn't very happy" - "oh, isn't he?" — -no está muy contento -¿ah, no?
"he's always late, isn't he?" - "yes, he is" — -siempre llega tarde, ¿verdad? -(pues) sí
"is it what you expected?" - "no, it isn't" — -¿es esto lo que esperabas? -(pues) no
"she's pretty" - "no, she isn't" — -es guapa -¡qué va!
he's handsome, isn't he? — es guapo, ¿verdad?, es guapo, ¿no?, es guapo, ¿no es cierto?
it was fun, wasn't it? — fue divertido, ¿verdad?, fue divertido, ¿no?
she wasn't happy, was she? — no era feliz, ¿verdad?
so he's back again, is he? — así que ha vuelto, ¿eh?
you're not ill, are you? — ¿no estarás enfermo?
3. MODAL VERB(with infinitive construction)1) (=must, have to)he's not to open it — no debe abrirlo, que no lo abra
I am to do it — he de hacerlo yo, soy yo el que debe hacerlo
I wasn't to tell you his name — no podía or debía decirte su nombre
2) (=should) deberam I to understand that...? — ¿debo entender que...?
she wrote "My Life", not to be confused with Bernstein's book of the same name — escribió "Mi Vida", que no debe confundirse con la obra de Bernstein que lleva el mismo título
he was to have come yesterday — tenía que or debía haber venido ayer
3) (=will)4) (=can)if it was or were to snow... — si nevase or nevara...
BEif I were to leave the job, would you replace me? — si yo dejara el puesto, ¿me sustituirías?
"Ser" or "estar"?
You can use "ser": ► when defining or identifying by linking two nouns or noun phrases:
Paris is the capital of France París es la capital de Francia
He was the most hated man in the village Era el hombre más odiado del pueblo ► to describe essential or inherent characteristics (e.g. colour, material, nationality, race, shape, size {etc}):
His mother is German Su madre es alemana
She was blonde Era rubia ► with most impersonal expressions not involving past participles:
It is important to be on time Es importante llegar a tiempo
Está claro que is an exception:
It is obvious you don't understand Está claro que no lo entiendes ► when telling the time or talking about time or age:
It is ten o'clock Son las diez
It's very late. Let's go home Es muy tarde. Vamos a casa
He lived in the country when he was young Vivió en el campo cuando era joven ► to indicate possession or duty:
It's mine Es mío
This is your responsibility Este asunto es responsabilidad tuya ► with events in the sense of "take place":
The 1992 Olympic Games were in Barcelona Los Juegos Olímpicos de 1992 fueron en Barcelona
"Where is the exam?" - "It's in Room 1" "¿Dónde es el examen?" - "Es en el Aula Número 1" NOTE: Compare this usage with that of estar (see below) to talk about location of places, objects and people.
You can use "estar": ► to talk about location of places, objects and people:
"Where is Zaragoza?" - "It's in Spain" "¿Dónde está Zaragoza?" - "Está en España"
Your glasses are on the bedside table Tus gafas están en la mesilla de noche NOTE: But use ser with events in the sense of "take place" (see above)}. ► to talk about changeable state, condition or mood:
The teacher is ill La profesora está enferma
The coffee's cold El café está frío
How happy I am! ¡Qué contento estoy! NOTE: Feliz, however, which is seen as more permanent than contento, is used mainly with ser. ► to form progressive tenses:
We're having lunch. Is it ok if I call you later? Estamos comiendo. Te llamaré luego, ¿vale?
Both "ser" and "estar" can be used with past participles ► Use ser in {passive} constructions:
This play was written by Lorca Esta obra fue escrita por Lorca
He was shot dead (by a terrorist group) Fue asesinado a tiros (por un grupo terrorista) NOTE: The passive is not used as often in Spanish as it is in English. ► Use estar with past participles to describe the {results} of a previous action or event:
We threw them away because they were broken Los tiramos a la basura porque estaban rotos
He's dead Está muerto ► Compare the use of ser + ((past participle)) which describes {action} and estar + ((past participle)) which describes {result} in the following:
The window was broken by the firemen La ventana fue rota por los bomberos
The window was broken La ventana estaba rota
It was painted around 1925 Fue pintado hacia 1925
The floor is painted a dark colour El suelo está pintado de color oscuro ► Ser and estar are both used in impersonal expressions with past participles. As above, the use of ser implies {action} while the use of estar implies {result}:
It is understood that the work was never finished Es sabido que el trabajo nunca se llegó a terminar
It is a proven fact that vaccinations save many lives Está demostrado que las vacunas salvan muchas vidas
"Ser" and "estar" with adjectives ► Some adjectives can be used with both ser and estar but the meaning changes completely depending on the verb:
He's clever Es listo
Are you ready? ¿Estás listo?
Chemistry is boring La química es aburrida
I'm bored Estoy aburrido ► Other adjectives can also be used with both verbs but the use of ser describes a {characteristic} while the use of estar implies a {change}:
He's very handsome Es muy guapo
You look great in that dress! Estás muy guapa con ese vestido
He's slim Es delgado
You're (looking) very slim ¡Estás muy delgada! For further uses and examples, see main entry* * *[biːˌ] weak form [bi]
1.
2)a) (followed by an adjective)she's French/intelligent — es francesa/inteligente
he's worried/furious — está preocupado/furioso
he's blind — es or (Esp tb) está ciego
have you never had gazpacho? it's delicious! — ¿nunca has comido gazpacho? es delicioso!
the gazpacho is delicious, did you make it yourself? — el gazpacho está delicioso ¿lo hiciste tú?
she was very rude to me — estuvo or fue muy grosera conmigo
Tony is married/divorced/single — Tony está or (esp AmL) es casado/divorciado/soltero
to be married to somebody — estar* casado con alguien
3)a) (followed by a noun) ser*who was Prime Minister at the time? — ¿quién era Primer Ministro en ese momento?
it's me/Daniel — soy yo/es Daniel
if I were you, I'd stay — yo que tú or yo en tu lugar me quedaría
b) ( play the role of) hacer* de4)how are you? — ¿cómo estás?
I'm much better — estoy or me encuentro mucho mejor
she's pregnant/tired — está embarazada/cansada
I'm cold/hot/hungry/thirsty/sleepy — tengo frío/calor/hambre/sed/sueño
b) ( talking about age) tener*how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?
he's a lot older/younger — es mucho mayor/menor
c) (giving cost, measurement, weight)how much is that? - that'll be $15, please — ¿cuánto es? - (son) 15 dólares, por favor
they are $15 each — cuestan or valen 15 dólares cada una
how tall/heavy is he? — ¿cuánto mide/pesa?
5)a) (exist, live)I think, therefore I am — pienso, luego existo
to let something/somebody be — dejar tranquilo or en paz algo/a alguien
b) ( in expressions of time)don't be too long — no tardes mucho, no (te) demores mucho (esp AmL)
I'm drying my hair, I won't be long — me estoy secando el pelo, enseguida estoy
how long will dinner be? — ¿cuánto falta para la cena?
c) ( take place) ser*6) (be situated, present) estar*where is the library? — ¿dónde está or queda la biblioteca?
where are you? — ¿dónde estás?
what's in that box? — ¿qué hay en esa caja?
who's in the movie? — ¿quién actúa or trabaja en la película?
how long are you in Chicago (for)? — (colloq) ¿cuánto (tiempo) te vas a quedar en Chicago ?
7) (only in perfect tenses) ( visit) estar*have you been to the exhibition yet? — ¿ya has estado en or has ido a la exposición?
2.
v impers1)a) (talking about physical conditions, circumstances)it's sunny/cold/hot — hace sol/frío/calor
it's so noisy/quiet in here! — qué ruido/silencio hay aquí!
I have enough problems as it is, without you... — yo ya tengo suficientes problemas sin que tú encima...
b) ( in expressions of time) ser*hi, Joe, it's been a long time — qué tal, Joe, tanto tiempo (sin verte)
c) ( talking about distance) estar*it's 500 miles from here to Detroit — Detroit queda or está a 500 millas de aquí
2)a) (introducing person, object) ser*it was me who told them — fui yo quien se lo dije or dijo, fui yo el que se lo dije or dijo
b) (in conditional use) ser*if it hadn't been o had it not been for Juan, we would have been killed — si no hubiera sido por Juan or de no ser por Juan, nos habríamos matado
3.
v aux1) to be -inga) ( used to describe action in progress) estar* + gerwhat was I saying? — ¿qué estaba diciendo?
she was leaving when... — se iba cuando...
how long have you been waiting? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) hace que esperas?, ¿cuánto (tiempo) llevas esperando?
b) ( with future reference)he is o will be arriving tomorrow — llega mañana
when are you seeing her? — ¿cuándo la vas a ver or la verás?
2) (in the passive voice) ser* [The passive voice, however, is less common in Spanish than it is in English]it was built in 1903 — fue construido en 1903, se construyó en 1903, lo construyeron en 1903
she was told that... — le dijeron or se le dijo que...
it is known that... — se sabe que...
3) to be to + infa) ( with future reference)if a solution is to be found... — si se quiere encontrar or si se ha de encontrar una solución...
b) ( expressing possibility)what are we to do? — ¿qué podemos hacer?
c) ( expressing obligation) deber* + inf, tener* que + inf, haber* de + inftell her she's to stay here — dile que debe quedarse or tiene que quedarse aquí, dile que se quede aquí
am I to understand that... ? — ¿debo entender que... ?
4) ( in hypotheses)what would happen if she were o was to die? — ¿qué pasaría si ella muriera?
5)she's right, isn't she? — tiene razón, ¿no? or ¿verdad? or ¿no es cierto?
so that's what you think, is it? — de manera que eso es lo que piensas
are you disappointed? - yes, I am/no, I'm not — ¿estás desilusionado? - sí (, lo estoy)/no (, no lo estoy)
she was told the news, and so was he/but I wasn't — a ella le dieron la noticia, y también a él/pero a mí no
I'm surprised, are/aren't you? — estoy sorprendido, ¿y tú?/¿tú no?
-
67 same
[seɪm] 1. adjten sam; ( identical) taki sam2. pronat the same time — ( simultaneously) w tym samym momencie, równocześnie; ( yet) jednocześnie, zarazem
all/just the same — (po)mimo to, niemniej jednak
to do the same (as sb) — robić (zrobić perf) to samo (co ktoś)
happy New Year! — same to you! — szczęśliwego Nowego Roku! — nawzajem!
you're a fool! — same to you! — głupi jesteś! — sam jesteś głupi!
I hate him — same here! — nienawidzę go — ja też!
same again! — ( in bar etc) jeszcze raz to samo!
(no, but) thanks all the same — (nie, ale) mimo to dziękuję
* * *[seim] 1. adjective1) (alike; very similar: The houses in this road are all the same; You have the same eyes as your brother (has).) taki sam2) (not different: My friend and I are the same age; He went to the same school as me.) ten sam3) (unchanged: My opinion is the same as it always was.) taki sam2. pronoun((usually with the) the same thing: He sat down and we all did the same.) to samo3. adverb((usually with the) in the same way: I don't feel the same about you as I did.) tak samo- at the same time
- be all the same to
- same here
- same-sex marriage -
68 stop
1)to \stop a ball einen Ball stoppen; goalkeeper einen Ball halten;to \stop a blow einen Schlag abblocken;to \stop sb/ a car jdn/ein Auto anhalten;to \stop one's car anhalten;to \stop the enemy den Feind aufhalten;to \stop a thief/ the traffic einen Dieb/den Verkehr aufhalten;\stop thief! haltet den Dieb!;\stop that man! haltet den Mann!2) ( make cease)this will \stop the pain das wird dir gegen die Schmerzen helfen;\stop that nonsense! hör auf mit dem Unsinn!;\stop it! hör auf [damit]!;what can I do to \stop this nosebleed? was kann ich gegen dieses Nasenbluten tun?;something must be done to \stop the fighting den Kämpfen muss ein Ende gesetzt werden;this fighting has to be \stopped! die Kämpfe müssen aufhören!;\stop being silly! hör auf mit dem Unsinn!;I just couldn't \stop myself ich konnte einfach nicht anders;to \stop the bleeding die Blutung stillen;to \stop the clock die Uhr anhalten;the clock is \stopped when a team scores a goal die Spielzeit wird unterbrochen, wenn ein Team ein Tor schießt;to \stop the engine den Motor abstellen;to \stop the fighting die Kämpfe einstellen;to \stop inflation/ progress die Inflation/den Fortschritt aufhalten;to \stop a machine eine Maschine abstellen;to \stop a match ein Spiel beenden; referee ein Spiel abbrechen;to \stop the production of sth die Produktion einer S. gen einstellen;to \stop a rumour ein Gerücht ein Ende machen;to \stop a speech eine Rede unterbrechen;to \stop a subscription ein Abonnement kündigen;to \stop a war einen Krieg beenden3) ( cease an activity)to \stop sth etw beenden, mit etw dat aufhören;what time do you usually \stop work? wann hören Sie normalerweise auf zu arbeiten?;you just can't \stop it, can you du kannst es einfach nicht lassen, oder?4) ( prevent)to \stop sb [from] doing sth jdn davon abhalten, etw zu tun;if she really wants to leave, I don't understand what's \stopping her wenn sie wirklich weggehen will, verstehe ich nicht, was sie davon abhält;some people smoke because they think it \stops them putting on weight manche rauchen, weil sie meinen, dass sie dann nicht zunehmen;I couldn't \stop myself from having another piece of cake ich musste einfach noch ein Stück Kuchen essen;he handed in his resignation - I just couldn't \stop him er hat gekündigt - ich konnte ihn einfach nicht davon abhalten;you can't \stop me from doing that du kannst mich nicht davon abhalten5) ( refuse payment)to \stop sb's allowance/ pocket money jdm den Unterhalt/das Taschengeld streichen;to \stop [ (Am) payment on] a cheque einen Scheck sperren;to \stop wages keine Löhne mehr zahlen;the money will be \stopped out of his salary das Geld wird von seinem Gehalt abgezogen6) ( block)to \stop sth etw verstopfen; gap, hole, leak etw [zu]stopfen;to \stop one's ears sich dat die Ohren zuhalten;when he starts shouting I just \stop my ears wenn er anfängt zu schreien, mache ich einfach die Ohren zu! ( fam)7) boxingto \stop sb jdn schlagen;he was \stopped by a knockout in the fourth round er schied durch K.o. in der vierten Runde aus;to \stop a left/ right eine Linke/Rechte parieren;to \stop a punch einen Hieb einstecken [müssen]8) mus\stopped pipe gedackte Pfeife fachspr;to \stop a string eine Saite greifenPHRASES:to \stop a bullet eine Kugel abbekommen;to \stop sb's mouth jdm den Mund stopfen ( fam)to \stop the rot die Talfahrt stoppen ( fig)\stop! halt!;to \stop dead abrupt innehalten;to \stop to do sth stehen bleiben, um etw zu tun; car anhalten, um etw zu tun;I \stopped to pick up the letter that I had dropped ich blieb stehen und hob den Brief auf, den ich hatte fallen lassen; ( fig)2) (cease, discontinue) machine nicht mehr laufen; clock, heart, watch stehen bleiben; rain aufhören; pain abklingen, nachlassen; production, payments eingestellt werden; film, programme zu Ende sein; speaker abbrechen;I will not \stop until they set them free ich werde keine Ruhe geben, bis sie sie freigelassen haben;she doesn't know where to \stop sie weiß nicht, wann sie aufhören muss;his heart \stopped during the operation während der Operation hatte er einen Herzstillstand;rain has \stopped play das Spiel wurde wegen Regens unterbrochen;she \stopped right in the middle of the sentence sie hielt mitten im Satz inne3) ( cease an activity)to \stop [doing sth] aufhören[, etw zu tun], [mit etw dat] aufhören;once I start eating chocolate I can't \stop wenn ich einmal anfange, Schokolade zu essen, kann ich einfach nicht mehr aufhören;I just couldn't \stop laughing ich habe mich echt totgelacht (sl)if you have to keep \stopping to answer the telephone, you 'll never finish wenn du ständig unterbrechen musst, um ans Telefon zu gehen, wirst du nie fertig werden;I wish you'd \stop telling me what to do ich wünschte, du würdest endlich damit aufhören, mir zu sagen, was ich tun soll;\stop being silly! hör auf mit dem Unsinn!;\stop shouting! hör auf zu schreien;I \stopped seeing him last year wir haben uns letztes Jahr getrennt;I've \stopped drinking alcohol ich trinke keinen Alkohol mehr;she \stopped drinking sie trinkt nicht mehr;please, \stop crying hör doch bitte auf zu weinen!;to \stop smoking mit dem Rauchen aufhören;(on plane etc.) das Rauchen einstellen;to \stop working aufhören zu arbeitenI'm not \stopping ich bleibe nicht lange;I can't \stop - Malcolm's waiting for me outside ich kann nicht bleiben, Malcolm wartet draußen auf mich;we \stopped for a quick bite at a motorway services wir machten kurz bei einer Autobahnraststätte Station, um etwas zu essen;I \stopped at a pub for some lunch ich habe an einem Pub Halt gemacht und was zu Mittag gegessen;can you \stop at the fish shop on your way home? kannst du auf dem Nachhauseweg kurz beim Fischladen vorbeigehen?;he usually \stops at a bar for a quick drink on the way home normalerweise schaut er auf dem Nachhauseweg noch kurz auf ein Gläschen in einer Kneipe vorbei;are you \stopping here bleibst du hier?;to \stop for dinner/ tea zum Abendessen/Tee bleiben;to \stop at a hotel in einem Hotel übernachten;does this train \stop at Finsbury Park? hält dieser Zug in Finsbury Park?;the train to Glasgow \stops at platform 14 der Zug nach Glasgow hält am Gleis 146) ( almost)to \stop short of doing sth sich akk [gerade noch] bremsen, etw zu tun;I \stopped short of telling him my secrets beinahe hätte ich ihm meine Geheimnisse verratenPHRASES:to \stop at nothing vor nichts zurückschrecken n1) (cessation of movement, activity) Halt m;please wait until the airplane has come to a complete \stop bitte warten Sie, bis das Flugzeug seine endgültige Parkposition erreicht hat;emergency \stop Notbremsung f;to bring a car to a \stop ein Auto anhalten;to bring a conversation to a \stop ein Gespräch beenden;to bring the traffic to a \stop den Verkehr zum Erliegen bringen;to bring sth to a sudden \stop etw dat ein jähes Ende bereiten;to come to a \stop stehen bleiben; car also anhalten; rain aufhören; traffic, business zum Erliegen kommen; project, production eingestellt werden;the conversation came to a \stop das Gespräch verstummte;to come to a sudden [or dead] \stop car abrupt anhalten [o stehen bleiben]; project, undertaking ein jähes Ende finden;to make a \stop anhalten;we made two \stops wir haben zweimal Halt gemacht;... including a thirty minute \stop for lunch... inklusive einer halben Stunde Pause für das Mittagessen;there were a lot of \stops and starts throughout the project die Entwicklung des Projekts verlief sehr stockend;to drive without a \stop durchfahren;to have a \stop Halt machen;to have a \stop for coffee ein Kaffeepause machen;to make a \stop at a service station an einer Raststätte Halt machen;without a \stop ohne Pause [o Unterbrechung];the ship's first \stop is Sydney das Schiff läuft als Erstes Sydney an;( for plane) Zwischenlandung f;the plane's first \stop is Birmingham das Flugzeug wird zunächst in Birmingham zwischenlanden;I'm getting off at the next \stop bei der nächsten Haltestelle steige ich aus;is this your \stop? steigen Sie hier aus?;is this our \stop? müssen wir hier aussteigen?;request \stop Bedarfshaltestelle f (Haltestelle, bei der man den Bus herwinken muss, da er nicht automatisch hält)PHRASES:to pull out all the \stops alle Register ziehen -
69 let
I.1 ( when making suggestion) let's go allons-y ; let's give it a try essayons ; let's go for a swim allons nager ; let's begin by doing commençons par faire ; let's get out of here! sortons d'ici! ; let's not ou don't let's GB talk about that! n'en parlons pas! ; let's see if… voyons si… ; let us pray prions ; let's pretend that this is the interview faisons comme si c'était l'entretien ; let's face it soyons honnête ; let's face it, you were wrong il faut voir les choses en face, tu avais tort ; let me see, let's see… voyons… ; it was-let me think-about 8 pm il était-attends voir or voyons voir-environ 8 heures du soir ; let me think about it laisse-moi réfléchir ; let's assume that… supposons or mettons que… (+ subj) ; let's say (that)… admettons que… (+ subj) ; it's more complex than, let's say, a computer c'est plus compliqué que, disons, un ordinateur ; let's say she wasn't amused iron disons qu'elle n'a pas vraiment apprécié ;2 ( when expressing defiance or a command) let there be no doubt about it! qu'il n'y ait aucun doute là-dessus! ; let everyone make up his own mind que chacun d'entre nous décide pour lui-même ; let the festivities begin! que la fête commence! ; never let it be said that qu'il ne soit pas dit que ; let there be light que la lumière soit ; people will talk-well let them (talk)! ça va faire parler les gens-eh bien laisse-les parler! ; let that be a lesson to you! que cela te serve de leçon! ; just let him try it! qu'il essaie! ; if he wants tea, let him make it himself! s'il veut du thé, qu'il le fasse lui-même! ; let them eat cake! qu'on leur donne de la brioche! ; let me tell you… crois-moi, croyez-moi… ; let y = 25 Math soit y = 25 ; let the line AB intersect CD Math soit la droite AB qui coupe CD ;3 ( allow) to let sb do sth laisser qn faire qch ; she let us see the baby elle nous a laissés voir le bébé ; let me go first laisse-moi passer devant or en premier ; let me pay for dinner laissez-moi vous inviter ; let me explain laisse-moi t'expliquer ; she let herself be intimidated elle s'est laissée intimider ; don't let them see you crying ne les laisse pas voir que tu pleures ; don't let them think that… ne les laisse pas penser que… ; don't let it get you down ne te laisse pas abattre ; she wanted to leave but they wouldn't let her elle voulait partir mais ils ne l'ont pas laissée faire ; I won't let them talk to me like that! je ne permets pas qu'on me parle sur ce ton! ; don't let me forget to do rappelle-moi de faire ; let me see, let me have a look fais voir, fais-moi voir ; let me (do that) permettez fml, laisse-moi faire ; let me ask you… permettez-moi de vous demander… ; let me introduce you to Isabelle laissez-moi vous présenter à Isabelle ; can you let me have that in writing? pourriez-vous me mettre cela par écrit? ; let them have it! lit donne-le-leur! ; fig ○ ( shoot) descends-les ○ ! ; ( attack verbally) rentre-leur dedans ○ ! ; to let sth fall/escape laisser tomber/échapper qch ; don't let the milk boil over! ne laisse pas déborder le lait! ; to let one's hair/beard grow se laisser pousser les cheveux/la barbe ;4 ( allow free movement or passage to) to let sb through laisser passer qn ; to let sb on/off the bus laisser qn monter dans/descendre de l'autobus ; can you let me off here? pouvez-vous me déposer ici? ; let me pass please laissez-moi passer s'il vous plaît ; she won't let him out of/inside the house elle ne le laisse pas sortir/entrer ; I let myself in je suis entré ; to let air into a room aérer une pièce ; draw the curtains and let some light in ouvre les rideaux pour qu'il y ait un peu de lumière ; to let the air out of dégonfler [tyre, balloon] ;5 (insert, inlay) to let a door/window into a wall percer une porte/fenêtre dans un mur ; a statue let into the wall une statue encastrée dans le mur.B let alone conj phr à plus forte raison ; she was too ill to stand let alone walk elle était trop malade pour se tenir debout à plus forte raison pour marcher ; he couldn't look after the cat let alone a child il ne serait pas capable de s'occuper du chat encore moins d'un enfant.■ let away ○:▶ let [sb] away with doing laisser qn faire ; don't let her away with that! ne la laisse pas s'en tirer comme ça!■ let down:▶ let [sb] down1 ( disappoint) [organization, person] laisser tomber [qn] ; it has never let me down [technique, machine] ça a toujours marché ; the car let us down la voiture nous a laissé tomber ; to feel let down être déçu ; don't let me down! je compte sur toi! ; ⇒ side ;2 ( embarrass) faire honte à [qn] ;▶ let [sth] down, let down [sth]3 ( lengthen) rallonger [skirt, coat] ;■ let go lit lâcher prise ; to let go of sb/sth lit lâcher qn/qch ; fig se détacher de qn/qch ; he just can't let go fig il ne peut pas oublier ;▶ let [sb] go, let go [sb]1 ( free) relâcher [hostage, suspect, prisoner] ;4 to let oneself go ( all contexts) se laisser aller ;▶ let [sth] go, let go [sth]1 ( release hold on) lâcher [rope, bar] ;2 fig to let it go ( not to react) laisser passer ; ( stop fretting about) ne plus y penser ; we'll let it go at that restons-en là.■ let in:▶ let in [sth], let [sth] in1 ( allow to enter) [roof, window] laisser passer [rain] ; [shoes, tent] prendre [water] ; [curtains, glass door] laisser passer [light] ;▶ let [sb] in, let in [sb]1 ( show in) faire entrer ;2 ( admit) laisser entrer ; I let myself in je suis entré avec ma clé ;3 to let oneself in for ( expose oneself to) aller au devant de [trouble, problems, disappointment] ; I had no idea what I was letting myself in for je n'avais aucune idée de là où je mettais les pieds ○ ;■ let off:▶ let off [sth] tirer [fireworks] ; faire exploser [device, bomb] ; faire partir [rifle, gun] ; ⇒ hook, steam ;▶ let [sb] off2 ( excuse) to let sb off dispenser qn de [lessons, homework, chores] ; to let sb off doing dispenser qn de faire ;3 ( leave unpunished) ne pas punir [culprit] ; to be let off with s'en tirer avec [fine, caution] ; to let sb off lightly laisser qn s'en tirer à bon compte.■ let on1 ( reveal) dire (to sb à qn) ; to let on about sth parler de qch ; don't let on! ne dis rien! ; don't let on that you speak German ne dis pas que tu parles allemand ; she misses them more than she lets on ils lui manquent plus qu'elle ne veut bien l'admettre ;■ let out:▶ let out [sth]2 GB ( reveal) révéler (that que) ;▶ let [sth] out, let out [sth]1 ( release) faire sortir [animal] ;3 Aut to let out the clutch embrayer ;▶ let [sb] out2 ( show out) reconduire [qn] à la porte ; I'll let myself out ne vous dérangez pas, je peux sortir tout seul.■ let through:▶ let [sb] through, let through [sb]1 ( in crowd) laisser passer ;▶ let [sth] through, let through [sth] laisser passer [error, faulty product].■ let up1 ( ease off) [rain, wind] se calmer ; [heat] diminuer ; the rain never once let up il a plu sans arrêt ;2 ( stop) [conversation, pressure] s'arrêter ; he never lets up ( works hard) il travaille sans relâche ; ( exerts pressure) il ne me/lui etc laisse jamais de répit ; ( talks constantly) il n'arrête pas de parler ;3 to let up on sb ○ ( be less severe) lâcher la bride à qn, être moins dur avec qn.II.A n1 ( also GB let out) ( lease) louer [room, apartment, land] (to à) ; ‘room to let’ ‘chambre à louer’ ; ‘to let’ ‘à louer’ ;2 † Med to let blood faire une saignée.■ let off:▶ let off [sth], let [sth] off louer [part of house, property]. -
70 Heathcote, John
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 7 August 1783 Duffield, Derbyshire, Englandd. 18 January 1861 Tiverton, Devonshire, England[br]English inventor of the bobbin-net lace machine.[br]Heathcote was the son of a small farmer who became blind, obliging the family to move to Long Whatton, near Loughborough, c.1790. He was apprenticed to W.Shepherd, a hosiery-machine maker, and became a frame-smith in the hosiery industry. He moved to Nottingham where he entered the employment of an excellent machine maker named Elliott. He later joined William Caldwell of Hathern, whose daughter he had married. The lace-making apparatus they patented jointly in 1804 had already been anticipated, so Heathcote turned to the problem of making pillow lace, a cottage industry in which women made lace by arranging pins stuck in a pillow in the correct pattern and winding around them thread contained on thin bobbins. He began by analysing the complicated hand-woven lace into simple warp and weft threads and found he could dispense with half the bobbins. The first machine he developed and patented, in 1808, made narrow lace an inch or so wide, but the following year he made much broader lace on an improved version. In his second patent, in 1809, he could make a type of net curtain, Brussels lace, without patterns. His machine made bobbin-net by the use of thin brass discs, between which the thread was wound. As they passed through the warp threads, which were arranged vertically, the warp threads were moved to each side in turn, so as to twist the bobbin threads round the warp threads. The bobbins were in two rows to save space, and jogged on carriages in grooves along a bar running the length of the machine. As the strength of this fabric depended upon bringing the bobbin threads diagonally across, in addition to the forward movement, the machine had to provide for a sideways movement of each bobbin every time the lengthwise course was completed. A high standard of accuracy in manufacture was essential for success. Called the "Old Loughborough", it was acknowledged to be the most complicated machine so far produced. In partnership with a man named Charles Lacy, who supplied the necessary capital, a factory was established at Loughborough that proved highly successful; however, their fifty-five frames were destroyed by Luddites in 1816. Heathcote was awarded damages of £10,000 by the county of Nottingham on the condition it was spent locally, but to avoid further interference he decided to transfer not only his machines but his entire workforce elsewhere and refused the money. In a disused woollen factory at Tiverton in Devonshire, powered by the waters of the river Exe, he built 300 frames of greater width and speed. By continually making inventions and improvements until he retired in 1843, his business flourished and he amassed a large fortune. He patented one machine for silk cocoon-reeling and another for plaiting or braiding. In 1825 he brought out two patents for the mechanical ornamentation or figuring of lace. He acquired a sound knowledge of French prior to opening a steam-powered lace factory in France. The factory proved to be a successful venture that lasted many years. In 1832 he patented a monstrous steam plough that is reputed to have cost him over £12,000 and was claimed to be the best in its day. One of its stated aims was "improved methods of draining land", which he hoped would develop agriculture in Ireland. A cable was used to haul the implement across the land. From 1832 to 1859, Heathcote represented Tiverton in Parliament and, among other benefactions, he built a school for his adopted town.[br]Bibliography1804, with William Caldwell, British patent no. 2,788 (lace-making machine). 1808. British patent no. 3,151 (machine for making narrow lace).1809. British patent no. 3,216 (machine for making Brussels lace). 1813, British patent no. 3,673.1825, British patent no. 5,103 (mechanical ornamentation of lace). 1825, British patent no. 5,144 (mechanical ornamentation of lace).Further ReadingV.Felkin, 1867, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufacture, Nottingham (provides a full account of Heathcote's early life and his inventions).A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London (provides more details of his later years).W.G.Allen, 1958 John Heathcote and His Heritage (biography).M.R.Lane, 1980, The Story of the Steam Plough Works, Fowlers of Leeds, London (for comments about Heathcote's steam plough).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London, and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History ofTechnology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press (both describe the lace-making machine).RLH -
71 drink
1. [drıŋk] n1. питьёfood and drink - пища /еда/ и питьё
to have a drink - напиться [ср. тж. 2, 2)]
to give smb. a drink - дать кому-л. напиться
2. 1) напиток2) спиртной напитокlong drink - стакан пива, сидра; стакан виски с содовой [см. тж. 3]
to have a drink at the bar - пропустить стаканчик в баре [ср. тж. 1]
to stand smb. a drink - поставить кому-л. стаканчик, угостить кого-л.
to take to drink - пристраститься к спиртному; запить
3) состояние опьяненияin drink - пьяный; в пьяном виде
to be in /the worse for, under the influence of/ drink - быть в пьяном виде, захмелеть
4) запой; пьянство, алкоголизмto be on the drink - пить запоем, пить горькую; пьянствовать, не просыхать
to drive smb. to drink - довести кого-л. до алкоголизма
3. глотокlong drink - большой глоток [см. тж. 2, 2)]
drink of water [of milk] - глоток воды [молока]
4. сл. водный простор; океан; «лужа»the big drink - амер. а) Атлантический океан; б) река Миссисипи
to cross the drink - пересечь океан /море/
2. [drıŋk] v (drank; drunk)to fall into the drink - а) упасть в воду; б) свалиться за борт
1. питьto drink a glass dry - выпить до дна, осушить стакан
to drink deep - сделать большой глоток [см. тж. 2, 1)]
fit to drink - ≅ пить можно
what will you have to drink? - что вы будете пить?
2. 1) выпивать; пить, пьянствоватьto drink hard /deep, heavily/ - пить запоем, сильно пить, пьянствовать; пить мёртвую, пить беспробудно /до бесчувствия, до потери сознания/ [см. тж. 1]
to take to drinking - запить, пристраститься к спиртному
2) напаивать, подпаиватьto drink smb. drunk - напоить /подпоить/ кого-л.
to drink oneself into debt [out of a job] - залезть в долги [потерять работу] из-за пьянства
3. (тж. to) пить (за кого-л., за что-л.); провозглашать тостto drink (to) the host [to smb.'s health] - выпить за хозяина [за чьё-л. здоровье]
to drink (a toast) to smb. - выпить за кого-л.
to drink success to smb., to drink to smb.'s success - выпить за чьи-л. успехи
4. испить; отведать, хлебнуть, испытать5. всасывать, впитывать ( часто drink up, drink in)6. пропивать (тж. drink away)to drink (away) one's earnings - пропить всё, что заработал
7. 1) иметь вкус, букетto drink flat - быть безвкусным /пресным/
2) «идти» ( о спиртном)this wine drinks well after a year - это вино приобретает приятный вкус /хорошо пьётся, хорошо идёт/ после того, как постоит год
♢
to drink it - упиться, нагрузиться; нализаться, надраться, наклюкатьсяto drink smb. under the table - а) напоить кого-л. до бесчувствия /до положения риз/; напоить кого-л. допьяна; б) «перепить» кого-л.
to drink like a fish - ≅ пить как сапожник
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72 ♦ double
♦ double (1) /ˈdʌbl/A a.doppio: a double consonant, una (consonante) doppia; Her name's Chubb: c-h-u-double b, si chiama Chubb: c-h-u-doppia b; «What's the account number?» «2-9-4-0-double 8», «qual è il numero del conto?» «2-9-4-0- due volte 8»; double space, spazio doppio; (fisc.) double taxation, imposizione doppia; (ferr.) double track, doppio binario; double pay, paga doppia; a double portion (o helping) una porzione doppia; a double meaning, un doppio senso; a double whisky [espresso], un whisky [caffè] doppio; a d layer of fabric, un doppio strato di stoffa; a double coat of paint, due mani di vernice; a double murder, un doppio omicidio; I'm double her age, ho il doppio della sua età; DIALOGO → - School- We had double maths in the afternoon, abbiamo avuto due ore di matematica nel pomeriggioB avv.3 in due; a doppio: to fold a sheet double, piegare in due un lenzuolo; mettere a doppio un lenzuolo; The poor man was bent double with age, il poveretto era piegato (in due) per l'età avanzata● (teatr.) double act, numero di una coppia di comici; ( per estens.) coppia di comici: famous double acts such as Laurel and Hardy, coppie famose di comici, come Stanlio e Ollio □ (mecc.) double-acting, a doppio effetto: double-acting cylinder, cilindro a doppio effetto □ (mecc.) double-action, ( di arma da fuoco) ad azione doppia □ double agent, spia che fa il doppio gioco; doppiogiochista □ (mus.) double album, album doppio □ double axe, ascia a doppio taglio □ (mus.) double bar, doppia barra □ double-barrelled, ( di fucile) a due canne; ( di cognome) doppio: Compton-Burnett is a double-barrelled surname, Compton-Burnett è un cognome doppio □ (mus.) double bass, contrabbasso □ (mus.) double bassoon, controfagotto □ double bed, letto a due piazze (o matrimoniale) □ ( di camera) double-bedded, a due letti □ double bind, brutto dilemma: to be in a double bind, trovarsi fra l'incudine e il martello □ double bill, (teatr., cinema) programma che comprende due film (o spettacoli) □ (med., scient.) double blind, doppio cieco: double-blind technique, metodo del doppio cieco □ (mecc.) double-block brake, freno a due ceppi □ ( boxe) double blow, colpo doppiato; doppietta □ double bluff, doppio bluff ( dire la verità a chi si aspetta un bluff) □ double boiler = double saucepan ► sotto □ (chim.) double bond, doppio legame □ (tur.) double booking, doppia prenotazione □ ( anche naut.) double bottom, doppiofondo □ ( di giacca o cappotto) double-breasted, a doppiopetto □ double buffalo = double nickels ► sotto □ double-buffer shoe polisher, pulisciscarpe a due spazzole □ double chin, doppio mento; pappagorgia □ double-chinned, con la pappagorgia □ (comput., Internet) double click, doppio clic ( del mouse) □ double cream, panna molto densa □ double cross, inganno, frode; doppio gioco □ double-crosser, chi fa il doppio gioco con il proprio complice □ (tipogr.) double dagger, doppia croce □ (fam. USA) double date, appuntamento di due coppie ( per uscire insieme) □ double-dealer, persona sleale; doppiogiochista □ double-dealing, (agg.) doppio, ipocrita; (sost.) doppiezza, ipocrisia □ double-decker, nave a due ponti; autobus a due piani; ( USA) letto a castello; (aeron.) biplano; (fam., anche double-decker sandwich) sandwich (o tramezzino) doppio ( a due strati) □ (autom.) double-declutching, doppia debragliata; doppio disinnesto ( della frizione); doppietta (fam.) □ double deuces, il numero 22 □ (econ., fin.: dell'inflazione, dei tassi, ecc.) double-digit, a due cifre □ (econ.) double dip recession, doppia recessione ( con un breve intervallo di crescita tra i due periodi di recessione) □ (fam. USA) double-dipper, chi prende due stipendi (o pensione e stipendio) □ double door, porta doppia (o a due battenti) □ (fam.) double Dutch, lingua incomprensibile; arabo (fig.): The instructions were double Dutch to me, le istruzioni erano arabo per me □ double-dyed, tinto due volte; (fig.) matricolato; di tre cotte □ double-eagle, aquila bicipite ( antica moneta d'oro americana da 20 dollari) □ double-edged, a doppio taglio ( anche fig.): a double-edged compliment, un complimento a doppio taglio; a double-edged sword, una spada a doppio taglio □ (naut.) double-ended ferry, traghetto a doppia prua □ (franc.) double entendre, doppio senso ( malizioso o più o meno licenzioso) □ (rag.) double entry, partita doppia: double-entry bookkeeping, contabilità in partita doppia □ (fotogr.) double exposure, doppia esposizione; sovrimpressione □ double-faced, a due facce, bifronte; (fig.) doppio, ipocrita; ( di tessuto) double-face (franc.) □ ( tennis) double fault, doppio fallo; fallo di battuta □ ( cinema, spec. USA) double feature, doppio programma □ double figures, numeri a due cifre ( da 10 a 99): to be in [to reach o to get to] double figures, avere raggiunto [raggiungere] un valore a due cifre: Inflation in the country could reach double figures next year, l'inflazione nel paese potrebbe raggiungere un valore a due cifre l'anno prossimo □ double first, laurea in due discipline con il massimo dei voti in entrambe ( nelle università inglesi) □ (mus.) double flat, doppio bemolle □ double garage, garage doppio □ double-glazed window, finestra a doppi vetri □ (edil.) double-glazing, (installazione dei) doppi vetri □ double-headed, a due teste, bicipite; (fig.) falso, ipocrita □ (biochim.) double helix, doppia elica □ ( lotta) double hold, cintura □ (leg., USA) double indemnity, clausola di un'assicurazione sulla vita che prevede un'indennità doppia in caso di morte accidentale □ (leg., USA) double jeopardy, il processare q. per un delitto per cui è già stato assolto □ double-jointed, snodato □ (equit.) double jump, salto doppio; ostacolo doppio □ (tipogr.) double-leaded, a spaziatura doppia fra riga e riga □ double life, doppia vita: to live (o to lead) a double life, avere (o condurre) una doppia vita □ (gramm.) double negative, doppia negazione □ double lock, serratura doppia; ( anche) doppia mandata □ (mil.) double march, passo di corsa □ (fam. USA) double nickels, il numero 55; (autom.) il limite delle 55 miglia all'ora □ (fam. USA) double-o (acronimo di once over), ispezione approfondita; esame accurato □ ( Borsa) double option, opzione doppia; stellage; stellaggio □ (equit.) double oxer, largo di barriere □ (autom.) double-parking, parcheggio in seconda (o doppia) fila □ ( a scuola) double period, lezione di due ore ( della stessa materia) □ (elettr.) double-pole switch, commutatore bipolare □ (market.) double pricing, doppia prezzatura ( sulle confezioni: un prezzo è cancellato con un frego) □ double-quick, (agg.) velocissimo; (avv.) di corsa, in un baleno; (sost.) (mil.) passo di corsa □ double quotes, virgolette (doppie): to put st. in double quotes, mettere qc. tra virgolette □ double room, camera doppia ( con letto matrimoniale) □ ( cucina) double saucepan, bagnomaria ( il recipiente) □ ( canottaggio) double scull, due di coppia; doppio skiff □ (mus.) double sharp, doppio diesis □ ( caccia) double shot, doppietta ( due colpi) □ double sided, ( di tessuto, carta, ecc.) double face (franc.) □ (tipogr.) double spread, pagina doppia □ double standard, (econ.) bimetallismo; (fig., anche al pl.) (valutazione con) due metri diversi ( di giudizio); (uso di) due pesi e due misure (fig.); doppiopesismo ( gergo giorn.) □ (astron.) double star, stella doppia □ (biochim.) double-stranded, a doppia catena; a doppio filamento □ ( nuoto) double stroke, doppia bracciata: double-stroke breathing, respirazione in due tempi □ (fam.) double take, reazione di sorpresa a scoppio ritardato: to do a double take, reagire a scoppio ritardato ( per la sorpresa) □ double talk, linguaggio volutamente incomprensibile □ (comput., Internet) double tap, doppio tocco ( con uno stilo o con un dito) □ (econ., fin.) double taxation, doppia tassazione □ double time, (econ.) doppia paga; doppio salario (o stipendio); (mus.) tempo doppio; (mil., USA) passo di corsa □ (mus.) double-tonguing, doppio staccato ( negli strumenti a fiato) □ (med.) double vision, diplopia □ (fam.) double whammy, doppia sfortuna: The team faced the double whammy of relegation and losing its manager, la squadra ha avuto la doppia sfortuna di essere retrocessa e di perdere l'allenatore □ (leg.) double will, testamento congiuntivo e reciproco □ (autom.) double yellow line, doppia linea gialla (in GB indica divieto di sosta e in USA equivale alla doppia linea continua).double (2) /ˈdʌbl/n.5 (camera) doppia matrimoniale: Do you prefer a double or a twin?, preferisce una doppia matrimoniale o a due letti?8 doppio; Doppelgänger (ted.)10 (equit.) doppio ostacolo; gabbia13 (pl.) ( tennis) doppio: to play doubles, giocare il doppio; mixed doubles, doppio misto; men's [women's] doubles, doppio maschile [femminile]15 (tipogr.) ► doublet, def. 8● double or quits, lascia o raddoppia ( gioco) □ ( tennis) doubles player, doppista; giocatore di doppio □ (mil.) at the double, a passo di corsa □ on (o at) the double, velocemente; in un attimo.♦ (to) double /ˈdʌbl/A v. t.1 raddoppiare: to double prices [revenues, income], raddoppiare i prezzi [le entrate, il reddito]; They doubled their investment in five years, hanno raddoppiato il loro investimento in cinque anni; double a dose, raddoppiare la dose; ( sport) to double one's lead, raddoppiare il vantaggio4 (cinem., teatr.) interpretare (due ruoli): Patrick Stewart doubled the roles of Claudius and the ghost, Patrick Stewart ha interpretato i due ruoli di Claudio e dello spettro; The company is small, so they often double the parts, la compagnia è piccola, quindi lo stesso attore interpreta spesso due ruoliB v. i.1 raddoppiare; diventare doppio: Interest rates have doubled, i tassi di interesse sono raddoppiati; The dough should double in size in a couple of hours, il volume dell'impasto dovrebbe raddoppiare in un paio d'ore2 ( cinema) fare da controfigura: She has doubled for many Hollywood stars, ha fatto da controfigura a molte star hollywoodiane3 (mil.) andare a passo di corsa6 (ipp.) fare una duplice. -
73 lock
I noun(ringlet) Locke, dieII 1. noun1) (of door etc.) Schloss, dasunder lock and key — unter [strengem] Verschluss
2) (on canal etc.) Schleuse, die5)lock, stock, and barrel — (fig.) mit allem Drum und Dran (ugs.)
6) (Motor Veh.) Lenkeinschlag, der2. transitive verb1) (fasten) zuschließen; abschließenlock or shut the stable door after the horse has bolted — (fig.) den Brunnen erst zudecken, wenn das Kind hineingefallen ist
2) (shut)lock somebody/something in something — jemanden/etwas in etwas (Akk.) [ein]schließen
lock somebody/something out of something — jemanden/etwas aus etwas aussperren
3) in p.p. (joined)3. intransitive verbthe wrestlers were locked in combat — die Ringer hielten sich im Fesselgriff
[Tür, Kasten usw.:] sich ab-/zuschließen lassenPhrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/43514/lock_away">lock away- lock in- lock out- lock up* * *I 1. [lok] noun1) (a mechanism for fastening doors etc: He put the key in the lock.) das Schloß2) (a closed part of a canal for raising or lowering boats to a higher or lower part of the canal.) die Schleusenkammer3) (the part of a gun by which it is fired.) das Schloß4) (a tight hold (in wrestling etc).) die Fessel2. verb(to fasten or become fastened with a lock: She locked the drawer; This door doesn't lock.) ver-, abschließen- locker- locket
- locksmith
- lock in
- lock out
- lock up II [lok] noun1) (a piece of hair: She cut off a lock of his hair.) die Locke* * *lock1[lɒk, AM lɑ:k]I. ncombination \lock Kombinationsschloss ntbicycle \lock Fahrradschloss ntsteering \lock Lenkradschloss ntto hold sb in a body \lock jdn fest umklammert halten▪ to be a \lock feststehenshe's a \lock for promotion this year es ist völlig sicher, dass sie dieses Jahr befördert wird7. (synchronize)8.they have had a \lock on the market for years sie kontrollieren den Markt schon seit Jahren▶ \lock, stock and barrel ganz und garwe're moving our things \lock, stock and barrel to another city wir ziehen mit Sack und Pack in eine andere Stadthe rejected my idea \lock, stock and barrel er hat meine Idee in Bausch und Bogen verworfenII. vt1. (fasten)▪ to \lock sth etw abschließenhe \locked the confidential documents in his filing cabinet er schloss die vertraulichen Dokumente in den Aktenschrankto \lock a suitcase einen Koffer verschließento \lock a building ein Gebäude zuschließen [o SÜDD, ÖSTERR zusperren]; COMPUT access to accounts, data sperrenI'm afraid our ship is \locked in ice ich fürchte, unser Schiff steckt im Eis festto \lock one's hands behind sb's neck jds Hals umklammernto be \locked in a struggle sich akk umklammert haltento be \locked in discussions in Diskussionen verwickelt werdenIII. vi1. (become secured) schließen2. (become fixed) bindenour gazes \locked wir konnten den Blick nicht mehr voneinander [ab]wenden3. NAUT eine Schleuse passierenlock2[lɒk, AM lɑ:k]nlong, flowing \locks langes, wallendes Haar geh* * *I [lɒk]n(of hair) Locke f II1. nto put/keep sb under lock and key — jdn hinter Schloss und Riegel bringen/verwahren
he offered me the house lock, stock and barrel — er bot mir das Haus mit allem Drum und Dran an
they destroyed it lock, stock and barrel — sie haben es total zerstört
to own sth lock, stock and barrel — etw ganz besitzen
2) (= canal lock) Schleuse f3) (= hold) Fesselgriff mthe steering wheel was on full lock — das Lenkrad war voll eingeschlagen
2. vtdoor etc ab- or zuschließen; steering wheel sperren, arretieren; wheel blockieren; (COMPUT) file locken (spec)this bar locks the wheel in position —
the handcuffs were locked round his wrists — die Handschellen waren an seinen Handgelenken festgemacht
See:→ stable3. vischließen; (wheel) blockierena suitcase that locks — ein verschließbarer Koffer, ein Koffer, der sich abschließen lässt
the lion's jaws locked round his arm — der Kiefer des Löwen schloss sich fest um seinen Arm
* * *lock1 [lɒk; US lɑk]A s1. Schloss n (an Türen etc):a) hinter Schloss und Riegel (Person),b) unter Verschluss (Sache)2. Verschluss m, Schließe f3. Sperrvorrichtung f, Sicherung f4. Bremsvorrichtung f5. (Gewehr- etc) Schloss n:lock, stock, and barrel figa) mit allem Drum und Dran,b) mit Stumpf und Stiel, voll und ganz, ganz und gar,c) mit Sack und Pack6. Schleuse(nkammer) f7. Luft-, Druckschleuse f8. AUTO etc Br Einschlag m (der Vorderräder):be on full lock voll eingeschlagen sein9. a) Knäuel m/n (von Fahrzeugen)B v/tlock the stable door after the horse has bolted ( oder been stolen) den Brunnen (erst) zudecken, wenn das Kind hineingefallen istlock o.s. up sich einschließen3. umschließen, umfassen, in die Arme schließen:a) festgekeilt,b) eng umschlungen,c) ineinander verkrallt;locked by mountains von Bergen umschlossen4. ineinanderschlingen, die Arme verschränken:5. TECH sperren, sichern, arretieren, festklemmen6. (beim Ringen) (um-)fassen7. ein Schiff (durch)schleusen8. einen Kanal etc mit Schleusen ausstattenC v/i1. schließen3. ineinandergreifen5. AUTO etc Bra) sich einschlagen lassen (Räder)b) sich durch Einschlag der Vorderräder lenken lassen (Fahrzeug)6. (durch)geschleust werden7. lock ontoa) (Radar) ein Ziel etc erfassen und verfolgen,b) FLUG, MIL sich richten auf (akk) (Geschoss)lock2 [lɒk; US lɑk] s* * *I noun(ringlet) Locke, dieII 1. noun1) (of door etc.) Schloss, dasunder lock and key — unter [strengem] Verschluss
2) (on canal etc.) Schleuse, die5)lock, stock, and barrel — (fig.) mit allem Drum und Dran (ugs.)
6) (Motor Veh.) Lenkeinschlag, der2. transitive verb1) (fasten) zuschließen; abschließenlock or shut the stable door after the horse has bolted — (fig.) den Brunnen erst zudecken, wenn das Kind hineingefallen ist
2) (shut)lock somebody/something in something — jemanden/etwas in etwas (Akk.) [ein]schließen
lock somebody/something out of something — jemanden/etwas aus etwas aussperren
3) in p.p. (joined)3. intransitive verb[Tür, Kasten usw.:] sich ab-/zuschließen lassenPhrasal Verbs:- lock in- lock out- lock up* * *(Maritime) n.Flüssigkeitsheber m.Schleuse -n f. n.Schloss -¨er n.Sperre -n f.Verschluss ¨-e m. v.abschließen v.absperren v.arretieren v.verriegeln v.verschließen v.zuschließen v. -
74 intend
1. IIIintend smth. intend marriage намереваться жениться; he intended no harm он не имел в виду ничего плохого; they intended no offence (по insult) они не хотели [вас] обидеть (оскорбить); is that what you intended? вы этого хотели?, это то, чего вы хотели?2. VIIintend smb. to do smth. intend him to believe that (to go south, to write it, etc.) хотеть, чтобы он поверил в это и т. д., where did you intend him to go? куда вы собирались его послать?3. XIbe intended is that intended? это сделано (пред)намеренно?; be intended to do (to be) smth. be intended to be a museum (to be a picture gallery, to be lived in, etc.) предназначаться под музей и т. д.; this measure is intended to secure peace эта мера рассчитана /направлена/ на укрепление мира; is this sketch (portrait) intended to be me? этот рисунок (портрет) должен изображать меня?; be intended for smth., smb. be intended for constant use (for advanced students, for publication, for the screen, for a festival day, for habitation, etc.) предназначаться для постоянного пользования и т. д.; he is intended for the bar (for the medical profession, for the career of a merchant, etc.) его прочат в юристы и т. д.; be intended for smb. this gift is intended for you этот подарок [предназначается] вам /для вас/; this remark is intended for me это замечание относится ко мне, это замечание в мой адрес; be intended as smth. be intended as a compensation (as a hinge, as a plug, etc.) предназначаться в качестве компенсации и т. д., it was intended as a joke это была лишь шутка; all other conditions must remain as originally intended все прочие условия должны сохраняться /оставаться/ в том виде, в каком они были первоначально задуманы4. XIIIintend to do smth. intend to tell him about it (to leave in a month, to go home, to start for England, to buy a new suit today, etc.) собираться /намереваться/ рассказать ему об этом и т. д., I didn't " to hurt you (to insult you) я не хотел вас обидеть /сделать вам больно/ (оскорбить вас); he doesn't intend to obey you он и не думает вас слушаться; what do you intend to do? что вы намерены делать?5. XIVintend doing smth. intend writing him a letter (going to Rome, making an escape, enlarging one's business, etc.) собираться /намереваться/ написать ему письме и т. д.; what do you intend doing? какие у вас планы?, что вы собираетесь делать?6. XXI1intend smth. for (to) smb. intend this present for you (this purse for him, this place for the children, etc.) предназначать этот подарок вам /для вас/ и т. д., I intend по harm (no offence) to you я не хочу вас никак обидеть (оскорбить); intend smth. for smth. intend the play for the screen (this collection for the museum, the record of the journey for publication, etc.) предназначать пьесу для экранизации и т. д., I intended it for a compliment я имел в виду сделать [вам] комплимент, я хотел, чтобы это прозвучало как похвала; intend smb. for smth. intend the boy for a soldier (him for the army, the girl for the convent, etc.) предназначать /готовить/ мальчика к военной карьере и т. д., father intended his son for the medical profession отцу хотелось, чтобы сын стал врачом /занялся медициной/7. XXIV1intend smth. as smth. intend smth. as a stopgap (as a pleasantry, as a compensation, etc.) рассматривать что-л. в качестве временной меры и т. д.8. XXVintend that... intend that they shall be paid (that this reform shall be carried through this year, etc.) намереваться заплатить им и т. д.; we intend that it shall be done мы намереваемся принять меры, чтобы это было сделано, мы собираемся провести это в жизнь -
75 Gibson, R.O.
[br]fl. 1920s–30s[br]English chemist who, with E.O.Fawcett, discovered polythene.[br]Dr Gibson's work towards the discovery of polythene had its origin in a visit in 1925 to Dr A. Michels of Amsterdam University; the latter had made major advances in techniques for studying chemical reactions at very high pressures. After working with Michels for a time, in 1926 Gibson joined Brunner Mond, one of the companies that went on to form the chemical giant Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). The company supported research into fundamental chemical research that had no immediate commercial application, including the field being cultivated by Michels and Gibson. In 1933 Gibson was joined by another ICI chemist, E.O.Fawcett, who had worked with W.H. Carothers in the USA on polymer chemistry. They were asked to study the effects of high pressure on various reaction systems, including a mixture of benzaldehyde and ethylene. Gibson's notebook for 27 March that year records that after a loss of pressure during which the benzaldehyde was blown out of the reaction tube, a waxy solid was observed in the tube. This is generally recognized as the first recorded observation of polythene. By the following June they had shown that the white, waxy solid was a fairly high molecular weight polymer of ethylene formed at a temperature of 443°K and a pressure of 2,000 bar. However, only small amounts of the material were produced and its significance was not immediately recognized. It was not until two years later that W.P.Perrin and others, also ICI chemists, restarted work on the polymer. They showed that it could be moulded, drawn into threads and cast into tough films. It was a good electrical insulator and almost inert chemically. A British patent for producing polythene was taken out in 1936, and after further development work a production plant began operating in September 1939, just as the Second World War was breaking out. Polythene had arrived in time to make a major contribution to the war effort, for it had the insulating properties required for newly developing work on radar. When peacetime uses became possible, polythene production surged ahead and became the major industry it is today, with a myriad uses in industry and in everyday life.[br]Bibliography1964, The Discovery of Polythene, Royal Institute of Chemistry Lecture Series 1, London.LRD
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