one+whose

ἄλογος, ον,

A without λόγος, hence,

I speechless, Pl.Lg. 696e. Adv.

- ως

without speech,

S.OC 131

, Isoc.3.9:—ἄ. ἡμέρα, = Lat. dies nefastus, on which no business may be done, Luc.Lex.9.

b lacking in eloquence, LXX Ex.6.12.

2 inexpressive, Pl. Tht. 203a; unutterable, = ἄρρητος, S.Fr. 262.

II unreasoning, ἡδονή, ὄχλος, etc., Pl.R. 591c, Ti. 42d, etc.;

τὰ ἄλογα

brutes, animals,

Democr.164

, Pl.Prt. 321b, X.Hier.7.3; esp.in late Greek, ἄλογον, τό, = horse, POxy. 138.29 (610 A.D.), PGen.14 (late).

2 not according to reason, irrational, ἄ. δόξα, opp. ἡ μετὰ λόγου δ., Pl.Tht. 201c; ἀλόγῳ πάθει τὴν ἄ. συνασκεῖν αἴσθησιν, instinctive feeling, in appreciating works of art, D.H.Lys.11;

ἄ. πάθος Id.Comp.23

.

3 contrary to reason, absurd, Th.6.85, Pl.Tht. 203d; unaccountable, unintelligible, Lys.26.19; unfit, unsuited to its end, Th.1.32; groundless, Plb.3.15.9;

ἀηδία PRyl.144.15

(38 A.D.). Adv. most freq. in this sense, Pl.R. 439d, etc.;

οὐκ ἀ. οὐδ' ἀκαίρως Isoc.15.10

: [comp] Sup.

- ώτατα Phld.Ir. p.44

W.

III without reckoning:

1 not reckoned upon, unexpected, Th.6.46 ([comp] Comp.).

2 not counted, null and void,

ἡμέραι LXX Nu.6.12

.

3 [voice] Act., not having paid one's reckoning, of an ἐρανιστής, EM70.31.

IV of magnitudes, incommensurable, περὶ ἀλόγων γραμμῶν, title of work by Democr., cf. Arist.APo. 76b9, LI 968b18, Euc.10.Def.10, etc.

2 in Rhythm, irrational, of feet or syllables whose time-relations cannot be expressed by a simple ratio,

χορεῖος Aristox.Rhyth.2.20

; ἄλογοι, sc. συλλαβαί, D.H. Comp.20:—in Music,

ἄ. διαστήματα Plu.2.1145d

:—of the pulse, unrhythmical, Herophil. ap.Ruf.Syn.Puls.4.3.

ἄμᾰχ-ος, ον,

A without battle: hence,

I with whom no one fights, unconquerable, of persons, Hdt.5.3, A.Pers. 856 (lyr.), Ar.Lys. 253, 1014 (lyr.);

χεῖρες Pi.I.6(5).41

;

δύναμις Pl.Mx. 240d

, Isoc.5.139: c.inf.,

πολύποδες.. πᾶν ὅτι οὖν φαγεῖν ἄ. Ael.VH1.1

, etc.: of places, impregnable, Hdt.1.84: of things, irresistible,

κακόν Pi.P.2.76

;

κῦμα θαλάσσης A.Pers.90

: of feelings,

ἄλγος Id.Ag. 733

;

φθόνος E.Rh. 456

; ἄ. πρᾶγμα, of a woman whose beauty is irresistible, X.Cyr.6.1.36;

ἄ. φιλοφροσύνη Plu.2.667d

;

ἄ. κάλλος Aristaenet.1.24

;

ἄ. τρυφή Ael.NA16.23

:—ἄμαχόν [ἐστι] c. inf., like ἀμήχανον, 'tis impossible to do.., Pi.O.13.13. Adv.

- ως

irresistibly,

Luc.Merc. Cond.3

; incontestably, S.E.M.8.266.

II [voice] Act., not having fought, taking no part in the battle, X.Cyr.4.1.16; ἄ. διάγειν to remain without fighting, Id.HG4.4.9: ἄμαχον, τό, non-combatants, Ael. Tact.2.2, cf. D.C.53.12;

ἄ. νίκη

gained without fighting,

Eun.VS p.472

B.

2 disinclined to fight, not contentious, <*>Ep. Ti.3.3, Ep.Tit.3.2, cf. Inscr.Cos 325;

ἄ. ἐβίωσα

Epigr Gr.

387.6

(Apamea Cibotus).

ἐκμάσσω, [dialect] Att. [suff] ἐκμαρτῠρ-ττω, [tense] pf. ἐκμέμᾰχα ([suff] ἐκμάρτῠρ-κα codd.) cj. in D.H.Dem.4: [tense] aor. 2 [voice] Pass. - εμάγην [pron. full] [ᾰ] Pl.Tht. 191d; also [tense] aor. I part.

A

ἐκμαχθείς Hsch.

:—wipe off, wipe away,

κάρᾳ κηλῖδας ἐξέμαξεν S.El. 446

; ἔκμασσε [ τὸ αἷμα] E.HF 1400;

ἀλωπεκίας ὀθονίῳ Archig.

ap. Gal.12.406:—[voice] Med., wipe away one's tears, AP5.42 (Rufin.).

2 wipe dry,

ὑπὸ σπόγγου Hp.Acut.65

([voice] Pass.), cf. Herod.6.9; [ τοὺς ἔμπροσθεν πόδας] ἐ. εἰς τοὺς μέσους, of bees, Arist.HA 624b1.

II of an artist, mould or model in wax or plaster, αὑτὸν ἐκμάττειν τε καὶ ἐνιστάναι εἰς τοὺς τῶν κακιόνων τύπους to mould and adapt oneself to.., Pl.R. 396d; of pessaries, Hp.Steril.230:—so in [voice] Med., Id.Nat.Mul. 109; ὧν ἔτι θερμὰ κονία.. ἐκμάσσεται ἴχνη of whose yet warm footsteps the dust receives the impress, Theoc.17.122; express, imitate,

ἵππου γενεήν Nic.Th. 740

;

τὸν Λυσιακὸν χαρακτῆρα ἐκμέμακται D.H.Dem.13

(so in [voice] Act., ib.4 codd., dub.); ἐς τὸ ἀκριβέστατον ἐξεμάξατο τὸν διδάσκαλον he was the image of his master, Alciphr.3.64:—[voice] Pass., μάλθης ἄναγνα σώματ' ἐκμεμαγμένοι (v.l. -μένα) S.Ichn.140; ἐκεῖνος αὐτὸς ἐκμεμαγμένος his very image, Cratin.255;

βασιλέως..εἰκόν' ἐκμεμ. IGRom.1.1190

([place name] Memnon); ὃ ἂν ἐκμαγῇ whatever be impressed, whatever impression be made (cf. ἐκμαγεῖον), Pl.Tht. 191d; τὴν ἰδέαν τοῦ παιδὸς ἐκμεμάχθαι had impressed upon him the image of the boy, Plu.Cic.44;

ποιότης ἀπὸ μένοντος ἐκμαγεῖσα θείου λόγου Ph.1.548

.

ἕπομαι, only in [voice] Med., [full] ἕπομαι, [tense] impf.

A

εἱπόμην Il.4.274

, al., Hdt.1.45, Th.3.10, etc., [dialect] Ep. also

ἑπόμην Od.2.413

, al.: [tense] fut.

ἕψομαι Il.10.108

, etc.: [tense] aor. 2

ἑσπόμην 12.398

, al., in moods without [pref] ἑ- (v. infr.), imper.

σπεῖο 10.285

,

συνεπί-σπεο Lyr.Alex.Adesp.20

, inf.

σπέσθαι Il.5.423

, Od.22.324, part.

σπόμενος Call.Hec.1.4.7

; in Prose in compds.,

ἐπισπέσθαι Pl.Phdr. 248c

,

ἐπι-σπόμενος Th.3.43

, etc. (Cf. Skt. sacate 'accompany', 'follow', Lat. sequor, Lith. sèkti'follow'; ἑσπόμην ( Ἀρίσταρχος δασύνει Sch.Il.10.246) fr. ἐ-σπ-όμην, ἐ- (augm.) becoming ἑ- under the influence of ἕπομαι : ἑσπ- does not certainly occur in the moods in Hom.; when found (usu. with v.l. σπ-), it is preceded by an elided vowel, so that σπ- can be read (cf. Ptol.Asc. ap. Sch.Il.l.c.) ; Pi.O.8.11, 9.83, 10(11).78, I.5(4).36 are indecisive ( ἑσπ- only cj. in P.10.17, I.6(5).17); but ἑσποίμην occurs A.R.3.35,

ἑσπόμενος 1.103

, 470, 3.615, 4.434, Mosch.2.147, [tense] pres. indic.

ἕσπεται A.R.4.1607

, D.P.436, 1140, v.l. for ἔρχεται in Od.4.826 : [tense] pres. part.

ἐφεσπόμενος Maiist.46

: Skt. has a redupl. [tense] pres. stem saśc(a)-):— to be or come after, follow,

I of Persons, whether after or in company with, abs.,

ὁ μὲν ἦρχ', ὁ δ' ἅμ' ἕσπετο Il.11.472

;

ἡγήσατο, τοὶ δ' ἅμ' ἕποντο Od.2.413

:—Constr.: c. dat.,

υἱέϊ σῷ Il.3.174

, cf. 9.428, 10.108, etc.: c. acc., Pi.N.10.37 (s.v.l.), Luc.Asin.51 ;

ἕ. ἅμα τινί Il.2.534

, etc.;

σοὶ γὰρ ἑψόμεσθ' ἅμα S.El. 253

; with ἅμα doubled,

οἵ τοι ἅμ' αὐτῷ Ἴλιον εἰς ἅμ' ἕποντο Od.11.372

, cf. 15.541 ; abs., v. infr. 11.2 ; less freq. ἐπ'. τινος Apollod.Ath. ap. Ath.7.281f (v. infr. 11.1);

ἐπί τινι E.Alc. 1032

, X.Cyr.5.2.1, etc.; ἐπὶ βασιλέα against the king, Id.An.1.4.14;

μετά τινι Il.18.234

;

μετά τινα 13.492

;

μετά τινος Ar.Pl. 823

;

σύν τινι Od.7.304

, etc.;

ὄπισθε Hdt.1.45

, etc.

2 follow, as attendants,

οὐκ οἴη, ἅμα τῇ γε καὶ ἀμφίπολοι δὔ ἕποντο Od.1.331

, cf. 8.46, etc.; also, escort, attend, by way of honour,

θεοὶ δ' ἅμα πάντες ἕποντο Il.1.424

;

νέῳ ὧδε θεοὶ πομπῆες ἕπονται Od.3.376

.

3 in hostile sense, pursue, Il.11.154, etc.; ἀμφὶ δ' ἄρ' αὐτὸν ἕποντο they pressed upon him, ib. 474 (never in Od.);

οἱ πελτασταὶ εἵποντο διώκοντες X.An.5.4.24

.

4 keep pace with,

ὃς καὶ θνητὸς ἐὼν ἕπεθ' ἵπποις ἀθανάτοισι Il.16.154

, cf. Od.6.319: metaph. of a man's limbs or strength, γούναθ' ἕποιτο, δύναμις καὶ χεῖρες ἕπονται, they do his bidding, Il.4.314, Od.20.237 ;

ἕπεσθαι τοῖς καιροῖς τοῦ πολέμου Plu.Pomp.17

.

5 follow the motions of another, ὁ δ' ἑσπόμενος (better δὲ σπ.) πέσε δουρί, of one from whose body a spear is drawn, Il.12.395 ; τρυφάλεια ἅμ' ἕσπετο χειρί the helm went with his hand, i. e. came off in his hand, 3.376 ; [ἔπαλξις] ἕσπετο, i.e. the battlement came down, 12.398.

6 follow on the track of,

τῷ στίβῳ τῶν ἵππων X.An.7.3.43

: abs.,

ἕπεσθε, ὦ κύνες Id.Cyn.6.19

.

7 follow, obey,

νόμῳ Hdt.5.18

, Th.2.35;

τῷ ξυνῷ Heraclit.2

;

μηνυτῆρος φραδαῖς A.Eu. 245

: abs., Id.Ag. 1053, Hdt.0.16; accept an invitation, X.Smp.1.7 ; ἕ. κακοῖς submit to them, S.Tr. 1074.

8 simply, come near, approach, in imper., ἕπεο προτέρω come on nearer, Il.18.387, Od.5.91.

9 follow up, esp. in mind, understand, ἆρ' ἕπομαί σου τῷ λόγῳ; Pl.Prt. 319a ;

οὐχ ἕσπου τοῖς λεχθεῖσιν Id.Plt. 280b

;

οὐχ ἕπομαι τοῖς λεγομένοις Id.Euthphr. 12a

.

10 of Time,

παραδοῦναι τοῖς ἑπομένοις

to succeeding generations,

Id.Phlb. 17d

.

11 impers., ἕπεται διελθεῖν it follows to.., Arist.EN 1111b5.

12 ἑπόμενα, τά, opp. προηγούμενα, backward points, i.e. those lying on the opposite side of the radius vector of a spiral from the direction of its motion, Archim.Spir.11 Def.6.

b Astron., positions following in the daily movement of the heavens, eastward positions, Hipparch.1.11.5, etc.

II of Things, as of bridal presents, ὅσσα ἔοικε φίλης ἐπὶ παιδὸς ἕπεσθαι go with her from the parent's house, Od.1.278, 2.197 (v. supr. 4 and 5).

2 of honour, glory, etc.,

τούτῳ.. κῦδος ἅμ' ἕψεται Il.4.415

; so ἄτη, τιμὴ ἕπεταί τινι, 9.512, 513,

ἕπεται παλαιὸς ὄλβος Pi.P.5.55

;

πειθὼ δ' ἕποιτο καὶ τύχη A.Supp. 523

, etc.; ἦ οὐ γιγνώσκεις ὅ τοι ἐκ Διὸς οὐχ ἕπετ' ἀλκή; that no defence attendeth thee from Zeus, Il.8.140, cf. Pi.N.11.43, A.Ag. 854.

3 follow upon (i.e. result from),

τῇ ἀχαριστίᾳ ἡ ἀναισχυντία ἕ. X.Cyr. 1.2.7

, etc.; τὰ ἑπόμενα τῆς τοιαύτης κατακοσμήσεως its consequences, Pl.Plt. 271e, cf. R. 504b; ἑπόμενος, opp. προηγούμενος, consequent (opp. antecedent), Dam.Pr. 115 ; τὰ ἑ. [μεγέθη] the consequents in a proportion, opp. ἡγούμενα, Euc.5Def.11, etc.

4 follow suit, agree with,

ἕπεται ὁ λόγος..Κάδμοιο κούραις Pi.O.2.22

; ἕπεται ἐν ἑκάστῳ μέτρον ib.13.47 ; ἑπόμενα σωφροσύνῃ things agreeing with.., Pl.Lg. 632c ; ἔργα -όμενα τῇ γραφῇ ib. 934c; τὰ τούτοις ἑ. the like to these, Id.R. 406d ; ἀναγκαῖα καὶ ἑ. ἀλλήλοις interdependent, ib. 486e ;

τὸ πρέπον καὶ ἑπόμενον πάσῃ τῇ πολιτείᾳ Id.Lg. 835c

; of Nymphs, οὔτε θνητοῖς οὔτ' ἀθανάτοισιν ἕπονται they belong to.., h.Ven.259.

ὀνομάζω, [tense] impf.

A

ὠνόμαζον A.Ag. 682

(lyr.), etc. ; [dialect] Ep.

ὀν- Il.1.361

, al.: [tense] fut.

ὀνομάσω Pl.Cra. 423d

: [tense] aor.

ὠνόμασα Od.24.339

, etc.: [tense] pf.

ὠνόμακα Pl.Sph. 219b

:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

- ασθήσομαι Gal.UP6.16

, al.: [tense] aor. ὠνομάσθην and [tense] pf. ὠνόμασμαι, Th.1.96, 6.96, etc.; [dialect] Ep.

ὀνόμασται Parm.9.1

, etc. ; [ per.] 3pl.

ὠνομάδαται D.C.37.16

:—[voice] Med., [tense] impf.

ὠνομάζετο S.OT 1021

.—[dialect] Aeol. or [dialect] Dor. [tense] fut. [ per.] 3sg. ὀνυμάξει (or - εῖ) Berl.Sitzb.1927.167 ([place name] Cyrene): [tense] aor.

ὀνύμαξε Pi.P.2.44

; [voice] Med. [tense] fut. ὀνυμάξομαι ib.7.5 : [tense] pres. ὀνυμάζεται Metop. ap. Stob.3.1.116: ([etym.] ὄνομα):—speak of by name, call or address by name, of persons,

πατρόθεν ἐκ γενεῆς ὀνομάζων ἄνδρα ἕκαστον Il.10.68

, cf. 22.415 and ὀνομακλήδην ;

Πυθοδώρου.., ὃν Ἀθηναῖοι οὐκ ὀνομάζουσιν X.HG2.3.1

(interpol.); τοῖς προγόνοις -αζομένοις ἀπομνημονεύεταιὁπόστος ἀφ' Ἡρακλέους ἐγένετο his descent.. is traced by naming his ancestors, Id.Ages.1.2.

2 of things, name, specify,

περικλυτὰ δῶρ' ὀνόμαζον Il.18.449

; but also, name or promise, opp. giving,

εἰ μὲν.. μὴ δῶρα φέροι, τὰ δ' ὄπισθ' ὀνομάζοι 9.515

; εἶναί τι ὀνομάζειν use the term 'being', Pl.Tht. 160b, cf. 166c, 201d ; dedicate,

τράπεζαν τῷ δαίμονι Theopomp.Hist.121

:—[voice] Pass.,

λόγοισι.. ὠνόμασται βραχέσι

have been expressed,

S.OC 294

.

II ὀ. τινά τι call one something, Pi.P.2.44, A.Ag. 681 (lyr.), Hdt.4.6, Th.1.3, E.Hel. 1193 ; ὄνομα τί σε.. ὠνόμαζεν λεώς; Id.Heracl.87 (lyr.):—rarely in [voice] Med., παῖδά μ' ὠνομάζετο called me his son, S.OT 1021 :—[voice] Pass.,

ὄνομα δ' ὠνομάζετο Ἕλενος Id.Ph. 605

;

τὴν αὑτῆς ἐπωνυμίαν ὀνομαζόμενον Pl.Phdr. 238a

;

ἀντὶ γὰρ φίλων καὶ ξένων, ἃ τότ' ὠνομάζοντο D.18.46

.

b nominate,

ὀνομασθεὶς εἰς δεκαπρωτείαν POxy.1257.1

, cf. 1204.4 (iii A.D.).

2 εἶναι is freq. added pleon., τὰς ὀνομάζουσι εἶναι Ὑπερόχην καὶ.. whose names they say are Hyperoche and.., Hdt.4.33 ;

σοφιστὴν ὀνομάζουσιν τὸν ἄνδρα εἶναι Pl.Prt. 311e

, cf. R. 428e ([voice] Pass.), X.Ap.13, etc. ; cf.

καλέω 11.3

b.

III name or call with reference to, in accordance with, or after.., τινὰ or

τι ἐπί τινι Pl. R. 493c

:—[voice] Pass.,

ἐπί τινος Isoc.12.183

;

ἔκ τινος S.OT 1036

, X.Mem. 4.5.12 ;

ὁ τῆς ἀρίστης μητρὸς ὠνομασμένος S.Tr. 1105

.

IV utter names or words,

ἐς τρὶς ὀνομάσαι Σόλων Hdt.1.86

;

μάλα σεμνῶς ὀνομάζων D.18.35

, cf. 122,21.158 :—[voice] Pass., φύσις ἐπὶ τοῖς ὀνομάζεται ἀνθρώποισι the name φύσις is given by men to those things, Emp. 8.4, cf. Parm.9.1 ; παρανομίαν ἐπὶ τοῖς μὴ ἀνάγκῃ κακοῖς ὀνομασθῆναι the name of transgression is applied.., Th.4.98 ; ἀπὸ τούτου τοῦτο ὀνομάζεται (sc. οὐ φροντὶς Ἱπποκλείδῃ ) hence this saying is used, Hdt.6.130.

V make famous, in [voice] Pass., οἱ ὠνομασμένοι persons of renown, v.l. for διωνομασμένοι in Isoc.20.19.—Cf. ὀνομαίνω.

ὑπερτελ-ής, ές,

A overleaping: of a beacon, leaping over the strait, A.Ag. 286.

2 c. gen., rising or appearing above,

τίς οἴκων.. ὑ... θεῶν; E. Ion 1549

; ἄθλων ὑ. one who has reached the end of his labours, S.Tr.36.

II of numbers the sum of whose factors (including unity) is greater than themselves (such as 12, because 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 16), opp. ἐλλιπεῖς, Nicom.Ar.1.14, cf. Mart.Cap.7.753; of the μονάς, Theol.Ar.3; cf.

ὑπερτέλειος 2

.

2 of payments, due, PSI1.66.21 (v A. D.).

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `thirst' (Il.).

Other forms: rarely δίψη (A. Ch. 756), also δίψος n. (Th.; after πνῖγος, ῥῖγος etc.; s. Chantr. Form. 420)

Dialectal forms: Myc. dipisijo, and dipisijewijo (from *διψιευς?)

Compounds: πολυ-δίψιος `very thirsty, caring water', of Argos (Hom.); metrical for *πολύ-διψος.

Derivatives: δίψιος `thirsty, dry' (trag.), διψηρός `id.' (Hp.; after αὑχμηρός), διψώδης `id.' (Hp.), διψαλέος `id.' (hell. and late; after ἀζαλέος etc.), διψάς f. `id.' (Thphr.), also name of a snake, whose bite caused a strong thirst (cf. Chantraine 354f.). - δίψακος m. the name of diabetes (medic.; because of the drinking of the patients, Strömberg Wortstudien 89), also plant name `Dipsacus silvestris' (Dsc., Gal.; see Strömberg Pflanzennamen 78), with διψακερός `thirsty' (EM), acc. to H. = ταλαίπωρος; - διψοσύνη = δίψα (Orac. ap. Porph.). - διψά̄ων Ptz. (λ 584), inf. διψῆν (Hdt.), 3. sg. διψῃ̃ (Pi., Pl.), hell. also διψᾶν, -ᾳ̃; also διψέω (Archil.) and διψώω (Tryph.); with δίψησις (Ath. 1, 10b; doubtful) and διψητικός (Arist.). - One cites also forms with διφ-, δίφας `a kind of snake' (Artemid. 2,13), δίφατον and δίβαν ὄφιν. Κρῆτες H. (s. διφάω).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: With διψά̄ων, διψῆν compare πεινά̄ων, πεινῆν; the forms διψά̄ων, πεινά̄ων might be (Aeolic?) analogical formations after the normal epic ending -ά̄ων; διψῆν and πεινῆν are unexplained (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 21 and 362, Leroy Sprachgesch. und Wortbed. 288f.; improbable on διψῆν, πεινῆν K. Meister HK 89 [cf. Fraenkel Mélanges Boisacq 1, 376f.]). These formations show, that they are not denominatives ; rather δίψᾰ, δίψη and πείνη, πεῖνα are postverbal (Schwyzer 476, Chantraine l. c.). Cf. Lasso de la Vega Emerita 22, 88f.; 96f. Meillet speaks of it BSL 28 (1927) 125 (unclear to me). - The final of δίπ-σα can hardly be IE. So prob. a Pre-Greek word. See the variants with φ and β (Fur. 326).

Page in Frisk: 1,401-402

Grammatical information: m. f.

Meaning: `day-labourer', of rapers, sheaf-binders(?) (Σ 550, 560), `spinner' (S., D. with folk-etymological connection with ἔριον), `servant etc.' in gen. (h. Merc. 296 etc.);

Compounds: Comp. συν-έριθος m. f. `helper, labourer' (Od.), φιλ-έριθος `who loves spinning' (Theoc., AP). - With familiar κ-suffix ἐριθακίς f. (Theoc.).

Derivatives: Denomin. verb ἐριθεύομαι, rare - εύω, also with ἐξ-, `be day-labourer, work for wages, try to get favours or positions' (LXX, Arist.) with ἐριθεία `trying to get a position' (Arist.), ἐριθευτός `for whose favour one has canvassed' (Creta, Delphi).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Unclear Έριθάσεος surname of Apollon (Attica IV^a) - No etymology (like a word as. δοῦλος; so Pre-Greek?, cf. the suffix - ιθ- Beekes, Pre-Greek, suffixes). Improb. Brugmann IF 19, 384 (s. Bq); cf. also Schwyzer 511 n. 2.

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `philtre, charm, block of a pulley' (Hero Bel., Pap. III<sup>p</sup>), [`eiserner Pflock, Bolzen'] (Sch.), `throwing machine, ballista, tormentum' (Gloss., H.), `means to deceive, bewitch' (Heracl. All., H.).

Derivatives: μαγγανάριος `deceiver' (pap. III<sup>p</sup>), `mechanic' (Papp.), will be a loan from Latin. Denomin. verb μαγγανεύω `deceive, bewitch with artificial means, play tricks' with μαγγαν-εία `trickery' (Pl. Lg., Ph.), - εύματα pl. `charms, philtres' (Pl., Plu.), - ευτής `impostor, quack' (Suid., Phot.), - ευτικη τέχνη `agical art' (Poll.), - εύτριαι pl. H. s. βαμβακεύ-τριαι, - ευτήριον `haunt for impostors' (Them.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: The word got as a loan a wide spread: Lat. manganum `machine' (to Rom., e.g. Ital. mangano `sling') with the unclear byform mangō `a handler, who promotes his ware by artificial means' (from hell. *μάγγων?), from where mangōnium `dressing up ware', Alb. mangë `hemp-brake', mengji `medicine', MHG MLG mange `throwing-machine', NHG Mange(l) `smoothing roll(?) for laundry' (from where Balt., e.g. Lith. mañgalis `mangling-machine'). If we forget these loans, a few words from the farthest east and west remain, which have been connected as cognate with μάγγανον: Skt. mañju-, mañjula- `beautiful, sweet, charming', maṅgala n. `happiness, salvation, good omen' (all ep. class.), Osset. mäng `deceit'; Celt., MIr. meng `deceit, cleverness, ruse' (but Toch. A maṅk `guilt, fault, sin', adduced by Schneider, together with B meṅki `id.', also `smaller', with μανός, μάνυ). To this rather motley collection one may add further the group of μάσσω `knead', through which the most wide combinations can be made. - Lit. in Bq, WP. 2, 233, Pok. 731, W.-Hofmann s. mangō; esp. Meringer IF 19, 436f. a. 21, 282, whose attempts to make the history of these words concrete, are in principle no doubt correct, even when they lack confirmation or are in detail even wrong. - From an IE root * meng- (Pok. 731) the Greek form cannot be derived; the word must then be Pre-Greek (as was already stated by W.- Hofmann s.v. mango), where mang-an- is unproblematic. The Sanskrit words are semantically too far off (perh. they are of Dravidian origin, Mayrhofer KEWA547, 553 and EWAia 379f.). (Such isolated Sanskrit comparisons with Greek must often be discarded.) The other words will be loans from Latin. (Lith. mañgalis is a loan from German.) The original meaning was no doubt as Frisk assumed a technical instrument. The meaning `hemp-brake' goes in the same direction, but the meaning ballista I cannot easily combine. The meaning `mangling-machine' recurs several times (Germ. `Glättroll für Wäsche'). It served to `embellish' the cloths. From there the notion of deceit. It is a good example of the long life of a Pre-Greek word which was by some considered as IE.

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: ἄφωνος H. (in alphab. wrong position).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably], XX [unknown]

Etymology: One compares Skt. mū́ka- `dumb'. -- With dental μυττός (\< *-κι̯-?), μύτης, μύδος (H.), μύνδος (S. Fr. 1072, Lyc. 1375, Call. Fr.260; unterital. `with small ears', Rohlfs ByzZ 37, 58f.), μυναρός (H.) `id.'. On itself sands μύρκος ὁ καθόλου μη δυνάμενος λαλεῖν. Συρακούσιοι. ἐνεός, ἄφωνος H.; μυρικᾶς ἄφωνος, ἐν ἑαυτῳ̃ ἔχων ο μέλλει πράττειν H. (cf. v. Blumenthal Hesychst. 42). -- From sound imitating mū, s. μύω (?); on the dental-formations cf. Lat. mūtus, s. further W.-Hofmann on mūtus; with μύνδος (s.v.) Arm. munǰ `dumb' (\< *mun(d)i̯os?); s. auch 1. mundus. With μύρκος agrees formally Lat. murcus `mutilated', esp. of him, who, so as not to become soldier, cuts off his thumbs; it could be a loan from Lat. in Sicil. (rather than the other way round), s. W.-Hofmann s.v. - μύνδος may have prenasal. beside μύδος (and must therefore be retained; against Latte, whose note is not clear to me). I think that μυναρός is a misreading for *μυνδρος. The other forms cannot be easyly fitted in. Continues μυρικ-ᾶς a form *mur^y-k-? - The group is very unclear. (Do the the words with μυ(ν)δ- belong here?)

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `file, rasp' (X., Arist., Delos III<sup>a</sup>; after Hdn. Gr. in this meaning ῥινή), `shark' (with whose raw hide one polished wood and marble; Hp., Epich., com., Arist.).

Other forms: hell. ῥῖνα Moer.

Compounds: As 1. member in ῥινό-βατος, - βάτης m. des. of a kind of ray, which stands between ῥίνη and βάτος (Arist.; Strömberg Fischn. 123 w. lit., Thompson Fishes s.v.).

Derivatives: 1. dimin. ῥιν-ίον (Gal.), - άριον (Aët.) `little file'; 2. denominat.: a) ῥινάω, also w. κατα-, δια- a.o., `to file' (Ar., Arist., Ph. Bel.) with ( ἀπο-)ῥίνημα n. `filing, swarf' (Hp., Herod.), ( δια-)ῥίνησις f. `filing' (Gal.); b) ῥινίζω `id.' (pap. III<sup>p</sup>) with ῥίνισμα n. `swarf' (Ctes., medic.). -- The widespread meaning `shark' arose from `file' because of its raw hide. Against the deviating interpretation of Strömberg Fischn. 86 (cf. also Prellwitz s.v.), ῥίνη would be prop. "skinfish" (from ῥινός `skin'), from where secondarily `file', speaks a.o. that ῥινός means esp. the fine (smooth) cowhide.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Primary formation with ν-suffix from a further unknown verb, which lives on in a deriv. in Germ., in OS wrītan `tear apart, scratch, write', OE wrītan `dig in, scratch, write'; s. WP. 1, 287 (with Brugmann and Persson). -- On the function of a nom. instr. cf. e.g. the ν-formations τόρ-νος `turner's wheel', ζώ-νη `girdle'. Cf. ῥινός. -- The Greek form must have *u̯ri-H-, but there is no evicence for a laryngeal in *u̯rei-, zo the etymology must be rejected.

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δόξα, ης, ἡ (s. δοξάζω; in var. mngs. Hom.+; in Ath. ‘meaning’). In many of the passages in our lit. the OT and Gr-Rom. perceptions of dependence of fame and honor on extraordinary performance deserve further exploration. SIG 456, 15 is typical: concern for others leads to enhancement of one’s δόξα or reputation. The Common Gk. usage of δ. in sense of ‘notion, opinion’ is not found in the NT.

① the condition of being bright or shining, brightness, splendor, radiance (a distinctive aspect of Hb. כָּבוֹד).

ⓐ of physical phenomena (PGM 13, 189 τὴν δόξαν τοῦ φωτός, cp. 298ff. On this Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 357ff, also 314 δόξα ἐκ τ. πυρός [cp. Just., D. 128]; 315 φῶς κ. δόξαν θεῖαν [=Cleopatra 150]; LXX; TestJob 43:6 τῆ λαμπάδα αὐτοῦ) οὐκ ἐνέβλεπον ἀπὸ τῆς δ. τοῦ φωτός I could not see because of the brightness of the light Ac 22:11; ὁρᾶν τὴν δ. see the radiance Lk 9:32; cp. vs. 31. Everything in heaven has this radiance: the radiant bodies in the sky 1 Cor 15:40f (cp. PGM 13, 64 σὺ ἔδωκας ἡλίῳ τὴν δόξαν κ. δύναμιν; 448; Sir 43:9, 12; 50:7).

ⓑ of humans involved in transcendent circumstances, and also transcendent beings: cherubim (Sir 49:8; Ezk 10:4) Hb 9:5; angels Lk 2:9; Rv 18:1. Esp. of God’s self (Ex 24:17; 40:34; Num 14:10; Bar 5:9 τὸ φῶς τῆς δόξης αὐτου; Tob 12:15; 13:16 BA; 2 Macc 2:8; SibOr 5, 427) ὁ θεὸς τῆς δ. (En 25:7) Ac 7:2 (Ps 28:3); cp. J 12:41 (Is 6:1); Ac 7:55; 2 Th 1:9; 2 Pt 1:17b; Rv 15:8; 19:1; 21:11, 23. ὁ πατὴρ τῆς δ. Eph 1:17; βασιλεὺς τῆς δ. AcPl BMM verso 24 and 26. But also of those who appear before God: Moses 2 Cor 3:7–11, 18 (Just., D. 127, 3; cp. Ἀδὰμ τῆς δ. θεοῦ ἐγυμνώθη GrBar 4:16); Christians in the next life 1 Cor 15:43; Col 3:4. The δόξα τοῦ θεοῦ as it relates to the final judgment Ro 3:23; 5:2 (but s. 3); Jesus himself has a σῶμα τῆς δ. radiant, glorious body Phil 3:21; cp. 2 Cl 17:5. Christ is the κύριος τ. δόξης 1 Cor 2:8 (cp. En 22:14; 27:3, 5; 36:4; 40:3 of God; PGM 7, 713 κύριοι δόξης of deities).—The concept has been widened to denote the glory, majesty, sublimity of God in general (PGM 4, 1202 ἐφώνησά σου τ. ἀνυπέρβλητον δόξαν; Orig., C. Cels. 4, 1, 24 οἰκοδομεῖν … ναὸν δόξης θεοῦ) ἀλλάσσειν τὴν δ. τοῦ θεοῦ exchange the majesty of God Ro 1:23; κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ Jd 24 (cp. En 104:1)=before himself. Christ was raised fr. the dead διὰ τῆς δ. τοῦ πατρός by the majesty (here, as in J 2:11, the thought of power, might is also present; cp. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 344, 359 and PGM 4, 1650 δὸς δόξαν καὶ χάριν τῷ φυλακτηρίῳ τούτῳ; Wsd 9:11 φυλάξει με ἐν τ. δόξῃ; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 45.—JVogel, Het sanscrit woord tejas [=gloedvuur] in de beteekenis van magische Kracht 1930) of the Father Ro 6:4; cp. Mt 16:27; Mk 8:38; AcPl Ha 10, 9; ὄψῃ τὴν δ. τοῦ θεοῦ J 11:40; κράτος τῆς δ. majestic power Col 1:11; πλοῦτος τῆς δ. the wealth of his glory Ro 9:23; Eph 1:18; cp. Eph 3:16; Phil 4:19; Col 1:27; δ. τῆς χάριτος (PGM 4, 1650, s. above) Eph 1:6; w. ἀρετή 2 Pt 1:3 (τῆς ἐπʼ ἀρετῇ καὶ δόξῃ διαλήψεως, ins at Aphrodisias II, 14: ZPE 8, ’71, 186); ἀπαύγασμα τῆς δ. Hb 1:3; τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δ. τοῦ μεγάλου θεοῦ Tit 2:13. Some would classify Ro 2:7, 10 here, but these and related pass. w. the formulation δόξα καὶ τιμή prob. are better placed in 3 below because of their focus on honor and prestige. Doxol. σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ δ. εἰς τ. αἰῶνας, ἀμήν (Odes 12:15 [Prayer of Manasseh]) Mt 6:13 v.l.; AcPl Ha 2, 33; εἰς ἔπαινον τῆς δ. αὐτοῦ Eph 1:12, 14; cp. 1:6.—1 Th 2:12; 1 Pt 5:10. Pl. Hv 1, 3, 3. κατὰ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς δ. τοῦ μακαρίου θεοῦ 1 Ti 1:11. Transferred to Christ: Mt 19:28; 24:30; 25:31; Mk 10:37; 13:26; Lk 9:26; 21:27; J 1:14; 2:11; Js 2:1 (AMeyer, D. Rätsel d. Js 1930, 118ff); B 12:7; AcPl Ha 7:7. τὸν φωτισμὸν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τῆς δ. τοῦ χριστοῦ the news that shines with the greatness of Christ 2 Cor 4:4; cp. 4:6 (cp. Just., A I, 51, 8 παραγίνεσθαι μετὰ δόξης μέλλει). Of Christ’s prestige promoted by Paul’s associates 2 Cor 8:23 (but s. d and 3 below).

ⓒ The state of being in the next life is thus described as participation in the radiance or glory

α. w. ref. to Christ: εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν δ. αὐτοῦ enter into his glory Lk 24:26 (βασιλείαν P⁷⁵ first hand); ἀνελήμφθη ἐν δ. 1 Ti 3:16; cp. τὰς μετὰ ταῦτα δ.1 Pt 1:11 (but s. β below; pl. because of the παθήματα; cp. also Wsd 18:24; Isocr. 4, 51; POslo 85, 13 [III A.D.]), 21. ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει τῆς δ. αὐτοῦ 4:13. Also of Christ’s preëxistence: J 17:5, 22, 24.

β. w. ref. to his followers (cp. Da 12:13; Herm. Wr. 10, 7): Ro 8:18, 21; 1 Cor 2:7; 2 Cor 4:17; 1 Th 2:12; 2 Th 2:14; 2 Ti 2:10; Hb 2:10; 1 Pt 5:1, 4 (στέφανος τ. δόξης; on this expr. cp. Jer 13:18; TestBenj 4:1); εἰς … δ. καὶ τιμὴν ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:7 (perh. 1:11 belongs here, in ref. to sufferings that are endured in behalf of Christ). πνεῦμα τῆς δ. w. πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 4:14. ἵνα πνευματικὴν καὶ ἄφθαρτον τῆς δικαιοσύνης δόξαν κληρονομήσωσιν ending of Mk 16:14 v.l. (Freer ms. ln. 11f) (Cleopatra 146f ἐνέδυσεν αὐτοὺς θείαν δόξαν πνευματικήν); ἥτις ἐστὶν δ. ὑμῶν (my troubles) promote your glory Eph 3:13 (s. MDibelius, comm. on Col 1:24ff) τόπος τῆς δ.=the hereafter 1 Cl 5:4.

ⓓ of reflected radiance reflection ἀνὴρ … εἰκὼν καὶ δόξα θεοῦ man (as distinguished from woman) is the image and reflection of God 1 Cor 11:7 (perh. this thought finds expression Ro 3:23; 5:2, but s. 3, below); also γυνὴ δόξα ἀνδρός ibid. (cp. the formal similarity but difft. mng. in the Jewish ins in Lietzmann comm. ad loc.: ἡ δόξα Σωφρονίου Λούκιλλα εὐλογημένη; s. also AFeuillet, RB 81, ’74, 161–82). Some interpret δ. Χριστοῦ 2 Cor 8:23 in ref. to Paul’s associates (but s. 1b).

② a state of being magnificent, greatness, splendor, anything that catches the eye (1 Esdr 6:9; 1 Macc 10:60, 86; 2 Macc 5:20): fine clothing (Sir 6:31; 27:8; 45:7; 50:11) of a king Mt 6:29; Lk 12:27; of royal splendor gener. (Bar 5:6; 1 Macc 10:58; Jos., Ant. 8, 166) Mt 4:8; Lk 4:6; Rv 21:24, 26. Gener. of human splendor of any sort 1 Pt 1:24 (Is 40:6).

③ honor as enhancement or recognition of status or performance, fame, recognition, renown, honor, prestige (s. s.v. ἀγαθός and δικαιο-entries; Diod S 15, 61, 5 abs. δόξα= good reputation; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 89 §376 δ. ἀγαθή good reputation, esteem; Polyaenus 8 Prooem. δόξα ἀθάνατος=eternal renown; Herm. Wr. 14, 7; PsSol 1:4; 17:6; Jos., Ant. 4, 14, Vi. 274; Just., A II, 10, 8 δόξης … καταφρονήσαντος) of public approbation (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 7, 24, 1; Did., Gen. 238, 25) ἐνώπιον πάντων τῶν συνανακειμένων σοι Lk 14:10; δ. λαμβάνειν (En 99:1; Diog. L. 9, 37 of Democr. οὐκ ἐκ τόπου δόξαν λαβεῖν βουλόμενος) J 5:41, 44a al.; sim. of God Rv 4:11 and the Lamb 5:12 receiving honor. J 8:54 (=make high claims for myself); 12:43a (cp. 8:50); Ro 9:4; 2 Cor 6:8 (opp. ἀτιμία); 1 Th 2:6; 1 Cl 3:1; B 19:3; Hv 1, 1, 8. Gener. γυνὴ … ἐὰν κομᾷ, δόξα αὐτῇ ἐστιν, i.e. she enjoys a favorable reputation 1 Cor 11:15 (opp. ἀτιμία). Oxymoron ὧν … ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ αἰσχύνῃ αὐτῶν whose prestige is in their disgrace Phil 3:19. Of enhancement of divine prestige as an objective J 7:18; Lazarus’ illness redounds to God’s honor 11:4; Ro 15:7. Of divine approbation of pers. δ. τοῦ θεοῦ J 5:44b; 12:43b (cp. 1QH 17:15; 1QS 4:23); Ro 3:23; 5:2. Here also belong pass. w. the form δὸξα καὶ τιμή / τιμὴ καὶ δόξα (LXX; ins, e.g. OGI 223, 12; 244, 19f; 763, 37; Welles 42, 6; also PGM 4, 1616f δὸς δ. καὶ τιμὴν κ. χάριν; Just., D. 42, 1) Ro 2:7, 10; 1 Ti 1:17; Hb 2:7, 9 (Ps 8:6); cp. 3:3; 1 Pt 1:7; 2 Pt 1:17; Rv 4:9, 11; 5:12, 13; 21:26. Of pers. who bestow renown through their excellence: of Jesus Lk 2:32 (cp. Ro 9:4); of Paul’s epistolary recipients ὑμεῖς ἡ δ. ἡμῶν you bring us renown 1 Th 2:20 (cp. the Jewish ins in Lietzmann, 1d above: Loucilla brings renown to Sophronius).—Israel’s liturgy furnishes the pattern for the liturg. formula δ. θεῷ praise is (BWeiss; HHoltzmann; Harnack; Zahn; EKlostermann; ASchlatter; Rengstorf) or be (Weizsäcker; JWeiss; OHoltzmann) to God Lk 2:14. Cp. 19:38; Ro 11:36; 16:27; Gal 1:5; Eph 3:21; Phil 4:20; 2 Ti 4:18 (perh. Christ as referent); Hb 13:21; 1 Pt 4:11; 1 Cl 20:12; 50:7 al.; τιμὴ καὶ δ. 1 Ti 1:17 (s. also above as extra-biblical formulation, esp. OGI 223, 12; 244, 19f; 763, 37); cp. Jd 25 v.l.; Rv 5:13; 7:12. Doxologies to Christ 2 Pt 3:18; Rv 1:6; εἰς (τὴν) δ. (τοῦ) θεοῦ to the praise of God Ro 15:7; 1 Cor 10:31; 2 Cor 4:15; Phil 1:11; 2:11; cp. Ro 3:7. Also πρὸ δ. 2 Cor 1:20; πρὸ τὴν αὐτοῦ τοῦ κυρίου (Christ) δ. 8:19. Hence the expr. δ. διδόναι τῷ θεῷ praise God (Bar 2:17f; 1 Esdr 9:8; 4 Macc 1:12): in thanksgiving Lk 17:18; Rv 19:7; as a form of relig. devotion: Ac 12:23; Ro 4:20; Rv 4:9; 11:13; 14:7; 16:9; as an adjuration δὸς δ. τῷ θεῷ give God the praise by telling the truth J 9:24.—GBoobyer, ‘Thanksgiving’ and the ‘Glory of God’ in Paul, diss. Leipzig 1929; LChampion, Benedictions and Doxologies in the Epistles of Paul ’35; MPamment, The Meaning of δόξα in the Fourth Gospel: ZNW 74, ’83, 12–16, God’s glory is manifested through the gift of Jesus’ voluntary self-surrender on the cross.

④ a transcendent being deserving of honor, majestic being, by metonymy (cp. Diod S 15, 58, 1 of citizens who stood out from among all others in ἐξουσίαι καὶ δόξαι=offices and honors) of angelic beings (s. Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 45; PGM 1, 199) δόξαι majestic (heavenly) beings Jd 8; 2 Pt 2:10 (s. also Ex 15:11 LXX; TestJud 25:2 αἱ δυνάμεις τ. δόξης. Also the magical text in Rtzst., Poim. p. 28 [VI 17] χαιρέτωσάν σου αἱ δόξαι (practically = δυνάμει) εἰς αἰῶνα, κύριε). Cp. JSickenberger, Engelsoder Teufelslästerer? Festschrift zur Jahrhundertfeier d. Univers. Breslau 1911, 621ff. The mng. majesties and by metonymy illustrious persons is also prob.—On the whole word Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 289; 314f; 344; 355ff; AvGall, D. Herrlichkeit Gottes 1900; IAbrahams, The Glory of God 1925.—AForster, The Mng. of Δόξα in the Greek Bible: ATR 12, 1929/1930, 311ff; EOwen, Δόξα and Cognate Words: JTS 33, ’32, 139–50; 265–79; CMohrmann, Note sur doxa: ADebrunner Festschr. ’54, 321–28; LBrockington, LXX Background to the NT Use of δ., Studies in the Gospels in memory of RLightfoot ’55, 1–8.—HBöhlig, D. Geisteskultur v. Tarsos 1913, 97ff; GWetter, D. Verherrlichung im Joh.-ev.: Beitr. z. Rel.-wiss. II 1915, 32–113, Phos 1915; RLloyd, The Word ‘Glory’ in the Fourth Gospel: ET 43, ’32, 546–48; BBotte, La gloire du Christ dans l’Evangile de S. Jean: Quest. liturgiques 12, 1927, 65ff; HPass, The Glory of the Father; a Study in St John 13–17, ’35; WThüsing, Die Erhöhung u. Verherrlichung Jesu im J, ’60.—GKittel, D. Rel. gesch. u. d. Urchristentum ’32, 82ff; JSchneider, Doxa ’32; HKittel, D. Herrlichkeit Gottes ’34; MGreindl, Κλεος, Κυδος, Ευχος, Τιμη, Φατις, Δοξα, diss. Munich ’38; AVermeulen, Semantic Development of Gloria in Early-Christian Latin ’56.—RAC IV 210–16; XI 196–225.—B. 1144f. DELG s.v. δοκάω etc. II p. 291. Schmidt, Syn. I 321–28, s. δοκέω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

θλάω impf. 3 pl. ἔθλων PsSol 13:3; fut. θλάσω; 1 aor. ἔθλασα; pf. τέθλακα. Pass.: aor. 2 sg. ἐθλάσθης Ezk 29:7; pf. ptc. τεθλασμένος LXX (Hom. et al; PFay 112, 20 [99 A.D.]; PsSol 13:3; Jos., Ant. 10, 7=4 Km 18:21) break a seal (which in this case is not a natural, purposeful act, but one greatly to be regretted, since the seal appears as a means of protection, whose destruction is followed by dire consequences) Hs 8, 6, 3.—DELG.

κατακρίνω fut. κατακρινῶ; 1 aor. κατέκρινα. Pass.: fut. κατακριθήσομαι; 1 aor. κατεκρίθην; pf. κατακέκριμαι (s. prec. and two next entries; Pind., Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; En 10:14; 13:5; PsSol 4:2; TestSol; ApcMos 39; Jos., Ant. 3, 308; 10, 238; Ar. [Milne 74, 25]; Just., A II, 14, 2; Tat. 23, 2) pronounce a sentence after determination of guilt, pronounce a sentence on τινά someone (Wsd 4:16; Esth 2:1; Sus 53) J 8:10f. In wordplay w. κρίνω Ro 2:1. Pass. Mt 27:3; Dg 5:12; w. διακρίνομαι Ro 14:23. τινὰ θανάτῳ (s. θάνατος 1bα) sentence someone to death (Da 4:37a; Jos., Ant. 10, 124; Hippol. Ref., 8, 10, 7) Mt 20:18 (cp. 26:66); Mk 10:33 (cp. 14:64). Also κ. εἰς θάνατον (κ. εἰσ=sentence someone to, as Artem. 1, 53 p. 50, 25; cp. κατακριθεὶς πρὸς θηρία Iren. 5, 28, 4 [Harv. II 403, 6]) Mt 20:18 v.l.; Hs 8, 11, 3 (for the reading also s. Bonner 155, n. on lines 23–28). εἰς τὰ θηρία MPol 2:4; εἰς θηρία AcPl Ha 1, 29; εἰς πῦρ αἰώνιον Dg 10:7. Of cities καταστροφῇ κ. consign to destruction 2 Pt 2:6 (on the dat. s. B-D-F §195, 2; Rob. 533; s. also SIG 736, 160ff τὸν μὴ ποιοῦντα κατακρινάτω εἴκοσι δραχμαῖς). W. acc. and inf. foll. (Sus 41 Theod. κατέκριναν αὐτὴν ἀποθανεῖν) κατέκριναν αὐτὸν ἔνοχον εἶναι θανάτου they adjudged him liable to or subject to death Mk 14:64 (the actual sentence of course comes later). Abs. Ro 8:34. Of God’s condemnation Mk 16:16=will be under sentence, i.e. of loss of salvation; 1 Cor 11:32=so that we might not be under sentence together with the world (wordplay w. κρίνειν); Js 5:9 v.l. The conduct of one person, since it sets a standard, can result in the condemnation before God of another person whose conduct is inferior (Wsd 4:16; cp. Ro 2:27) Mt 12:41f (JJeremias, Jesus’ Promise to the Nations, ’58, 50 n. 3); Lk 11:31f; Hb 11:7. ὁ θεὸς … κατέκρινεν τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἐν τῇ σαρκί God has pronounced sentence on sin in the flesh Ro 8:3.—M-M. TW.

κέντρον, ου, τό (κεντέω ‘prick, spur on’; Hom. et al.; BGU 544, 12; LXX; PsSol 16:4; JosAs 16:13; Philo; Jos., Bell. 2, 385, Ant. 7, 169; Ath. 13:1) gener. ‘sharp point’.

① the sting of an animal (Aristot. et al.; Aelian, NA 16, 27 σκορπίου) Rv 9:10 (s. Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 45 p. 490, 1 Jac. [Indica 7], a strange beast of India τὸ πρόσωπον ἐοικὸς ἀνθρώπῳ … ὥσπερ λέων … horrible teeth … σκορπίος … τὸ κέντρον in its tail, whose sting is deadly). In imagery (Aesop, Fab. 276 P. [also H-H. 273 app.]=Babr. no. 185 Cr. κ. τῆς λύπης) of death 1 Cor 15:55f after Hos 13:14 (s. ESellin, RSeeberg Festschr. I 1929, 307–14, cp. Straub 35; the imagery is transcultural: a friend of a teacher named Theodoros records in an epitaph that he felt a κέντρον ἄπαυστον, ‘unceasing sting’ because of his death [Kaibel 534, 8=Peek, GVI 1479, 8, s. New Docs 4, 157 no. 64]).

② a pointed stick that serves the same purpose as a whip, a goad (Hom. et al.; Pr 26:3), in a proverbial expr. (Pind., P. 2, 94 [173] [s. Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 70 D.]; Aeschyl., Ag. 1624, Prom. 323; Eur., Bacch. 795 [WNestle, Anklänge an Eur. in AG: Philol. 59, 1900, 46–57]; Fgm. Iamb. Adesp. 13 in AnthLG [D-B.] III 75: ἵππος ὄνῳ• ‘πρὸς κέντρα μὴ λακτιζέτω’ ‘a horse to an ass: “No kicking against the goads!”’ [The cj. λάκτιζέ πω proposed by Crusius—s. JEdmonds, ed., Greek Elegy and Iambus II, ’31, repr. ’79, p. 310 no. 64—is unnecessary]; ins fr. Asia Minor [JHS 8, 1887, 261]: λακτίζεις πρὸς κέντρα; AOtto, D. Sprichwörter d. Römer 1890, 331f) πρὸς κέντρα λακτίζειν kick against the goads of a balking animal, fig. of one who resists a divine call Ac 9:4 v.l.; 26:14 (on the pl. cp. Eur., loc. cit., the iambic fragment, the ins, and PGM 4, 2911 κέντροισι βιαίοις of the stings of passion; Herm. Wr. p. 482, 26 Sc.; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 46 πάθους κέντροις).—FSmend, Αγγελος I 1925, 34–45, esp. 41ff, but s. WKümmel, Rö 7 u. die Bekehrung des Paulus 1929, 155–57; HWindisch, ZNW 31, ’32, 10–14; further lit. in Haenchen ad loc.—B. 864. DELG s.v. κεντέω. M-M. TW.

Λευίτης, ου, ὁ (mss. and edd. also Λευί̈-, Λευειτ-. LXX, Philo, Joseph.; Plut., Mor. 671e) a Levite, member of the tribe of Levi, esp. one who did not belong to the family of Aaron, and whose duty it was to perform the lowlier services connected w. the temple ritual. W. ἱερεύς Lk 10:32; J 1:19; 1 Cl 32:2; 40:5. Of Joseph Barnabas Ac 4:36.—JEmerton, VetusT 12, ’62, 129–38 (Deut.); AGunneweg, Leviten u. Priester, ’65.—TW.

νεκρόω (νεκρός) 1 aor. ἐνέκρωσα; pf. pass. ptc. νενεκρωμένος (Hellenist. word: Hipponax[?, s. below]; Epict. 1, 5, 7; Plut., Mor. 954d; Themist., Paraphr. Aristot. II p. 51, 15 Spengel; ins; Philo, Aet. M. 125; Just., A I, 18, 6; Ath., R. 24 p. 78, 20 al.) to deaden or cause to cease completely, put to death fig. ext. of the primary mng. ‘to put an end to the life of someth., to cause to be dead’ τὰ μέλη τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς what is earthly in you Col 3:5. Pass.: be as good as dead (Longus 2, 7, 5): νενεκρωμένος worn out, impotent of persons whose physical capabilities have failed in a certain respect (comm. on Hipponax POxy 2176 Fgm. 1 II, 7f=Hipponax Fgm. 129 C, 7f p. 137 Degani νενε]κρῶσθαι, but ἀπονε‹νε›]κρῶσθαι p. 153 West [for the reconstructed Fgm. of Hipponax on the basis of the comm. s. Fgm. X Diehl³; 129a–e Degani]; Maximus Tyr. 41, 3h; cp. Epict. 4, 5, 21); e.g. of Abraham in his old age ἀφʼ ἑνὸς ἐγενήθησαν καὶ ταῦτα νενεκρωμένου from one man, and him as good as dead, were born Hb 11:12. τὸ σῶμα νενεκρωμένον his worn-out body Ro 4:19 (cp. IG III/2, 1355 ἄνθρωπε μή μου παρέλθῃς σῶμα τὸ νενεκρωμένον.—Dssm., LO 75 [LAE 94]; BHaensler, BZ 12, 1914, 168ff; 14, 1916, 164ff).—DELG s.v. νεκρός. M-M. TW.

ξυράω (ξύω ‘scrape’; Diod S 1, 83, 2; 1, 84, 2; 5, 28, 3; Plut., Mor. 180b; Dio Chrys. 16 [33], 63; Longus 4, 10, 1; Ath. 14, 2; PMich 243, 10 and 11 [I A.D.]), ξυρέω (Trag., Hdt., Pla. et al.; Lob. on Phryn. p. 205), ξύρω (Hippocr.; Plut., Mor. 336e τὴν κεφαλὴν ξυράμενος; Lucian, De Morte Peregr. 17) fut. 3 sg. ξυρήσει LXX; aor. 3 sg. ἐξύρησε LXX. Pass.: fut. ξυρηθήσομαι LXX; aor. inf. ξυρηθῆναι Lev 13:34; ‘to shave’. In our lit. the foll. verbal forms of the stem ξυρ-are found: mid.: ξύρωνται Ac 21:24 D; fut. ξυρήσονται 21:24; aor. subj. ξυρήσωνται ibid. v.l. Pass.: perf. ptc. ἐξυρημένος 1 Cor 11:5. In vs. 6 ξυρασθαι seems to be marked as a verbal form of ξυράω by ἐξυρημένῃ vs. 5, and in that case it is to be accented as a pres. mid. inf. ξυρᾶσθαι (cp. Diog. L. 7, 166 ξυρᾶσθαι=to have himself shaved; Jos., Ant. 19, 294 ξυρᾶσθαι and Bell. 2, 313 ξυρήσεσθαι; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 5 ξυρῶνται). On the other hand, the immediate proximity of κείρασθαι makes it much more likely that it is an aorist, an aor. mid. inf. of ξύρω, to be accented ξύρασθαι (other edd.; s. B-D-F §101 p. 47; Mlt-H. 200; 250; Anz 310f).—Mid. have oneself shaved (s. Schwyzer II 232; B-D-F §317; Rob. 809) τὴν κεφαλήν have one’s head shaved (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 3, 2; Num 6:9; Ezk 44:20) Ac 21:24 (s. on εὐχή 2 and Jos., Ant. 19, 294). Abs. 1 Cor 11:6. Pass. ἐξυρημένη a woman whose head is shaved vs. 5.—DELG s.v. ξύω.

παιδαγωγός, οῦ, ὁ (παῖς, ἄγω) since Eur.; Hdt. 8, 75; Plut.; ins [reff. in SIG 1253 n. 1]; pap, Philo; Jos., Ant. 1, 56; 18, 202, Vi. 429. Common as a loanw. in rabb. [SKrauss, Griech. u. lat. Lehnwörter im Talmud usw. II 1899, 421]). Orig. ‘boy-leader’, the man, usu. a slave (Plut., Mor. 4ab), whose duty it was to conduct a boy or youth (Plut., Mor. 439f) to and from school and to superintend his conduct gener.; he was not a ‘teacher’ (despite the present mng. of the derivative ‘pedagogue’ [s. OED s.v. 1a as opposed to 2]; παιδαγωγός and διδάσκαλος are differentiated: X., De Rep. Lac. 3, 2; Pla., Lys. 208c [JCallaway, JBL 67, ’48, 353–55]; Diog. L. 3, 92; Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 53). When the young man became of age, the π. was no longer needed (cp. Gaius’ complaint about Macro’s intentions Philo, In Facc. 3 (15); s. JMarquardt²-AMau, D. Privatleben der Römer 1886, 114; WBecker-HGöll, Charikles II³ 1878, 46ff [Eng. tr. FMetcalfe, 1889, 226f]; ABaumeister, Denkmäler d. klass. Altertums 1885–88 II, 1125f). In our lit. one who has responsibility for someone who needs guidance, guardian, leader, guide. As a pers. to whom respect is due, beside the father (as Plut., Lyc. 50 [17, 1]) 1 Cor 4:15. The law as a π. (so Plut., Mor. 645bc τοῦ νόμου καθάπερ παιδαγωγοῦ). Paul evaluates the Mosaic law as a παιδ. εἰς Χριστόν Gal 3:24, where the emphasis is on the constrictive function of the law in contrast to freedom in the gospel. Humankind remains under its constraints, ὑπὸ παιδαγωγόν vs. 25, until God declares, by sending his Son, that it has come of age (s. υἱοθεσία).—DLull, JBL 105, ’86, 481–98 the law had temporal limitations; TGordon, NTS 35, ’89, 150–54 role of guardian; NYoung, Paidagogos, The Social Setting of a Pauline Metaphor: NovT 29, ’87, 150–76.—Pauly-W. 18/2, 2375–85; Kl. Pauly IV 408. Straub 61. DELG s.v. ἄγω. M-M. TW. Spicq.