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81 ruina
f.1 ruin (quiebra).dejar en o llevar a la ruina a alguien to ruin somebodyestar en la ruina to be ruinedsu negocio es una ruina his business is swallowing up his money2 destruction.el alcohol será su ruina drink will be the ruin o ruination of him3 wreck (person).estar hecho una ruina to be a wreck4 bankruptcy, crash, smashup.pres.indicat.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: ruinar.imperat.2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: ruinar.* * *1 ruin, collapse2 figurado fall, end, downfall1 ruins\amenazar ruina to be on the point of collapsing, be on the verge of collapsingestar hecho,-a una ruina figurado to be a wreck* * *noun f.1) ruin2) downfall, collapse* * *SF1) (Econ) ruintanto gastar en viajes va a ser mi ruina — spending all this money on travel is going to cost me a fortune
2) [de edificio] collapseamenazar ruina — to threaten to collapse, be about to fall down
3) [de imperio] fall, decline; [de persona] ruin, downfallel alcohol va a ser mi ruina — alcohol will be the ruin of me, alcohol will be my downfall
4) (=persona ajada)estar hecho una ruina — to be a wreck, look a wreck
6) (Jur) ** bird **, prison sentence* * *1)a) ( estado)la región quedó sumida en la ruina — the area was left in ruins o was devastated
estar hecho una ruina — (fam) to be a wreck (colloq)
b) ( bancarrota) ruinc) (causa, origen)2) ( acción) collapse3) ruinas femenino plural (de edificio, ciudad) ruins (pl)* * *= destruction, ruin, downfall, undoing, bust, obliteration, bane, labefaction, rack and ruin.Ex. In the event of a serious accident (a fire, deliberate destruction, or a computer error) nothing will happen to the records vital to the operation of the library.Ex. Information deprivation can be found among a very broad band of the population, including all those citizens whose life styles contribute towards the ruin of their environment.Ex. What this time will be the cause of his slapstick downfall?.Ex. At the dinner party, eating nearly proved the undoing of Peter, who ran the danger of becoming a pie himself.Ex. The article 'El Dorado or bust?' warns that the electronic market is changing.Ex. The article is entitled 'The wayward bookman: the decline, fall and historical obliteration of an ALA president'.Ex. The article is entitled 'Donation of books to libraries: bane or blessing'.Ex. The natural result of this labefaction is the Delaware neonate killing by a freshman couple.Ex. The policies that the Mugabe government have taken have lead the country to economic and political rack and ruin.----* abandonado y en ruinas = derelict.* causar ruina a = bring + ruin to.* en la ruina = in chapter 11, in dire straits.* en ruinas = in ruins, ruined, in shambles, upside down.* estar en ruinas = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.* la ruina de = the bane of.* * *1)a) ( estado)la región quedó sumida en la ruina — the area was left in ruins o was devastated
estar hecho una ruina — (fam) to be a wreck (colloq)
b) ( bancarrota) ruinc) (causa, origen)2) ( acción) collapse3) ruinas femenino plural (de edificio, ciudad) ruins (pl)* * *= destruction, ruin, downfall, undoing, bust, obliteration, bane, labefaction, rack and ruin.Ex: In the event of a serious accident (a fire, deliberate destruction, or a computer error) nothing will happen to the records vital to the operation of the library.
Ex: Information deprivation can be found among a very broad band of the population, including all those citizens whose life styles contribute towards the ruin of their environment.Ex: What this time will be the cause of his slapstick downfall?.Ex: At the dinner party, eating nearly proved the undoing of Peter, who ran the danger of becoming a pie himself.Ex: The article 'El Dorado or bust?' warns that the electronic market is changing.Ex: The article is entitled 'The wayward bookman: the decline, fall and historical obliteration of an ALA president'.Ex: The article is entitled 'Donation of books to libraries: bane or blessing'.Ex: The natural result of this labefaction is the Delaware neonate killing by a freshman couple.Ex: The policies that the Mugabe government have taken have lead the country to economic and political rack and ruin.* abandonado y en ruinas = derelict.* causar ruina a = bring + ruin to.* en la ruina = in chapter 11, in dire straits.* en ruinas = in ruins, ruined, in shambles, upside down.* estar en ruinas = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.* la ruina de = the bane of.* * *A1(estado, situación): la compañía está/se ha quedado en la ruina the company is in a terrible mess, the company is in dire straitsconduce al protagonista a la ruina it brings about the protagonist's downfalltras la guerra, esta región quedó sumida en la ruina when the war ended this area was left in ruins o was devastatedlos dejó en la ruina it ruined themdejaron la economía en la ruina they left the economy in ruins2(causa de perdición, desastre): el juego va a ser su ruina gambling will be the ruin of hereste hijo mío es una ruina this son of mine is ruining meeste coche es mi ruina this car is costing me a fortune o is going to bankrupt me ( colloq)B (acción) collapsela casa amenaza ruina the house is on the point of collapseen ruina in ruinsla casa estaba en ruinas the house was in ruins* * *
ruina sustantivo femenino
estar en la ruina [ empresario] to be ruined;
[ país] to be in financial ruin;
d)
en ruinas in ruins
ruina sustantivo femenino
1 ruin
amenazar ruina, to be about to fall down
2 (económica) ruin: la empresa está en la ruina, the company has collapsed o gone bankrupt
3 (de una persona) downfall, ruin: el juego fue su ruina, gambling was his downfall 4 estar hecho una ruina, to be a wreck
5 en ruinas, in ruins
' ruina' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abocada
- abocado
- buscarse
- ser
- significar
- borde
- calle
English:
destruction
- ruin
- wreck
- write-off
- down
- make
* * *ruina nf1. [quiebra] ruin;su negocio es una ruina his business is swallowing up his money;la caída de la Bolsa causó su ruina the collapse of the Stock Exchange ruined him;estar en la ruina to be ruined;la epidemia ha supuesto la ruina de muchos ganaderos the epidemic has ruined many cattle farmers;vamos a la ruina we are going to wrack and ruin2. [destrucción] destruction;el alcohol será su ruina drink will be the ruin o ruination of him3.ruinas [de una construcción] ruins;un puente en ruinas a bridge in ruins;amenazar ruina [edificio] to be about to collapse4. [persona] wreck;estar hecho una ruina to be a wreck* * *f1 ( quiebra) ruin;amenazar ruina be on the point of collapse;llevar a alguien a la ruina bankrupt s.o.;estar en la ruina be in dire straits2 persona:estar hecho una ruina be a wreck3 de edificio:ruinas pl ruins* * *ruina nf1) : ruin, destruction2) : downfall, collapse3) ruinas nfpl: ruins, remains* * *ruina n (edificio) ruin -
82 run
A n1 ( act or period of running) course f ; a two-mile run une course de deux miles ; that was a splendid run by Reeves Reeves a fait une course magnifique ; to go for a run aller courir ; to take the dog for a run in the park aller faire courir le chien au parc ; to break into a run se mettre à courir ; to do sth at a run faire qch en courant ; to take a run at prendre son élan pour franchir [fence, hedge, stream] ; to give sb a clear run fig laisser le champ libre à qn (at doing pour faire) ;2 ( flight) on the run [prisoner] en fuite, en cavale ○ ; to be on the run from sb/sth fuir qn/qch ; to have sb on the run lit mettre qn en fuite ; fig réussir à effrayer qn ; to make a run for it fuir, s'enfuir ; to make a run for the door se précipiter vers la porte ;3 ( series) (of successes, failures, reds, blacks) série f (of de) ; to have a run of (good) luck être en veine ; to have a run of bad luck jouer de malchance ; a run of fine weather une période de beau temps ; we've had a long run without any illness nous avons eu une longue période sans maladie ; the product has had a good run but… le produit a bien marché mais… ;4 Theat série f de représentations ; to have a long run tenir longtemps l'affiche ; to have a six-month run tenir l'affiche pendant six mois ; the play is beginning its Broadway run la pièce commence à se jouer à Broadway ;5 ( trend) (of events, market) tendance f ; the run of the cards/dice was against me le jeu était contre moi ; against the run of play Sport en sens inverse du cours réel du jeu ; in the normal run of things dans l'ordre normal des choses ; out of the common run hors du commun ;6 ( series of thing produced) ( in printing) tirage m ; ( in industry) série f ; a paperback run of 10,000 un tirage de 10 000 exemplaires en poche ;7 Fin ( on Stock Exchange) ( rush) ruée f ; a run on une ruée sur [stock market, bank, item] ; a run on sterling/the dollar une ruée spéculative sur la livre sterling/le dollar ;8 (trip, route) route f, trajet m ; it's only a short run into town ( in car) avec la voiture on est tout de suite en ville ; to go out for a run in the car aller faire un tour en voiture ; the run up to York la route jusqu'à York ; he does the Leeds run twice a week il fait le trajet jusqu'à Leeds deux fois par semaine ; a ferry on the Portsmouth-Caen run le ferry faisant la traversée Portsmouth-Caen ; a bombing run une mission de bombardement ;10 (for rabbit, chickens) enclos m ;11 (in tights, material) échelle f ;12 ( for skiing etc) piste f ;13 ( in cards) suite f ; a run of three une suite de trois cartes ; ⇒ practice run, test run, trial run.1 ( cover by running) courir [race, heat, stage, distance, marathon] ; I ran the rest of the way j'ai couru le reste du chemin ; she ran a brilliant race/a very fast time elle a fait une course superbe/un très bon temps ; the race will be run at 10.30 la course se court à 10 h 30 ;2 ( drive) to run sb to the station/to hospital conduire qn à la gare/à l'hôpital ; to run sb home ou back reconduire qn ; to run the car over to the garage conduire la voiture au garage ; to run sth over to sb's house apporter qch chez qn en voiture ; to run the car into a tree jeter la voiture contre un arbre ;3 (pass, move) to run one's hand over sth passer la main sur qch ; to run one's finger down the list parcourir la liste du doigt ; to run one's eye(s) over sth parcourir rapidement qch ; to run a duster/the vacuum cleaner over sth passer un coup de chiffon/d'aspirateur sur qch ; to run one's pen through sth rayer qch ;4 ( manage) diriger [business, hotel, store, school, country] ; a well-/badly-run organization une organisation bien/mal dirigée ; who is running things here? qui est-ce qui commande ici? ; I'm running this show ○ ! c'est moi qui commande ○ ! ; stop trying to run my life! arrête de vouloir diriger ma vie! ;5 ( operate) faire fonctionner [machine] ; faire tourner [motor, engine] ; exécuter [program] ; entretenir [car] ; to run sth off the mains/off batteries faire fonctionner qch sur secteur/avec des piles ; the car is cheap to run la voiture est peu coûteuse à entretenir ; to run a tape/a film mettre une cassette/un film ; to run tests on sth effectuer des tests sur qch ; to run a check on sb [police] vérifier les antécédents de qn ; ( generally) prendre des renseignements sur qn ;6 (organize, offer) organiser [competition, lessons, course] ; mettre [qch] en place [train, bus, service] ;7 (extend, pass) (of cable, wire, pipe) to run sth between/from/to/around faire passer qch entre/de/à/autour de ; to run a rope through a ring faire passer une corde dans un anneau ;8 ( cause to flow) faire couler [water, bath] ; ouvrir [tap] ; I'll run you a bath je vais te faire couler un bain ; to run water into/over sth faire couler de l'eau dans/sur qch ;11 ( smuggle) faire passer [qch] en fraude [guns, drugs] ;1 ( move quickly) [person, animal] courir ; to run to catch the bus/to help sb courir pour attraper le bus/pour aider qn ; to run to meet sb courir à la rencontre de qn ; to run across/down/up sth traverser/descendre/monter qch en courant ; to run around the house/around (in) the garden courir dans toute la maison/dans le jardin ; will you run over to the shop and get some milk? peux-tu courir au magasin chercher du lait? ; to run for the train courir pour attraper le train ; to run for the exit courir vers la sortie ; to run for one's country Sport courir pour son pays ; to run in the 100 metres/in the 3.30 (race) courir le 100 mètres/dans la course de 15 h 30 ; she came running towards me elle a couru vers moi ; the customers will come running fig les clients vont se précipiter ;2 ( flee) fuir, s'enfuir ; I dropped everything and ran j'ai tout jeté et je me suis enfui ; to run for one's life s'enfuir pour sauver sa peau ○ ; run for your life!, run for it ○ ! sauve qui peut!, déguerpissons ○ ! ; I had to run for it ○ j'ai dû déguerpir ○ ; there's nowhere to run (to) il n'y a nulle part où aller ; to go running to the police courir à la police ; to go running to one's parents se réfugier chez ses parents ;3 ○ ( rush off) filer ○ ; sorry-must run! ○ désolé-il faut que je file! ○ ;4 ( function) [machine, generator] marcher ; [engine, press] tourner ; to leave the engine running laisser tourner le moteur ; to run off fonctionner sur [mains, battery] ; to run on marcher à [diesel, unleaded] ; to run fast/slow [clock] prendre de l'avance/du retard ; the organization runs very smoothly l'organisation fonctionne parfaitement ;5 (continue, last) [contract, lease] courir ; to have another month to run avoir encore un mois à courir ; to run from… to… [school year, season] aller de… à… ;6 Theat [play, musical] tenir l'affiche ; this show will run and run! ce spectacle tiendra l'affiche pendant des mois! ; to run for six months tenir l'affiche pendant six mois ; the film will run (for) another week le film reste à l'affiche une semaine encore ;7 ( pass) to run past/through sth [frontier, path, line] passer/traverser qch ; to run (from) east to west aller d'est en ouest, être orienté est-ouest ; the road runs north for about ten kilometres la route va vers le nord sur une dizaine de kilomètres ; to run parallel to sth être parallèle à qch ; the stripes run vertically les rayures sont verticales ; the bird has a green stripe running down its back l'oiseau a une bande verte le long du dos ; a scar runs down her arm une cicatrice court le long de son bras ;8 ( move) [sledge, vehicle] glisser (on sur ; forward vers l'avant ; back vers l'arrière) ; [curtain] coulisser (on sur) ; to run through sb's hands [rope] filer entre les mains de qn ; a pain ran up my leg une douleur m'est remontée le long de la jambe ; a wave of excitement ran through the crowd un frisson d'excitation a parcouru la foule ; his eyes ran over the page il a parcouru la page des yeux ; the news ran from house to house la nouvelle s'est transmise de maison en maison ;9 ( operate regularly) [buses, trains] circuler ; they don't run on Sundays ils ne circulent pas le dimanche ; a taxi service/ferry runs between X and Y il existe un service de taxi/un ferry entre X et Y ; the train is running late le train est en retard ; programmes are running late this evening ( on TV) les émissions ont du retard ce soir ; we are running 30 minutes behind schedule ou late nous avons 30 minutes de retard ; we're running ahead of schedule nous sommes en avance ;10 ( flow) [water, liquid, stream, tap, bath, nose] couler ; the tap is running le robinet coule or est ouvert ; my nose is running j'ai le nez qui coule ; tears ran down his face les larmes coulaient sur son visage ; there was water running down the walls il y avait de l'eau qui coulait le long des murs ; my body was running with sweat mon corps ruisselait de sueur ; the streets will be running with blood fig le sang coulera à flots dans les rues ; the river ran red with blood la rivière est devenue rouge de sang ; the meat juices ran pink/clear le jus qui est sorti de la viande était rose/incolore ;11 ( flow when wet or melted) [colour, dye, garment] déteindre ; [ink, makeup, butter, cheese] couler ;12 Pol ( as candidate) se présenter ; to run for être candidat/-e au poste de [mayor, governor] ; to run for president être candidat/-e à la présidence ; to run against se présenter or être candidat/-e contre [person] ;13 ( be worded) [message, speech] se présenter, être libellé sout ; the telex runs… le télex se présente or est libellé comme suit… ; so the argument runs selon l'argument habituellement avancé ;14 ( snag) [tights, material] filer.to have the run of sth avoir qch pour soi ; to give sb the run of sth mettre qch à la disposition de qn ; in the long run à la longue, à longue échéance ; in the short run à brève échéance.■ run about, run around:1 (hurrying, playing etc) courir ; I've been running around all over the place looking for you j'ai couru partout pour essayer de te trouver ;■ run across ○:▶ run across [sth/sb] tomber sur ○ [acquaintance, reference].■ run after:■ run along se sauver ○, filer ○ ; run along! sauve-toi ○ !■ run at:▶ run at [sth]1 ( charge towards) se précipiter sur [door, person] ;2 ( be at) [inflation, unemployment] atteindre, être de l'ordre de [percentage, rate, figure] ; with inflation running at 12% avec une inflation de l'ordre de 12%.■ run away:▶ run away1 ( flee) s'enfuir (from sb devant qn ; to do pour faire) ; to run away from home s'enfuir de chez soi ; to run away from one's responsibilities/a situation fuir ses responsabilités/une situation ;2 ( run off) [water, liquid] couler ;▶ run away with [sth/sb]1 ( flee) partir avec [profits, object, person] ;2 ( carry off easily) rafler ○ [prizes, title] ;4 ( get into one's head) to run away with the idea ou notion that s'imaginer que ; I don't want him running away with that idea je ne veux pas qu'il s'imagine ça ; to let one's emotions/one's enthusiasm run away with one se laisser emporter par ses émotions/son enthousiasme.■ run back:▶ run back [sth], run [sth] back rembobiner [tape, film].▶ run back over [sth] revenir sur [points, plans].■ run down:▶ run down [battery] se décharger ; [watch] retarder ; [exports, reserves] diminuer ; [machine, industry, company] s'essouffler ;▶ run down [sth/sb], run [sth/sb] down1 ( in vehicle) renverser ; to be ou get run down by sth être renversé par qch ;2 (reduce, allow to decline) réduire [production, operations, defences, industry, reserves] ; user [battery] ;3 ( disparage) dénigrer [person, economy] ;4 Naut éperonner, heurter [boat] ;■ run in:▶ run in [sth], run [sth] in roder [car, machine] ; ‘running in-please pass’ ‘en rodage’ ;■ run into:▶ run into [sth/sb]2 ( encounter) rencontrer [person, difficulty, opposition, bad weather] ; to run into debt s'endetter ;3 ( amount to) [debt, income, sales] se compter en [hundreds, millions] ; the trial could run into months le procès pourrait durer des mois.■ run off:▶ run off2 [liquid, water] couler ;▶ run off [sth], run [sth] off1 ( print) sortir [copy] (on sur) ;2 ( contest) disputer [heats].■ run on:▶ run on [meeting, seminar] se prolonger ;▶ run on [sth] ( be concerned with) [mind] être préoccupé par ; [thoughts] revenir sur ; [conversation] porter sur ;▶ run on [sth], run [sth] on1 Print faire suivre [qch] sans alinéa ;2 Literat faire enjamber [line].■ run out:▶ run out1 ( become exhausted) [supplies, resources, oil] s'épuiser ; time is running out le temps manque ; my money ran out mes ressources s'étaient épuisées ; my patience is running out je suis en train de perdre patience ;2 ( have no more) [pen, vending machine] être vide ; sorry, I've run out désolé, je n'en ai plus ; quick, before we run out vite, avant que nous n'ayons plus rien ;3 ( expire) [lease, passport] expirer ;▶ run out of ne plus avoir de [petrol, time, money, ideas] ; the car ran out of petrol la voiture est tombée en panne d'essence ; to be running out of n'avoir presque plus de [petrol, time, money, ideas].■ run out on:▶ run out on [sb] abandonner, laisser tomber ○ [family, lover, ally].■ run over:▶ run over1 [meeting, programme] se prolonger, dépasser l'horaire prévu ; to run over by 10 minutes/by an hour dépasser l'horaire prévu de 10 minutes/d'une heure ;▶ run over [sth/sb], run [sth/sb] over1 ( injure) renverser [person, animal] ; ( kill) écraser [person, animal] ; you'll get run over tu vas te faire écraser ;2 ( drive over) passer sur [log, bump, corpse].■ run through:▶ run through [sth]1 ( pass through) [thought, tune, murmur] courir dans ;3 ( look through) parcourir [list, article, notes] ; ( discuss briefly) passer [qch] en revue [main points, schedule] ;4 (use, get through) dépenser [money, inheritance] ;▶ run [sb] through littér ( with sword) transpercer [person] (with avec, de) ; to run sth through the computer passer qch dans l'ordinateur ; to run sth through a series of tests faire passer une série de tests à qch.■ run to:▶ run to [sth] ( extend as far as) [book, report] faire [number of pages, words] ; her tastes don't run to modern jazz ses goûts ne vont pas jusqu'au jazz moderne ; his salary doesn't run to Caribbean cruises son salaire ne lui permet pas une croisière aux Caraïbes ; I don't think I can run to that je ne crois pas pouvoir me permettre cela.■ run up:▶ run up [sth], run [sth] up1 ( accumulate) accumuler [bill, debt] ;2 ( make) fabriquer [dress, curtains] ;3 ( raise) hisser [flag].▶ run up against [sth] se heurter à [obstacle, difficulty]. -
83 recover
1) (to become well again; to return to good health etc: He is recovering from a serious illness; The country is recovering from an economic crisis.) recuperarse2) (to get back: The police have recovered the stolen jewels; He will recover the cost of the repairs through the insurance.) recuperar3) (to get control of (one's actions, emotions etc) again: The actor almost fell over but quickly recovered (his balance).) recuperar(se)•- recoveryrecover vb recuperarse / reponersetr[rɪ'kʌvəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (gen) recuperar; (dead body) rescatar1 recuperarse, reponerse\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto recover consciousness recobrar el conocimientorecover [ri'kʌvər] vtregain: recobrarrecover virecuperate: recuperarsev.• curarse v.v.• alentar v.• cobrar v.• ganar un pleito v.• mejorarse v.• recaudar v.• recobrar v.• recuperar v.• reintegrar v.• reponer v.(§pres: -pongo, -pones...) pret: -pus-pp: -puestofut/c: -pondr-•)• reponerse v.• rescatar v.• restablecer v.• retradeshacer v.(§pres: -hago, -haces...) pret: -hic-pp: -hechofut/c: -har-•)• sanar v.rɪ'kʌvər, rɪ'kʌvə(r)
1.
a) ( regain) \<\<consciousness/strength\>\> recuperar, recobrar; \<\<investment/position/lead\>\> recuperarhe was on the point of losing his temper, but recovered himself — estuvo a punto de perder los estribos, pero se contuvo
b) ( retrieve) rescatarc) ( reclaim) \<\<metal/glass/paper\>\> recuperard) ( Law)to recover damages — obtener* indemnización por daños y perjuicios
2.
via) \<\<person\>\>to recover (FROM something) — reponerse* or restablecerse* or recuperarse (de algo)
b) \<\<economy/industry\>\> recuperarse, repuntar, reactivarse[rɪ'kʌvǝ(r)]1. VT1) (=regain) [+ faculty] recuperar, recobrar frmhe fought to recover his balance — luchó por recuperar or frm recobrar el equilibrio
composurerecovering himself with a masterly effort he resumed his narrative — reponiéndose or sobreponiéndose con un esfuerzo sobrehumano, terminó su narración
2) (=retrieve) [+ bodies, wreck] rescatar; [+ debt] cobrar; [+ stolen property, costs, losses, investment] recuperar; (Jur) [+ money] recuperar; [+ property] reivindicar, recuperar; (Comput) [+ data] recobrar, recuperar3) (=reclaim) [+ materials] recuperar2. VI1) (after accident, illness) reponerse, recuperarse, restablecerse ( from de); (after shock, blow) sobreponerse, reponerse ( from de)he recovered from being 4-2 down to reach the semi-finals — se recuperó tras ir perdiendo 4-2 y llegó a las semifinales
2) (Econ) [currency] recuperarse, restablecerse; [shares, stock market] volver a subir; [economy] reactivarse* * *[rɪ'kʌvər, rɪ'kʌvə(r)]
1.
a) ( regain) \<\<consciousness/strength\>\> recuperar, recobrar; \<\<investment/position/lead\>\> recuperarhe was on the point of losing his temper, but recovered himself — estuvo a punto de perder los estribos, pero se contuvo
b) ( retrieve) rescatarc) ( reclaim) \<\<metal/glass/paper\>\> recuperard) ( Law)to recover damages — obtener* indemnización por daños y perjuicios
2.
via) \<\<person\>\>to recover (FROM something) — reponerse* or restablecerse* or recuperarse (de algo)
b) \<\<economy/industry\>\> recuperarse, repuntar, reactivarse -
84 Verbrauchergesellschaft
Verbrauchergesellschaft
consumer society (Br.);
• Verbrauchergesundheit public health;
• Verbrauchergewohnheiten consumer (consuming, buying) habits;
• repräsentative Verbrauchergruppe consumer panel (group), (in Schlüsselposition) key market;
• Verbraucherhandel retail trade;
• Verbraucherherrschaft sovereignty of the consumer, consumers’ sovereignty;
• Verbraucherhinweise consumer information;
• Verbraucherhöchstpreis retail ceiling price;
• Verbraucherindustrien consumer goods industries;
• Verbraucherinformationen consumer information;
• Verbraucherinformationszentrum consumer center (US) (centre, Br.);
• Verbraucherinteresse customer interest;
• Verbraucherinterview consumer interview;
• Verbraucherirreführung misleading of consumers;
• Verbraucherkapital consumer capital;
• Verbraucherkategorie consumer category;
• Verbraucherkäufe consumer buying;
• Verbraucherkaufkraft consumers’ ability to buy, spending capacity;
• Verbraucherkomitee consumer board;
• Verbraucherkonjunktur consumer prosperity;
• von einer Verbraucherkonjunktur angeheizt fuelled by a customer boom;
• Verbraucherkredit consumption loan (credit);
• Verbraucherkritik consumer criticism;
• Verbraucherland consumer nation, consuming country;
• Verbraucherleitfaden consumer guide;
• Verbrauchermacht consumer sovereignty;
• Verbrauchermarkt market of consumption, consumption (consuming) market;
• Verbrauchermenge consumer quantity;
• staatliches Verbrauchermonopol public consumption monopoly;
• Verbrauchernachfrage consumer purchasing (demand);
• Verbrauchernachfrageübersicht consumer buying survey;
• Verbraucheroptimismus consumer optimism;
• Verbraucherorganisation consumer organization;
• Verbraucherorientierung consumer information (orientation);
• Verbraucherpackung economy size;
• Verbraucherpolitik consumer policy.Business german-english dictionary > Verbrauchergesellschaft
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85 sostener
v.1 to support, to hold up.sostenme esto, por favor hold this for me, pleaseLa columna sostiene la pared The column supports the wall.Elsa sostiene la verdad Elsa sustains=adduces the truth.2 to defend (defender) (idea, opinión, tesis).sostener que… to maintain that…3 to support.4 to hold, to have (tener) (conversación).sostener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with somebody5 to sustain.La organización sostiene a María The organization sustains Mary.6 to maintain to.Ella sostiene tener crédito She maintains to have a credit.7 to claim to, to hold to.Elsa sostiene la verdad Elsa sustains=adduces the truth.Ella sostuvo ser la heredera She claimed to be the heiress.* * *1 (mantener firme) to support, hold up2 (sujetar) to hold4 figurado (soportar) to endure, bear, put up with5 figurado (defender) to defend, uphold7 figurado (alimentar) to support, keep8 figurado (velocidad, correspondencia, relación, etc) to keep up, maintain1 (mantenerse) to support oneself; (de pie) to stand up2 (permanecer) to stay, remain\sostener la palabra figurado to keep one's wordsostener una conversación figurado to hold a conversationsostener la mirada a alguien figurado to stare somebody out* * *verb1) to support2) hold3) defend, uphold4) maintain, sustain•* * *1. VT1) (=sujetar)a) [en las manos, los brazos] to hold¡sostén esto un momentito! — hold this a minute!
yo llevaba las cajas mientras él me sostenía la puerta — I carried the boxes while he held the door open for me
b) [en pie] [+ construcción, edificio, techo] to hold up, supportlos pilares que sostienen el puente — the pillars which hold up o support the bridge
las piernas apenas me sostenían — my legs could barely hold me up o support me
entró borracho, sostenido por dos amigos — he came in drunk, held up o supported by two friends
c) (=soportar) [+ peso, carga] to bear, carry, sustain frm2) (=proporcionar apoyo a)a) [económicamente] to supportalgunas de las alternativas sugeridas para sostener al club — some of the alternatives suggested to keep the club going
b) (=alimentar) to support, sustain frmla tierra no da para sostener a todo el mundo — the land does not provide enough to support o frm sustain everyone
c) [moralmente] to supportuna mayoría capaz de sostener al Gobierno — a majority large enough to keep o support the government in power
3) (=mantener)a) [+ opinión] to holdsostiene un punto de vista muy diferente — he has o holds a very different point of view
no tiene datos suficientes para sostener esa afirmación — she doesn't have enough information to back up o support that statement
la investigación no ha terminado, como sostiene el juez — the investigation has not concluded, as the judge maintains o holds
sigue sosteniendo que es inocente — she still maintains o holds that she is innocent
b) [+ situación] to maintain, keep upno podrán sostener su puesto en la clasificación — they won't be able to maintain o keep up their place in the ranking
los campesinos han sostenido desde siempre una fuerte lucha con el medio — country people have always kept up o carried on a hard struggle against the environment
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sostener la mirada de algn — to hold sb's gaze4) (=tener) [+ conversación, enfrentamiento, polémica] to have[+ reunión, audiencia]sostuvo recientemente un enfrentamiento con el presidente — he recently had a clash with the president
5) (Mús) [+ nota] to hold, sustain2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1) ( apoyar)a) <estructura/techo> to hold up, support; <carga/peso> to beartenían que sostenerlo los dos — it needed both of them to support him o hold him up o prop him up
b) ( en un estado) to keep2) (sujetar, tener cogido) < paquete> to holdno tengas miedo, yo te sostengo — don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you
3) <conversación/relación/reunión> to have4)a) ( opinar) to holdyo siempre he sostenido que... — I have always maintained o held that...
b) <argumento/afirmación> to support, back up5)a) <lucha/ritmo/resistencia> to keep up, sustainb) (Mús) < nota> to hold, sustain2.sostenerse v pron1)a) ( no caerse)b) ( en un estado) to remainse sostuvo en el poder — she managed to stay o remain in power
2) ( mantenerse)se sostiene a base de leche — she lives on o survives on milk
* * *1.verbo transitivo1) ( apoyar)a) <estructura/techo> to hold up, support; <carga/peso> to beartenían que sostenerlo los dos — it needed both of them to support him o hold him up o prop him up
b) ( en un estado) to keep2) (sujetar, tener cogido) < paquete> to holdno tengas miedo, yo te sostengo — don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you
3) <conversación/relación/reunión> to have4)a) ( opinar) to holdyo siempre he sostenido que... — I have always maintained o held that...
b) <argumento/afirmación> to support, back up5)a) <lucha/ritmo/resistencia> to keep up, sustainb) (Mús) < nota> to hold, sustain2.sostenerse v pron1)a) ( no caerse)b) ( en un estado) to remainse sostuvo en el poder — she managed to stay o remain in power
2) ( mantenerse)se sostiene a base de leche — she lives on o survives on milk
* * *sostener11 = sustain, balance, hold.Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado y participio held.Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
Ex: He lifted about five lines from the top of the nearest page on a setting rule and balanced it on his left hand, with the face of the letter towards him and the last line uppermost.Ex: If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.sostener22 = be + Posesivo + contention, contend, submit, uphold, underpin, hold, maintain.Ex: It is our contention that an understanding of such basic principles is fundamental to an appreciation of the many and varied contexts that the individual is likely to encounter.
Ex: The author contends that it is possible to view the search conducted with the aid of a series of menus as having strong similarities with the search through the hierarchy of a enumerative classification scheme.Ex: I submit that no ordinary, right-minded library user who is looking for Western Behavioral Institute is going to look under LA JOLLA, California.Ex: It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.Ex: This process is underpinned by a patient-based information system which is timely, accessible and credible to all participants.Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.Ex: They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.* sostener la opinión = argue.* sostener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.* sostener un punto de vista = assert + view, hold + point of view.* * *vtA (apoyar)1 ‹estructura/techo› to hold up, support; ‹carga/peso› to beartenían que sostenerlo los dos it needed both of them to support him o hold him o prop him up2 (en un estado) to keeplas fuerzas que lo sostuvieron en el poder the forces which kept him in powerlo único que la sostiene es la fuerza de voluntad it's sheer willpower that's keeping her going3 (sustentar) ‹familia› to support, maintainB (sujetar, tener cogido) ‹paquete› to holdno tengas miedo, yo te sostengo don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you o I'll keep hold of yousostén la puerta hold the door openponte un pasador para sostener el pelo put a barrette ( AmE) o ( BrE) slide in your hair to keep it in place ( o up etc)C ‹conversación/relación/reunión› to havesostuvieron una acalorada discusión they had a heated discussionno he sostenido nunca una relación duradera I've never had a lasting relationshipla polémica que sostiene con Godoy the dispute that he and Godoy are engaged in o that he is carrying on with GodoyD1 (opinar) to holdyo siempre he sostenido que … I have always maintained o held that …2 ‹argumento/afirmación› to support, back upno tienes pruebas para sostener esa afirmación you don't have any proof to back up o support that statementE1 ‹lucha/ritmo/resistencia› to keep up, sustainla miró y ella sostuvo su mirada he looked at her and she held his gaze2 ( Mús) ‹nota› to hold, sustainA1(no caerse): la estructura se sostiene sola the structure stays up o stands up without supportestaba tan débil que apenas se sostenía en pie he was so weak that he could hardly standla planta ya no se sostiene the plant doesn't stand up on its own o can't support itself any more2 (en un estado) to remainse sostuvo en el poder a pesar de la crisis she managed to stay o remain in power despite the crisisla economía se ha sostenido firme the economy has held o stood firmse sostuvo en su negativa he kept o stuck firmly to his refusalB(sustentarse): apenas puede sostenerse con lo que gana he can hardly support himself on what he earnsse sostiene a base de zumos y de leche she lives on o survives on fruit juice and milk* * *
sostener ( conjugate sostener) verbo transitivo
1 ( apoyar)
‹carga/peso› to bear
2 (sujetar, tener cogido) ‹ paquete› to hold;◊ no tengas miedo, yo te sostengo don't be afraid, I've got you o I'm holding you
3 ‹conversación/relación/reunión› to have
4
5
sostenerse verbo pronominala) ( no caerse):
apenas se sostenía en pie he could hardly stand
sostener verbo transitivo
1 (un peso, cúpula, etc) to support, hold up
(con la mano) sosténme el paraguas un momento, hold the umbrella for me for a moment
2 fig (un derecho, etc) to uphold
(una teoría) to maintain
3 (a la familia) to support
4 (negociaciones, una conversación) to have
' sostener' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
coger
- mantener
- mirada
- sujetarse
- aguantar
- sostuve
- sujetar
- tener
English:
allege
- argue
- bolster
- contend
- hold up
- submit
- support
- sustain
- uphold
- hold
- prop
* * *♦ vt1. [sujetar] [edificio, estructura, lo que se tambalea] to support, to hold up;[objeto, puerta, bebé] to hold;cuatro columnas sostienen todo el peso de la cúpula four columns take o support the entire weight of the dome;sosténgame esto, por favor hold this for me, please;si no nos llegan a sostener nos hubiéramos peleado if they hadn't held us back, we'd have started fighting;sólo les sostiene su inquebrantable optimismo the only thing that keeps them going is their unshakeable optimism2. [dar manutención a, sustentar] to support3. [mantener] [idea, opinión, tesis] to defend;[promesa, palabra] to keep;sostienen su oferta/invitación their offer/invitation still stands;sostener que… to maintain that…4. [tener] [conversación] to have;[reunión, negociaciones] to hold, to have;sostener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with sb;durante semanas sostuvo una agria polémica he was involved in a bitter dispute which lasted several weeks5. Fig [aguantar]el corredor no podía sostener aquel ritmo de carrera the athlete couldn't keep up with the pace of the race;era una situación imposible de sostener the situation was untenable;le sostuve la mirada I held her gaze* * *I v/t1 familia support2 opinión hold* * *sostener {80} vt1) : to support, to hold up2) : to holdsostenme la puerta: hold the door for mesostener una conversación: to hold a conversation3) : to sustain, to maintain* * *sostener vb2. (aguantar) to support3. (afirmar, mantener) to maintain -
86 place
[pleis] 1. noun1) (a particular spot or area: a quiet place in the country; I spent my holiday in various different places.) kraj2) (an empty space: There's a place for your books on this shelf.) prostor3) (an area or building with a particular purpose: a market-place.) prostor4) (a seat (in a theatre, train, at a table etc): He went to his place and sat down.) sedež5) (a position in an order, series, queue etc: She got the first place in the competition; I lost my place in the queue.) mesto6) (a person's position or level of importance in society etc: You must keep your secretary in her place.) položaj7) (a point in the text of a book etc: The wind was blowing the pages of my book and I kept losing my place.) mesto8) (duty or right: It's not my place to tell him he's wrong.) dolžnost, pravica9) (a job or position in a team, organization etc: He's got a place in the team; He's hoping for a place on the staff.) služba10) (house; home: Come over to my place.) dom11) ((often abbreviated to Pl. when written) a word used in the names of certain roads, streets or squares.) trg12) (a number or one of a series of numbers following a decimal point: Make the answer correct to four decimal places.) decimalka2. verb1) (to put: He placed it on the table; He was placed in command of the army.) postaviti2) (to remember who a person is: I know I've seen her before, but I can't quite place her.) prepoznati•- go places
- in the first
- second place
- in place
- in place of
- out of place
- put oneself in someone else's place
- put someone in his place
- put in his place
- take place
- take the place of* * *I [pléis]nounprostor, kraj, mesto; economy kraj, sedež (podjetja itd.); dom, hiša, stanovanje, kraj bivanja, pokrajina; colloquially lokal; nautical kraj, pristanišče ( place of call pristanišče, kjer ladja pristane); sedež, mesto pri mizi; služba, službeno mesto, položaj, dolžnost; mathematics decimalno mesto; družbeni položaj, stan; figuratively vzrok, povod; sport tekmovalčevo mestoplace of amusement — zabaviščni prostor, zabaviščein this place — tukaj, na tem mestuin place — mestoma, tu pa tamto put s o. in his place — pokazati komu, kje mu je mestoto give place to — odstopiti mesto, umakniti se komuAmerican going places — uspeti, ogledati si znamenitosti nekega krajain place — na pravem mestu, primerenin the last place — nazadnje, končnoto keep s.o. in his place — zaustaviti koga, paziti, da ne postane preveč domačto know one's place — vedeti, kje je komu mestoout of place — na nepravem mestu, neprimeren, brez službeto take place — goditi se, vršiti sethere is no place like home — preljubo doma, kdor ga imaII [pléis]transitive verbpostaviti, položiti, namestiti; naložiti (denar); zaposliti, namestiti, dati službo, položaj; economy spraviti (blago) na trg, vložiti kapital, vnesti, knjižiti, skleniti (pogodbo itd.); prepoznati, spomniti se koga; sport plasiratiI cannot place him — ne vem, kam bi ga del; ne morem se spomniti, od kje ga poznamto place in order — urediti, postaviti na pravo mestoeconomy to place an order — naročitito place on record — zapisati, vknjižitisport to be placed — plasirati se, biti med prvimi tremi -
87 open
ouvert(e)STOCK EXCHANGE open contract position f ouverte;INSURANCE open cover traité m facultatif obligatoire;open credit crédit m à découvert;open economy économie f ouverte;open file dossier m ouvert;TELECOMMUNICATIONS open line ligne f ouverte;ECONOMICS open market marché m libre;open money market marché libre des capitaux;STOCK EXCHANGE open outcry criée f;INSURANCE open policy police f flottante;open port port m ouvert;STOCK EXCHANGE open position position ouverte;INDUSTRY open shop British (open to non-union members) = entreprise ne pratiquant pas le monopole d'embauche; American (with no union) établissement m sans syndicat;open ticket billet m openouvrir; (negotiations, conversation, debate) entamer;∎ to open a line of credit ouvrir un crédit;∎ to open a loan ouvrir un emprunt(a) (of shop, business) ouvrir(b) STOCK EXCHANGE coter à l'ouverture;∎ the FTSE opened at 4083 l'indice FT a ouvert à 4083However, Mills recognized that most businesses would still prefer the open shop, but argued that sophisticated conservatives, if forced to recognize unions and make concessions on wages and working conditions, would in return try to use labor leaders as a tool to repress rank-and-file discontent.
▸ open up(office, shop) ouvrir;∎ to open up a country to trade ouvrir un pays au commerce(of office, shop) ouvrir -
88 Schwellenland
n1. emerging market country2. emerging nation3. newly industrialising country Br.4. newly industrializing country Am.5. Newly Industrializing Economy (NIE) -
89 core
1. сущ.1) общ. сердцевина; центр; ядро2) общ. суть, сущность3) мат., эк. ядро (множество вариантов равновесия в кооперативной игре или в совместной деятельности нескольких сторон, которые для каждого участника соглашения не хуже тех вариантов, которые он бы выбрал в условиях отсутствия кооперации; другими словами, множество вариантов равновесия, приносящих отдельному участнику соглашения уровень благосостояния, которого он не смог бы добиться вне соглашения; концепция разработана Д. Джилисом и Л. Шэпли)Syn:See:4) эк., соц. ядро, центр (в теории Валлерстайна: географическая территория, являющаяся наиболее промышленно и политически развитой; занимает господствующее положение в мировой капиталистической системе и эксплуатирует остальные составляющие системы благодаря неэквивалентному обмену; первоначально центром была Западная Европа, затем США)The core regions benefited the most from the capitalist world economy. — В наибольшей степени от развития мировой капиталистической экономики выиграли страны центра.
Syn:centre 1. 6)See:5) соц., эк. тр. ядро (в стратификационном делении рынка труда: ниша, которую заполняют постоянные работники, занятые на условиях длительного найма, имеющие полный рабочий день и полную рабочую неделю)See:2. прил.общ. основной, базовый, центральныйcore market — основной [главный\] рынок
See: -
90 Rohstoffeindeckungsplan
Rohstoffeindeckungsplan
material analysis;
• Rohstoffeinfuhr[en] imports of raw material, raw-material imports, imported raw materials;
• Rohstoffersparnis economy in raw materials;
• Rohstofferzeugung primary production, production of raw material;
• Rohstoffexporte commodity exports;
• Rohstoffgebiet raw-material producing area;
• Rohstoffgehalt raw-material content;
• Rohstoffgewinnung production of raw materials;
• Rohstoffhandel commodity trade (trading);
• Rohstoffkäufe purchases of raw materials, material purchases;
• Rohstoffknappheit scarcity of raw materials, raw-material shortage;
• Rohstofflager stock of raw materials, raw-materials inventory;
• beweglich geführtes Rohstofflager buffer stock;
• als Rohstofflager ausbeuten to exploit as a raw-material reservoir;
• Rohstoffland raw-material (primary-) producing country;
• Rohstoffmangel scarcity of raw materials, raw-material shortage;
• Rohstoffmarkt raw-material market;
• Richtwerte setzender Rohstoffmarkt primary market (US);
• Rohstoffpreis commodity price;
• Rohstoffpreisbewegungen commodity price movements;
• Rohstoffpreisprognose commodity price forecasting;
• Rohstoffprobe specimen;
• Rohstoffproduzent primary producer;
• Rohstoffquellen material resources;
• Rohstoffstadium raw-materials stage;
• Rohstoffverbrauch raw materials used;
• Rohstoffverknappung limit on resources;
• Rohstoffversorgung supply of raw materials;
• Rohstoffvorkommen raw-materials deposit.Business german-english dictionary > Rohstoffeindeckungsplan
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91 reform
1. nto be committed to economic reform — быть связанным обязательством осуществлять экономические реформы
to block reforms — блокировать реформы / проведение реформ
to bring about / to carry out / to carry through reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы
to champion reform — выступать сторонником преобразований / реформ
to copy the reforms introduced by smb — копировать реформы, введенные кем-л.
to deliver reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы
to derail / to disrupt reforms — срывать реформы
to effect reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы
to endorse reforms — одобрять / утверждать реформы
to follow in the footsteps of smb's reforms — следовать примеру чьих-л. реформ
to force the pace of one's reforms — ускорять темп осуществления своих реформ
to forge ahead with political and economic reforms — вырываться вперед в деле проведения политических и экономических реформ
to implement reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы
to initiate reforms — выступать инициатором проведения реформ; приступать к проведению реформ
to institute / to introduce reforms — выступать инициатором проведения реформ; приступать к проведению реформ
to make reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы
to model one's reforms after those of another country — вырабатывать свои реформы по образцу реформ другой страны
to press ahead with one's reforms — настойчиво продолжать свой курс реформ
to pursue reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы
to push (ahead) one's reforms — энергично проводить свои реформы
to push through (congress) a reform — протаскивать / проталкивать реформу ( через конгресс)
to question the pace of smb's reforms — ставить под сомнение темп проведения чьих-л. реформ
- advocate of economic reformto undertake reforms — осуществлять / проводить реформы
- agrarian reform
- backtracking from reform
- basic reforms
- blueprint for political reform
- broad program of reforms
- coherent reform of the economy
- commitment to reforms
- comprehensive reform
- constitutional reform
- constitutional reforms
- credit reforms
- currency reform
- declared aim of the reform
- democratic reforms
- depth of the reform
- drastic reforms
- economic reform
- educational reforms
- electoral reform
- far-reaching reforms
- full-blooded economic reforms
- genuine reform
- half-way reform
- impending reform
- implementation of a reform
- iniquitous reform
- internal reforms
- introduction of reforms
- land reform
- land-tenure reform
- legislative reform
- liberal reforms
- limited reform
- long-term reforms
- mainstream of reforms
- major reform
- market-oriented reforms
- market-style reforms
- mindless reform
- monetary reform
- overdue reforms
- pace of reforms should be faster
- pace of reforms - petty reforms
- planned reforms - prerequisite of reforms
- price reform
- program of reforms
- progress of reforms
- progressive reform
- promised reforms
- proponent of reforms
- radical reform
- reform goes to Parliament
- reform has entered a critical phase
- reform has virtually come to a standstill
- reform is in its infancy
- reform isn't working properly
- reform within the existing structures
- reforms are achieving real momentum
- reforms are on course
- reforms will work
- rollback of the reforms
- sabotage to reforms
- slow-down of reforms
- social reforms
- socio-economic reform
- stringiest reforms
- structural reforms
- substantial reforms
- support for reforms
- tax reform
- taxation reform
- tentative reforms
- test of reforms
- tide of reforms washing across the world
- tough reform
- urgent reforms
- wage reform
- we are long overdue for reforms
- wide-ranging reform
- wide-ranging reforms
- widespread reform 2. v -
92 tighten
v1) (тж tighten up) стискати; натягати; укріпляти; закріплятиto tighten screws — а) затягти болти; б) перен. закручувати гайки
2) натягуватися; напружуватися; посилюватися* * *[taitn]v1) стискатиwith tightened lips — із щільно стислими губами; стискатися
2) натягати, напружувати; затягувати, підтягуватиto tighten stitches — затягувати петлі ( у в'язанні), стібки ( у шитті)
to tighten screws — затягти болти; образн. загвинчувати гайки
to tighten a violin string — підтягти струну на скрипці; натягатися, напружуватися
the market tightened day by day — образн. напруга на ринку зростала день у день
3) підсилювати, зміцнюватиto tighten the bonds of friendship [economic links] — зміцнювати узи дружби
to tighten (up) the blockade — тугіше затягти кільце блокади
to tighten (up) restrictions — підсилити /помножити/ обмеження
to tighten one's grip over the economy of the country — ще тугіше затягти петлю контролю на економіку країни; ще більше підкорити собі економіку країни; підсилюватися
to tighten one's belt — тугіше затягти пояс, піти на обмеження
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93 black
black [blæk]1. adjectivea. noir• black and blue ( = bruised) couvert de bleus• "black tie" (on invitation) « smoking »b. [race, skin] noir• black woman Noire fc. ( = wicked) [crime, action] noir ; [thought] mauvais ; ( = gloomy) [thoughts, prospects, rage] noir ; [despair] sombre2. nouna. ( = colour) noir m4. compounds• Hull is an unemployment black spot Hull a un fort taux de chômage ► black swan noun cygne m noir ; (figurative) phénomène m (or événement m ) complètement imprévisible( = faint) s'évanouir(in wartime) [+ town, building] faire le black-out dans* * *[blæk] 1.1) ( colour) noir m3) Financeto be in the black — être créditeur/-trice
4) (in chess, draughts) noirs mpl; ( in roulette) noir m; ( snooker or pool ball) (bille f) noire f2.1) gen noir; [night] obscur2) (also Black) [skin, community, culture] noir; [school] pour les Noirs3) [coffee] noir; [tea] nature4) ( dirty) [face, mark, towel] noir5) ( macabre) [comedy, humour] noir6) ( gloomy) [mood, picture, thoughts] noir; [despair] profond; [future] sombre; [day] mauvais7) ( angry) [look] meurtrier/-ière; [mood] massacrant8) ( evil) [deed, magic] noir3.transitive verb1) ( put black onto) noircir [somebody's face, hands]; cirer [boots]2) GB ( boycott) boycotter•Phrasal Verbs: -
94 risk
1. n1) риск3) застрахованное лицо; застрахованная вещь
- abnormal risk
- accident risk
- actual risk
- actuarial risk
- additional risk
- admissible risk
- aggregate risk
- air bill all risks
- all risks
- assigned risk
- average risk
- balance-sheet risk
- bilateral risk
- breakage risk
- business risk
- businessman's risk
- buyer's risk
- calculated risk
- catastrophe risk
- charterer's risk
- collective risk
- commercial risk
- company's risk
- concentration risk
- conditional risk
- constant risk
- consumer's risk
- contractor's risk
- conventional risk
- counterparty failure risk
- country risk
- credit risk
- currency risk
- customary risk
- customer's risk
- default risk
- del credere risk
- downside risk
- economic risk
- entrepreneurial risk
- estimated risk
- exchange risk
- exchange rate risk
- excluded risk
- extra risk
- financial risk
- fire risk
- foreign exchange risk
- foreseeable risk
- freight risk
- huge risk
- inherent risk
- insurable risk
- insurance risk
- insured risk
- integrated risk
- interest rate risk
- inventory risk
- investment risk
- irreparable risk
- land risk
- leakage risk
- legal risk
- limited risk
- liquidity risk
- loading risk
- managing risk
- manufacturer's risk
- manufacturing risk
- marine risk
- maritime risk
- market risk
- market liquidity risk
- maturity risk
- mean risk
- minimum risk
- mortality risk
- noninsurable risk
- noninsured risk
- off-balance-sheet risk
- operational risk
- overall risk
- owner's risk
- policy risk
- prepayment risk
- price risk
- producer's risk
- production risk
- project risk
- property risk
- pure risk
- refinancing risk
- regulatory risk
- reinvestment risk
- riot risk
- road risk
- roll-over risk
- savings loss risk
- sea risk
- security risk
- seller's risk
- settlement risk
- shipper's risk
- sovereign risk
- special risk
- speculative risk
- systemic risk
- tenant's risk
- terrorist risk
- tolerated risk
- transaction risk
- transfer risk
- translation risk
- transport risk
- underwriting risk
- unilateral risk
- uninsurable risk
- uninsured risk
- unloading risk
- upside interest rate risk
- usual risk
- volatility risk
- risk for own account
- risk of accidental loss of goods
- risk of boats
- risk of breakage
- risk of buying undervalued securities
- risk of carriage
- risk of collision
- risk of conveyance
- risk of currency depreciation
- risk of damage to goods
- risk of default of acceptance
- risk of a downturn in the world economy
- risk of exchange losses
- risk of fire
- risk of leakage
- risk of loss
- risk of loss on loans
- risk of miscarriage of justice
- risk of mistake
- risk of moisture
- risk of nonacceptance
- risk of nonpayment
- risk of principal
- risk of the sea
- risk of seizure
- risk of a supply shortage
- risk of unforeseeable loss
- against all risks
- at risk
- at smb's risk
- for smb's risk
- 15-fold risk
- accept a risk
- aggravate the risk
- assess a risk
- assume a risk
- bear a risk
- be a good risk
- be a good credit risk
- be a safe trading risk
- be averse to risk
- carry a risk
- cover a risk
- cover risks to property from terrorist attack
- diversify risks
- expose to risk
- heighten risk
- incur a risk
- insure a risk
- insure against a risk
- lessen a risk
- measure a risk
- outweigh risk
- prevent a risk
- price risk
- reduce a risk
- run a risk
- spread a risk
- take a risk
- take out of risk
- underestimate risk
- undertake a risk
- underwrite a risk2. v -
95 Port Wine
Portugal's most famous wine and leading export takes its name from the city of Oporto or porto, which means "port" or "harbor" in Portuguese. Sometimes described as "the Englishman's wine," port is only one of the many wines produced in continental Portugal and the Atlantic islands. Another noted dessert wine is Madeira wine, which is produced on the island of Madeira. Port wine's history is about as long as that of Madeira wine, but the wine's development is recent compared to that of older table wines and the wines Greeks and Romans enjoyed in ancient Lusitania. During the Roman occupation of the land (ca. 210 BCE-300 CE), wine was being made from vines cultivated in the upper Douro River valley. Favorable climate and soils (schist with granite outcropping) and convenient transportation (on ships down the Douro River to Oporto) were factors that combined with increased wine production in the late 17th century to assist in the birth of port wine as a new product. Earlier names for port wine ( vinho do porto) were descriptive of location ("Wine of the Douro Bank") and how it was transported ("Wine of [Ship] Embarkation").Port wine, a sweet, fortified (with brandy) aperitif or dessert wine that was designed as a valuable export product for the English market, was developed first in the 1670s by a unique combination of circumstances and the action of interested parties. Several substantial English merchants who visited Oporto "discovered" that a local Douro wine was much improved when brandy ( aguardente) was added. Fortification prevented the wine from spoiling in a variety of temperatures and on the arduous sea voyages from Oporto to Great Britain. Soon port wine became a major industry of the Douro region; it involved an uneasy alliance between the English merchant-shippers at Oporto and Vila Nova de Gaia, the town across the river from Oporto, where the wine was stored and aged, and the Portuguese wine growers.In the 18th century, port wine became a significant element of Britain's foreign imports and of the country's establishment tastes in beverages. Port wine drinking became a hallowed tradition in Britain's elite Oxford and Cambridge Universities' colleges, which all kept port wine cellars. For Portugal, the port wine market in Britain, and later in France, Belgium, and other European countries, became a vital element in the national economy. Trade in port wine and British woolens became the key elements in the 1703 Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal.To lessen Portugal's growing economic dependence on Britain, regulate the production and export of the precious sweet wine, and protect the public from poor quality, the Marquis of Pombal instituted various measures for the industry. In 1756, Pombal established the General Company of Viticulture of the Upper Douro to carry out these measures. That same year, he ordered the creation of the first demarcated wine-producing region in the world, the port-wine producing Douro region. Other wine-producing countries later followed this Portuguese initiative and created demarcated wine regions to protect the quality of wine produced and to ensure national economic interests.The upper Douro valley region (from Barca d'Alva in Portugal to Barqueiros on the Spanish frontier) produces a variety of wines; only 40 percent of its wines are port wine, whereas 60 percent are table wines. Port wine's alcohol content varies usually between 19 and 22 percent, and, depending on the type, the wine is aged in wooden casks from two to six years and then bottled. Related to port wine's history is the history of Portuguese cork. Beginning in the 17th century, Portuguese cork, which comes from cork trees, began to be used to seal wine bottles to prevent wine from spoiling. This innovation in Portugal helped lead to the development of the cork industry. By the early 20th century, Portugal was the world's largest exporter of cork. -
96 close
I.A n1 ( road) passage m ;2 ( of cathedral) enceinte f.B adj1 ( with close links) [relative] proche ; [resemblance] frappant ; to bear a close resemblance to sb/sth ressembler beaucoup à qn/qch ; close links with Pol liens étroits avec [country] ; liens d'amitié avec [group, twinned town etc] ; to work in close collaboration with sb collaborer étroitement avec qn ; in close contact with en contact permanent avec [government department etc] ; en contact avec [friend etc] ; in close harmony Mus dans une tessiture rapprochée ;2 ( intimate) [friend, adviser] proche (to de) ; they have a close friendship ils sont très bons amis ;3 ( almost equal) [contest, finish, result, vote] serré ; ‘is it the same?’-‘no but it's close’ ‘c'est le même?’-‘non mais c'est proche’ ; a close copy of his signature une imitation presque parfaite de sa signature ; it's a close match (of colour, hairpiece) c'est presque la même couleur ;4 (careful, rigorous) [scrutiny, examination, study] minutieux/-ieuse ; [supervision] étroit ; to pay close attention to sth faire une attention toute particulière à qch ; to keep a close watch ou eye on sb/sth surveiller étroitement qn/qch ;5 ( compactly aligned) [texture, grain] dense ; [print, military formation] serré ; [handwriting] ramassé ;7 ○ ( secretive) she's been very close about it elle n'a rien voulu dire.C adv1 ( nearby) to live/work quite close (by) habiter/travailler tout près ; they look closeer than they are ils semblent plus près qu'ils ne le sont ; how close is the town? est-ce que la ville est loin? ; it's close, I can hear it il ne doit pas être loin, je l'entends ; the closer he came plus il approchait ; to bring sth closer approcher qch ; to follow close behind suivre de près ; to hold sb close serrer qn ; close together serrés les uns contre les autres ; to come closer together se rapprocher ; ⇒ draw ;2 ( close temporally) the time is close when dans peu de temps ; how close are they in age? combien ont-ils de différence d'âge? ; Christmas is close Noël approche ; ⇒ draw ;3 ( almost) that's closer (to) the truth ça c'est plus proche de la vérité ; ‘is the answer three?’-‘close!’ ‘est-ce que la réponse est trois?’-‘tu y es presque’.1 ( sufficiently near) that's close enough ( no nearer) tu es assez près ; ( acceptable as answer) ça ira ; to be/come close enough to do être assez près/s'approcher suffisamment pour faire ;2 ( approximately) there were 20 yachts or close enough il y avait à peu près 20 yachts.1 lit près de [place, person, object] ; close to where près de l'endroit où ; closer to plus près de ; how close are we to…? à quelle distance sommes-nous de…? ;2 ( on point of) au bord de [tears, hysteria, collapse] ; to be close to doing être sur le point de faire ;3 ( almost at) closer to 30 than 40 plus proche or plus près de 40 ans que de 30 ; to come closest to s'approcher le plus de [ideal, conception] ; to come close to doing faillir faire ; he came close to giving up il a failli abandonner ; how close are you to completing…? est-ce que vous êtes sur le point de finir…? ; close to the time when à peu près au moment où ; it's coming close to the time when we must decide l'heure de nous décider approche ;4 ( also close on ○) ( approximately) close to ou on ○ 60 people près de or presque 60 personnes ; close to ou on ○ a century ago il y a près d'un siècle.F close by prep phr, adv phr près de [wall, bridge] ; the ambulance is close by l'ambulance n'est pas loin.(from) close to ○, (from) close up de près ; it was a close call ○ ou shave ○ ou thing je l'ai/tu l'as etc échappé belle.II.A n1 gen, Sport fin f ; to bring sth to a close mettre fin à qch ; to draw to a close tirer à sa fin ; to come to a close se terminer ; at the close of day littér à la tombée du jour liter ;B vtr1 ( shut) fermer [container, door, window, eyes, mouth, mind, book, file, museum, office, shop] ;2 ( block) fermer [border, port, airport] ; boucher [pipe, opening] ; barrer [road] ; interdire l'accès à [area of town] ;3 = close down ;4 ( bring to an end) mettre fin à [meeting, discussion, investigation, case] ; fermer [account] ; to close the meeting, we have pour clore la réunion nous avons ; the subject is now closed le sujet est clos ; ‘this correspondence is now closed’ journ ‘cette rubrique est interrompue’ ;5 ( reduce) to close the gap fig réduire l'écart (between entre) ; to close the gap on sb/sth lit, fig rattraper qn/qch ; to close the gaps ( improve fault) remédier aux lacunes (in dans) ;6 ( agree) conclure [deal, contract, sale] ;7 Elec fermer [circuit].C vi1 ( shut) [airport, factory, office, polls, shop, station] fermer (for pour) ; [door, window, container, lid, eyes, mouth] se fermer ; [hand, arms] se (re)fermer (around sur) ; the museum has closed le musée est fermé au public ;2 ( cease to operate) [business, factory, mine, institution] fermer définitivement ;3 ( end) [meeting, enquiry, play, concert, season] prendre fin ; to close with se terminer par [scene, event, song] ;4 Fin [currency, index, shares, market] clôturer (at à) ; the market closed down/up le marché a clôturé en baisse/en hausse ; the pound closed up against the euro la livre (sterling) a clôturé en hausse contre l’euro ;5 ( get smaller) se réduire ; the gap is closing between X and Y fig l'écart entre X et Y se réduit ; lit la distance entre X et Y se réduit ;6 ( get closer) [pursuer, enemy] se rapprocher (on de) ;7 ( heal) [wound] se refermer.1 ( shut) [door, window, container, business, public building, shop] fermé ; [fist, mouth, eyes] fermé ; ‘closed’ ( sign in shop) ‘fermé’ ; ( in theatre) ‘relâche’ ; ‘closed for lunch/for repairs’ ‘fermé pour le déjeuner/pour cause de réparations’ ; ‘road closed’ ‘route barrée’ ; ‘closed to the public’ ‘interdit au public’ ; ‘closed to traffic’ ‘circulation interdite’ ; behind closed doors fig à huis clos ;2 ( restricted) [community, circle, meeting, organization, economy] fermé ; to have a closed mind avoir l'esprit fermé ;3 Math [set] fermé ;4 Ling [syllable] fermé.■ close down:▶ close down [shop, business, club, institution] fermer définitivement ; GB, Radio, TV we are now closing down nos émissions sont terminées pour ce soir ;▶ close down [sth], close [sth] down fermer [qch] définitivement [business, factory].■ close in [pursuers, enemy] se rapprocher (on de) ; [winter, night] approcher ; [darkness, fog] descendre (on sur) ; [jungle, forest] se refermer ; the nights are closing in les jours commencent à raccourcir.■ close off:▶ close off [sth], close [sth] off fermer [qch] au public [district, street, wing].■ close out:■ close up:▶ close up1 [flower, petals, wound] se refermer ; [group] se serrer ; [troops] serrer les rangs ;2 [shopkeeper, caretaker] fermer ;3 he just closes up il refuse d'en parler ;▶ close up [sth], close [sth] up1 fermer [bank, office, shop] ;2 boucher [hole, entrance, pipe].■ close with:▶ close with [sb]1 Comm tomber d'accord avec [dealer, trader] (for pour) ;2 Mil engager le combat avec [enemy] ; -
97 weaken
A vtr1 [illness, climate] affaiblir [person, heart, system] ; saper [stamina] ; diminuer [resistance] ;2 [explosion, stress] affaiblir [structure, beam] ; rendre [qch] moins solide [joint, bank, wall] ;3 [event, discovery] nuire à l'autorité de [government, president] ; affaiblir [team, company, authority, resolve, cause, defence] ; diminuer [support, influence] ; amoindrir [argument, power] ; nuire à [morale] ; ébranler [will] ;4 ( dilute) diluer [solution, concentration] ;B vi2 ( lose power) [government, president, country, resistance, resolve] fléchir ; [support, alliance] se relâcher ; [friendship, love] faiblir ; -
98 menor
adj.1 smaller.2 younger, junior.3 minor, lesser.f. & m.minor (law) (child).m.1 minor, young man, youngster.2 minor, young girl.* * *► adjetivo3 (inferior) minor4 MÚSICA minor1 DERECHO minor\al por menor retailser menor de edad to be under agemenor de edad minortribunal de menores juvenile court* * *1. noun mf. 2. adj.1) minor2) smaller, smallest3) lesser, least4) younger, youngest•* * *1. ADJ1) [comparativo]a) [de tamaño] smallerlos libros están ordenados de menor a mayor — the books are arranged by size, from small to large
b) [de cantidad] fewer, less•
menor que algo — less than sthc) [de importancia, tiempo]existe un menor control en las aduanas — customs controls are not as strict o tight as they were
d) [de edad] younger•
menor que algn — younger than sb•
ser menor de edad — to be under age; (Jur) to be a minordos jóvenes menores de edad se han escapado de su casa — two under-age youngsters have run away from home
e) (Mús) minorf) (Rel) [orden] minor2) [superlativo]a) [de tamaño] smallestb) [de cantidad] lowest, smallestel partido de menor asistencia de la liga — the match with the lowest o smallest attendance in the league
realizó la vuelta en el menor número de golpes — he finished the round in the lowest number of shots
c) [de importancia, tiempo] leastidea 4)no le doy la menor importancia — I don't attach the slightest o least importance to it
d) [de edad] youngesteste es Miguel, mi hijo menor — this is Miguel, my youngest son
2.SMF (=niño) child, minor frmlos menores deben ir acompañados — children who are under age o minors frm must be accompanied
•
apto/ no apto para menores — suitable/not suitable for (young) childrenapto para menores acompañados — (Cine) ≈ certificate PG
menor de edad — (Jur) minor
tribunal 1)los menores de edad — those who are under age, minors
3. SM1) (Com)2) Esp•
contar algo al por menor — to recount sth in detail* * *I1)a) ( comparativo de pequeño)en menor medida/grado — to a lesser extent o degree
un porcentaje menor — a lower o smaller percentage
X < Z — (Mat) (read as: equis es menor que zeta) X < Z; (léase: X is less than Z)
sucede con menor frecuencia que antes — it happens less often o less frequently than before
b) ( superlativo de pequeño)2) ( en edad)a) ( comparativo)¿tienes hermanas menores? — do you have any younger sisters?
b) ( superlativo)¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? — who's the youngest of the brothers?
3) ( secundario) <escritor/obra> minor4) (Mús) minor5) (Com)IIlos distribuidores (al) por menor — retail shops o outlets
masculino y femenino (Der) minor* * *I1)a) ( comparativo de pequeño)en menor medida/grado — to a lesser extent o degree
un porcentaje menor — a lower o smaller percentage
X < Z — (Mat) (read as: equis es menor que zeta) X < Z; (léase: X is less than Z)
sucede con menor frecuencia que antes — it happens less often o less frequently than before
b) ( superlativo de pequeño)2) ( en edad)a) ( comparativo)¿tienes hermanas menores? — do you have any younger sisters?
b) ( superlativo)¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? — who's the youngest of the brothers?
3) ( secundario) <escritor/obra> minor4) (Mús) minor5) (Com)IIlos distribuidores (al) por menor — retail shops o outlets
masculino y femenino (Der) minor* * *el menor= least, theEx: Of these three connectors, 'and' focusses your search with the least precision since it retrieves all records that contain both words anywhere in the record.
menor11 = infant, juvenile, juvenile, minor.Ex: The article 'Sitting pretty: infants, toddlers, & lapsits' outlines the procedures followed at San Francisco public library to help parents introduce their babies to appropriate literature.
Ex: The construction of the hypothesis, however, should be limited to such considerations as whether the subject heading list is designed to serve the adult or the juvenile user.Ex: The library provides services to 2,903 adults and juveniles who have been sentenced or remanded to the care of the Department.Ex: This new Act requires US libraries to block obscenity, child pornography and all material deemed harmful to minors on all computers used by minors.* abandono de menores = child neglect.* abuso de menores = child abuse.* apto para mayores de 13 años o menores acompañados = PG-13.* centro de menores = young offender institution.* centro tutelar de menores = juvenile detention centre.* consumo de bebidas alcohólicas por menores de edad = underage drinking.* departamento de corrección de menores = department of corrections.* embarazo de menores = teenage pregnancy.* escuela de niños menores = infant school.* explotación de menores = child labour.* grupo de protección a menores = Shelter group.* juzgado de asuntos menores = magistrates' court.* manutención del menor = child maintenance.* manutención de menores = child support.* menor de edad = underage.* menores de cinco años, los = under-fives, the.* no apto para menores = X-rated.* pensión de menores = child support.* protección de menores = child protection, child welfare.* sexo de menores = underage sex.* trabajo de menores = child labour.* tribunal de menores = juvenile court, minors' court.menor22 = minor, reduced, slight [sligther -comp., slightest -sup.], low-key [low key], lesser, lower-key, diminished, low-keyed.Ex: A study of bibliographic classification could concentrate solely upon the major, and some of the more minor bibliographic classification schemes used today.
Ex: The model shows that market concentration rises with inelastic demand, reduced marginal costs and efficient technology.Ex: The ISBD(CP)'s recommendations are very similar in principle to those for AACR2's 'in' analytics, except for slight changes in punctuation and order.Ex: Activity is still low key, but will increase when the British Library puts up data bases on its own computer in 1977.Ex: The catalog's deterioration is leading us down the road to lesser quality library service.Ex: After all, print technology can be represented by pencial, pen, type, laser output, and so forth, but the effect is lower-key.Ex: This volume comes at a time when increasingly frequent criticisms have been leveled at superpower nations for their diminished interest in problems in Africa.Ex: Overall, he provides a low-keyed, lucid account that, with its many-leveled approach, does more than justice to the complex themes it studies.* a menor escala = at a reduced rate.* cada vez menor = decreasing, dwindling, diminishing, declining, falling, shrinking, receding, sinking, ebbing, descending.* con un menor nivel educativo = lesser-educated.* delito de menor grado = misdemeanour [misdimeanor, -USA].* delito menor = petty offense, petty crime, minor offence.* demanda cada vez menor = falling demand.* de mayor o menor importancia = great and small.* de menor impacto = low impact [low-impact].* de menor importancia = fringe subject, of fringe interest.* de menor importancia para = on the fringe of.* desajuste cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.* de venta al por menor = retail.* diferencia cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.* en mayor o menor grado = to a greater or lesser degree.* en mayor o menor medida = to a greater or lesser extent.* en menor cantidad = less copiously.* en menor grado = to a lesser extent, to a lesser degree.* en paños menores = in + Posesivo + underclothes.* la menor duda de que = no doubt whatsoever.* menor de + Número = fewer than + Número.* menor, el = least, the.* no tener la menor importancia = be of no particular concern.* paños menores = undies.* presupuesto cada vez menor = shrinking budget.* ser el que con menor frecuencia = be (the) least likely to.* ser menor = be less.* símbolo de menor-que (<) = left angled bracket (<), less-than sign (<).* sin el menor asomo de duda = without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.* sin la menor duda = no mistake, no doubt.* sin la menor idea = clueless.* sin la menor sombra de duda = without a shadow of a doubt.* vender al por menor = retail.* venta al por menor = retailing, retail trade.* ventas al por menor = retail sales.* * *Aun período de menor interés histórico que el anterior a period of less historical interest than the previous onenuestro poder adquisitivo es cada vez menor our purchasing power decreases every dayen menor medida to a lesser extent o degreeen mayor o menor grado to a greater or lesser extent o degreealimentos de menor contenido calórico food which is lower in caloriesmenor QUE algo:un ingreso tres veces menor que el mío an income three times lower than mineun porcentaje de indecisos menor que el del último sondeo a lower o smaller percentage of don't knows than in the last pollesto sucede con menor frecuencia que antes this happens less often o less frequently than beforehaciendo el menor ruido posible making as little noise as possibleeligió el de menor tamaño she chose the smallest one¿cuál es la menor de las islas Baleares? which is the smallest of the Balearic islands?1(comparativo): ¿tienes hermanas menores? do you have any younger sisters?menor QUE algn younger THAN sbes un año menor que yo she's a year younger than me2(superlativo): ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? who's the youngest of the brothers?mi hijo menor my youngest sonel menor de los dos niños the younger of the two boysC (secundario) ‹escritor/obra› minorsufrió lesiones de menor importancia she received minor injuriesD ( Mús) minorE ( Com):(al) por menor retail[ S ] venta (al) por menor retail saleslos distribuidores (al) por menor retail shops o outlets( Der) minor[ S ] película no apta para menores movie not suitable for under-18s, certificate 18Compuesto:masculine and feminine minorser menor de edad to be a minor, be underage* * *
menor adjetivo
1a) ( comparativo de
en menor medida/grado to a lesser extent o degree;
menor que algo lower than sth;
un ingreso menor que el mío an income lower than mineb) ( superlativo de◊ pequeño): el país con el menor número de parados the country with the lowest unemployment figures;
haciendo el menor ruido posible making as little noise as possible;
el de menor tamaño the smallest one
2 ( en edad)
menor que algn younger than sbb) ( superlativo):◊ ¿cuál es el menor de los hermanos? who's the youngest of the brothers?;
el menor de los dos niños the younger of the two boys
3 ( secundario) ‹escritor/obra› minor;
4 (Mús) minor
5 (Com):
■ sustantivo masculino y femenino: tb
película no apta para menores film not suitable for under-18s
menor
I adjetivo
1 (comparativo de tamaño) smaller: una habitación menor que la mía, a room smaller than mine
(superlativo) smallest
el tamaño menor, the smallest size
2 (comparativo de grado) less: su alegría es menor que la mía, his happiness is less than mine
(superlativo) least, slightest: no tiene la menor idea, he hasn't the slightest idea
3 (comparativo de edad) younger: es menor de sesenta años, she is under sixty
es menor que mi prima, he's younger than my cousin
(superlativo) youngest
la menor de nosotras, the youngest of us
4 Mús minor
5 Com al por menor, retail
II mf Jur minor
' menor' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abusar
- Asia
- caza
- edad
- efecto
- menos
- mínima
- mínimo
- osa
- re
- relevancia
- sol
- sombra
- trascendencia
- vender
- venta
- cazar
- compás
- de
- duda
- enfadado
- enfadar
- enojado
- enojar
- intención
- movimiento
- noción
English:
age
- Asia Minor
- barge in
- clue
- deaf
- doubt
- extent
- fact
- foggy
- guardian
- junior
- juvenile
- least
- lesser
- may
- minor
- misdemeanor
- misdemeanour
- retail
- retail sale
- retailing
- show
- under
- young
- magistrate
- marginal
- offender
- out
- rough
- slight
* * *♦ adj1. [comparativo] [en tamaño] smaller ( que than); [en edad] younger ( que than); [en importancia] less, lesser ( que than); [en número] lower ( que than);mi hermana menor my younger sister;es ocho años menor que yo he's eight years younger than me;reciben menor formación que nosotros they receive less training than us;en menor grado to a lesser extent;un menor número de víctimas a lower o smaller number of victims;una menor tasa de inflación a lower rate of inflation;apartamentos menores de 100 metros cuadrados Br flats o US apartments of less than o under 100 square metres;ayudas para empresarios menores de veinticinco años grants for businessmen (of) under twenty-five;sólo la menor parte de los encuestados estaba en contra only a minority of those interviewed were opposed;Matmenor que less than2. [superlativo][en edad] the youngest…; [en importancia] the slightest…; [en número] the lowest…;el/la menor… [en tamaño] the smallest…;la menor de las islas the smallest island, the smallest of the islands;la menor de todos nosotros/de la clase the youngest of all of us/in the class;la menor de las dos hermanas the younger of the two sisters;el menor ruido le molesta the slightest noise disturbs him;no creo que tenga el menor interés I don't think it's at all o the slightest bit interesting;no te preocupes, no tiene la menor importancia don't worry, it doesn't matter at all o in the least;no tengo la menor idea I haven't the slightest idea3. [intrascendente, secundario] minor;un problema menor a minor problemser menor de edad [para votar, conducir] to be under age;Der to be a minor5. Mús minor;en do menor in C minorvender algo al por menor to retail sth;puntos de venta al por menor retail outlets♦ nmf1. [superlativo]el/la menor [hijo, hermano] the youngestes una película no apta para menores this film has been classified as unsuitable for children;no apta para menores [en letrero] = unsuitable for childrenmenor de edad minor* * *I adjser menor de edad be a minor2 sup:el número menor the lowest number;no tengo la menor idea I don’t have the slightest ideami menor E minor4 COM:al por menor retailII m/f minor* * *menor adj3) : minor4)al por menor : retail5)ser menor de edad : to be a minor, to be underagemenor nmf: minor, juvenile* * *menor1 adj1. (comparativo menos grande) smaller2. (ningún) slightest3. (comparativo más joven) younger4. (superlativo más joven) youngestmenor2 n1. (más joven) youngest2. (menor de edad) minor -
99 virtual
['vɜːtʃʊəl]1) (almost complete) [collapse, failure, standstill] virtuale, di fatto2) inform. fis. virtuale* * *['ve:(r) uəl](almost (as described), though not exactly in every way: a virtual collapse of the economy.) virtuale* * *virtual /ˈvɜ:tʃʊəl/a.1 virtuale; di fatto: He is the virtual leader of the group, è il leader virtuale del gruppo; They have a virtual monopoly of the market, hanno il monopolio virtuale del mercato; He was a virtual stranger to me, per me era praticamente uno sconosciuto2 ( anche scient.) virtuale: ( ottica) virtual image, immagine virtuale; (fis., mecc.) virtual inertia, inerzia virtuale; (comput.) virtual memory, memoria virtuale; (comput.) virtual reality, realtà virtuale; virtual environment, ambiente virtuale; virtual tour, visita virtualevirtualityn. [u](form.) virtualità; potenzialità.* * *['vɜːtʃʊəl]1) (almost complete) [collapse, failure, standstill] virtuale, di fatto2) inform. fis. virtuale -
100 open
open [ˈəʊpən]1. adjectivea. ( = not closed) ouvertb. ( = not enclosed) [car, carriage] découvertd. ( = available) [post, job] vacante. ( = frank) ouvert ; [admiration, envy] non dissimuléf. ( = undecided) let's leave the date open attendons avant de fixer une date2. noun• why can't we do it out in the open? ( = not secretly) pourquoi ne pouvons-nous pas le faire ouvertement ?a. ouvrirb. ( = begin) [+ meeting, exhibition, trial] ouvrir ; [+ conversation] entamer ; [+ new building, institution] inaugurera. [door, book, eyes, flower] s'ouvrir ; [shop, museum, bank] ouvrirb. ( = begin) [meeting, match] commencer ; [trial] s'ouvrir5. compounds• it's an open-and-shut case la solution est évidente ► open cheque noun (British) chèque m non barré► open learning noun enseignement universitaire à la carte, notamment par correspondance[passage, tunnel, street] s'élargir► open upb. ( = confide)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━L' Open University est une université ouverte à tous et fonctionnant essentiellement sur le principe du téléenseignement: cours par correspondance et émissions de radio et de télévision diffusées par la BBC. Ces enseignements sont complétés par un suivi pédagogique et par des stages, qui se tiennent généralement en été.* * *['əʊpən] 1.1) ( outside)in the open — dehors, en plein air
2) ( exposed position)in/into the open — en terrain découvert; fig
3) (also Open) Sport (tournoi m) open m2.1) ( not closed) [door, box, book, eyes, shirt, wound, flower] ouvert; [arms, legs] écarté; ( to the public) [bank, bridge, meeting] ouvertto burst ou fly open — s'ouvrir brusquement
the door was partly ou half open — la porte était entrouverte
2) ( not obstructed)to be open — [road] être ouvert (à la circulation); [canal, harbour] être ouvert (à la navigation); [telephone line, frequency] être libre
an open view — une vue dégagée (of de)
3) ( not covered) [car, carriage] découvert, décapoté; [mine, sewer] à ciel ouvert4) ( susceptible)to be open to — prêter le flanc à [criticism]
it is open to question whether — on peut douter que (+ subj)
5) ( accessible) (jamais épith) [job, position] libre, vacant; [access, competition] ouvert à tous; [meeting, session] public/-iquethere are several courses of action open to us — nous avons le choix entre plusieurs lignes de conduite
7) ( blatant) [hostility, contempt] non dissimulé; [disagreement, disrespect] manifeste8) ( undecided)open ticket — ( for traveller) billet m ouvert
9) ( with spaces) [weave] ajouré10) Sport [contest] open11) Music [string] à vide12) Linguistics ouvert3.transitive verb1) ( cause not to be closed) gen ouvrirto open a door slightly ou a little — entrouvrir une porte
2) ( begin) entamer [discussions, meeting]; ouvrir [account, enquiry, show, shop]3) ( inaugurate) inaugurer [shop, bridge]; ouvrir [exhibition]4) ( make wider) open up4.1) ( become open) [door, flower, curtain] s'ouvrirto open into ou onto something — [door, window] donner sur quelque chose
open wide! — ( at dentist's) ouvrez grand!
to open slightly ou a little — [window, door] s'entrouvrir
to open by doing — [person] commencer par faire
4) ( have first performance) [film] sortir (sur les écrans); [exhibition] ouvrir5) ( be first speaker) [person] ouvrir le débat6) ( become wider) open up7) Finance [shares] débuter•Phrasal Verbs:- open out- open up
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