marcellus

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

insĭdĭae, ārum, f. plur. (in sing. insidia prima, Sall. Fragm. ap. Charis. p. 75 P.) [insideo], an ambush, ambuscade (class.).

Lit

Of persons:

qui sustinuerant primos impetus insidiarum,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 19:

equites procedere longius jussi, donec insidiae coorirentur,

Tac. H. 2, 24.—

Of place:

si forte in insidias devenero,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 92:

signa aenea in insidiis ponere,

Cic. Deiot. 7, 21:

milites in insidiis collocare,

Caes. B. G. 3, 20:

intrare insidias,

id. B. C. 3, 38.—Particular phrases.

To lay an ambush for any one:

insidias dare alicui,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 32:

facere vitae alicujus,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 3, 4:

ponere vitae alicujus,

id. Sest. 18, 41:

insidias penitus abstrusas ponere contra aliquem,

id. Agr. 2, 18, 49:

parare alicui,

id. Rosc. Am. 9, 26:

tendere,

id. Rosc. Com. 16, 46:

collocare,

id. Mil. 10, 27:

comparare,

id. Clu. 16, 47:

struere,

id. ib. 66, 190:

componere,

Tac. H. 5, 22:

compo nere in aliquem,

Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 19: componere [p. 965] alicui, Tib. 1, 6, 4:

disponere,

Quint. 4, 2, 48:

afferre ovilibus,

Calp. Ecl. 1, 40:

avibus moliri,

Verg. G. 1, 271.—

In abl. alone, abl. with ex, or acc. with per, by artifice or stratagem, craftily, insidiously:

Marcellus insidiis interfectus est,

Cic. Att. 13, 10, 3:

per insidias quempiam interficere,

id. Dom. 23:

per insidias circumvenire,

Caes. B. G. 1, 42:

non ex insidiis, sed aperte ac palam elaborare,

Cic. Or. 12, 38:

ex insidiis invadere aliquem,

Sall. J. 113, 6.—

Trop., artifice, crafty device, plot, snare:

nimis insidiarum ad capiendas aures adhiberi videtur,

Cic. Or. 51, 170:

compositae orationis insidiis fidem alicujus attentare,

id. ib. 61, 208:

noctis,

Verg. G. 1, 426:

maris,

Val. Fl. 1, 416:

post obitum parentis periculo insidiarum subjectus pupillus,

Gai. Inst. 2, 181.

ipse ( ipsus, Cato, R. R. 70; 71; Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 43; id. Trin. 2, 2, 40; 3, 1, 10 et saep.; Ter. And. 3, 2, 15; id. Eun. 3, 4, 8, id. Hec. 3, 5, 5; Jusjur. Milit. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 4 al.), a, um (ipsud, Gloss. Philox.); gen. ipsīus ( poet. also ipsĭus, Cat. 64, 43; Verg. A. 1, 114; 2, 772 al.; and dissyl. Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 15; id. Phorm. 4, 5, 13: ipsi, Afran. ap. Prisc. 694); dat. ipsi (ipso, App. M. 10, p. 243, 24); pron. demonstr. [is - pse for pte; cf. sua-pte and -pote in ut-pote; root in potis; Sanscr. patis, lord, master; hence, = he, the master, himself, etc.; cf. Pott. Etym. Forsch. 2, 866 sq.; Fick, Vergl. Wörterb. p. 116. Hence, in the original form, the pronoun is was declined, while the suffix was unchanged; thus eopte = eo ipso, Paul. ex Fest. p. 110:

eapse = ea ipsa,

id. p. 77; nom. sing. eapse, Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 4; id. Cist. 1, 2, 17; id. Rud. 2, 3, 80; 2, 5, 21 al.; acc. eumpse, Plaut. Most. 1, 4, 32:

eampse,

Plaut. Aul. 5, 7; id. Cist. 1, 3, 22; id. Men. 5, 2, 22 al.; abl. eopse, Plaut. Curc, 4, 3, 6:

eāpse,

id. Trin. 4, 2, 132; id. Curc. 4, 3, 2; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 197 sq.], = autos, self, in person, he (emphatic), himself, herself, itself, used both substantively and adjectively, to denote that person (thing) of which something is eminently or exclusively predicated.

In gen.

With substt. or pronn.

Expressing eminence or distinction:

ipse ille Gorgias... in illo ipso Platonis libro,

Cic. de Or. 3, 32, 129:

ille ipse Marcellus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 4:

natura ipsa,

id. Brut. 29, 112:

dicet pro me ipsa virtus,

id. Fin. 2, 20, 65:

ipsa res publica,

id. Fam. 3, 11, 3:

neque enim ipse Caesar est alienus a nobis,

id. ib. 6, 10, 2:

ipse Moeris,

Verg. E. 8, 96:

rex ipse Aeneas,

id. A. 1, 575:

ipse aries,

id. E. 3, 95:

ductores ipsi,

id. A. 1, 189:

si in ipsa arce habitarem,

Liv. 2, 7, 10;

esp. freq. with names of gods, etc.: naturas quas Juppiter ipse Addidit,

Verg. G. 4, 149; id. A. 3, 222; Hor. C. 1, 16, 12:

Pater ipse,

Verg. G. 1, 121; Tib. 1, 4, 23:

Venus ipsa,

Hor. C. 2, 8, 13; Ov. H. 19, 159:

ipse pater Pluton,

Verg. A. 7, 327 et saep.—Prov.:

audentes deus ipse juvat,

Ov. M. 10, 586.—

For emphasis or in contrast, very, just, precisely, self, in person:

adest optime ipse frater,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 66:

in orationibus hisce ipsis,

Cic. de Or. 1, 16, 73:

ea ipsa hora,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 4:

nec carmina nobis Ipsa placent: ipsae rursus concedite silvae,

Verg. E. 10, 63:

tute ipse his rebus finem praescripsti,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 124:

lepide ipsi hi sunt capti,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 91:

ego enim ipse cum eodem isto non invitus erraverim,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

ipse ille divinationis auctor,

id. Div. 2, 28, 61:

cariorem esse patriam quam nosmet ipsos,

id. Fin. 3, 19, 64:

eaque ipsa causa belli fuit,

the very, the true cause, Liv. 1, 57, 1; esp. with is, in all persons and numbers:

estne hic Philto? Is hercle'st ipsus,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 31:

cui tutor is fuerat ipse,

Liv. 5, 33, 3:

jam id ipsum absurdum, maximum malum neglegi,

even, Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 93 (Madv.); id. de Or. 2, 30, 132:

tempus ad id ipsum congruere,

Liv. 1, 5, 5:

duum vir ad id ipsum creatus,

id. 2, 42, 5:

Tullius et eos ipsos et per eos multitudinem aliam deduxit,

id. 2, 38, 1:

eorum ipsorum facta (opp. loca in quibus, etc.),

Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 2:

nec vero clarorum virorum post mortem honores permanerent, si nihil eorum ipsorum animi efficerent,

id. de Sen. 22, 80:

ad eum ipsum honorem deferre,

Liv. 3, 51, 3; so sometimes with an inf. or subst.-clause:

ipsum dicere ineptum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 24, 112:

quid juvat quod ante initum tribunatum veni, si ipsum, quod veni, nihil juvat?

the mere fact, the fact alone, id. Att. 11, 9, 1:

ipsum, quod habuisti,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 12, 2:

et ipsum, quod sum victus, ama,

Luc. 8, 78.— Esp. in legal phrase: ipso jure, by the letter of the law, in legal strictness or precision, Gai Inst. 2, 198; 3, 181; 4, 106 sqq. et saep.—

Alone, emphatically taking the place of an omitted person. or demonstr. pron.: Ar. Ubi is nunc est? He. Ubi ego minume atque ipsus se volt maxume, Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 108; 4, 1, 10: Su. Is ipsusne's? Ch. Aio: Su. Ipsus es? id. Trin. 4, 2, 146:

atque ipsis, ad quorum commodum pertinebat, durior inventus est Coelius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

quaeram ex ipsā,

Cic. Cael. 14:

tempus, quo ipse eos sustulisset, ad id ipsum congruere,

Liv. 1, 5, 5:

agrum dare immunem ipsi, qui accepisset, liberisque,

id. 21, 45, 5; 9, 34, 18; 10, [p. 999] 6, 10:

laeta et ipsis qui rem gessere expugnatio fuit,

id. 28, 4, 1:

a nobis exposita, ut ab ipsis, qui eam disciplinam probant,

Cic. Fin. 1, 5, 13.—So freq. in Cic. before a rel.:

ut de ipso, qui judicarit, judicium fieri videretur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 44, 82:

ipsi omnia, quorum negotium est, ad nos deferunt,

id. de Or. 1, 58, 250; 2, 14, 60; id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 13; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 93:

nullis definitionibus utuntur, ipsique dicunt ea se modo probare, quibus natura tacita assentiatur,

Cic. Fin. 3, 12, 40 Madv. —

To make prominent one of two or more subjects of any predicate, he ( she, il), for his part, he too, also, as well.

Ipse alone:

litterae Metello Capuam adlatae sunt a Clodia, quae ipsa transiit,

i. e. also, in person, Cic. Att. 9, 6, 3:

Italiam ornare quam domum suam maluit: quamquam Italia ornata domus ipsa mihi videtur ornatior,

id. Off. 2, 22, 76:

tris ipse excitavit recitatores,

he too, id. Clu. 51, 141:

neque tanti timoris sum ut ipse deficiam,

Caes. B. C. 2, 31, 8:

Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum intellegebat, et ipse longe aliter animo agitabat,

Sall. J. 11, 1:

hoc Rhipeus, hoc ipse Dymas omnisque juventus Laeta facit,

Verg. A. 2, 394.—

With conjunctions.

With etiam (class.):

ipse etiam Fufidius in numero fuit,

Cic. Brut. 29, 112: scribebat orationes quas alii dicerent: quamquam is etiam ipse scripsit eas, quibus pro se est usus, sed non sine Aelio;

his enim scriptis etiam ipse interfui,

id. ib. 56, 206 sq. —

With quoque:

quippe quia plebs senatus consultum solvit, ipsi quoque solutum vultis,

Liv. 3, 21, 4:

consul, quia collegae decretum triumphum audivit, ipse quoque triumphi flagitator Romam rediit,

id. 8, 12, 9:

cum subito Sulpicius et Albinovanus objecissent catervas, ipse quoque (Sulla) jaculatus, etc.,

Flor. 3, 21, 7.—

With et (et ipse = kai autos, ipse etiam; rare in Cic.; cf.

Zumpt, Gram. § 698): tamen et ipsi tuae familiae genere et nomine continebuntur,

Cic. Caecin. 20, 58:

deseret eos quos una scis esse, cum habeat praesertim et ipse cohortis triginta?

id. Att. 8, 7, 1; id. de Or. 1, 46, 202:

Cornelius dictatorem Aemilium dixit, et ipse ab eo magister equitum est dictus,

Liv. 4, 31, 5:

credo ego vos, socii, et ipsos cernere,

id. 21, 21, 3:

Cornelio minus copiarum datum, quia L. Manlius praetor et ipse cum praesidio in Galliam mittebatur,

id. 21, 17, 7:

qui et ipse crus fregerat,

Suet. Aug. 43:

Antoninus Commodus nihil paternum habuit, nisi quod contra Germanos feliciter et ipse pugnavit,

Eutr. 8, 7:

virtutes et ipsae taedium pariunt,

Quint. 9, 4, 43. —

With nec ( = ne ipse quidem):

primis repulsis Maharbal cum majore robore virorum missus nec ipse eruptionem cohortium sustinuit,

Liv. 23, 18, 4:

nihil moveri viderunt, nec ipsi quicquam mutarunt,

id. 37, 20, 8:

neque ipsi,

id. 30, 42, 7: crimina non quidem nec ipsa mediocria;

sed quid ista sunt prae iis, etc.,

id. 34, 32, 9.

Esp.

By way of eminence, ipse is used to indicate the chief person, host, master, teacher, etc.:

ipsa, the mistress, etc.: ipsus tristis,

Ter. And. 2, 2, 23:

ipsum praesto video,

id. ib. 2, 5, 3:

ego eo quo me ipsa misit,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 2, 10:

suam norat ipsam tam bene, quam puella matrem,

Cat. 3, 7 (Müll., ipsa); cf.:

Pythagorei respondere solebant, ipse dixit,

i. e. Pythagoras, Cic. N. D. 1, 5, 10; cf.:

nec hoc oratori contingere inter adversarios quod Pythagorae inter discipulos potest ipse dixit,

Quint. 11, 1, 27:

cum veniat lectica Mathonis plena ipso,

the great man, Juv. 1, 33:

anseris ante ipsum jecur,

before the host, id. 5, 114.—

Of or by one ' s self, of one ' s own accord = suā sponte, ultro:

videar non ipse promisisse (opp. to fortuito),

Cic. de Or. 1, 24, 111:

de manibus delapsa arma ipsa ceciderunt,

id. Off. 1, 22, 77:

valvae clausae se ipsae aperuerunt,

id. Div. 1, 37, 74:

ipsae lacte domum referent distenta capellae Ubera,

Verg. E. 4, 21:

ipsi potum venient juvenci,

id. ib. 7, 11; cf.:

aliae ipsae Sponte sua veniunt,

id. G. 2, 10:

fruges sponte sua (tellus) primum ipsa creavit,

Lucr. 2, 11, 58; and autai for automatoi, Theocr. Idyll. 11, 12.—

Himself exclusively.

By or in one ' s self, alone:

haec ipse suo tristi cum corde volutat,

Verg. A. 6, 185:

his actis, aliud genitor secum ipse volutat,

id. ib. 12, 843: tempus secum ipsa Exigit, id. ib. 4, 475:

quam facile exercitu soclos conservaturus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 15, 45:

multa secum ipse volvens,

Sall. C. 32, 1:

aestimando ipse secum,

Liv. 25, 23, 11.—

In one ' s self, for one ' s own sake:

ipsam aequitatem et jus ipsum amare,

Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 48.—

Of one ' s self, of one ' s own nature, etc.:

erat ipse immani acerbāque naturā Oppianicus,

Cic. Clu. 15, 44:

duo imperatores, ipsi pares, ceterum opibus disparibus,

Sall. J. 52, 1:

natura serpentium, ipsa perniciosa, siti accenditur,

id. ib. 89, 5.—

With advv. of time.

Nunc ipsum, just now, at this very time:

nunc ipsum exurit,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 16:

nunc ipsum non dubitabo rem tantam adicere,

Cic. Att. 7, 3, 2; 8, 9, 2:

nunc tamen ipsum sine te esse non possum,

id. ib. 12, 16. —

Tum ipsum, just then, at that very time:

id, quod aliquando posset accidere, ne tum ipsum accideret, timere,

Cic. de Or. 1, 27, 124:

ratio largitionum vitiosa est, temporibus necessaria, et tum ipsum ad facultates accommodanda est,

id. Off. 2, 17, 60:

et tum ipsum, cum immolare velis, extorum fieri mutatio potest,

id. Div. 1, 52, 118; cf. id. Fin. 2, 20, 65 Madv.—

With numerals, just, exactly, precisely (opp. fere):

triginta dies erant ipsi, cum, etc.,

Cic. Att. 3, 21 init.:

ipsas undecim esse legiones,

id. Fam. 6, 18, 2:

nam cum dixisset minus 1000 (sc. milia), populus cum risu acclamavit, ipsa esse,

id. Caecin. 10, 28; cf. id. Brut. 15, 61; 43, 162:

ipso vigesimo anno,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 9, § 25. —

In reflexive uses,

Ipse strengthens the subject when opposed in thought to other agents; the object, when opposed to other objects; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 696; Kennedy, Gram. § 67, 3; Madv. Gram. § 487, 6. — Hence,

With subject.

In gen.:

non egeo medicina (i. e. ut alii me consolentur), me ipse consolor,

Cic. Lael. 3, 10:

Junius necem sibi ipse conscivit,

id. N. D. 2, 3, 7:

neque potest exercitum is continere imperator, qui se ipse non continet,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 13, 38:

Artaxerxes se ipse reprehendit,

Nep. Dat. 5:

ipsa se virtus satis ostendit,

Sall. J. 85; cf.:

deponendo tutelam ipse in se unum omnium vires convertit,

Liv. 24, 4, 9:

deforme etiam est de se ipsum praedicare,

Cic. Off. 1, 38, 137.—

With special emphasis, ipse is joined to the subject to indicate its relation to itself as both subject and object, though the antithesis would suggest another case (Cic.):

cum iste sic erat humilis atque demissus, ut non modo populo Romano, sed etiam sibi ipse condemnatus videretur,

Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17:

si quis ipse sibi inimicus est,

id. Fin. 5, 10, 28:

qui ipsi sibi bellum indixissent,

id. ib. 5, 10, 29:

quoniam se ipsi omnes natura diligant,

id. ib. 3, 18, 59:

nam si ex scriptis cognosci ipsi suis potuissent,

id. de Or. 2, 2, 8.—

With object:

neque vero ipsam amicitiam tueri (possumus), nisi aeque amicos et nosmet ipsos diligamus,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67:

omne animal se ipsum diligit,

id. ib. 5, 9, 24:

fac ut diligentissime te ipsum custodias,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 8:

Pompeianus miles fratrem suum, dein se ipsum interfecit,

Tac. H. 3, 51:

Lentulum, quem mihi ipsi antepono,

Cic. Fam. 3, 7, 5.—

Ipse defines the subject of a reflexive pronoun:

natura movet infantem, sed tantum ut se ipse diligat (where ipse shows that se refers to infantem),

Cic. Fin. 2, 10, 33: proinde consulant sibi ipsi;

jubeant abire se,

Just. 16, 4, 15:

neque prius vim adhibendam putaverunt, quam se ipse indicasset,

Nep. Paus. 4:

in portis murisque sibimet ipsos tecta coëgerat aedificare,

Liv. 27, 3, 2 (cf. 1. a. supra).—

Ipse stands for the reflexive pronoun,

Where the person or thing referred to is to be emphatically distinguished from others (class.):

cum omnes se expetendos putent, nec id ob aliam rem, sed propter ipsos, necesse est ejus etiam partes propter se expeti, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 5, 17, 46:

quis umquam consul senatum ipsius decretis parere prohibuit?

id. Sest. 14, 32:

quos, quidquid ipsis expediat, facturos arbitrabimur,

id. Fin. 2, 35, 117:

qui negant se recusare, quo minus, ipsis mortuis, terrarum deflagratio consequatur,

id. ib. 3, 19, 64:

nec quid ipsius natura sit intellegit,

id. ib. 5, 9, 24.—

In a subordinate clause, to point out either the subject of the principal clause, or the chief agent or speaker;

esp. where se or sibi is already applied to the subject of the subordinate clause: ne ob eam rem aut suae magnopere virtuti tribueret aut ipsos despiceret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 13, 5:

legatos ad consulem mittit, qui tantum modo ipsi liberisque vitam peterent,

Sall. J. 16, 2; cf.:

ipsis mortuis,

Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 64:

supra nihil, quantum in ipso est, praetermittere quo minus, etc.,

id. Leg. 1, 21, 56:

ipsius,

id. ib. 2, 22, 55:

nihil umquam audivi... nihil de re publica gravius, nihil de ipso modestius, i. e. de ipso dicente,

id. Balb. 1, 2: id quod ipsum adjuvat (i. e. dicentem;

opp. id quod adversario prodest),

id. Inv. 1, 21, 30.—

In gen., for an emphatic se or sibi (mostly post-Aug.; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 3, 12, 40):

nam ipsis certum esse, etc.,

Liv. 35, 46, 13:

pravitas consulum discordiaque inter ipsos,

id. 4, 26, 6:

inexperta remedia haud injuria ipsis esse suspecta,

Curt. 3, 5, 15:

Graecis nuntiare jubet, ipsum quidem gratias agere, etc.,

id. 3, 8, 7:

dixit, ab illo deo ipsos genus ducere,

id. 4, 2, 3:

a quibus nec acceperunt injuriam nec accepisse ipsos existimant, Sen. de Ira, 2, 5, 1: intemperantiam in morbo suam experti parere ipsis vetant,

id. ib. 3, 13, 5:

sciunt ipsos omnia habere communia,

id. Ep. 6, 3; 22, 10 et saep.; cf.:

verum est etiam iis, qui aliquando futuri sint, esse propter ipsos consulendum,

Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 64.—

Ipse stands in free constr. with abl. absol. as with finite verb (cf. also quisque;

only freq. in Liv. and post-Aug. writers): cum dies venit, causa ipse pro se dicta, quindecim milibus aeris damnatur,

Liv. 4, 44, 10 Weissenb. ad loc.:

Romani imperatores, junctis et ipsi exercitibus... ad sedem hostium pervenere,

id. 29, 2, 2:

C. Popilius, dimissis et ipse Atticis navibus... pergit,

id. 45, 10, 2; cf.:

Catilina et Autronius parabant consules interficere, ipsi fascibus conreptis Pisonem cum exercitu mittere,

Sall. C. 18, 5:

amisso et ipse Pacoro,

Tac. G. 37; cf. also the emphatic use of ipse (like quisque) with abl. of gerund (freq. in Liv.):

adsentando indignandoque et ipse,

Liv. 40, 23, 1:

cogendo ipse,

id. 39, 49, 3:

agendo ipse,

id. 41, 24, 2:

aestimando ipse secum,

id. 25, 23, 11 et saep.

Am. prol. 102:

ipsimet nobis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 3:

ipsemet profugiam,

Sen. Ep. 117, 21; also Front. Aq. 74 ex conj.— Sup.: Com. Ergo ipsusne es? Charm. Ipsissumus, his own very self, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 146; cf. Gr. autotatos, Aristoph. Plut. 83; so,

ipsimus and ipsima, for dominus and domina (cf II. A. supra),

Petr. 75, 11; and:

ipsimi nostri,

id. 63, 3 Büch. ex conj.

ipse ( ipsus, Cato, R. R. 70; 71; Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 43; id. Trin. 2, 2, 40; 3, 1, 10 et saep.; Ter. And. 3, 2, 15; id. Eun. 3, 4, 8, id. Hec. 3, 5, 5; Jusjur. Milit. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 4 al.), a, um (ipsud, Gloss. Philox.); gen. ipsīus ( poet. also ipsĭus, Cat. 64, 43; Verg. A. 1, 114; 2, 772 al.; and dissyl. Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 15; id. Phorm. 4, 5, 13: ipsi, Afran. ap. Prisc. 694); dat. ipsi (ipso, App. M. 10, p. 243, 24); pron. demonstr. [is - pse for pte; cf. sua-pte and -pote in ut-pote; root in potis; Sanscr. patis, lord, master; hence, = he, the master, himself, etc.; cf. Pott. Etym. Forsch. 2, 866 sq.; Fick, Vergl. Wörterb. p. 116. Hence, in the original form, the pronoun is was declined, while the suffix was unchanged; thus eopte = eo ipso, Paul. ex Fest. p. 110:

eapse = ea ipsa,

id. p. 77; nom. sing. eapse, Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 4; id. Cist. 1, 2, 17; id. Rud. 2, 3, 80; 2, 5, 21 al.; acc. eumpse, Plaut. Most. 1, 4, 32:

eampse,

Plaut. Aul. 5, 7; id. Cist. 1, 3, 22; id. Men. 5, 2, 22 al.; abl. eopse, Plaut. Curc, 4, 3, 6:

eāpse,

id. Trin. 4, 2, 132; id. Curc. 4, 3, 2; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 197 sq.], = autos, self, in person, he (emphatic), himself, herself, itself, used both substantively and adjectively, to denote that person (thing) of which something is eminently or exclusively predicated.

In gen.

With substt. or pronn.

Expressing eminence or distinction:

ipse ille Gorgias... in illo ipso Platonis libro,

Cic. de Or. 3, 32, 129:

ille ipse Marcellus,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 2, § 4:

natura ipsa,

id. Brut. 29, 112:

dicet pro me ipsa virtus,

id. Fin. 2, 20, 65:

ipsa res publica,

id. Fam. 3, 11, 3:

neque enim ipse Caesar est alienus a nobis,

id. ib. 6, 10, 2:

ipse Moeris,

Verg. E. 8, 96:

rex ipse Aeneas,

id. A. 1, 575:

ipse aries,

id. E. 3, 95:

ductores ipsi,

id. A. 1, 189:

si in ipsa arce habitarem,

Liv. 2, 7, 10;

esp. freq. with names of gods, etc.: naturas quas Juppiter ipse Addidit,

Verg. G. 4, 149; id. A. 3, 222; Hor. C. 1, 16, 12:

Pater ipse,

Verg. G. 1, 121; Tib. 1, 4, 23:

Venus ipsa,

Hor. C. 2, 8, 13; Ov. H. 19, 159:

ipse pater Pluton,

Verg. A. 7, 327 et saep.—Prov.:

audentes deus ipse juvat,

Ov. M. 10, 586.—

For emphasis or in contrast, very, just, precisely, self, in person:

adest optime ipse frater,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 66:

in orationibus hisce ipsis,

Cic. de Or. 1, 16, 73:

ea ipsa hora,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 4:

nec carmina nobis Ipsa placent: ipsae rursus concedite silvae,

Verg. E. 10, 63:

tute ipse his rebus finem praescripsti,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 124:

lepide ipsi hi sunt capti,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 91:

ego enim ipse cum eodem isto non invitus erraverim,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

ipse ille divinationis auctor,

id. Div. 2, 28, 61:

cariorem esse patriam quam nosmet ipsos,

id. Fin. 3, 19, 64:

eaque ipsa causa belli fuit,

the very, the true cause, Liv. 1, 57, 1; esp. with is, in all persons and numbers:

estne hic Philto? Is hercle'st ipsus,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 31:

cui tutor is fuerat ipse,

Liv. 5, 33, 3:

jam id ipsum absurdum, maximum malum neglegi,

even, Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 93 (Madv.); id. de Or. 2, 30, 132:

tempus ad id ipsum congruere,

Liv. 1, 5, 5:

duum vir ad id ipsum creatus,

id. 2, 42, 5:

Tullius et eos ipsos et per eos multitudinem aliam deduxit,

id. 2, 38, 1:

eorum ipsorum facta (opp. loca in quibus, etc.),

Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 2:

nec vero clarorum virorum post mortem honores permanerent, si nihil eorum ipsorum animi efficerent,

id. de Sen. 22, 80:

ad eum ipsum honorem deferre,

Liv. 3, 51, 3; so sometimes with an inf. or subst.-clause:

ipsum dicere ineptum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 24, 112:

quid juvat quod ante initum tribunatum veni, si ipsum, quod veni, nihil juvat?

the mere fact, the fact alone, id. Att. 11, 9, 1:

ipsum, quod habuisti,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 12, 2:

et ipsum, quod sum victus, ama,

Luc. 8, 78.— Esp. in legal phrase: ipso jure, by the letter of the law, in legal strictness or precision, Gai Inst. 2, 198; 3, 181; 4, 106 sqq. et saep.—

Alone, emphatically taking the place of an omitted person. or demonstr. pron.: Ar. Ubi is nunc est? He. Ubi ego minume atque ipsus se volt maxume, Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 108; 4, 1, 10: Su. Is ipsusne's? Ch. Aio: Su. Ipsus es? id. Trin. 4, 2, 146:

atque ipsis, ad quorum commodum pertinebat, durior inventus est Coelius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

quaeram ex ipsā,

Cic. Cael. 14:

tempus, quo ipse eos sustulisset, ad id ipsum congruere,

Liv. 1, 5, 5:

agrum dare immunem ipsi, qui accepisset, liberisque,

id. 21, 45, 5; 9, 34, 18; 10, [p. 999] 6, 10:

laeta et ipsis qui rem gessere expugnatio fuit,

id. 28, 4, 1:

a nobis exposita, ut ab ipsis, qui eam disciplinam probant,

Cic. Fin. 1, 5, 13.—So freq. in Cic. before a rel.:

ut de ipso, qui judicarit, judicium fieri videretur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 44, 82:

ipsi omnia, quorum negotium est, ad nos deferunt,

id. de Or. 1, 58, 250; 2, 14, 60; id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 13; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 93:

nullis definitionibus utuntur, ipsique dicunt ea se modo probare, quibus natura tacita assentiatur,

Cic. Fin. 3, 12, 40 Madv. —

To make prominent one of two or more subjects of any predicate, he ( she, il), for his part, he too, also, as well.

Ipse alone:

litterae Metello Capuam adlatae sunt a Clodia, quae ipsa transiit,

i. e. also, in person, Cic. Att. 9, 6, 3:

Italiam ornare quam domum suam maluit: quamquam Italia ornata domus ipsa mihi videtur ornatior,

id. Off. 2, 22, 76:

tris ipse excitavit recitatores,

he too, id. Clu. 51, 141:

neque tanti timoris sum ut ipse deficiam,

Caes. B. C. 2, 31, 8:

Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum intellegebat, et ipse longe aliter animo agitabat,

Sall. J. 11, 1:

hoc Rhipeus, hoc ipse Dymas omnisque juventus Laeta facit,

Verg. A. 2, 394.—

With conjunctions.

With etiam (class.):

ipse etiam Fufidius in numero fuit,

Cic. Brut. 29, 112: scribebat orationes quas alii dicerent: quamquam is etiam ipse scripsit eas, quibus pro se est usus, sed non sine Aelio;

his enim scriptis etiam ipse interfui,

id. ib. 56, 206 sq. —

With quoque:

quippe quia plebs senatus consultum solvit, ipsi quoque solutum vultis,

Liv. 3, 21, 4:

consul, quia collegae decretum triumphum audivit, ipse quoque triumphi flagitator Romam rediit,

id. 8, 12, 9:

cum subito Sulpicius et Albinovanus objecissent catervas, ipse quoque (Sulla) jaculatus, etc.,

Flor. 3, 21, 7.—

With et (et ipse = kai autos, ipse etiam; rare in Cic.; cf.

Zumpt, Gram. § 698): tamen et ipsi tuae familiae genere et nomine continebuntur,

Cic. Caecin. 20, 58:

deseret eos quos una scis esse, cum habeat praesertim et ipse cohortis triginta?

id. Att. 8, 7, 1; id. de Or. 1, 46, 202:

Cornelius dictatorem Aemilium dixit, et ipse ab eo magister equitum est dictus,

Liv. 4, 31, 5:

credo ego vos, socii, et ipsos cernere,

id. 21, 21, 3:

Cornelio minus copiarum datum, quia L. Manlius praetor et ipse cum praesidio in Galliam mittebatur,

id. 21, 17, 7:

qui et ipse crus fregerat,

Suet. Aug. 43:

Antoninus Commodus nihil paternum habuit, nisi quod contra Germanos feliciter et ipse pugnavit,

Eutr. 8, 7:

virtutes et ipsae taedium pariunt,

Quint. 9, 4, 43. —

With nec ( = ne ipse quidem):

primis repulsis Maharbal cum majore robore virorum missus nec ipse eruptionem cohortium sustinuit,

Liv. 23, 18, 4:

nihil moveri viderunt, nec ipsi quicquam mutarunt,

id. 37, 20, 8:

neque ipsi,

id. 30, 42, 7: crimina non quidem nec ipsa mediocria;

sed quid ista sunt prae iis, etc.,

id. 34, 32, 9.

Esp.

By way of eminence, ipse is used to indicate the chief person, host, master, teacher, etc.:

ipsa, the mistress, etc.: ipsus tristis,

Ter. And. 2, 2, 23:

ipsum praesto video,

id. ib. 2, 5, 3:

ego eo quo me ipsa misit,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 2, 10:

suam norat ipsam tam bene, quam puella matrem,

Cat. 3, 7 (Müll., ipsa); cf.:

Pythagorei respondere solebant, ipse dixit,

i. e. Pythagoras, Cic. N. D. 1, 5, 10; cf.:

nec hoc oratori contingere inter adversarios quod Pythagorae inter discipulos potest ipse dixit,

Quint. 11, 1, 27:

cum veniat lectica Mathonis plena ipso,

the great man, Juv. 1, 33:

anseris ante ipsum jecur,

before the host, id. 5, 114.—

Of or by one ' s self, of one ' s own accord = suā sponte, ultro:

videar non ipse promisisse (opp. to fortuito),

Cic. de Or. 1, 24, 111:

de manibus delapsa arma ipsa ceciderunt,

id. Off. 1, 22, 77:

valvae clausae se ipsae aperuerunt,

id. Div. 1, 37, 74:

ipsae lacte domum referent distenta capellae Ubera,

Verg. E. 4, 21:

ipsi potum venient juvenci,

id. ib. 7, 11; cf.:

aliae ipsae Sponte sua veniunt,

id. G. 2, 10:

fruges sponte sua (tellus) primum ipsa creavit,

Lucr. 2, 11, 58; and autai for automatoi, Theocr. Idyll. 11, 12.—

Himself exclusively.

By or in one ' s self, alone:

haec ipse suo tristi cum corde volutat,

Verg. A. 6, 185:

his actis, aliud genitor secum ipse volutat,

id. ib. 12, 843: tempus secum ipsa Exigit, id. ib. 4, 475:

quam facile exercitu soclos conservaturus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 15, 45:

multa secum ipse volvens,

Sall. C. 32, 1:

aestimando ipse secum,

Liv. 25, 23, 11.—

In one ' s self, for one ' s own sake:

ipsam aequitatem et jus ipsum amare,

Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 48.—

Of one ' s self, of one ' s own nature, etc.:

erat ipse immani acerbāque naturā Oppianicus,

Cic. Clu. 15, 44:

duo imperatores, ipsi pares, ceterum opibus disparibus,

Sall. J. 52, 1:

natura serpentium, ipsa perniciosa, siti accenditur,

id. ib. 89, 5.—

With advv. of time.

Nunc ipsum, just now, at this very time:

nunc ipsum exurit,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 16:

nunc ipsum non dubitabo rem tantam adicere,

Cic. Att. 7, 3, 2; 8, 9, 2:

nunc tamen ipsum sine te esse non possum,

id. ib. 12, 16. —

Tum ipsum, just then, at that very time:

id, quod aliquando posset accidere, ne tum ipsum accideret, timere,

Cic. de Or. 1, 27, 124:

ratio largitionum vitiosa est, temporibus necessaria, et tum ipsum ad facultates accommodanda est,

id. Off. 2, 17, 60:

et tum ipsum, cum immolare velis, extorum fieri mutatio potest,

id. Div. 1, 52, 118; cf. id. Fin. 2, 20, 65 Madv.—

With numerals, just, exactly, precisely (opp. fere):

triginta dies erant ipsi, cum, etc.,

Cic. Att. 3, 21 init.:

ipsas undecim esse legiones,

id. Fam. 6, 18, 2:

nam cum dixisset minus 1000 (sc. milia), populus cum risu acclamavit, ipsa esse,

id. Caecin. 10, 28; cf. id. Brut. 15, 61; 43, 162:

ipso vigesimo anno,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 9, § 25. —

In reflexive uses,

Ipse strengthens the subject when opposed in thought to other agents; the object, when opposed to other objects; cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 696; Kennedy, Gram. § 67, 3; Madv. Gram. § 487, 6. — Hence,

With subject.

In gen.:

non egeo medicina (i. e. ut alii me consolentur), me ipse consolor,

Cic. Lael. 3, 10:

Junius necem sibi ipse conscivit,

id. N. D. 2, 3, 7:

neque potest exercitum is continere imperator, qui se ipse non continet,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 13, 38:

Artaxerxes se ipse reprehendit,

Nep. Dat. 5:

ipsa se virtus satis ostendit,

Sall. J. 85; cf.:

deponendo tutelam ipse in se unum omnium vires convertit,

Liv. 24, 4, 9:

deforme etiam est de se ipsum praedicare,

Cic. Off. 1, 38, 137.—

With special emphasis, ipse is joined to the subject to indicate its relation to itself as both subject and object, though the antithesis would suggest another case (Cic.):

cum iste sic erat humilis atque demissus, ut non modo populo Romano, sed etiam sibi ipse condemnatus videretur,

Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17:

si quis ipse sibi inimicus est,

id. Fin. 5, 10, 28:

qui ipsi sibi bellum indixissent,

id. ib. 5, 10, 29:

quoniam se ipsi omnes natura diligant,

id. ib. 3, 18, 59:

nam si ex scriptis cognosci ipsi suis potuissent,

id. de Or. 2, 2, 8.—

With object:

neque vero ipsam amicitiam tueri (possumus), nisi aeque amicos et nosmet ipsos diligamus,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67:

omne animal se ipsum diligit,

id. ib. 5, 9, 24:

fac ut diligentissime te ipsum custodias,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 8:

Pompeianus miles fratrem suum, dein se ipsum interfecit,

Tac. H. 3, 51:

Lentulum, quem mihi ipsi antepono,

Cic. Fam. 3, 7, 5.—

Ipse defines the subject of a reflexive pronoun:

natura movet infantem, sed tantum ut se ipse diligat (where ipse shows that se refers to infantem),

Cic. Fin. 2, 10, 33: proinde consulant sibi ipsi;

jubeant abire se,

Just. 16, 4, 15:

neque prius vim adhibendam putaverunt, quam se ipse indicasset,

Nep. Paus. 4:

in portis murisque sibimet ipsos tecta coëgerat aedificare,

Liv. 27, 3, 2 (cf. 1. a. supra).—

Ipse stands for the reflexive pronoun,

Where the person or thing referred to is to be emphatically distinguished from others (class.):

cum omnes se expetendos putent, nec id ob aliam rem, sed propter ipsos, necesse est ejus etiam partes propter se expeti, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 5, 17, 46:

quis umquam consul senatum ipsius decretis parere prohibuit?

id. Sest. 14, 32:

quos, quidquid ipsis expediat, facturos arbitrabimur,

id. Fin. 2, 35, 117:

qui negant se recusare, quo minus, ipsis mortuis, terrarum deflagratio consequatur,

id. ib. 3, 19, 64:

nec quid ipsius natura sit intellegit,

id. ib. 5, 9, 24.—

In a subordinate clause, to point out either the subject of the principal clause, or the chief agent or speaker;

esp. where se or sibi is already applied to the subject of the subordinate clause: ne ob eam rem aut suae magnopere virtuti tribueret aut ipsos despiceret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 13, 5:

legatos ad consulem mittit, qui tantum modo ipsi liberisque vitam peterent,

Sall. J. 16, 2; cf.:

ipsis mortuis,

Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 64:

supra nihil, quantum in ipso est, praetermittere quo minus, etc.,

id. Leg. 1, 21, 56:

ipsius,

id. ib. 2, 22, 55:

nihil umquam audivi... nihil de re publica gravius, nihil de ipso modestius, i. e. de ipso dicente,

id. Balb. 1, 2: id quod ipsum adjuvat (i. e. dicentem;

opp. id quod adversario prodest),

id. Inv. 1, 21, 30.—

In gen., for an emphatic se or sibi (mostly post-Aug.; v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 3, 12, 40):

nam ipsis certum esse, etc.,

Liv. 35, 46, 13:

pravitas consulum discordiaque inter ipsos,

id. 4, 26, 6:

inexperta remedia haud injuria ipsis esse suspecta,

Curt. 3, 5, 15:

Graecis nuntiare jubet, ipsum quidem gratias agere, etc.,

id. 3, 8, 7:

dixit, ab illo deo ipsos genus ducere,

id. 4, 2, 3:

a quibus nec acceperunt injuriam nec accepisse ipsos existimant, Sen. de Ira, 2, 5, 1: intemperantiam in morbo suam experti parere ipsis vetant,

id. ib. 3, 13, 5:

sciunt ipsos omnia habere communia,

id. Ep. 6, 3; 22, 10 et saep.; cf.:

verum est etiam iis, qui aliquando futuri sint, esse propter ipsos consulendum,

Cic. Fin. 3, 19, 64.—

Ipse stands in free constr. with abl. absol. as with finite verb (cf. also quisque;

only freq. in Liv. and post-Aug. writers): cum dies venit, causa ipse pro se dicta, quindecim milibus aeris damnatur,

Liv. 4, 44, 10 Weissenb. ad loc.:

Romani imperatores, junctis et ipsi exercitibus... ad sedem hostium pervenere,

id. 29, 2, 2:

C. Popilius, dimissis et ipse Atticis navibus... pergit,

id. 45, 10, 2; cf.:

Catilina et Autronius parabant consules interficere, ipsi fascibus conreptis Pisonem cum exercitu mittere,

Sall. C. 18, 5:

amisso et ipse Pacoro,

Tac. G. 37; cf. also the emphatic use of ipse (like quisque) with abl. of gerund (freq. in Liv.):

adsentando indignandoque et ipse,

Liv. 40, 23, 1:

cogendo ipse,

id. 39, 49, 3:

agendo ipse,

id. 41, 24, 2:

aestimando ipse secum,

id. 25, 23, 11 et saep.

Am. prol. 102:

ipsimet nobis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 1, § 3:

ipsemet profugiam,

Sen. Ep. 117, 21; also Front. Aq. 74 ex conj.— Sup.: Com. Ergo ipsusne es? Charm. Ipsissumus, his own very self, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 146; cf. Gr. autotatos, Aristoph. Plut. 83; so,

ipsimus and ipsima, for dominus and domina (cf II. A. supra),

Petr. 75, 11; and:

ipsimi nostri,

id. 63, 3 Büch. ex conj.

marcŭlus or martŭlus, i, m. dim. [marcus], a small hammer, a hammer (ante-class. and post-Aug.):

malleus vocatur, quia dum quid calet et molle est, caedit et producit: marcus, malleus major: et dictus marcus, quod major sit ad caedendum, et fortior: marcellus mediocris: marculus malleus pusillus,

Isid. Orig. 19, 7, 2;

Lucil. ib.: tegulas invenit Cinyra, et metalla aeris, item forcipem, martulum, vectem, incudem,

Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 195:

alii caelo et marculo gemmulas exsculpunt,

Front. ad Caes. 4, 4, 3 Mai.:

aerariorum marculi,

Mart. 12, 57, 6.

Marcŭlus diminutivum a Marco, Paul. ex Fest. p. 125 Müll.

marcŭlus or martŭlus, i, m. dim. [marcus], a small hammer, a hammer (ante-class. and post-Aug.):

malleus vocatur, quia dum quid calet et molle est, caedit et producit: marcus, malleus major: et dictus marcus, quod major sit ad caedendum, et fortior: marcellus mediocris: marculus malleus pusillus,

Isid. Orig. 19, 7, 2;

Lucil. ib.: tegulas invenit Cinyra, et metalla aeris, item forcipem, martulum, vectem, incudem,

Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 195:

alii caelo et marculo gemmulas exsculpunt,

Front. ad Caes. 4, 4, 3 Mai.:

aerariorum marculi,

Mart. 12, 57, 6.

Marcŭlus diminutivum a Marco, Paul. ex Fest. p. 125 Müll.

nŏto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [nota], to mark, to designate with a mark (syn.: signo, designo).

Lit.:

tabellam cerā,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 79:

ungue genas,

Ov. Am. 1, 7, 50:

pueri rubor ora notavit,

id. M. 4, 329:

rugis uterum,

id. A. A. 3, 785:

ova atramento,

Col. 8, 11, 12:

corpus nulla litura notet,

not a wrinkle, Mart. 7, 18, 2.—

Transf.

To write:

scribit, damnatque tabellas, Et notat et delet,

Ov. M. 9, 522.—

In partic., to write in short-hand or cipher, to set down in a summary form:

notando consequi,

Quint. 1 prooem. § 7; 11, 2, 19;

4, 5, 22: notata, non perscripta erat summa,

Suet. Galb. 5.—

To make remarks or notes on a writing, to remark:

idque et Labeo probat, sed Proculus apud eum notat, non semper debere dari,

Dig. 3, 5, 9:

Marcellus apud Julianum notat: Non dubitamus, etc.,

ib. 35, 1, 19; 50, 4, 18, § 26. —

Trop.

To signify, indicate, denote:

quae notant et designant turpitudinem aliquam non turpiter,

Cic. de Or. 2, 58, 236:

notare res nominibus novis,

id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

illa, quae temporis naturam notant,

id. Part. 11, 37.—

In partic.: aliquem, to allude to, hint at one:

senatum gestu,

Suet. Ner. 39; cf.:

conjunx visa est duro vultu Dicta tulisse Jovis, seque indoluisse notatam,

Ov. M. 9, 261.—

To mark, note, observe:

numerum in cadentibus guttis notare possumus,

Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 186:

animadvertere et notare sidera,

id. Div. 2, 43, 91:

cantus avium,

id. ib. 1, 42, 94:

id caput notavi, et descriptum tibi misi,

id. Fam. 7, 22: veris initium iste a Favoniā notare, id. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 27; Plin. 2, 8, 6, § 29; Petr. 6 init. —

Publicist's t. t., esp. of the censors, to mark or brand with infamy (nota) on account of a crime or fault, to censure, reprimand:

quos censores furti et captarum pecuniarum nomine notaverunt,

Cic. Clu. 42, 120:

eques Romanus impolitiae notabatur,

Gell. 4, 12, 2:

ita senatus rem, non hominem notavit,

Cic. Mil. 11, 31; id. Clu. 47, 130:

aliquem ignominiā,

id. Phil. 7, 9, 23: luxuria Cornelii non crimine aliquo libidinis, sed communi maledicto notabatur id. Balb. 25, 56:

ne is dedecore, maculā, turpissimā ignominiā notetur,

id. Quint. 31, 99:

cujus improbitatem veteres Atticorum comoediae notaverunt,

id. Brut. 62, 224:

stultus et improbus hic amor est dignusque notari,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 24:

notante judice, quo nosti, populo,

id. ib. 1, 6, 14:

aliquem joco,

Suet. Ner. 5:

scripta famosa quibus primores viri notabantur,

id. Dom. 8. Hence, * nŏtātus, a, um, P. a., marked, perceptible:

notatior similitudo,

Auct. Her. 3, 22, 37 Orell. (al. notior).

nunc, adv. [Sanscr. nu, nūnam, now; Gr. nu, nun; cf. Lat. num, with demonstr. -ce], now, at present, at this time (prop of that which is present to the speaker or writer).

In gen.

Contrasted with past time (opp. tum, tunc, antea, quondam, aliquando, olim, etc.):

longe aliam, inquam, praebes nunc atque olim,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 53; Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 4:

alium esse censes nunc me atque olim,

id. And. 3, 3, 13:

omnia, quae sunt conclusa nunc artibus, dispersa quondam fuerunt,

Cic. de Or 1, 42, 187:

sed tu illum animum nunc adhibe, quaeso, quo me tum esse oportere censebas,

id. Fam. 6, 1, 16; Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 24; Verg. A. 6, 776: sed erat tunc excusatio oppressis;

nunc nulla est,

Cic. Phil. 7, 5, 14; Liv. 4, 34, 6; 4, 25, 13:

arx minus aliquanto nunc munita quam antea,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5, 13: nunc si videtur, hoc;

illud alias,

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 23; Liv. 29, 18, 18; Suet. Tib. 29:

aut nunc... aut aliquando,

Cic. Mil. 25, 67:

ante hoc tempus numquam... sed nunc,

id. Ac. 1, 1, 3.—

Contrasted with future time (opp. postea, mox, olim, etc.):

Cluentio nisi nunc satisfecero, postea satisfaciendi potestas non erit,

Cic. Clu. 4, 10; Liv. 39, 19, 6:

deos nunc testes esse, mox fore ultores,

id. 3, 2, 4; 3, 25, 8:

qui olim nominabitur, nunc intellegitur,

Quint. 10, 1, 104; Verg. A. 4, 627; cf. Liv. 40, 15, 4.—

Absol. of present time, without suggestion of contrast, = hodie, nostro tempore:

nunc tibi pater hic est,

Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 21:

Marcellus, qui nunc aedilis curulis est,

Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57.— With the interrog. ne, in the form nun-cine (for num-ce-ne;

ante-class.): hem, nuncin demum?

Ter. And. 4, 1, 59.—

Strengthened by demum, denique, primum (v. h. vv.):

nunc demum intellego,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 62; Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 12:

nunc demum rescribo his litteris,

Cic. Att. 16, 3, 1:

tantum accessit, ut mihi nunc denique amare videar, antea dilexisse,

id. ib. 14, 17, A, 5; id. Fam. 9, 14, 11; Ov. A. A. 3, 121:

nunc, quam rem oratum huc veni, primum proloquar,

Plaut. Am. prol. 50; 2, 2, 63; 2, 2, 52:

nunc primum hoc aures tuae crimen accipiunt?

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 8, § 24; 2, 2, 60, § 147:

hoc quoque propter tuos ternos denarios nunc primum postulatur,

id. ib. 2, 3, 25, § 63.—

In special phrases.

Ut nunc est, as things now are, in the present state of affairs, as matters stand: constitui, ut nunc est, cum exercitu proficisci, Poll. ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 31, 17:

quae (causae) si manebunt... et, ut nunc est, mansurae videntur,

Cic. Att. 12, 29, 1:

suaviter, ut nunc est, inquam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 5.—

Qui nunc sunt, the men of this time, those now living, the present age:

judiciis, qui nunc sunt. hominum,

Cic. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 15, § 43; Plin. 22, 25, 71, § 147; cf.:

tace stulta: non tu nunc hominum mores vides?

of the men of this day, Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 57.—

Nunc ipsum, just now, at this very time:

quin nunc ipsum non dubitabo rem tantam abicere si id erit rectius,

Cic. Att. 7, 3, 2; 8, 9, 2; 12, 40, 2:

nunc tamen ipsum,

id. ib. 12, 16, 11.—Nunc repeated with emphasis:

nunc, nunc o liceat crudelem abrumpere vitam,

Verg. A. 8, 579 (al. nunc o nunc);

5, 189: nunc, nunc adeste, nunc in hostiles domos Iram vertite,

Hor. Epod. 5, 53.—

Transf.

Of past or future time, conceived as present, now, at that time.

Of past time:

id adeo nos nunc factum invenimus,

Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 46: item Menandri Phasma nunc nuper dedit (Gr. nun arti), Ter. Eun. prol. 9:

nunc in causā refrixit,

Cic. Planc. 23, 55:

quos ego campos antea nitidissimos vidissem, hos ita vastatos nunc videbam, ut, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

nunc reus erat apud Crassum,

id. Att. 2, 24, 4:

cum eum antea tui similem in dicendo viderim, tum vero nunc... multo videbam similiorem,

id. Brut. 71, 250:

incerto nunc etiam exitu victoriae signa intulerunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 62, 6; 6, 40, 6: nunc Saliaribus Ornare pul vinar deorum Tempus erat dapibus, Hor C. 1, 37, 2.—Esp. in orat. obliq., where the nunc of direct narration is retained: dixit, nunc demum se voti esse damnatum, Nep Timol. 5, 3; Liv. 3, 19, 8; 3, 40, 10; 8, 33, 18; 8, 34, 3;

42, 52, 8: nec nunc adulteria objecturum ait,

Tac. A. 11, 30; cf. Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 14, 35; Krebs, Antibarb. p. 774. —

Of future time (rare):

quis nunc te adibit? Cui videberis bella? Quem nunc amabis?

Cat. 8, 16 sq.; Just. 8, 2, 10.—

Of the state of affairs, the condition of the argument, etc., now, under these circumstances, in view of this.

In gen.:

nunc quoniam hominem generavit et ornavit deus, perspicuum sit, etc.,

Cic. Leg. 1, 9, 27; Prop. 4, 9, 73:

vera igitur illa sunt nunc omnia,

Cic. Ac. 2, 33, 106:

non ego nunc vereor, ne sis mihi vilior istis,

Prop. 1, 2, 25; Ov. F. 1, 333:

nunc itaque et versus et cetera ludicra pono,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 10:

quid nunc?

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 71; id. Aul. 2, 3, 77.—

Introducing a fact or conclusion opposed to a previous supposition or thought:

etiamsi ad vos esset singulos aliquid ex hoc agro perventurum, tamen honestius eum vos universi quam singuli possideretis. Nunc vero cum ad nos nihil pertineat, etc.,

Cic. Agr. 2, 31, 85; id. Tusc. 3, 1, 2; id. Cat. 2, 7, 16; id. Font. 11, 24: si ecastor nunc habeas quod des, alia verba perhibeas;

nunc quia nihil habes, maledictis te eam ductare postulas,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 36; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 8; Quint. 8, 6, 48; 10, 5, 7; Liv. 21, 40, 3:

quodsi Mazaeus supervenisset, ingens clades accipi potuit: nunc, dum ille segnis in eo tumulo sedet, etc.,

Curt. 4, 12, 15.—

Nunc... nunc, now... now; at one time, at another; sometimes... sometimes:

tribuni plebis nunc fraudem, nunc neglegentiam consulum accusabant,

Liv. 4, 2:

nunc hac parte, nunc illā,

id. 34, 13:

ut nunc in liminibus starent, nunc errabundi domos suas pervagarentur,

id. 1, 29:

nunc hos, nunc illos aditus omnemque pererrat Arte locum,

Verg. A. 5, 441; 5, 189:

nunc huc, nunc illuc curro,

Ov. H. 10, 19.—Also thrice repeated:

nunc ad prima signa, nunc in medium, nunc in ultimo agmine aderat,

Curt. 7, 3, 17; Just. 4, 1, 4;

and even five times,

Sen. Dial. 5 (Ira), 3, 6.—The first nunc is sometimes poetically omitted: pariterque sinistros, Nunc dextros solvere sinus, Verg. A. [p. 1228] 5, 830.—

Nunc... mox, Vell. 2, 63.—

Nunc... postremo, Liv. 3, 49.—

Nunc... modo, Liv. 8, 32; Ov. M. 13, 922.—

In forming a climax, but now, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 8:

quae quidem multo plura evenirent, si ad quietem integri iremus: nunc onusti cibo et vino perturbata et confusa cernimus,

Cic. Div. 1, 29, 60:

si haec non ad cives Romanos, si non ad homines, verum ad bestias conqueri vellem, tamen tantā rerum atrocitate commoverentur. Nunc vero cum loquar apud senatores populi Romani, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171:

si... nunc (vero),

id. Font. 11, 25; id. Cat. 2, 7, 14; id. Fam. 15, 13, 3: cum aliquid videbatur caveri posse, tum id neglegi dolebam;

nunc vero, eversis omnibus rebus, etc.,

id. ib. 6, 21, 1: cum... nunc vero, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 19, 1.—

In a transition, to introduce a new subject, in that case, now, then: abi nunc, populi fidem implora, Auct. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 3; Sen. Ben. 5, 12, 3 sq.; 6, 35, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 17; cf. Sall. J. 14, 17; for nunciam, v. jam, I. A. 1. b.

ŏpīmus, a, um, adj. [ob, and obsolete pimo, to swell, make fat; akin to Gr. piôn, pimelê; cf. pinguis], fat, rich, plump, corpulent; of a country, etc., rich, fertile, fruitful.

Lit.:

regio opima et fertilis,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14:

campus,

Liv. 31, 41:

arva,

Verg. A. 2, 782:

Larissa,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 11:

vitis,

Plin. 14, 3, 4, § 36.—Of living beings:

boves,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 100:

victima,

Plin. 10, 21, 24, § 49:

habitus corporis,

Cic. Brut. 16, 64:

stabulis qualis leo saevit opimis,

of fat cattle, Val. Fl. 6, 613.— Comp.:

membra opimiora,

Gell. 5, 14, 25.— Sup.:

boves septem opimissimos,

Tert. ad Nat. 2, 8.—

Trop.

Enriched, rich:

opimus praedā,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 50, § 132:

accusatio,

enriching, gainful, id. Fl. 33, 81:

alterius macrescit rebus opimis,

i. e. prosperity, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 57:

cadavera,

from which their spoilers enrich themselves, Val. Fl. 3, 143:

opus opimum casibus,

rich in events, Tac. H. 1, 2.—

In gen., rich, abundant, copious, sumptuous, noble, splendid: dote altili atque opimā, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 72, 18:

divitiae,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 31:

opima praeclaraque praeda,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 3, 8:

dapes,

Verg. A. 3, 224:

quaestus,

Plin. 10, 51, 72, § 142:

palma negata macrum, donata reducit opimum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 181:

animam exhalare opimam,

victorious, Juv. 10, 281. —So esp.:

opima spolia,

the arms taken on the field of battle by the victorious from the vanquished general, the spoils of honor, Liv. 1, 10; 4, 20; cf.:

aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis Ingreditur,

Verg. A. 6, 856.—Also, in gen., the arms taken from an enemy's general in single combat, Liv. 23, 46; Verg. A. 10, 449; cf. Fest. p. 186 Müll.:

opimum belli decus,

honorable, high, noble, Curt. 7, 4, 40:

triumphus,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 51:

gloria,

Val. Max. 4, 4, 10 fin. —As subst.: ŏpīma, ōrum, n., honorable spoils, Plin. Pan. 17.—

In rhet., gross, overloaded:

opimum quoddam et tamquam adipale dictionis genus,

Cic. Or. 8, 25:

Pindarus nimis opimā pinguique facundiā esse existimabatur,

Gell. 17, 10, 8.— Hence, adv.: ŏpīmē, richly, sumptuously, splendidly (ante-class.):

instructa domus opime atque opipare,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 1, 6; Varr. L. L. 5, § 92 Müll.

ŏpīmus, a, um, adj. [ob, and obsolete pimo, to swell, make fat; akin to Gr. piôn, pimelê; cf. pinguis], fat, rich, plump, corpulent; of a country, etc., rich, fertile, fruitful.

Lit.:

regio opima et fertilis,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14:

campus,

Liv. 31, 41:

arva,

Verg. A. 2, 782:

Larissa,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 11:

vitis,

Plin. 14, 3, 4, § 36.—Of living beings:

boves,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 100:

victima,

Plin. 10, 21, 24, § 49:

habitus corporis,

Cic. Brut. 16, 64:

stabulis qualis leo saevit opimis,

of fat cattle, Val. Fl. 6, 613.— Comp.:

membra opimiora,

Gell. 5, 14, 25.— Sup.:

boves septem opimissimos,

Tert. ad Nat. 2, 8.—

Trop.

Enriched, rich:

opimus praedā,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 50, § 132:

accusatio,

enriching, gainful, id. Fl. 33, 81:

alterius macrescit rebus opimis,

i. e. prosperity, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 57:

cadavera,

from which their spoilers enrich themselves, Val. Fl. 3, 143:

opus opimum casibus,

rich in events, Tac. H. 1, 2.—

In gen., rich, abundant, copious, sumptuous, noble, splendid: dote altili atque opimā, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 72, 18:

divitiae,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 31:

opima praeclaraque praeda,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 3, 8:

dapes,

Verg. A. 3, 224:

quaestus,

Plin. 10, 51, 72, § 142:

palma negata macrum, donata reducit opimum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 181:

animam exhalare opimam,

victorious, Juv. 10, 281. —So esp.:

opima spolia,

the arms taken on the field of battle by the victorious from the vanquished general, the spoils of honor, Liv. 1, 10; 4, 20; cf.:

aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis Ingreditur,

Verg. A. 6, 856.—Also, in gen., the arms taken from an enemy's general in single combat, Liv. 23, 46; Verg. A. 10, 449; cf. Fest. p. 186 Müll.:

opimum belli decus,

honorable, high, noble, Curt. 7, 4, 40:

triumphus,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 51:

gloria,

Val. Max. 4, 4, 10 fin. —As subst.: ŏpīma, ōrum, n., honorable spoils, Plin. Pan. 17.—

In rhet., gross, overloaded:

opimum quoddam et tamquam adipale dictionis genus,

Cic. Or. 8, 25:

Pindarus nimis opimā pinguique facundiā esse existimabatur,

Gell. 17, 10, 8.— Hence, adv.: ŏpīmē, richly, sumptuously, splendidly (ante-class.):

instructa domus opime atque opipare,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 1, 6; Varr. L. L. 5, § 92 Müll.

fŏrum, i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to accord with locus, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root Sanscr. dhar-, support; dhar-as, mountain, etc.; Lat. forma, fortis, frenum, etc.; lit., a place or space with set bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149], what is out of doors, an outside space or place; in partic., as opp. the house, a public place, a market-place, market (cf.: macellum, emporium, velabrum): forum sex modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis locus, ut forum Flaminium, forum Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, quod etiam locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum populo agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, forum agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id forum antiqui appellabant, quod nunc vestibulum sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, locus in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. forus). Sexto, fori significant et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus etiam minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, foras dare, et fores, foras et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, [p. 774] Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.

In gen., an open space.

The area before a tomb, fore-court:

quod (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, vestibulum sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—

The part of the wine-press in which the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—

Plur.: fora = fori, the gangways of a ship, Gell. ap. Charis. 55 P.—

In partic., a public place, market-place.

A market, as a place for buying and selling:

quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, forum appellarunt. Ubi quid generatim (i. e. secundum singula genera), additum ab eo cognomen, ut forum boarium, forum olitorium, cupedinis, etc.... Haec omnia posteaquam contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus locus: appellatum macellum, etc.,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.

forum boarium, the cattlemarket, between the Circus Maximus and the Tiber, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A part of this was probably the forum suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—

forum olitorium, the vegetable-market, south of the theatre of Marcellus, between the Tiber and the Capitoline hill;

here stood the columna lactaria, at which infants were exposed,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. Here was probably the forum coquinum also, in which professional cooks offered their services in preparing special entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—

forum piscarium (or piscatorium), the fish-market, between the basilica Porcia and the Temple of Vesta, Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—

forum cuppedinis, the market for dainties, between the via sacra and the macellum, Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the similar market in another town, App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places where markets were held, a market-town, market-place:

L. Clodius, pharmacopola circumforaneus, qui properaret, cui fora multa restarent, simul atque introductus est, rem confecit,

Cic. Clu. 14, 40:

oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebratum,

Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti foro, you knew how to make your market, i. e. how to act for your advantage, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. Don. ad loc.—

The market-place, forum, in each city, as the principal place of meeting, where public affairs were discussed, courts of justice held, money transactions carried on:

statua ejus (Anicii) Praeneste in foro statuta,

Liv. 23, 19, 18; hence also, transf., to denote affairs of state, administration of justice, or banking business. In Rome esp. the forum Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also forum magnum, vetus, or, oftener, absol., forum, Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a low, open artificial level, about six hundred and thirty Parisian feet long, and rather more than a hundred wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of money-changers (argentariae), in later times surrounded with fine buildings, and adorned with numberless statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451):

in foro infumo boni homines atque dites ambulant,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14:

in foro turbaque,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17:

arripere verba de foro,

to pick them up in the street, id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

in vulgus et in foro dicere,

id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24):

cum Decimus quidam Verginius virginem filiam in foro sua manu interemisset,

id. Rep. 2, 37:

in forum descendere,

id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28):

foro nimium distare Carinas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48:

fallacem Circum vespertinumque pererro Saepe forum,

id. S. 1, 6, 114:

forumque litibus orbum,

id. C. 4, 2, 44:

Hostes in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1:

gladiatores ad forum producti,

id. B. C. 1, 14, 4:

ut primum forum attigerim,

i. e. engaged in public affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3:

studia fori,

Tac. Agr. 39: forum putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the grave affairs of state, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering justice in the forum: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20:

ut pacem cum bello, leges cum vi, forum et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.:

quod (tempus) in judiciis ac foro datur,

Quint. 10, 7, 20:

nec ferrea jura Insanumque forum aut populi tabularia vidit,

Verg. G. 2, 502:

forum agere,

to hold a court, hold an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4:

lenta fori pugnamus harena,

Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.— Poet. transf.:

indicitque forum et patribus dat jura vocatis,

Verg. A. 5, 758:

civitates, quae in id forum convenerant,

to that court - district, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38:

extra suum forum vadimonium promittere,

beyond his district, id. ib. 2, 3, 15, §

38.—Prov.: egomet video rem vorti in meo foro,

is pending in my own court, affects me nearly, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10:

in alieno foro litigare,

i. e. not to know what to do, which way to turn, Mart. 12 praef. —Of the transaction of business in the forum:

haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

quousque negotiabere? annos jam triginta in foro versaris,

id. Fl. 29, 70:

sublata erat de foro fides,

id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.:

nisi, etc.... nos hunc Postumum jam pridem in foro non haberemus,

i. e. he would have been a bankrupt long ago, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere foro, to quit the market, i. e. to become bankrupt, Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. Justice was administered in Rome not only in the forum Romanum, but also, in the times of the emperors, in the forum (Julii) Caesaris (erected by Julius Caesar, Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the forum Augusti (erected by the Emperor Augustus, Suet. Aug. 29, and adorned with a fine ivory statue of Apollo, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27);

called simply forum,

Juv. 1, 128 (where Apollo is called juris peritus, in allusion to the judicial proceedings held here); hence, circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so,

quae (verba) trino juvenis foro tonabas,

Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and:

erit in triplici par mihi nemo foro,

Mart. 3, 38, 4:

vacuo clausoque sonant fora sola theatro,

Juv. 6, 68.—

Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a name of many market and assize towns, nine of which, in Etruria, are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The most celebrated are,

Forum Ăliēni, a town in Gallia Transpadana, now Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—

Forum Appii, a market-town in Latium, on the Via Appia, near Tres Tavernae, now Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—

Forum Aurēlium, a small city near Rome, on the Via Aurelia, now Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—

Forum Cornēlium, a town in Gallia Cispadana, now Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Forocorneliensis, e, adj.:

ager,

Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—

Forum Gallōrum, a town in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Bononia, now Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—

Forum Jūlii, a town in Gallia Narbonensis, a colony of the eighth legion, now Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojuliensis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian:

colonia,

i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In plur.: Forojulienses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—

Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 miles from Forum Julii, in the Pyrenees, now, acc. to some, Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.

praetĕr-ĕo, īvi, and more freq. ĭi, ĭtum, īre ( fut. praeteriet, Vulg. Sap. 1, 8; id. Ecclus. 39, 37; Juvenc. 4, 159), v. n. and a.

To go by or past, to pass by:

si nemo hac praeteriit,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 15:

ut arbitri sint, qui praetereant per vias,

id. Merc. 5, 4, 46:

praeteriens modo,

in passing by, Ter. And. 1, 5, 18:

quasi praeteriens satisfaciam universis,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 50; cf. id. Brut. 54, 200:

te praetereunte,

Juv. 3, 275.—Of impers. and abstract subjects: nec, quae praeteriit, iterum revocabitur unda nec quae praeteriit hora;

redire potest,

Ov. A. A. 3, 63:

nocte hac, quae praeteriit, proxima,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 3.—So of time:

biennium praeteriit cum ille cubitum nullum processerit,

Cic. Att. 13, 12, 3:

tertius jam praeteriit annus, cum interim, etc.,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 1, 7.—

To be lost, disregarded, perish, pass away, pass without attention or fulfilment (late Lat.):

aut unus apex non praeteribit de lege,

Vulg. Matt. 5, 8:

figura hujus mundi,

id. 1 Cor. 7, 31; id. Eccl. 1, 4; 7, 1.—

Act., to go by or past, to pass by, overtake, pass a person or thing.

Lit.:

praeterire pistrinum,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27:

jam hunc non ausim praeterire,

id. As. 3, 4, 15:

hortos,

Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 3:

jam hos cursu, jam praeterit illos,

Verg. A. 4, 157:

Maura Pudicitiae cum praeterit aram,

Juv. 6, 308.— Pass.:

praeterita est virgo,

Ov. M. 10, 680.—Of inanim. subjects:

ripas Flumina praetereunt,

flow past their banks, Hor. C. 4, 7, 3.—

Trop.

To pass by an evil, to escape a danger:

nescis, quid mali Praeterieris,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 4.—

With neutr. adj., or a clause as subject, to escape one, i. e. to escape one's knowledge, be unknown to one:

non me praeterit... me longius prolapsum esse,

Cic. Caecin. 35, 101:

sed te non praeterit, quam sit difficile,

id. Fam. 1, 8, 2: nec dubitamus multa esse, quae et nos praeterierint, Plin. H. N. praef. § 18.—

To pass by or over, i. e.

To pass over, leave out, omit, not mention:

quae nunc ego omnia praetereo ac relinquo,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 106:

ut hoc praeteream, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 3, 77, §

178: omitto jurisdictionem contra leges, caedes relinquo, libidines praetereo,

id. Prov. Cons. 3, 6:

et quod paene praeterii, Bruti tui causā feci omnia,

what I had nearly failed to mention, id. Att. 6, 3, 5:

aliquid silentio,

id. Brut. 22, 88:

praeteream, referamne tuum... Dedecus?

Ov. F. 6, 319:

ut nihil praeteream,

Plin. 2, 98, 101, § 220:

ne quid praetereatur,

id. 16, 10, 20, § 50.—

To pass over, omit, make no use of:

locus, qui praeteritus neglegentiā est,

Ter. Ad. prol. 14.—

To pass over, to omit, leave out, in reading or writing, Mart. 13, 3, 8:

litteras non modo, sed syllabas praeterit,

Suet. Aug. 88.—

To neglect or forget to do a thing, to omit, leave out, in action; with inf.:

verum, quod praeterii dicere, neque illa matrem, etc.,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 68:

quod sciscitari paene praeterivi,

App. M. 3, p. 139, 22.—With acc.:

nullum genus crudelitatis praeterire,

to leave unpractised, Cic. Phil. 3, 2, 4.— Pass.:

tantā vi dixisse ut nulla pars orationis silentio praeteriretur,

left without applause, Cic. Brut. 22, 88.—

In elections. legacies, invitations, donations, etc., to pass over, take no notice of, to neglect, reject, exclude any one:

populus solet nonnumquam dignos praeterire: nec, si a populo praeteritus est, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 3, 8:

cum sapiens et bonus vir suffragiis praeteritur,

id. Tusc. 5, 19, 54:

Philippus et Marcellus praetereuntur,

were passed by, received no appointment, Caes. B. C. 1, 6:

fratris filium praeteriit,

has passed by, bequeathed nothing to, Cic. Phil. 2, 16, 41:

me quoque Romani praeteriere patres,

neglected me, forgot me, Ov. F. 5, 312:

quid repente factum, Quod sum praeteritus vetus sodalis?

Mart. 7, 86, 5:

si eum (filium) silentio praeterierit, inutiliter testabitur,

Gai. Inst. 2, 123.—

To go beyond, to surpass, excel:

hos nobilitate Mago Carthaginiensis praeteriit,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1:

virtus alios tua praeterit omnes,

Ov. P. 4, 7, 51:

ut Ajax praeteriit Telamonem,

Juv. 14, 214.—

To transgress:

justum praeterit ira modum,

due limits, Ov. F. 5, 304. —Hence,

praetĕrĕunter, adv., in passing, cursorily (eccl. Lat.):

loqui,

Aug. Tractat. 118, in Joann.—

praetĕrĭ-tus, a, um, P. a., gone by, past, past and gone, departed:

nec praeteritum tempus unquam revertitur,

Cic. Sen. 19, 69:

aetas,

id. ib. 2, 4:

anni,

Verg. A. 8, 560:

nox, Prop 2, 11 (3, 6), 9: culpa,

Ov. H. 20, 187:

labor,

Quint. 10, 7, 4:

secula,

id. 12, 4, 2:

vita,

Just. 42, 1:

viri,

dead and gone, departed, Prop. 2, 10, 52 (3, 5, 36):

negotiantes veniā in praeteritum donavit,

for the past, for their past conduct, Suet. Dom. 9:

praeteritā noc. te,

last night, Juv. 10, 235.—In gram.: tempus praeteritum, the past or preterit tense:

quaedam verba etiam mutantur, ut fero in praeterito,

Quint. 1, 4, 29.— Subst.: prae-tĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things gone by, the past:

sevocatus animus a contagione corporis meminit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura praevidet,

Cic. Div. 1, 30, 63; id. Fat. 7, 14:

monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet: praeterita se fratri condonare dicit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

invidiam praeteritorum contemptu praesentium demere,

Just. 21, 5, 10.—Prov.:

praeterita mutare non possumus,

Cic. Pis. 25, 59 init. —In partic., Praetĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things passed over (Gr. paraleipomena), a name of the books of Chronicles, because they contain what had been omitted in the books of Kings, Hier. Ep. 18, n. 1.

praetĕr-ĕo, īvi, and more freq. ĭi, ĭtum, īre ( fut. praeteriet, Vulg. Sap. 1, 8; id. Ecclus. 39, 37; Juvenc. 4, 159), v. n. and a.

To go by or past, to pass by:

si nemo hac praeteriit,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 15:

ut arbitri sint, qui praetereant per vias,

id. Merc. 5, 4, 46:

praeteriens modo,

in passing by, Ter. And. 1, 5, 18:

quasi praeteriens satisfaciam universis,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 50; cf. id. Brut. 54, 200:

te praetereunte,

Juv. 3, 275.—Of impers. and abstract subjects: nec, quae praeteriit, iterum revocabitur unda nec quae praeteriit hora;

redire potest,

Ov. A. A. 3, 63:

nocte hac, quae praeteriit, proxima,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 3.—So of time:

biennium praeteriit cum ille cubitum nullum processerit,

Cic. Att. 13, 12, 3:

tertius jam praeteriit annus, cum interim, etc.,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 1, 7.—

To be lost, disregarded, perish, pass away, pass without attention or fulfilment (late Lat.):

aut unus apex non praeteribit de lege,

Vulg. Matt. 5, 8:

figura hujus mundi,

id. 1 Cor. 7, 31; id. Eccl. 1, 4; 7, 1.—

Act., to go by or past, to pass by, overtake, pass a person or thing.

Lit.:

praeterire pistrinum,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27:

jam hunc non ausim praeterire,

id. As. 3, 4, 15:

hortos,

Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 3:

jam hos cursu, jam praeterit illos,

Verg. A. 4, 157:

Maura Pudicitiae cum praeterit aram,

Juv. 6, 308.— Pass.:

praeterita est virgo,

Ov. M. 10, 680.—Of inanim. subjects:

ripas Flumina praetereunt,

flow past their banks, Hor. C. 4, 7, 3.—

Trop.

To pass by an evil, to escape a danger:

nescis, quid mali Praeterieris,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 4.—

With neutr. adj., or a clause as subject, to escape one, i. e. to escape one's knowledge, be unknown to one:

non me praeterit... me longius prolapsum esse,

Cic. Caecin. 35, 101:

sed te non praeterit, quam sit difficile,

id. Fam. 1, 8, 2: nec dubitamus multa esse, quae et nos praeterierint, Plin. H. N. praef. § 18.—

To pass by or over, i. e.

To pass over, leave out, omit, not mention:

quae nunc ego omnia praetereo ac relinquo,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 106:

ut hoc praeteream, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 3, 77, §

178: omitto jurisdictionem contra leges, caedes relinquo, libidines praetereo,

id. Prov. Cons. 3, 6:

et quod paene praeterii, Bruti tui causā feci omnia,

what I had nearly failed to mention, id. Att. 6, 3, 5:

aliquid silentio,

id. Brut. 22, 88:

praeteream, referamne tuum... Dedecus?

Ov. F. 6, 319:

ut nihil praeteream,

Plin. 2, 98, 101, § 220:

ne quid praetereatur,

id. 16, 10, 20, § 50.—

To pass over, omit, make no use of:

locus, qui praeteritus neglegentiā est,

Ter. Ad. prol. 14.—

To pass over, to omit, leave out, in reading or writing, Mart. 13, 3, 8:

litteras non modo, sed syllabas praeterit,

Suet. Aug. 88.—

To neglect or forget to do a thing, to omit, leave out, in action; with inf.:

verum, quod praeterii dicere, neque illa matrem, etc.,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 68:

quod sciscitari paene praeterivi,

App. M. 3, p. 139, 22.—With acc.:

nullum genus crudelitatis praeterire,

to leave unpractised, Cic. Phil. 3, 2, 4.— Pass.:

tantā vi dixisse ut nulla pars orationis silentio praeteriretur,

left without applause, Cic. Brut. 22, 88.—

In elections. legacies, invitations, donations, etc., to pass over, take no notice of, to neglect, reject, exclude any one:

populus solet nonnumquam dignos praeterire: nec, si a populo praeteritus est, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 3, 8:

cum sapiens et bonus vir suffragiis praeteritur,

id. Tusc. 5, 19, 54:

Philippus et Marcellus praetereuntur,

were passed by, received no appointment, Caes. B. C. 1, 6:

fratris filium praeteriit,

has passed by, bequeathed nothing to, Cic. Phil. 2, 16, 41:

me quoque Romani praeteriere patres,

neglected me, forgot me, Ov. F. 5, 312:

quid repente factum, Quod sum praeteritus vetus sodalis?

Mart. 7, 86, 5:

si eum (filium) silentio praeterierit, inutiliter testabitur,

Gai. Inst. 2, 123.—

To go beyond, to surpass, excel:

hos nobilitate Mago Carthaginiensis praeteriit,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1:

virtus alios tua praeterit omnes,

Ov. P. 4, 7, 51:

ut Ajax praeteriit Telamonem,

Juv. 14, 214.—

To transgress:

justum praeterit ira modum,

due limits, Ov. F. 5, 304. —Hence,

praetĕrĕunter, adv., in passing, cursorily (eccl. Lat.):

loqui,

Aug. Tractat. 118, in Joann.—

praetĕrĭ-tus, a, um, P. a., gone by, past, past and gone, departed:

nec praeteritum tempus unquam revertitur,

Cic. Sen. 19, 69:

aetas,

id. ib. 2, 4:

anni,

Verg. A. 8, 560:

nox, Prop 2, 11 (3, 6), 9: culpa,

Ov. H. 20, 187:

labor,

Quint. 10, 7, 4:

secula,

id. 12, 4, 2:

vita,

Just. 42, 1:

viri,

dead and gone, departed, Prop. 2, 10, 52 (3, 5, 36):

negotiantes veniā in praeteritum donavit,

for the past, for their past conduct, Suet. Dom. 9:

praeteritā noc. te,

last night, Juv. 10, 235.—In gram.: tempus praeteritum, the past or preterit tense:

quaedam verba etiam mutantur, ut fero in praeterito,

Quint. 1, 4, 29.— Subst.: prae-tĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things gone by, the past:

sevocatus animus a contagione corporis meminit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura praevidet,

Cic. Div. 1, 30, 63; id. Fat. 7, 14:

monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet: praeterita se fratri condonare dicit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

invidiam praeteritorum contemptu praesentium demere,

Just. 21, 5, 10.—Prov.:

praeterita mutare non possumus,

Cic. Pis. 25, 59 init. —In partic., Praetĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things passed over (Gr. paraleipomena), a name of the books of Chronicles, because they contain what had been omitted in the books of Kings, Hier. Ep. 18, n. 1.

praetĕr-ĕo, īvi, and more freq. ĭi, ĭtum, īre ( fut. praeteriet, Vulg. Sap. 1, 8; id. Ecclus. 39, 37; Juvenc. 4, 159), v. n. and a.

To go by or past, to pass by:

si nemo hac praeteriit,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 15:

ut arbitri sint, qui praetereant per vias,

id. Merc. 5, 4, 46:

praeteriens modo,

in passing by, Ter. And. 1, 5, 18:

quasi praeteriens satisfaciam universis,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 50; cf. id. Brut. 54, 200:

te praetereunte,

Juv. 3, 275.—Of impers. and abstract subjects: nec, quae praeteriit, iterum revocabitur unda nec quae praeteriit hora;

redire potest,

Ov. A. A. 3, 63:

nocte hac, quae praeteriit, proxima,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 3.—So of time:

biennium praeteriit cum ille cubitum nullum processerit,

Cic. Att. 13, 12, 3:

tertius jam praeteriit annus, cum interim, etc.,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 1, 7.—

To be lost, disregarded, perish, pass away, pass without attention or fulfilment (late Lat.):

aut unus apex non praeteribit de lege,

Vulg. Matt. 5, 8:

figura hujus mundi,

id. 1 Cor. 7, 31; id. Eccl. 1, 4; 7, 1.—

Act., to go by or past, to pass by, overtake, pass a person or thing.

Lit.:

praeterire pistrinum,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27:

jam hunc non ausim praeterire,

id. As. 3, 4, 15:

hortos,

Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 3:

jam hos cursu, jam praeterit illos,

Verg. A. 4, 157:

Maura Pudicitiae cum praeterit aram,

Juv. 6, 308.— Pass.:

praeterita est virgo,

Ov. M. 10, 680.—Of inanim. subjects:

ripas Flumina praetereunt,

flow past their banks, Hor. C. 4, 7, 3.—

Trop.

To pass by an evil, to escape a danger:

nescis, quid mali Praeterieris,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 4.—

With neutr. adj., or a clause as subject, to escape one, i. e. to escape one's knowledge, be unknown to one:

non me praeterit... me longius prolapsum esse,

Cic. Caecin. 35, 101:

sed te non praeterit, quam sit difficile,

id. Fam. 1, 8, 2: nec dubitamus multa esse, quae et nos praeterierint, Plin. H. N. praef. § 18.—

To pass by or over, i. e.

To pass over, leave out, omit, not mention:

quae nunc ego omnia praetereo ac relinquo,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 106:

ut hoc praeteream, quod, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 3, 77, §

178: omitto jurisdictionem contra leges, caedes relinquo, libidines praetereo,

id. Prov. Cons. 3, 6:

et quod paene praeterii, Bruti tui causā feci omnia,

what I had nearly failed to mention, id. Att. 6, 3, 5:

aliquid silentio,

id. Brut. 22, 88:

praeteream, referamne tuum... Dedecus?

Ov. F. 6, 319:

ut nihil praeteream,

Plin. 2, 98, 101, § 220:

ne quid praetereatur,

id. 16, 10, 20, § 50.—

To pass over, omit, make no use of:

locus, qui praeteritus neglegentiā est,

Ter. Ad. prol. 14.—

To pass over, to omit, leave out, in reading or writing, Mart. 13, 3, 8:

litteras non modo, sed syllabas praeterit,

Suet. Aug. 88.—

To neglect or forget to do a thing, to omit, leave out, in action; with inf.:

verum, quod praeterii dicere, neque illa matrem, etc.,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 68:

quod sciscitari paene praeterivi,

App. M. 3, p. 139, 22.—With acc.:

nullum genus crudelitatis praeterire,

to leave unpractised, Cic. Phil. 3, 2, 4.— Pass.:

tantā vi dixisse ut nulla pars orationis silentio praeteriretur,

left without applause, Cic. Brut. 22, 88.—

In elections. legacies, invitations, donations, etc., to pass over, take no notice of, to neglect, reject, exclude any one:

populus solet nonnumquam dignos praeterire: nec, si a populo praeteritus est, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 3, 8:

cum sapiens et bonus vir suffragiis praeteritur,

id. Tusc. 5, 19, 54:

Philippus et Marcellus praetereuntur,

were passed by, received no appointment, Caes. B. C. 1, 6:

fratris filium praeteriit,

has passed by, bequeathed nothing to, Cic. Phil. 2, 16, 41:

me quoque Romani praeteriere patres,

neglected me, forgot me, Ov. F. 5, 312:

quid repente factum, Quod sum praeteritus vetus sodalis?

Mart. 7, 86, 5:

si eum (filium) silentio praeterierit, inutiliter testabitur,

Gai. Inst. 2, 123.—

To go beyond, to surpass, excel:

hos nobilitate Mago Carthaginiensis praeteriit,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1:

virtus alios tua praeterit omnes,

Ov. P. 4, 7, 51:

ut Ajax praeteriit Telamonem,

Juv. 14, 214.—

To transgress:

justum praeterit ira modum,

due limits, Ov. F. 5, 304. —Hence,

praetĕrĕunter, adv., in passing, cursorily (eccl. Lat.):

loqui,

Aug. Tractat. 118, in Joann.—

praetĕrĭ-tus, a, um, P. a., gone by, past, past and gone, departed:

nec praeteritum tempus unquam revertitur,

Cic. Sen. 19, 69:

aetas,

id. ib. 2, 4:

anni,

Verg. A. 8, 560:

nox, Prop 2, 11 (3, 6), 9: culpa,

Ov. H. 20, 187:

labor,

Quint. 10, 7, 4:

secula,

id. 12, 4, 2:

vita,

Just. 42, 1:

viri,

dead and gone, departed, Prop. 2, 10, 52 (3, 5, 36):

negotiantes veniā in praeteritum donavit,

for the past, for their past conduct, Suet. Dom. 9:

praeteritā noc. te,

last night, Juv. 10, 235.—In gram.: tempus praeteritum, the past or preterit tense:

quaedam verba etiam mutantur, ut fero in praeterito,

Quint. 1, 4, 29.— Subst.: prae-tĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things gone by, the past:

sevocatus animus a contagione corporis meminit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura praevidet,

Cic. Div. 1, 30, 63; id. Fat. 7, 14:

monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet: praeterita se fratri condonare dicit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

invidiam praeteritorum contemptu praesentium demere,

Just. 21, 5, 10.—Prov.:

praeterita mutare non possumus,

Cic. Pis. 25, 59 init. —In partic., Praetĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things passed over (Gr. paraleipomena), a name of the books of Chronicles, because they contain what had been omitted in the books of Kings, Hier. Ep. 18, n. 1.

prae-texo, xŭi, xtum, 3, v. a., to weave before or in front, to fringe, edge, border.

Lit. (mostly poet.):

purpura saepe tuos fulgens praetexit amictus,

Ov. P. 3, 8, 7:

glaucas comis praetexere frondes,

weave around, Val. Fl. 3, 436; Plin. 16, 1, 1, § 4:

praetexit arundine ripas Mincius,

Verg. E. 7, 12:

litora curvae Praetexunt puppes,

id. A. 6, 5:

fontem violis, Claud. Cons. Prob. et Olybr. 249: limina ramis, Rapt. Pros. 2, 320: ripam ulvis,

Aus. Idyll. 10, 45:

sicubi odoratas praetexit amaracus umbras,

spreads over, Col. 10, 297.—In mid. force:

utraeque nationes Rheno praetexuntur,

border on the Rhine, Tac. G. 34.—

Transf.

To place before or in front (syn.:

praetendo, praepono): in his voluminibus auctorum nomina praetexui, Plin. praef. § 21: auctores quos praetexuimus volumini huic,

id. 18, 25, 57, § 212:

tibi maximus honor excubare pro templis, postibusque praetexi,

i. e. that your statues stand before the temples, Plin. Pan. 52.—

To border, to furnish, provide, or adorn with any thing: ex primo versu cujusque sententiae primis litteris illius sententiae carmen omne praetexitur, the whole poem is bordered (like an acrostic) with the initial letters from the first verse of every sentence (oracle), Cic. Div. 2, 54, 112: omnia quae aguntur acerrime, lenioribus principiis natura praetexuit, has provided with, etc., id. de Or. 2, 78, 317:

praetexta quercu domus,

Ov. F. 4, 953; 5, 567:

summaque praetexat tenuis fastigia chartae, Indicet ut nomen, littera facta, meum,

let my name be inscribed upon it, Tib. 3, 1, 11.—

Trop.

To allege as an excuse, to pretend, to assign as a pretext (syn. causor):

cupiditatem triumphi,

Cic. Pis. 24, 56:

nomina speciosa,

Tac. H. 1, 72.—With acc. and inf.:

ubicumque ipsi essent, praetexentes esse rempublicam,

Vell. 2, 62, 3:

Tigellinus T. Vinii potentia defensus, praetexentis, servatam ab eo filiam,

Tac. H. 1, 72.—

To cover, cloak, conceal, disguise with any thing:

hoc praetexit nomine culpam,

Verg. A. 4, 172:

funera sacris,

id. ib. 4, 500:

fraudem blando risu,

Claud. Ruf. 1, 99.—Hence, praetextus, a, um, P. a., clothed with or wearing the toga praetexta:

praetextus senatus (for praetextā in dutus),

Prop. 4 (5), 1, 11:

pubes,

Aus. Prof. 18, 7.—

In partic.

Toga praetexta, and (post-Aug.) absol.: praetexta, ae, f., the outer garment, bordered with purple, worn at Rome by the higher magistrates and by free-born children till they assumed the toga virilis, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 14, § 36; 2, 1, 44, § 113; id. Q. Fr. 2, 12, 2; Liv. 27, 37; 33, 42; Plin. 9, 39, 63, § 136; 33, 1, 4, § 10 et saep.: praetextā pullā nulli alii licebat uti, quam ei, qui funus faciebat, Paul. ex Fest. p. 236 Müll.—Hence,

praetexta, ae, f. (sc. fabula), a tragedy, because celebrated Romans (like Brutus, Decius, Marcellus) were represented in it:

nostri vestigia Graeca Ausi deserere, et celebrare domestica facta, Vel qui praetextas vel qui docuere togatas,

Hor. A. P. 286; Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 3:

praetextam legere,

id. ib. 10, 32, 5.—

praetextum, i, n.

An ornament, as something wrought or fastened in front (post - Aug.):

pulcherrimum reipublicae praetextum,

Sen. Ep. 71, 9.—

A pretence, [p. 1436] pretext, excuse (post-Aug.; cf.:

species, simulatio): et praetextum quidem illi civilium armorum hoc fuit: causas autem alias fuisse opinantur,

Suet. Caes. 30: ad praetextum mutatae voluntatis, under pretext or color of, id. Aug. 12:

ipse Ravennam devertit praetexto classem alloquendi,

under pretext, Tac. H. 2, 100:

praetexto reipublicae,

id. ib. 3, 80; Sen. Contr. 4, 25, 14.

rēs, rei (rēi with e long; gen., Lucr. 2, 112; 548; 6, 918; dat., id. 1, 688; 2, 236; rei, gen., monosyl. at the end of the verse, Lucr. 3, 918;

and in the middle of the verse,

id. 4, 885, and Poët. ap. Lact. 6, 6), f. [ etym. dub.; perh. root ra- of reor, ratus; cf. Germ. Ding; Engl. thing, from denken, to think; prop., that which is thought of; cf. also logos, Lid. and Scott, 9], a thing, object, being; a matter, affair, event, fact, circumstance, occurrence, deed, condition, case, etc.; and sometimes merely = something (cf.: causa, ratio, negotium).

In gen.:

unde initum primum capiat res quaeque movendi,

Lucr. 1, 383; cf. id. 1, 536:

in partes res quaeque minutas Distrahitur,

id. 2, 826: summe Sol, qui omnes res inspicis, Enn. ap. Prob. Verg. E. 6, 31 (Trag. v. 321 Vahl.):

versus, quos ego de Rerum Naturā pangere conor,

Lucr. 1, 25; cf. id. 1, 126; 5, 54:

rerum natura creatrix,

id. 2, 1117:

divinarum humanarumque rerum, tum initiorum causarumque cujusque rei cognitio,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (v. divinus):

haeret haec res,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 182:

profecto, ut loquor, ita res est,

id. ib. 2, 1, 19:

haud mentior, resque uti facta dico,

id. ib. 2, 1, 23:

de Alcumenā ut rem teneatis rectius,

id. ib. prol. 110:

in tantis rebus (sc. in re publicā defendendā),

Cic. Rep. 1, 3, 4 et saep.:

quo Averna vocantur nomine, id ab re Impositum est, quia sunt avibus contraria cunctis,

from the nature of the thing, Lucr. 6, 740; cf. id. 6, 424; Liv. 1, 17:

si res postulabit,

the condition of the case, Cic. Lael. 13, 44: scaena rei totius haec, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 11, 3:

fugam in se nemo convertitur Nec recedit loco, quin statim rem gerat,

does his duty, stands his ground, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 84; so, res gerere, v. gero; hence, too, rerum scriptor, for a historian, v. scriptor, and cf. II. H. infra.—

With adj. of quality, to express condition, etc.:

illic homo a me sibi malam rem arcessit,

is bringing a bad business on himself, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 171; so,

res mala,

a wretched condition, Sall. C. 20, 13; and more freq. in plur.:

bonis tuis rebus meas res irrides malas,

circumstances, condition, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 45; id. Rud. 3, 3, 12:

res secundae,

good fortune, Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 30; cf. Liv. 3, 9:

res prosperae,

Nep. Dion, 6, 1; id. Eum. 5, 1:

in secundissimis rebus,

Cic. Off. 1, 26, 91:

adversae res,

id. ib. 1, 26, 90; Hor. S. 2, 2, 136; 2, 8, 73:

res belli adversae,

Liv. 10, 6:

res dubiae,

Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; Liv. 2, 50; 7, 30;

v. bonus, florens, salvus, adversus, dubius, novus, arduus, etc.— Freq. in curses, etc.: in malam rem,

go to the bad, Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 37; id. And. 2, 1, 17:

malam rem hinc ibis?

id. Eun. 3, 3, 30.—

With an adj. in a periphrasis:

abhorrens ab re uxoriā,

matrimony, Ter. And. 5, 1, 10:

in arbitrio rei uxoriae,

dowry, Cic. Off. 1, 15, 61:

rem divinam nisi compitalibus... ne faciat,

a religious act, act of worship, a sacrifice, Cato, R. R. 5, 4:

bellicam rem administrari majores nostri nisi auspicato noluerunt,

Cic. Div. 2, 36, 76; Hor. C. 4, 3, 6:

erat ei pecuaria res ampla et rustica,

Cic. Quint. 3, 12: res rustica, agriculture:

rei rusticae libro primo,

Col. 11, 1, 2; id. 1, praef. §

19: liber, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

Cic. Sen. 15, 54:

navalis rei certamina,

naval battles, Amm. 26, 3, 5:

res militaris,

Cic. Rab. Post. 1, 2:

rei militaris gloria,

id. Mur. 9, 22; Nep. Milt. 8, 4:

res frumentaria,

forage, Caes. B. C. 3, 16; id. B. G. 1, 23; 4, 7:

armatae rei scientissimus,

Amm. 25, 4, 7:

peritus aquariae rei,

id. 28, 2, 2:

res judicaria,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 12, § 31:

res ludicra,

play, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 180:

uti rebus veneriis,

Cic. Sen. 14, 47; Nep. Alc. 11, 4:

res Veneris,

Lucr. 2, 173; Ov. R. Am. 431; v. also familiaris, judiciaria, militaris, navalis, etc., and cf. II. G. infra. —

With pronouns or adjectives, as an emphatic periphrase for the neutr.:

ibi me inclamat Alcumena: jam ea res me horrore afficit,

this now, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 16; cf.: De. Estne hoc, ut dico? Li. Rectam instas viam:

Ea res est,

it is even so, id. As. 1, 1, 40:

de fratre confido ita esse ut semper volui. Multa signa sunt ejus rei,

of it, Cic. Att. 1, 10, 5: quos (melittônas) alii melittotropheia appellant, eandem rem quidam mellaria. Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 12:

sunt ex te quae scitari volo, Quarum rerum, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 13; cf. Caes. B. G. 3, 4:

quibus de rebus quoniam nobis contigit ut aliquid essemus consecuti,

Cic. Rep. 1, 8, 13:

quā super re interfectum esse Hippotem dixisti? Pac. ap. Fest. s. v. superescit, p. 244: resciscet Amphitruo rem omnem,

every thing, all, Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 30:

nulla res tam delirantes homines concinat cito,

nothing, id. Am. 2, 2, 96; cf.:

neque est ulla res, in quā, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9; cf.

also: sumptu ne parcas ullā in re, quod ad valetudinem opus sit,

id. Fam. 16, 4, 2:

magna res principio statim bello,

a great thing, a great advantage, Liv. 31, 23 fin.:

nil admirari prope res est una Solaque, quae, etc.,

the only thing, only means, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 1 et saep. — Emphatically with sup.:

scilicet rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma,

the most beautiful thing in the world, Verg. G. 2, 534; Quint. 1, 12, 16 Spald. p. 81. —

Of persons, etc.: est genus hominum, qui esse primos se omnium rerum volunt,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

maxime rerum,

Ov. H. 9, 107; cf.:

maxima rerum Roma,

Verg. A. 7, 602; Ov. M. 13, 508:

fortissima rerum animalia,

id. ib. 12, 502:

pulcherrime rerum,

id. H. 4, 125; id. A. A. 1, 213; id. M. 8, 49:

dulcissime rerum,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 4.—

In adverb. phrases:

e re natā melius fieri haud potuit,

after what has happened, Ter. Ad. 3, 1, 8:

pro re natā,

according to circumstances, Cic. Att. 7, 8, 2; 14, 6, 1:

pro tempore et pro re,

Caes. B. G. 5, 8:

factis benignus pro re,

according to circumstances, Liv. 7, 33, 3; Sall. J. 50, 2:

pro re pauca loquar,

Verg. A. 4, 337; Lucr. 6, 1280:

ex re et ex tempore,

Cic. Fam. 12, 19, 3:

e re respondi,

Cat. 10, 8.

In partic.

Pregn., an actual thing, the thing itself, reality, truth, fact; opposed to appearance, mere talk, the mere name of a thing:

ecastor, re experior, quanti facias uxorem tuam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 10:

desiste dictis nunc jam miseram me consolari: Nisi quid re praesidium apparas, etc.,

id. Rud. 3, 3, 21: rem ipsam loqui. Ter. And. 1, 2, 31:

rem fabulari,

Plaut. Trin 2, 4, 87:

nihil est aliud in re,

in fact, Liv. 10, 8, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.:

se ipsa res aperit,

Nep. Paus. 3, 7:

ex re decerpere fructus,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 79;

opp. verbum, vox, opinio, spes, nomen, etc.: rem opinor spectari oportere, non verba,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; cf.: te rogo, ut rem potiorem oratione ducas, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 5:

non modo res omnes, sed etiam rumores cognoscamus,

Cic. Att. 5, 5, 1:

qui hos deos non re, sed opinione esse dicunt,

id. N. D. 3, 21, 53:

Peripateticos et Academicos nominibus differentes, re congruentes,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 15:

quod nos honestum, illi vanum... verbis quam re probabilius vocant,

Quint. 3, 8, 22; Sen. Ep. 120, 9:

eum, tametsi verbo non audeat, tamen re ipsā de maleficio suo confiteri,

id. Rosc. Am. 42, 123; cf. Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 15:

vides quantum distet argumentatio tua ab re ipsā atque a veritate,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 44. — Hence, abl. sing., often strengthened by verā (sometimes as one word, reverā), in fact, really, in truth, indeed, in reality:

haec ille, si verbis non audet, re quidem verā palam loquitur,

Cic. Quint. 17, 56; so,

re quidem verā,

id. Clu. 19, 54; id. Sest. 7, 15:

re autem verā,

id. Fam. 1, 4, 2;

and simply re verā,

id. Quint. 2, 7; id. Div. 2, 54, 110; id. Balb. 3, 7:

re verāque,

Lucr. 2, 48; cf.:

et re verā,

indeed, in fact, Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1; Liv. 33, 11, 3; 35, 31, 12; 36, 6, 1; Nep. Ages. 2, 3; id. Phoc. 3, 3; Curt. 3, 13, 5; 4, 16, 19; Val. Max. 9, 13, ext. 1; Just. 5, 1, 8; 12, 13, 10; Plin. Ep. 6, 33, 1.—

Effects, substance, property, possessions:

mihi Chrysalus Perdidit filium, me atque rem omnem Meam,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 26; cf.: Ph. Habuitne rem? Ly. Habuit. Ph. Qui eam perdidit... Mercaturamne an venales habuit, ubi rem perdidit? id. Trin. 2, 2, 49 sq.:

quibus et re salvā et perditā profueram,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 27:

rem talentum decem,

id. Phorm. 2, 3, 46; Juv. 3, 16:

avidior ad rem,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51:

rem facere,

to make money, Cic. Att. 2, 2, 12:

res eos jampridem, fides deficere nuper coepit,

id. Cat. 2, 5, [p. 1576] 10:

qui duo patrimonia accepisset remque praeterea bonis et honestis rationibus auxisset,

id. Rab. Post. 14, 38:

libertino natum patre et in tenui re,

in narrow circumstances, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 20 et saep.; v. also familiaris.— In plur.: quantis opibus, quibus de rebus, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 396 Vahl.):

privatae res,

Cic. Att. 9, 7, 5.—

Hence, law t. t., whatever may be the subject of a right, whether corporeal or incorporeal (v. Sandars, Introd. to Just. Inst. p. 42 sqq.):

res corporales,

Just. Inst. 2, 2, 1 sq.; Gai. Inst. 2, 12; Dig. 1, 8, 1:

res in patrimonio, res extra patrimonium,

Just. Inst. 2, 1 pr.; Gai. Inst. 2, 1:

res sanctae,

Just. Inst. 2, 1, 10; v. also mancipium, privatus, etc.—

Benefit, profit, advantage, interest, weal:

res magis quaeritur, quam, etc.,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 6:

melius illi consulas quam rei tuae,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 98:

haec tuā re feceris,

to your advantage, id. Capt. 2, 2, 46.— Most freq. with the prepositions in, ex, ob, ab, etc.:

quasi istic minor mea res agatur quam tua,

is interested, affected, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 113 (v. ago):

si in rem tuam esse videatur,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 2:

vide si hoc in rem deputas,

id. ib. 3, 3, 19:

quod in rem recte conducat tuam,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 26:

si in remst utrique,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 14:

quid mihi melius est, quid magis in rem est, quam? etc.,

useful, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 1:

tamen in rem fore credens universos adpellare,

Sall. C. 20, 1:

omnia quae in rem videbantur esse,

Curt. 6, 2, 21:

ad conparanda ea quae in rem erant,

Liv. 30, 4, 6:

imperat quae in rem sunt,

id. 26, 44, 7; 22, 3, 2:

ex tuā re non est, ut ego emoriar,

for your advantage, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 102: An. Non pudet Vanitatis? Do. Minime, dum ob rem, to the purpose, with advantage, Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 41: ob rem facere, usefully, with advantage or profit, Sall. J. 31, 5: subdole blanditur, ab re Consulit blandiloquentulus, contrary to his interest, i. e. to his injury, Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12 Brix ad loc.:

haud id est ab re aucupis,

id. As. 1, 3, 71:

haec haud ab re duxi referre,

Liv. 8, 11, 1:

non ab re esse Quinctio visum est interesse, etc.,

id. 35, 32, 6; Plin. 27, 8, 35, § 57; Suet. Aug. 94; Gell. 18, 4, 6; 1, 26, 4; Macr. S. 1, 4, 19.—

Cause, reason, ground, account; only in the connection eā (hac) re, and eam ob rem, adverb., therefore, on that account:

eā re tot res sunt, ubi bene deicias,

Cato, R. R. 158, 2:

hac re nequeunt ex omnibus omnia gigni, Quod, etc.,

Lucr. 1, 172; cf.:

illud eā re a se esse concessum, quod, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 34, 111:

patrem exoravi, tibi ne noceat, neu quid ob eam rem succenseat,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 39; cf.:

quoi rei?

for what purpose? id. As. 3, 2, 43; id. Poen. 2, 3, 3.—Hence (by uniting into one word) the causal adverbs quare and quamobrem, v. h. vv.—

An affair, matter of business, business:

cum et de societate inter se multa communicarent et de totā illā ratione atque re Gallicanā,

Cic. Quint. 4, 15:

rem cum aliquo transigere,

id. Clu. 13, 39. —

Hence, transf., in gen.: res alicui est cum aliquo,

to have to do with any one, Cic. Rosc. Am. 30, 84; id. Sest. 16, 37; id. Fam. 9, 20, 2; Caes. B. G. 7, 77; cf.:

famigeratori res sit cum damno et malo,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 182 Brix ad loc.— Also without a dat.:

quoniam cum senatore res est,

Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 3;

esp., in mal. part.: rem habere cum aliquo or aliquā,

to have to do with any one, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 35; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 39; 58. —Ellipt.:

jam biennium est, quom mecum rem coepit,

Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 15. —

A case in law, a lawsuit, cause, suit (more gen. than causa):

ubi res prolatae sunt,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 1, 10:

res agi,

id. Men. 4, 2, 19; id. Aul. 3, 4, 13:

quibus res erat in controversiā, ea vocabatur lis,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 93; cf.

(prob. in allusion to this legal form): tot homines... statuere non potuisse, utrum diem tertium an perendinum... rem an litem dici oporteret,

Cic. Mur. 12, 27; cf.

also: quarum rerum litium causarum condixit pater patratus, etc., an ancient formula,

Liv. 1, 32:

de rebus ab aliquo cognitis judicatisque dicere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 48, § 118:

pecunias capere ob rem judicandam,

id. Fin. 2, 16, 54:

si res certabitur olim,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 27; 1, 10, 15; 1, 9, 41; id. Ep. 1, 16, 43:

tractu temporis futurum, ut res pereat,

Dig. 3, 3, 12:

rem differre,

ib. 43, 30, 3: res judicata dicitur, quae finem controversiarum pronuntiatione judicis accipit, ib. 42, 1, 1 et saep.—

An affair, esp. a battle, campaign, military operations; in phrase rem (or res) gerere:

res gesta virtute,

Cic. Fin. 5, 23, 66:

ut res gesta est ordine narrare,

Ter. Ad. 3, 5, 3:

his rebus gestis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 8:

res gerere,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 33:

rem bene gerere,

id. ib. 1, 8, 1; Ter. Ad. 5, 1, 13:

comminus rem gerunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 44:

res gestae,

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 7; 2, 1, 251:

adversus duos simul rem gerere,

Liv. 21, 60:

rem male gerere,

Nep. Them. 3, 3; Hor. S. 2, 3, 74:

in relatione rerum ab Scythis gestarum,

Just. 2, 1, 1; cf.:

rem agere,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 4; id. A. P. 82:

ante rem,

before the battle, Liv. 4, 40:

cum Thebanis sibi rem esse existimant,

Nep. Pel. 1, 3; Cic. Sest. 16, 37.—

Acts, events, as the subject of narration, a story, history:

res in unam sententiam scripta,

Auct. Her. 1, 12, 20:

cui lecta potenter erit res,

Hor. A. P. 40; id. S. 1, 10, 57; id. Ep. 1, 19, 29:

in medias res auditorem rapere,

id. A. P. 148; 310:

agitur res in scaenis,

id. ib. 179; cf.:

numeros animosque secutus, non res,

id. Ep. 1, 19, 25; Phaedr. 5, 1, 12:

sicut in rebus ejus (Neronis) exposuimus,

Plin. 2, 83, 85, § 199:

litterae, quibus non modo res omnis, sed etiam rumores cognoscamus,

Cic. Att. 5, 5, 1:

res populi Romani perscribere, Liv. praef. § 1: res Persicae,

history, Nep. Con. 5, 4; id. Cat. 3, 2.—

Res publica, also as one word, respublica, the common weal, a commonwealth, state, republic (cf. civitas); also, civil affairs, administration, or power, etc.: qui pro republicā, non pro suā obsonat, Cato ap. Ruf. 18, p. 210; cf.:

erat tuae virtutis, in minimis tuas res ponere, de re publicā vehementius laborare,

Cic. Fam. 4, 9, 3:

dummodo ista privata sit calamitas et a rei publicae periculis sejungatur,

id. Cat. 1, 9; cf.:

si re publicā non possis frui, stultum est nolle privatā,

id. Fam. 4, 9, 4:

egestates tot egentissimorum hominum nec privatas posse res nec rem publicam sustinere,

id. Att. 9, 7, 5 (v. publicus); Cato ap. Gell. 10, 14, 3: auguratum est, rem Romanam publicam summam fore, Att. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 22, 45:

quo utiliores rebus suis publicis essent,

Cic. Off. 1, 44, 155:

commutata ratio est rei totius publicae,

id. Att. 1, 8, 4: pro republicā niti, Cato ap. Charis. p. 196 fin.:

merere de republicā,

Plaut. Am. prol. 40:

de re publicā disputatio... dubitationem ad rem publicam adeundi tollere, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

oppugnare rem publicam,

id. Cael. 1, 1; id. Har. Resp. 8, 15; id. Sest. 23, 52:

paene victā re publicā,

id. Fam. 12, 13, 1:

delere rem publicam,

id. Sest. 15, 33; Lact. 6, 18, 28.—Esp. in the phrase e re publicā, for the good of the State, for the public benefit:

senatūs consultis bene et e re publicā factis,

Cic. Phil. 3, 12, 30:

ea si dicam non esse e re publicā dividi,

id. Fam. 13, 8, 2; id. Mil. 5, 14; Liv. 8, 4, 12; 25, 7, 4; 34, 34, 9; Suet. Rhet. 1 init. —Post-class. and rare, also ex republicā, Gell. 6, 3, 47; 11, 9, 1;

but exque is used for euphony (class.): id eum recte atque ordine exque re publicā fecisse,

Cic. Phil. 3, 15, 38; 5, 13, 36; 10, 11, 26.— In plur.:

eae nationes respublicas suas amiserunt, C. Gracch. ap. Fest. s. h. v. p. 286 Müll.: hoc loquor de tribus his generibus rerum publicarum,

Cic. Rep. 1, 28, 44:

circuitus in rebus publicis commutationum,

id. ib. 1, 29, 45 et saep.—

Sometimes simply res, the State (in the poets, and since the Aug. per. in prose): unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 24, 84 (Ann. v. 313 Vahl.):

hic (Marcellus) rem Romanam sistet,

Verg. A. 6, 858; cf.:

nec rem Romanam tam desidem umquam fuisse,

Liv. 21, 16; 1, 28:

parva ista non contemnendo majores nostri maximam hanc rem fecerunt,

id. 6, 41 fin.:

Romana,

Hor. C. S. 66; id. Ep. 1, 12, 25; Ov. M. 14, 809; Sall. C. 6, 3; cf.:

ut paulo ante animum inter Fidenatem Romanamque rem ancipitem gessisti,

Liv. 1, 28 fin.:

Albana,

id. 1, 6.— In plur.:

res Asiae evertere,

Verg. A. 3, 1:

custode rerum Caesare,

Hor. C. 4, 15, 17; cf.:

res sine discordiā translatae,

Tac. H. 1, 29; so (also in Cic.), rerum potiri, v. potior. —

Res novae, political changes, a revolution, etc.; v. novus.

rūmor, ōris, m. [cf. Gr. ôruô, to howl; orumagdos, din; Sanscr. root ru-, roar; ravas, uproar; Lat.: raucus, rudo].

Lit., the talk of the many, whether relating facts or expressing opinions.

Common talk, unauthenticated report, hearsay, rumor (the prevalent and class. signif.; used equally in sing. and plur.; syn.: fama, sermo); absol., or with a mention of its purport.

Absol.: est hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti mercatores in oppidis vulgus circumsistat, quibusque ex regionibus veniant quasque ibi res cognoverint, pronuntiare cogant. His rumoribus atque auditionibus permoti de summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt, quorum eos e vestigio poenitere necesse est;

cum incertis rumoribus serviant, et plerique ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant,

Caes. B. G. 4, 5; cf.:

aliquid rumore ac famā accipere... falsis rumoribus terreri,

id. ib. 6, 20:

multa rumor perferet,

Cic. Fam. 2, 8, 1; cf.

also, in the description of the house of Fame, in Ovid: mixtaque cum veris passim commenta vagantur Milia rumorum confusaque verba volutant,

Ov. M. 12, 55 (v. the passage in its connection):

rumoribus mecum pugnas,

Cic. N. D. 3, 5, 9:

rumores Africanos excipere,

id. Deiot. 9, 25:

senatus vulgi rumoribus exagitatus,

Sall. C. 29, 1:

multa rumor fingebat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 53:

addunt et affingunt rumoribus Galli, quod res poscere videbatur,

id. B. G. 7, 1:

frigidus a Rostris manat per compita rumor,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 50 et saep. —

With the purport of the rumor introduced by an object- or relative-clause; by de, rarely by gen.

Postquam populi rumorem intelleximus, Studiose expetere vos Plautinas fabulas, etc., Plaut. Cas. prol. 11: cum interea rumor venit, Datum iri gladiatores; populus convolat, etc., Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 31; id. Heaut. prol. 16:

crebri ad eum rumores afferebantur litterisque item Labieni certior fiebat, omnes Belgas contra populum Romanum conjurare, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 2, 1:

meum gnatum rumor est amare,

Ter. And. 1, 2, 14; cf.:

rem te valde bene gessisse rumor erat,

Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; id. Att. 16, 5, 1:

serpit hic rumor: Scis tu illum accusationem cogitare? etc.,

id. Mur. 21, 45:

crebro vulgi rumore lacerabatur, tamquam viros et insontes ob invidiam aut metum exstinxisset,

Tac. A. 15, 73:

subdito rumore, tamquam Mesopotamiam invasurus,

id. ib. 6, 36.—

With de:

nihil perfertur ad nos praeter rumores de oppresso Dolabellā,

Cic. Fam. 12, 9, 1:

de Aeduorum defectione rumores afferebantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 59:

de vitā imperatoris dubii rumores allati sunt,

Liv. 28, 24:

graves de te rumores,

Cic. Deiot. 9, 25:

exstinctis rumoribus de auxiliis legionum,

Caes. B. C. 1, 60 fin. —

With gen. (very rare):

cenae rumor,

Suet. Aug. 70:

belli civilis rumores,

Tac. H. 3, 45: rumor prostratae regi pudicitiae Suet. Caes. 2.—

Common or general opinion, current report, the popular voice; and objectively, fame, reputation (less freq. but class.):

famam atque rumores pars altera consensum civitatis et velut publicum testimonium vocat: altera sermonem sine ullo certo auctore dispersum, cui malignitas initium dederit, incrementum credulitas,

Quint. 5, 3, 1; cf.:

adversus famam rumoresque hominum si satis firmus steteris, etc.,

Liv. 22, 39:

qui erit rumor populi, si id feceris?

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 18:

totam opinionem (populi) parva nonnumquam commutat aura rumoris,

Cic. Mur. 17, 35: rumoribus adversa in pravitatem, secunda in casum, fortunam in temeritatem, declinando corrumpebant, with their slanders, misrepresentations, Sall. Fragm. ap. Non. 385, 3:

quos rumor asperserat, ii, etc.,

Curt. 10, 31, 18:

rumorem quendam et plausum popularem esse quaesitum,

Cic. Clu. 47, 131:

rumori servire,

Plaut. Trin, 3, 2, 14; cf. in the lusus verbb. with rumen: ego rumorem parvi facio, dum sit rumen qui impleam, Pompon. ap. Non. 18, 15:

omnem infimae plebis rumorem affectavit,

Tac. H. 2, 91:

Marcellus adverso rumore esse,

Liv. 27, 20:

flagret rumore malo cum Hic atque ille,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 125; Tac. H. 2, 93 fin.: invidiam alicui concitare secundo populi rumore, with the concurring or favorable judgment, with the approbation, Fenest. ap. Non. 385, 17; so, rumore secundo, Suev. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1; old poet in Cic. Div. 1, 16, 29; Verg. A. 8, 90; Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 9; cf.:

aliquid accipere secundo rumore,

Tac. A. 3, 29:

claro apud volgum rumore erat,

id. ib. 15, 48.—

Transf., a murmuring, murmur of a stream:

amoena fluenta Subterlabentis tacito rumore Mosellae,

Aus. Mos. 22.

scĭo, īvi, ītum, 4 (old imperf. scibam, Plaut. As. 2, 2, 34; 2, 4, 89; id. Ps. 1, 5, 84; 1, 5, 86; Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 68; id. Phorm. 4, 1, 16:

scibas,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 24; id. Ps. 1, 5, 85:

scibat,

id. Am. prol. 22; Lucr. 5, 934:

scibatis,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 47:

scibant,

Lucr. 5, 949; 5, 953; Cat. 68, 85.— Fut. scibo, Plaut. As. 1, 1, 13; id. Most. 4, 3, 5; id. Men. 2, 3, 35; 5, 2, 57; id. Ps. 1, 2, 41; 1, 5, 65; id. Truc. 2, 6, 69; Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 58; id. Ad. 3, 3, 7; 5, 2, 5; id. Hec. 2, 2, 4:

scibis,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 22; id. Ep. 2, 2, 101; 5, 1, 49; id. Mil. 4, 8, 55; id. Ps. 4, 4, 2; id. Poen. 5, 4, 57; id. Pers. 2, 2, 37; id. Rud. 2, 3, 35; Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 35; id. Heaut. 5, 2, 43:

scibit,

Cato, R. R. 5, 5; Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 69; 1, 2, 51; id. Mil. 3, 2, 46; Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 38:

scibimus,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 57:

scibunt,

id. Poen. 2, 16.— Perf. sciit, Sen. Contr. 1, 1, 17.— Pass. scibitur, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 5:

scin' for scisne,

id. Am. 1, 1, 200; 2, 2, 39; 5, 1, 30; id. As. 3, 3, 113; id. Aul. 1, 1, 8 et saep.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 47; 3, 1, 47; 4, 6, 6; 4, 7, 30 et saep.— Perf. sync. scisti, Ov. A. A. 1, 131; id. F. 4, 527:

scirint,

Tac. Dial. 33; so, regularly, inf. scisse, e. g. Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 58; cf. Quint. 1, 6, 17), v. a. [root sci-; Gr. keiô (for skeiô), keazô, to split, divide; cf.: scisco, plebiscitum, etc., prop. to distinguish, discern].

Lit.

In gen., to know, in the widest signif. of the word; to understand; perceive; to have knowledge of or skill in any thing, etc.:

plurimā mutatione figuramus, Scio, Non ignoro, et Non me fugit, et Non me praeterit, et Quis nescit? et Nemini dubium est. Sed etiam ex proximo mutuari licet. Nam et intellego et sentio et video saepe idem valent quod scio,

Quint. 10, 1, 13 (freq. in all styles and periods; cf. nosco).

With acc.:

aut scire istarum rerum nihil, aut, etiam si maxime sciemus, nec, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 32:

ut vilicus naturam agri novit, dispensator litteras scit, etc.,

id. ib. 5, 3, 5:

quod nec didicerint nec umquam scire curaverint,

id. ib. 1, 6, 11:

ego omnem rem scio Quemadmodum est,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 69:

id equidem ego certo scio,

id. ib. 3, 3, 33:

quod pro certo sciam,

id. ib. 3, 4, 13: Mi. Ubi ipse est? Ch. Nescio. Nihil jam me oportet scire... nescio etiam id quod scio, id. ib. 4, 6, 21:

haec scivisti et me celavisti?

id. Pers. 5, 2, 19:

is omnes linguas scit: sed dissimulat sciens, Se scire,

id. Poen. prol. 112 (cf. supra, litteras, Cic. Rep. 5, 3, 5): comoediam, Titin. ap. Non. 277, 26:

bene id opus,

id. ib. 3, 21:

artem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 44:

juventutis mores qui sciam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 2: remuneremini nos, ac quae scitis, proferatis in me dium:

nemo enim omnia potest scire,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 2; cf.:

nec scire fas est omnia,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 22:

SENATVOSQVE SENTENTIAM VTEI SCIENTES ESETIS, S. C. de Bacch. 23, ap. Wordsw. Fragm. and Spec. p. 173: quod scio, omne ex hoc scio,

I know all from him, Plaut. Curc. 2, 2, 7:

aliquid ex aliquo,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 45; id. Most. 3, 2, 58; Cic. Fam. 9, 17, 1; id. Att. 5, 2, 3 al. (v. infra, g and d; and cf. in the foll., with de instead of ex):

quod sciam,

for aught I know, as far as I know, Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 70; 2, 2, 15; id. Most. 4, 3, 19; id. Men. 2, 2, 23; 3, 2, 35 al.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 7; Cic. Att. 16, 2, 4; Quint. 9, 1, 17; 9, 4, 63 al.; cf.:

quantum ego quidem sciam,

Quint. 3, 1, 19.— Pass.:

quod quom scibitur, per urbem irridebor,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 5:

ars earum rerum est, quae sciuntur,

Cic. de Or. 2, 7, 30:

an nihil certum sciri possit,

id. ib. 1, 51, 222: id de Marcello aut certe de Postumiā sciri potest, can be learned from Marcellus, etc., id. Att. 12, 22, 2.—

With inf., or more freq. with object-clause:

qui uti sciat,

Cic. Rep. 1, 17, 27:

si sciret regibus uti,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 14:

antequam declamare sciat,

Quint. 2, 1, 3:

si docere sciant et velint,

id. 10, 5, 19:

digredi a re et redire ad propositum suum scierit,

id. 9, 2, 4 et saep.:

vincere scis, Hannibal,

Liv. 22, 51, 4:

qui nec ipse consulere nec alteri parere sciat,

id. 22, 29, 8:

qui tegere liberos sciat,

id. 1, 53, 8; 38, 52, 2; Curt. 4, 2, 14:

scio, fortunas secundas neglegentiam prendere solere, Cato ap. Fest, s.v. parsi, p. 210: dii sciunt, culpam meam istanc non esse ullam,

Plaut. Merc. 3, 4, 41:

scio, tibi ita placere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 30, 46:

quas (leges) scitis exstare,

id. ib. 5, 2, 3: scimus L. Atilium appellatum esse sapientem id. Lael. 2, 6:

scis, In breve te cogi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 7: scire licet, nobis venas et sanguen... alienigenis ex partibus esse, it is easy to see that, etc., Lucr. 1, 860 (shortly before and after, scilicet); so,

scire licet,

id. 1, 894; 2, 930; 2, 967; 3, 873 et saep.; Liv. 1, 39, 3; Cels. 1, 1 fin.; 1, 2; 3, 2 al.—So, in familiar style, imper. scito, be assured, I reply that, remember, etc.: fenestrarum angustias quod reprehendis, scito te Kurou paideian reprehendere, Cic. Att. 2, 3, 2; 12, 21, 5:

scito hoc nos in eo judicio consecutos esse, ut, etc.,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 4, 1; id. Fam. 1, 9, 24; 5, 20, 7; cf.:

istis contumeliis scitote Q. Lollium coactum, etc.,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; 2, 3, 56, § 129.—Esp., introducing a conclusion, after si, sin, nisi:

si venturus es, scito necesse esse te venire,

Cic. Fam. 9, 4 init.:

sin ista pax perditum hominem restitutura est, hoc animo scito omnis sanos, etc.,

id. ib. 10, 27, 1:

si vos semel finem legis transieritis, scitote vos nullum ceteris in aestimando finem improbitatis reliquisse,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 95, § 220; 2, 4, 30, § 68; id. Cat. 2, 10, 23.—Rarely in part. pres. (postAug.; cf. P. a., infra):

interrogant an vir daturus sit beneficium ingrato, sciens ingratum esse,

Sen. Ben. 4, 26, 1:

Laqueo vitam finiit, sciens et in Maximino multum esse roboris,

Capitol. in Max. 19:

totam hereditatem sciens ad se non pertinere,

Gai. Inst. 4, 144.— Impers.:

hoc scitis omnes, usque adeo hominem in periculo fuisse, quoad scitum sit, Sestium vivere,

Cic. Sest. 38, 82.— Pass., with nom. and inf.:

Christus scitur vocis simplicis jussione ambulatum dedisse contractis,

Arn. 1, 48.—

With a rel.-clause:

isti jam sciunt, negotii quid sit,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 13:

ut sciamus, quid dicamus mox pro testimonio,

id. ib. 3, 2, 19:

scin' quam iracundus siem?

id. Bacch. 4, 2, 12:

cuivis facile scitu est, quam fuerim miser,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 15:

cum sciatis, quo quaeque res inclinet,

Cic. Rep. 2, 25, 46:

Sestium quanti faciam, ipse optime scio,

id. Fam. 13, 8, 1:

ex tribus istis modis rerum publicarum velim scire quod optimum judices,

id. ib. 1, 30, 46:

ut eum (hostem) non modo esse, sed etiam, quis et unde sit, scire possimus,

id. ib. 2, 3, 6:

coqua est haec quidem: Scit muriatica ut maceret,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 39; Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 18; Cic. Mur. 9, 22; Hor. C. 3, 4, 42 al.:

scire velis, mea cur opuscula lector Laudet,

id. Ep. 1, 19, 35; 2, 2, 187:

quī scis, an, quae jubeam, sine vi faciat?

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 20; Hor. C. 4, 7, 17; id. A. P. 462; cf. the phrase haud scio an, under an.— Pass.:

hinc sciri potuit, Quo studio vitam suam te absente exegerit,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 38: scito... nec, [p. 1644] quando futura sint comitia, sciri, Cic. Att. 1, 11, 2.—With indic. in the rel.-clause (ante-class.): Ba. Scio, quid ago. Pi. Et pol ego scio, quid metuo, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 45; cf.:

scitin' quid ego vos rogo?

id. Men. 5, 9, 92:

scis tu, ut confringi vas cito Samium solet,

id. Bacch. 2, 2, 24:

jam ego ex hoc, ut factum est, scibo,

id. Men. 5, 2, 57; instead of which, with subj.:

ex me primo prima scires, rem ut gessissem publicam,

id. Am. 1, 3, 26:

ex hoc scibo quid siet,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 59; id. Hec. 4, 2, 4.—

With de:

jam vero de legibus, de bello, de pace... scisse,

Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 58.—

Absol.:

hi sciunt, qui hic affuerunt,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 4, 31:

quom videbis, tum scies,

id. Bacch. 1, 2, 37: Pi. Quī scire possum? Ch. Nullus plus, id. ib. 2, 2, 13:

quem, ut scitis, unice dilexi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1, 1; so,

ut scitis, parenthetically,

id. ib. 1, 14, 21; 2, 31, 54; 6, 9, 9; id. Lael. 21, 77; cf.

scio alone, parenthetically: injurato scio plus credet mihi quam jurato tibi,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 281:

ego abeo: tu jam scio patiere,

id. As. 2, 2, 111:

quam tu propediem effliges scio,

id. ib. 4, 2, 9 et saep.:

scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc sciat alter,

Pers. 1, 27:

nemo ex me scibit,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 38.— Pass.:

non opus est dicto... at scito huic opus est,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 14:

plus, quam opus est scito, sciet,

id. ib. 4, 1, 18; so, with adv. or adverb.-clause:

non tam praeclarum est scire Latine, quam turpe nescire,

Cic. Brut. 37, 140; so,

Latine,

id. Fin. 2, 4, 13; Liv. 1, 27:

luculenter Graece,

Cic. Fin. 2, 5, 15:

Graece,

id. Fam. 9, 22, 3:

ubi hanc forma videt honesta virginem, Et fidibus scire,

and that she was skilled in music, Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 53 (cf.: docere aliquem fidibus. Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 3:

discere fidibus,

id. Lael. 8, 26).—

With de:

de legibus instituendis, de bello, de pace, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 58:

cum is, qui de omnibus scierit, de Sullā se scire negavit,

id. Sull. 13, 39.—

With non (very rare for nescio; cf.:

non scire barbarum jam videtur, nescire dulcius,

Cic. Or. 47, 157):

quis enim erat qui non sciret studiosiorem Mithridatem fuisse, etc.,

id. Fl. 25, 59:

tam imperitus, ut non sciret, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44:

quid? non sciunt ipsi viam, domum quā veniant?

Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 25; Auct. Her. 4, 27, 37; Treb. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3; Sen. Contr. 2, 11, 19.—

Ellipt.: scin' quomodo? do you know how (I shall serve you)? a threatening phrase in Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 200; id. Aul. 5, 21; id. Rud. 3, 5, 18.—

In partic., of a woman, to know carnally a man (cf. of a man, cognosco), Treb. xxx. Tyr. 30.—

Transf., publicists' t. t. for the usual scisco (v. h. v. II.), of the people, to ordain, decree, appoint any thing after knowledge obtained regarding it:

ut tribunus plebis rogationem ferret sciretque plebs, uti, etc.,

Liv. 26, 33, 10 Weissenb. ad loc.; cf.:

a scire for asciscere,

Tac. Agr. 19; id. H. 4, 80.—Hence, scĭens, entis, P. a., knowing, i. e.

Pregn., knowingly, wittingly, purposely, intentionally, etc. (freq. and class.): tu verbis conceptis conjuravisti sciens sciente animo tuo, Scip. Afric. minor ap. Gell. 7, 11, 9:

ubi verbis conceptis sciens libenter perjuraris,

Plaut. As. 3, 2, 16:

amore ardeo et prudens, sciens, Vivus vidensque pereo,

Ter. Eun. 1, 1, 27; so (with prudens) Cael. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 9, A, 5; Suet. Ner. 2 fin.:

equidem plus hodie boni Feci imprudens, quam sciens ante hunc diem umquam,

Ter. Hec. 5, 4, 40; so (opp. imprudens) id. Phorm. 4, 3, 55; Cic. Planc. 16, 41; (opp. insciens) id. Balb. 5, 13:

habebit igitur te sciente et vidente curia senatorem, etc.,

id. Clu. 46, 129:

an ille me tentat sciens?

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 29; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 40; id. Ps. 1, 1, 90; id. Poen. prol. 112; Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 13; id. Heaut. 5, 5, 6 al.:

heia vero, inquit, geram morem vobis et me oblinam sciens,

Cic. Rep. 3, 5, 8 et saep.—So the formula: si sciens fallo; v. fallo.—

Knowing, understanding, acquainted with, skilled, versed, or expert in any thing (class.).

Absol.:

id ego jam nunc tibi renuntio, ut sis sciens,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 28:

quod me non scientem feceris,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 34;

Ter Heaut. 4, 8, 32: vites pampinari: sed a sciente,

Varr. R. R. 1, 31, 1:

quis igitur hoc homine scientior umquam fuit?

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

scientior venefica,

Hor. Epod. 5, 72:

quae (navis) scientissimo gubernatore utitur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 34, 58.— Sup.: sit oportet idem scientissimus, Col. 11, 1.—

With gen.:

dominum scientem esse oportet earum rerum, quae, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 1:

locorum,

Sall. J. 97, 3:

pugnae,

Hor. C. 1, 15, 24:

citharae,

id. ib. 3, 9, 10:

Latinae linguae,

Tac. A. 2, 13:

juris,

id. ib. 3, 70; 6, 26 et saep.— Sup.:

M. Scaurus, vir regendae rei publicae scientissimus,

Cic. de Or. 1, 49, 214; Vulg. 2 Par. 2, 13.—

Poet., with inf.:

quamvis non alius flectere equum sciens,

Hor. C. 3, 7, 25.— Adv.: scĭenter (acc. to B.), knowingly, understandingly, wisely, skilfully, expertly, etc.:

scienter et perite et ornate dicere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 2, 5:

uti (with modice),

id. ib. 1, 29, 132; id. Off. 2, 5, 18:

sese distribuunt in duas partes,

Caes. B. C. 1, 55.— Comp.:

neminem in eo genere scientius versatum Isocrate,

Cic. Or. 52, 175; Caes. B. G. 7, 22.— Sup.:

coepit rationem hujus operis (sphaerae) scientissime Gallus exponere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 14, 22; id. Div. 1, 41, 92.

sī (orig. and ante-class. form seī), conj. [from a pronominal stem = Gr. he; Sanscr. sva-, self; cf. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 778; Curt. Gr. Etym. 396], a conditional particle, if.

Prop.

With indic.; so in gen., in conditions which are assumed to be true, with the verb in pres. or perf.; less freq. in imperf or pluperf.; and in conditions which may probably become true, with the verb in fut. or fut. perf. (Madv. Gram. § 332; Zumpt, Gram. § 517).

Pres.: SI IN IVS VOCAT, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 25, and ap. Porphyr. Hor. S. 1, 9, 65: SI MORBVS AEVITASVE VITIVM ESCIT... SI NOLET, etc., id. ap. Gell. l. l.: spero, si speres quicquam prodesse potis sunt, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 333 Müll. (Ann. v. 410 Vahl.):

si vis, dabo tibi testes,

Cic. Rep. 1, 37, 58:

si voltis,

id. ib. 1, 28, 44:

si placet,

id. ib. 2, 44, 71;

1, 21, 34: si tuo commodo fleri potest,

id. ib. 1, 9, 14:

si studia Graecorum vos tanto opere delectant,

id. ib. 1, 18, 30:

si populus plurimum potest,

id. ib. 3, 14, 23:

si Massilienses per delectos cives summā justitiā reguntur, inest tamen, etc.,

id. ib. 1, 27, 43; cf. id. Off. 3, 8, 35:

quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspectes, si nec privata domus continere voces conjurationis tuae potest? si illustrantur, si erumpunt omnia?

id. Cat. 1, 3, 6:

si pudor quaeritur, si probitas, si fides, Mancinus haec attulit,

id. Rep. 3, 18, 28:

Si quaerimus, cur, etc.,

id. Brut. 95, 325. —Strengthened by modo:

magnifica quidem res, si modo est ulla,

Cic. Div. 1, 1, 1:

deliget populus, si modo salvus esse vult, optimum quemque,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

quae (virtus) est una, si modo est, maxime munifica,

id. ib. 3, 8, 12; id. Tusc. 2, 4, 33; id. de Or. 2, 43, 182:

si quisquam est facilis, hic est,

id. Att. 14, 1, 2:

si ulla res est, quam tibi me petente faciendam putes, haec ea sit,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 11:

SI AGNATVS NEC ESCIT, GENTILIS FAMILIAM NANCITOR, Fragm. XII. Tab. in Collat. Leg. Mos. et Rom. 16, 4: quae (libertas), si aequa non est, ne libertas quidem est,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31, 47; 1, 32, 49:

id si minus intellegitur, ex dissensionibus percipi potest,

id. Lael. 7, 23: BACANALIA SEI QVA SVNT, EXSTRAD QVAM SEI QVID IBEI SACRI EST... FACIATIS VTEI DISMOTA SIENT, S. C. de Bacch. fin.:

dicito, si quid vis, non nocebo,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 235:

si qui sunt, qui philosophorum auctoritate moveantur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

si quid generis istiusmodi me delectat, pictura delectat,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 3:

si aliquid dandum est voluptati,

id. Sen. 13, 44;

four times repeated,

id. ib. 11, 38.—So esp. after mirum est or miror, as expressing reality (= quod or cum; cf. Gr. ei):

noli mirari, si hoc non impetras,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:

ecquid mirum est, si tam ab amico animo pacem petit? Curt 4, 11, 4: miraris, si superbiam tuam ferre non possumus?

id. 8, 7, 14.—

With a negative conclusion, to denote that, although the condition is true, or is conceded, a certain inference does not follow: nec, si omne enuntiatum aut verum aut falsum est, sequitur ilico esse causas, etc.,

Cic. Fat. 12, 28:

nec. si non obstatur, propterea etiam permittitur,

id. Phil. 13, 6, 19:

si veniam meretur qui inprudens nocuit, non meretur praemium qui inprudens profuit,

Quint. 5, 10, 73:

nec ideo ignis minus urere potest, si in materiam incidit inviolabilem flammis,

Sen. Ben. 5, 5, 1.—

Imperf.:

ea si erant, magnas habebas omnibus, dis gratias,

Plaut. As. 1, 2, 17; Cic. Rep. 1, 27, 43:

si quis antea mirabatur, quid esset, quod, etc.,

id. Sest. 1.—

Perf.:

SI MEMBRVM RVPIT NI CVM EO PACIT TALIO ESTO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Fest. s. v. talio, p. 363 Müll.: si animum contulisti in istam rationem, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 23, 37:

si Roma condita est secundo anno Olympiadis septimae, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 10, 18:

quos (tyrannos) si boni oppresserunt, recreatur civitas: sin audaces, fit illa factio,

id. ib. 1, 44, 68; cf. id. ib. 1, 42, 65:

si ita sensit, ut loquitur,

id. ib. 3, 21, 32;

1, 27, 43: si modo hoc in Lycurgi potestate potuit esse,

id. ib. 2, 12, 24:

si modo in philosophiā aliquid profecimus,

id. Off. 3, 8, 37: si quis eorum [p. 1689] (servorum) sub centone crepuit, nullum mihi vitium facit, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. prohibere, p. 234 sq. Müll.:

si quid sceleste fecit,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 27:

si quam opinionem jam vestris mentibus comprehendistis, etc.,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

si quando regi justo vim populus attulit regnove eum spoliavit, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 42, 65; cf. id. ib. 1, 38, 59; id. Lael. 7, 24.—After mirum est or miror, to express a reality (cf. a, supra):

minime mirum, si ista res adhuc nostrā linguā inlustrata non est,

Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 55; id. Deiot. 4, 12:

quid mirum, si haec invitus amisi?

Tac. A. 12, 37:

miraris, si eo tempore matrona dicere potuit, escende?

Sen. Contr. 2, 13, 1:

minime est mirandum, si vita ejus fuit secura,

Nep. Cim. 4, 4.—Very often followed by certe, profecto, etc., to express a conclusion, as certain as the unquestionable assumption:

quod si fuit in re publicā tempus ullum, cum, etc., tum profecto fuit,

Cic. Brut. 2, 7:

si quisquam fuit umquam remotus ab inani laude, ego profecto is sum,

id. Fam. 15, 4, 13:

etenim si nulla fuit umquam tam imbecillo mulier animo, quae, etc., certe nos, etc.,

id. Fam. 5, 16, 6:

si umquam in dicendo fuimus aliquid, tum profecto, etc.,

id. Att. 4, 2, 2; id. Mil. 2, 4; 7, 19.—Esp. with a negative conclusion (v. a fin. supra, and cf. quia, etsi):

non, si tibi ante profuit, semper proderit,

Cic. Phil. 8, 4, 12:

non, si Opimium defendisti, idcirco te isti bonum civem putabunt,

id. de Or. 2, 40, 170:

neque enim, si tuae res gestae ceterorum laudibus obscuritatem attulerunt, idcirco Pompeii memoriam amisimus,

id. Deiot. 4, 12:

nec, si capitis dolorem facit, inutilis hominibus sol est,

Quint. 5, 10, 82.—

Pluperf.: si improbum Cresphontem existimaveras, etc., Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

nec mirum, eos si orationes turbaverant,

Liv. 32, 20, 2 (Trag. v. 156 Vahl.):

si hoc ita fato datum erat, ut,

Liv. 30, 30, 3.—So esp. in indef. clauses of repeated action:

plausum si quis eorum aliquando acceperat, ne quid peccasset pertimescebat,

whenever, Cic. Sest. 49, 105:

si quando nostri navem religaverant, hostes succurrebant,

Caes. B. C. 2, 6:

si quando suis fortunis forte desperare coeperant,

id. B. G. 3, 12.—

Fut.: SI VOLET SVO VIVITO... SI VOLET PLVS DATO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45; cf.: si voles advortere animum, comiter monstrabitur, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 89 Müll. (Trag. v. 386 Vahl.); and:

alte spectare si voles, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 6, 23, 25:

si jam eminebit foras,

id. ib. 6, 26, 29:

si me audietis,

id. ib. 1, 19, 32:

si mutuas non potero certum est sumam fenore,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 95:

id persequar, si potero, subtilius,

Cic. Rep. 2, 23, 42; cf. in the foll. z:

nihil (offendet) si modo opus exstabit,

id. ib. 5, 3, 5:

si quid te volam, ubi eris?

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 96: si quod aliud oikeion reperies, Cic. Att. 1, 10, 3.—

Fut. perf.: si te hic offendero, moriere, Enn. ap. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1 (Trag. v. 301 Vahl.):

si nostram rem publicam vobis et nascentem et crescentem ostendero,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1, 3:

tum magis assentiere, si ad majora pervenero,

id. ib. 1, 40, 62:

expediri quae restant vix poterunt, si hoc incohatum reliqueris,

id. ib. 1, 35, 55;

1, 24, 38: pergratum mihi feceris, si de amicitiā disputaris,

id. Lael. 4, 16:

accommodabo ad eam (rem publicam), si potuero, omnem illam orationem, etc.... quod si tenere et consequi potuero, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 46, 70; so,

si potuero,

id. ib. 2, 30, 53; id. Brut. 5, 21:

si potuerit,

id. Off. 3, 23, 89:

si modo id exprimere Latine potuero,

id. Rep. 1, 43, 66:

si modo interpretari potuero,

id. Leg. 2, 18, 45:

si ne ei caput exoculassitis,

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 26: si quid vos per laborem recte feceritis... Sed si quā per voluptatem nequiter feceritis, etc., Cato ap. Gell. 16, 1, 4:

de iis te, si qui me forte locus admonuerit, commonebo,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 47.—

With subj.; so in gen. of conditions assumed in statement, but implied not to be actual; the verb in pres. (rarely perf.) implies that the condition is still possible; in the imperf. and pluperf., that it is known to be unreal (Madv. Gram. § 347 sqq.; Zumpt, Gram. § 524).

Pres.:

si habeat aurum,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 12:

abire hinc nullo pacto possim, si velim,

id. ib. 2, 2, 2; so,

si velim,

Cic. Rep. 3, 10, 17:

cum ipsi auxilium ferre, si cupiant, non queant,

id. ib. 1, 5, 9:

si singulos numeremus,

id. ib. 3, 4, 7: si jus suum populi teneant, id. ib. 1, 32, 48:

si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem,

id. Lael. 3, 10:

si ad verba rem deflectere velimus,

id. Caecin. 18, 51:

si quis varias gentes despicere possit, videat primum, etc.,

id. Rep. 3, 9, 14.—In expressing a wish ( poet. for utinam), usu. with O:

O si angulus ille accedat, qui, etc.,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 8; 2, 6, 10:

O mihi praeteritos referat si Juppiter annos,

Verg. A. 8, 560;

also alone: si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus Ostendat nemore in tanto!

would that, yet if, if however, id. ib. 6, 187:

si quā fata aspera rumpas, Tu Marcellus eris,

id. ib. 6, 882; cf. b, infra.—

Imperf.:

qui si unus omnia consequi posset, nihil opus esset pluribus, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 34, 52:

quae descriptio si esset ignota vobis, explicaretur a me,

id. ib. 2, 22, 39:

si ullum probarem simplex rei publicae genus,

id. ib. 2, 23, 43:

quod non fecissent profecto, si nihil ad eos pertinere arbitrarentur,

id. Lael. 4, 13; cf. id. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 133; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 525: SEI QVES ESENT, QVEI SIBEI DEICERENT, S. C. de Bacch (twice). —Also with O, expressing a wish ( poet.):

O si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset,

Verg. A. 11, 415;

and without O: si mihi, quae quondam fuerat... si nunc foret illa juventus,

id. ib. 5, 398.—

Perf.: SI INIVRIAM FAXIT ALTERI, VIGINTI QVINQVE AERIS POENAE SVNTO, Fragm. XII. Tabularum ap. Gell. 20, 1, 12: si jam data sit frux, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 724 P. (Ann. v. 412 Vahl.):

perii, si me aspexerit!

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 164:

victus sum, si dixeris,

id. ib. 1, 1, 272:

Romani si casu intervenerint,

Caes. B. G. 7, 20, Cic. Rep. 3, 5, 8.—

Pluperf.:

si aliter accidisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 7:

tum magis id diceres, si nuper in hortis Scipionis affuisses,

id. Lael. 7, 25:

mansisset eadem voluntas in eorum posteris, si regum similitudo permansisset,

id. Rep. 1, 41, 64:

si id fecisses,

id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; 2, 15, 38; 2, 36, 90:

si quis in caelum ascendisset, etc.,

id. Lael. 23, 88:

si aliquid de summā gravitate Pompeius remisisset,

id. Phil. 13, 1, 2.—

Ellipt.

With pron. indef:

istae artes, si modo aliquid, valent, ut acuant ingenia,

Cic. Rep. 1, 18, 30:

aut nemo, aut, si quisquam, ille sapiens fuit,

id. Lael. 2, 9; id. Or. 29, 103.—

In a negation, usu. si minus, si contra (= sin minus, sin aliter):

plures haec tulit una civitas, si minus sapientes, at certe summā laude dignos,

Cic. Rep. 3, 4, 7:

educ tecum omnes tuos: si minus, quam plurimos,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 10; id. de Or. 2, 16, 68, in this sense less freq. si non:

utrum cetera nomina digesta habes an non? Si non... si etiam,

id. Rosc. Com. 3, 9:

si haec civitas est, civem esse me: si non, exsulem esse, etc.,

id. Fam. 7, 3, 5; Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 104 sq.; id. Ps. 3, 2, 87; id. Poen. 5, 2, 24; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 66; 1, 6, 68; Liv. 28, 29, 4:

hic venit in judicium, si nihil aliud, saltem ut, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 152; so, si nihil aliud, Liv 22, 29; 30, 35; 45, 37 fin., Curt. 4, 6, 28:

si aliud nihil,

id. 2, 43.—

With forte:

intelleges esse nihil a me nisi orationis acerbitatem et, si forte, raro litterarum missarum indiligentiam reprehensam,

perhaps, Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 7; cf.:

vereor, ne nihil sim tui, nisi supplosionem pedis imitatus et pauca quaedam verba et aliquem, si forte, motum,

id. de Or. 3, 12, 47.—

With quod, and if, but if, if however, if:

quod si in philosophiā tantum interest... quid tandem in causis existimandum est?

Cic. Or. 16, 51:

quod si fuit in re publicā tempus ullum... tum profecto fuit,

id. Brut. 2, 7:

quod si exemeris ex rerum naturā benevolentiae conjunctionem, nec domus ulla nec urbs stare poterit,

id. Lael. 7, 23; id. Rep. 3, 4, 7:

quod si non hic tantus fructus ostenderetur et si ex his studiis delectatio sola peteretur: tamen, etc.,

id. Arch. 7, 16; id. Cat. 2, 5, 10; id. Rosc. Com. 18, 54.—

In partic.

In subject or object-clauses, si with subj. sometimes takes the place of an inf.:

apud Graecos opprobrio fuit adulescentibus, si amatores non haberent,

Cic. Rep. 4, 3, 3: summa gloria constat ex tribus his;

si diligit multitudo, si fidem habet, etc.,

id. Off. 2, 9, 31:

unam esse spem salutis docent, si eruptione factā extremum auxilium experirentur,

Caes. B. G. 3, 5:

illud ignoscere aequum erit, si... ne tuam quidem gloriam praeponam, etc.,

Liv. 28, 41, 1; Nep. Ages. 4, 3: infinitum est, si singulos velim persequi. Sen. Q. N. 5, 17, 5; id. Tranq. 16, 2 (cf. si after mirum est, I. a. fin. supra).—

In subst. clauses, to denote a doubtful assumption or future event (cf. quod):

dixerunt, in eo verti puellae salutem, si postero die vindex injuriae ad tempus praesto esset,

Liv. 3, 46:

adjecerunt, Scipionem in eo positam habuisse spem pacis, si Hannibal et Mago ex Italiā non revocarentur,

id. 30, 23; 35, 18.—

Si with a relative takes the place of a relative clause, to express a class the existence or extent of which is doubtful: mortem proposuit, non eis solum qui illam rem gesserunt, sed eis etiam si qui non moleste tulerunt, i. e. if such there were, whether few or many, Cic. Phil. 13, 18, 39; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 9:

dixit errare, si qui in bello omnis secundos rerum proventus expectent,

Caes. B. G. 7, 29:

errat, si quis existimat facilem rem esse donare,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 24, 1; Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44; Liv. 42, 31.—

In syllogistic reasonings:

si oportet velle sapere, dare operam philosophiae convenit. Oportet autem velle sapere, etc.,

Cic. Inv. 1, 36, 65:

si enim est verum, quod ita conectitur: si quis oriente Caniculā natus est, in mari non morietur, illud quoque verum est: si Fabius oriente Canicula natus est, Fabius in mari non morietur,

id. Fat. 6, 12.—

= etiamsi, with foll. tamen, even if, although, albeit (class.):

quae si exsequi nequirem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Sen. 11, 38; cf.:

quae si causa non esset, tamen, etc.,

id. Mur. 4, 8; and:

quae si dubia essent, tamen, etc.,

Sall. J. 85, 48.—

Transf., in dependent clauses expressing an interrogation or doubt, it is nearly = num, but forms a looser connection, if, whether, if perchance (class., but very rare in Cic.):

ibo et visam huc ad eum, si forte est domi,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 5, 4; Ter. Eun. 3, 4, 7; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 118; cf. id. Phorm. 3, 3, 20:

jam sciam, si quid titubatum est, ubi reliquias videro,

Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 33; cf. id. Merc. 1, 2, 44:

fatis incerta feror, si Juppiter unam Esse velit urbem,

Verg. A. 4, 110; Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 52:

primum ab iis quaesivit, si aquam hominibus in totidem dies, quot frumentum imposuissent,

Liv. 29, 25; 39, 50:

id modo quaeritur, si (lex) majori parti et in summam prodest,

id. 34, 3; cf. id. 40, 49 fin.:

jam dudum exspecto, si tuom officium scias,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 12:

hanc (paludem) si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant,

Caes. B. G. 2, 9; id. B. C. 2, 34; cf.:

Pompeius eadem spectans, si itinere impeditos deprehendere posset,

id. ib. 3, 75:

non recusavit quo minus vel extremo spiritu, si quam opem rei publicae ferre posset, experiretur,

Cic. Phil. 9, 1, 2; cf. id. de Or. 2, 85, 398:

statui expectandum esse si quid certius adferretur,

id. Fam. 15, 1, 2:

Philopoemen quaesivit si Lycortas incolumis evasisset,

Liv. 39, 50:

expertique simul, si tela artusque sequantur,

Val. Fl. 5, 562:

Helvetii nonnumquam interdiu, saepius noctu, si perrumpere possent, conati,

Caes. B. G. 1, 8 fin.; cf.:

temptata res est, si primo impetu capi Ardea posset,

Liv. 1, 57.—