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121 ζόφος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `dark(ness), West' (Il.).Compounds: As 1. member e. g. in ζοφο-ειδής `dark-coloured' (Hp.).Derivatives: ζοφερός `dark' (Hes., Hp., Arist.), ζοφώδης `id.' (Hp., Arist.), also ζόφιος (AP), ζόφεος (v. l. Nic. Al. 501). Denomin. verb ζοφόομαι, - όω `get, make dark' (AP, Hld.) with ζόφωσις (Sch.). Cf ζέφυρος (s. v.); cf. on δνόφος etc, s. also γνόφος.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Improbable hypotheses from Vendryes REGr. 23, 74, Petersen AmJPh. 56, 59. There is no IE etymology. One often connects (DELG) ζέφυρος, which seems possible but which is not certain; one also compares δνόφος.Page in Frisk: 1,614Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ζόφος
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122 ἤπειρος
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `continent' as opposed to the sea and the islands, `coast', also in opposition to the inland (Il.), as GN Epeiros.Derivatives: ἠπειρώτης, f. - τις `inhabitant of the continent, of Asia Minor, of Epeiros' (IA; on the formation Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 128 n. 1) with ἠπειρωτικός (X.); denom. verb ἠπειρόομαι, *όω `become (part of the) continent, make to mainland' (Th., Arist.).Etymology: PGr. *α῎̄περι̯ος agrees, except for the jot-suffix with the Westgerman. word for `shore' ( Ufer), OE ōfer m. etc., PGm.. *ṓfera-, IE *ā́pero- (Lottner KZ 7, 180 a. n.; cf. Kluge-Götze s. Ufer with details). Arm. ap`n `shore' (Benveniste Origines 13) can phonetically not be connected (so is it a substratum word?). - The connection with Skt. ápara- `more backward, later' (rejected by WP. 1, 47) is taken up again by Specht Ursprung 23.Page in Frisk: 1,640Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἤπειρος
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123 θεός
Grammatical information: m. f.Meaning: `god, goddess' (Il.);Compounds: myk. te-o. Very often in compp., e. g. ἄ-θεος, θεο-ειδής; θεόσ-δοτος after Διόσ-δοτος; on the form θεσ- s. θέσκελος, θέσπις. On θεσ- as magnifying prefix in MoGr. Georgakas Άθ. 46, 97ff.Derivatives: 1. θεά f. `goddess' (ep.; details in Lommel Femininbildungen 13f., also Wackernagel Syntax 2, 25; on θεά and fem. θεός in Hom. s. Humbach Münch. Stud. zur Sprachwiss. 7, 46ff.). 2. θέαιναι pl. `goddesses' (after τέκταιναι a. o.; in Hom. as metr. filling; not with Chantraine REGr. 47, 287 n. 1 archaic form; further Schwyzer 475 w. n. 7). 3. θεῖος `divine' (Il.; cf. below) with θειώδως adv. (pap.), θειότης `godliness' (LXX, NT, Plu.), θειάζω `prophesy, honour as god' (Th.), also with prefix, e. g. ἐπι-θειάζω `swear in the name of the gods' with ( ἐπι-)θειασμός (Th.) 4. θεϊκός `id.' (late). 5. Denomin. verb θεόω, - όομαι `make to a god, become a god' (Call.), mostly with prefix, e. g. ἀπο-θεόω `id.' (pap., Plb., Plu.) with ἀποθέωσις (Str.).Etymology: The connection with Arm. di-k` pl. `gods' (Bartholomae BB 17, 348) seems probable; further to Lat. fēriae `festive days', fēstus `feastly, fānum `temple', s. W.-Hofmann s. vv.; to Skt. dhíṣṇiya- Mayrhofer KEWA s. dhiṣáṇā. Arm. di-k` would come from IE * dhēs-es, and θεός could be *dhĕs-ós; cf. θέσ-κελος; θεῖος then from *θέσ-ι̯ος (Schwyzer 467). The ē: ĕ go back on * dheh₁s-: * dhh₁s-; this explains also the Latin forms, e.g. fānum \< * fasnom \< * dʰh₁s-nom; thus Rix, Kratylos XIV (1969) [1972] 179f. - The etymology as *θϜεσ-ός with Lith. dvasià `spirit', MHG getwās `ghost' (s. on θεῖον) can be abandoned; there is no trace of the F in Greek and it is impossible in the Armenian word.Page in Frisk: 1,662-663Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θεός
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124 θολός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `mud, dirt, ink of the cattlefish' (Hp., Arist.; on the accent Schwyzer 459), also adj. `trubbled' (Ath.).Derivatives: θολερός `trubbled' (IA), θολώδης `id.' (Hp., Arist.), θολόω `make turbid, unclean' (IA) with θόλωσις `making turbid' (Arist., Gal.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: If for *θϜολός, the word can be connected with some German. terms for turbidness of the mind: primary verb OS for-dwelan `neglect, forsake', OHG gi-twelan `be deafened, linger' with several verbal nouns, e. g. OWNo. dvǫl f. `lingering', OS dwalm, OHG twalm `stupefaction', Goth. dwals `stupid'. Here also a Celtic word for `blind', e. g. OIr. dall (IE *dhu̯ol-nos or *dhu̯l-nos?). There is no indication that the IE forms are cognate. More, partly quite uncertain forms in Bq, Pok. 2 65f. - Fur. 391 compares also ὀλός `the dark sap of the cuttle-fish (Hp.).Page in Frisk: 1,677Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θολός
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125 ἱλάσκομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `appease, be merciful', perf. intr. and aor. pass. `be gracious' (Il.)Other forms: rarely ἵλαμαι (h. Hom. 19, 48; 21, 5; inf. ἵλασθαι Orph. A. 944; on the quantity of the anlauts s. below), ἱλάονται (Β 550, ἱλάεσθαι A. R. 2, 847); aor. ἱλάσ(σ)ασθαι (Il.), ἱλάξασθαι (Delph., A. R.), pass. ἱλασθῆναι (LXX); fut. ἱλάσ(σ)ομαι (Pl., Orac. ap. Paus. 8, 42, 6), ἱλάξομαι (A. R.); perf. ipv. Aeol. ἔλλαθι (gramm., B. 10, 8), pl. ἔλλατε (Call. Fr. 121); besides ἵλᾰθι, ἵλᾰτε (Theoc., A. R.), ἵληθι (γ 380, π 184), cf. below; subj. ἱλήκῃσι (φ 365), opt. ἱλήκοι etc. (h. Ap. 165, AP, Alciphr.),Compounds: Also with prefix, esp. ἐξ-,Derivatives: ἐξίλασις, ( ἐξ-)ἱλασμός (LXX), ἱλασία (inscr. Rom. empire), ( ἐξ-)ἵλασμα `appeasement, expiatory sacrifice' (LXX), ἱλάσιμος `appeasing' (M.Ant.; after ἰάσιμος a. o., Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 93), ἱλαστήριος `appeasing', - ιον `propitiatory gift' (LXX, pap.), also (analog.) ἱλατήριον ( Chron. Lind.), ἱλαστής `appeaser' (Aq., Thd.) with ἐξιλαστικός (Corn.). - Older formations: 1. ἵλαος (ep. Arc.; on the quantity of the α below), ἵλεως (Att., also Ion.), ἵλεος (Cret. since IIIa, also Hdt.), hιλέ̄Ϝο̄ι dat. (Lac., IG 5: 1, 1562, VI-Va), ἴλλαος (Aeol., gramm.) `merciful, benevolent'; Arc. `appeased'; denomin. verb ἱλαόομαι ( ΜΑΜΑ 1, 230), ἱλεῶμαι, ἱλεόομαι (A. Supp. 117 [lyr.], Pl.; cf. Schulze Kl. Schr. 324f.) `appease' with ἱλέωσις (Plu.), ἱλεωτήριον (Phot., Suid.). 2. ἱλαρός `clear, glad', also = ἵλεως (Ar., X.) with ἱλαρότης, ἱλαρία, ἱλαρόω, - ρύνω, - ρεύομαι (hell.); Lat. loan hilarus, -is. 3. ἰλλάεις, - εντος (Alc.), ἱλᾶς, - ᾶντος (Hdn. Gr., H.) = ἴλλαος, ἵλαος and lengthened (cf. Schwyzer 527). 4. ἱλάειρα f. of φλόξ and σελήνη (Emp.; quantity changing, cf. below), also ἑλάειρα (sch., Steph. Byz.) and ΕΛΕΡΑ (Kretschmer Vas. 208; s. also Schulze Kl. Schr. 716), innovation after πίειρα, κτεάτειρα, Δάειρα etc., Chantr. Form. 104, Schwyzer 543.Etymology: Decisive for the interpretation of these forms is the Aeol. imperative ἔλλαθι, ἔλλατε, for *σε-σλα-θι, - τε and so like τέ-τλα-θι, ἕ-στα-θι, δείδιθι = δέ-δϜι-θι to be seen as a perfect form. Die metrisch feststellbare Länge des α in ἔλλᾱθι bei B. 10, 8 muß wie in ἵλᾱος (s. unten) sekundär sein. The agreeing IA *εἵλαθι, of which the reduplication was no longer recognizable, was after φάνηθι etc. replaced by εἵληθι ἵλεως γίνου H. Another center of the formations was the reduplicated present ἱ̄λάσκομαι \< *σι-σλᾰ́-σκομαι, of which the anlauting vowel-length was introduced in other forms: perf. subj. and opt. ἱλήκῃσι, ἱλήκοι for *εἱλ- (ind. *εἵληκα like εἴρηκα, τέ-τλη-κα), perh. also in ἵλᾰθι, - τε and Hom. ἵληθι (cf. εἵληθι H.), (or from *σι-σλη-θι). Also in the aorist- and future-forms ἱλάσ(σ)ασθαι, ἱλάξασθαι, ἱλάσσομαι, ἱλάξομαι the length was introduced; beside it there is short in ἱλάσσεαι (Α 147), ἱλασσάμενοι (Α 100), ἵλαμαι (h. Hom.; but ἵ̄λασθαι Orph.), ἱλάομαι, also in ἱλαρός and ἱλάειρα (Emp. 85). The short ῐ- which is ununderstandable, may replace the ε- ( ἑλάειρα [s. above], *ἕλαμαι, *ἑλαρός) after ἱλάσκομαι. - Also ἵληϜος, ἵλεως, ἵλᾰος from reduplicated *σι-σλη-, σι-σλᾰ-. The old ablaut selǝ-: sleh₁-: slǝ- (cf. telǝ-: tlā-: tlǝ- in τελα-μών: ἔ-τλᾱ-ν: τέ-τλᾰ-θι) of which sla- is analog. - More on the Greek forms (after Froehde a. a. O., Solmsen KZ 29, 350f., Schulze Q. 466f., Bechtel Lex. 175ff., Wackernagel Unt. 81) in Schwyzer 281, 681, 689 w. n. 2, 710, 800 etc., Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 13; 22; 299; 427 etc. - Fundamental is Klingenschmitt, MSS 28 (1970) 75-88, who showed that Arm. aɫač`em `pray' \< *slh₂-ske\/o- is the closest relative. The Greek form goes back on *si-slh₂-ske\/o-; the aorist would have been * selh₂-s- of which the initial has been influenced by the present.Page in Frisk: 1,721-722Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἱλάσκομαι
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126 ἴς
ἴς, ἰ̄νόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `sinew' (Hom., Hp., Archil., Ar.), `sinew of the neck' (Ρ 522), `vessels of the muscles, fibrine, of plants, ribs of leaves' (Pl., Arist., Thphr.); details of the botan. use in Strömberg Theophrastea 129ff.).Compounds: compp. ἄ-, πολύ-ϊνος `without, with many ἶνες' etc. (Thphr.; Strömberg 135).Derivatives: ἰνίον n. `the sinews at the back of the head, the neck' (Il., Hp., Arist.; cf. κρανίον and Chantraine Formation 59); ἰνώδης `sinewy, fibrous' (X., Arist., Thphr.); prob. also ἰναία δύναμις H. (quite uncertain conj. Peripl. M. Rubr. 46); denomin. verbs: ἰνόω `provide with ἶνες, stengthen' (Hdn.), ἐξ-ινόω `remove the ἶνες, make powerless' (Lyc.), also ἐξ-ινίζω, - ινιάζω (Gal., Peripl. M. Rubr. a. o.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The question rises, whether ἴς `sinew' arose from a remarkable concretization of ἴς `strength' or was a separate word. Old is the assumption (e. g. G. Meyer Gr.3 418), that the ν-stem inflexion ἶν-α, ἶν-ες etc. arose from an expected acc. (Ϝ)ῖν-α; in formal respect this gives a possible solution. - Scheftelowitz IF 33, 158f. assumes an independent word (Ϝ)ί̄ς, (Ϝ)ῑνός `sinew' (cf. γίς ἱμάς H.), from a verb `bow, bend' (s. ἴτυς, ἶρις).Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἴς
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127 ἰ̄νός
ἴς, ἰ̄νόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `sinew' (Hom., Hp., Archil., Ar.), `sinew of the neck' (Ρ 522), `vessels of the muscles, fibrine, of plants, ribs of leaves' (Pl., Arist., Thphr.); details of the botan. use in Strömberg Theophrastea 129ff.).Compounds: compp. ἄ-, πολύ-ϊνος `without, with many ἶνες' etc. (Thphr.; Strömberg 135).Derivatives: ἰνίον n. `the sinews at the back of the head, the neck' (Il., Hp., Arist.; cf. κρανίον and Chantraine Formation 59); ἰνώδης `sinewy, fibrous' (X., Arist., Thphr.); prob. also ἰναία δύναμις H. (quite uncertain conj. Peripl. M. Rubr. 46); denomin. verbs: ἰνόω `provide with ἶνες, stengthen' (Hdn.), ἐξ-ινόω `remove the ἶνες, make powerless' (Lyc.), also ἐξ-ινίζω, - ινιάζω (Gal., Peripl. M. Rubr. a. o.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The question rises, whether ἴς `sinew' arose from a remarkable concretization of ἴς `strength' or was a separate word. Old is the assumption (e. g. G. Meyer Gr.3 418), that the ν-stem inflexion ἶν-α, ἶν-ες etc. arose from an expected acc. (Ϝ)ῖν-α; in formal respect this gives a possible solution. - Scheftelowitz IF 33, 158f. assumes an independent word (Ϝ)ί̄ς, (Ϝ)ῑνός `sinew' (cf. γίς ἱμάς H.), from a verb `bow, bend' (s. ἴτυς, ἶρις).Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἰ̄νός
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128 -κναίω
- κναίωGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `scrape, scratch', only with prefix, δια-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, κατα-κναίω (Hp., Trag. in lyr., Att.);Other forms: also as simplex, Att. inf. κνῆ-ν, κνῆ-σθαι, 1. a. 3. sg. pres. κνῶ, κνῃ̃, ipf. ἐπὶ... κνῆ (Λ 639), also κνᾶ-ν (Hdt.), κνᾶ-σθαι, κνᾳ̃ (hell.); further κνήθω, also with κατα-, ἐν-, ἐπι- a. o. (Arist., hell.). Non-pres. forms: 1. - κναῖσαι, - κναισθῆναι, - κναίσω, - κεκναισμένος (Ar., E. in lyr., Pl.,Theoc.); more usual (as simpl. a. comp.) 2. κνῆσαι, Dor. opt. midd. (Theoc.) κνάσαιο, κνησθῆναι, κνήσω, κέκνησμαι (IA.).Derivatives: Action nouns: 1. κνῆσις `scratching, tickling' (Pl.) with κνησιάω `desire to tickle' (Ar., Pl.), also κνηστιάω `id.' (Gal., Jul.; after the verbs in - τιάω) and κνηθιάω `id.' (Hdn., EM; after κνήθω, cf. Schwyzer 732). 2. κνῆσμα (rarely κνῆμα) `id.' (Hp., X.); 3. κνησμονή `id.' (medic.; πῆμα: πημονή etc.); 4. κνησμός `id.' (Hp., Arist.) with κνησμώδης `affected with itching' (Hp., Arist., Str.). 5. κνηθμός `itching' (Nic.). - Agent nouns and instruments: 6. κνῆστις f. (from *κνήστης m.) `knife for scratching, cheese-grater' (Λ 640, Nic., Opp.), also `spine' (κ 161; cf. ἄκνηστις s.v.); diff. on κνῆστις z. B. Fraenkel Glotta 4, 41ff., Benveniste Noms d'agent 77; 7. κνηστήρ `scratching knife' (Nic.). 8. κνηστίς -ίδος f. `hollow hair-pin' (Plu.). 9. κνῆστρον `stinging plant, Daphne oleoides, θυμελαία' (Hp., Dsc.); κνηστρίον `scraper', ( Edict. Diocl.). - Adj. 10. κνηστικός `scratching, itching' (Sch.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Of the presents κναίειν, κνῆν, κνήθειν the last can be an innovation to κνῆ-σαι etc. after πλῆ-σαι: πλή-θ-ω, λῆ-σαι: λήθ-ω a. o. The pair κνῆν: κναίειν agrees with the semantically close ψῆν: ψαίειν. - One compares several words with initial IE. * k(e)n- but with different forms, which is not surprising in view of the emotional value of expressions for `scratch, grate'. With κνῆ-ν (prob. orig. athematic; Schwyzer 675f., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 297 a. 307) from IE. * knē- agree best in Baltic and Germanic Lith. kn(i)ó-tis `peek (oneself) off, get loose', OHG nuoen `make smooth by scratching, fit exactly' (with OHG hnuo `joint, groove' etc.) from IE. * knō-? (cf. κνώ-δ-αλον?), perh. * knā- as in Alb. krromë `scab, mange' form IE. *knā-mn̥ (Gr. κνῆμα is independent). Lat. cnāsonas however, acc. pl. `scratching nails' (Paul. Fest. 52) from hell. *κνά̄σων `scratcher' ( κνᾶσαι ὀλέσαι, λυπῆσαι H.); cf. Leumann Sprache 1, 207. - The - αι- in κναίω however has no direct counterpart (Lith. knaisýti is secondary to knìsti `scratch', s. κνίζω). Connecting κνῆ-ν and κναί-ειν to an old paradigma (* knē[i]-mi: knǝi-mé (Schwyzer 676; cf. Specht Ursprung 325; the last form is impossible since the laryngeal theory) is quite hypothetical. - Cf. κνίζω, κνύω, κνάπτω; κνώδαλον, κνήφη, κνέωρος and κόνις; s. Pok. 559ff., Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. knablỹs. - Strangely enough it has not been proposed that the words could well be Pre-Greek; the meaning makes this quite possible; the connections in Pok. 599 are far from convincing. Cf. also κναδάλλεται κνήθεται H., with which compare γνάφαλλον, γνόφαλον, which are clearly Pre-Greek (s.s.v. κνάπτω); is κναδ- a variant of κνηθ-? For κναδ- no PIE prefrom can be reconstructed (cf. on γνάθος). Note that Kuiper assumed that words with kn- in Germanic were prob. substrate, NOWELE 25 (1995) 68 a.70. The formation of κνήσων (and the Latin loan cnāsōn- cited above) seems non-IE; cf. DELG s.v. Also the formation of a verb in - αίω is unknown.Page in Frisk: 1,880-881Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > -κναίω
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