κνῆν

κνάω

Bis Acc.

pres inf act (epic doric)

κνάω

Bis Acc.

pres inf act (epic doric)

See also: s. - κναίω.

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See also: s. - κναίω.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `scrape, scratch', only with prefix, δια-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, κατα-κναίω (Hp., Trag. in lyr., Att.);

Other forms: also as simplex, Att. inf. κνῆ-ν, κνῆ-σθαι, 1. a. 3. sg. pres. κνῶ, κνῃ̃, ipf. ἐπὶ... κνῆ (Λ 639), also κνᾶ-ν (Hdt.), κνᾶ-σθαι, κνᾳ̃ (hell.); further κνήθω, also with κατα-, ἐν-, ἐπι- a. o. (Arist., hell.). Non-pres. forms: 1. - κναῖσαι, - κναισθῆναι, - κναίσω, - κεκναισμένος (Ar., E. in lyr., Pl.,Theoc.); more usual (as simpl. a. comp.) 2. κνῆσαι, Dor. opt. midd. (Theoc.) κνάσαιο, κνησθῆναι, κνήσω, κέκνησμαι (IA.).

Derivatives: Action nouns: 1. κνῆσις `scratching, tickling' (Pl.) with κνησιάω `desire to tickle' (Ar., Pl.), also κνηστιάω `id.' (Gal., Jul.; after the verbs in - τιάω) and κνηθιάω `id.' (Hdn., EM; after κνήθω, cf. Schwyzer 732). 2. κνῆσμα (rarely κνῆμα) `id.' (Hp., X.); 3. κνησμονή `id.' (medic.; πῆμα: πημονή etc.); 4. κνησμός `id.' (Hp., Arist.) with κνησμώδης `affected with itching' (Hp., Arist., Str.). 5. κνηθμός `itching' (Nic.). - Agent nouns and instruments: 6. κνῆστις f. (from *κνήστης m.) `knife for scratching, cheese-grater' (Λ 640, Nic., Opp.), also `spine' (κ 161; cf. ἄκνηστις s.v.); diff. on κνῆστις z. B. Fraenkel Glotta 4, 41ff., Benveniste Noms d'agent 77; 7. κνηστήρ `scratching knife' (Nic.). 8. κνηστίς -ίδος f. `hollow hair-pin' (Plu.). 9. κνῆστρον `stinging plant, Daphne oleoides, θυμελαία' (Hp., Dsc.); κνηστρίον `scraper', ( Edict. Diocl.). - Adj. 10. κνηστικός `scratching, itching' (Sch.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Of the presents κναίειν, κνῆν, κνήθειν the last can be an innovation to κνῆ-σαι etc. after πλῆ-σαι: πλή-θ-ω, λῆ-σαι: λήθ-ω a. o. The pair κνῆν: κναίειν agrees with the semantically close ψῆν: ψαίειν. - One compares several words with initial IE. * k(e)n- but with different forms, which is not surprising in view of the emotional value of expressions for `scratch, grate'. With κνῆ-ν (prob. orig. athematic; Schwyzer 675f., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 297 a. 307) from IE. * knē- agree best in Baltic and Germanic Lith. kn(i)ó-tis `peek (oneself) off, get loose', OHG nuoen `make smooth by scratching, fit exactly' (with OHG hnuo `joint, groove' etc.) from IE. * knō-? (cf. κνώ-δ-αλον?), perh. * knā- as in Alb. krromë `scab, mange' form IE. *knā-mn̥ (Gr. κνῆμα is independent). Lat. cnāsonas however, acc. pl. `scratching nails' (Paul. Fest. 52) from hell. *κνά̄σων `scratcher' ( κνᾶσαι ὀλέσαι, λυπῆσαι H.); cf. Leumann Sprache 1, 207. - The - αι- in κναίω however has no direct counterpart (Lith. knaisýti is secondary to knìsti `scratch', s. κνίζω). Connecting κνῆ-ν and κναί-ειν to an old paradigma (* knē[i]-mi: knǝi-mé (Schwyzer 676; cf. Specht Ursprung 325; the last form is impossible since the laryngeal theory) is quite hypothetical. - Cf. κνίζω, κνύω, κνάπτω; κνώδαλον, κνήφη, κνέωρος and κόνις; s. Pok. 559ff., Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. knablỹs. - Strangely enough it has not been proposed that the words could well be Pre-Greek; the meaning makes this quite possible; the connections in Pok. 599 are far from convincing. Cf. also κναδάλλεται κνήθεται H., with which compare γνάφαλλον, γνόφαλον, which are clearly Pre-Greek (s.s.v. κνάπτω); is κναδ- a variant of κνηθ-? For κναδ- no PIE prefrom can be reconstructed (cf. on γνάθος). Note that Kuiper assumed that words with kn- in Germanic were prob. substrate, NOWELE 25 (1995) 68 a.70. The formation of κνήσων (and the Latin loan cnāsōn- cited above) seems non-IE; cf. DELG s.v. Also the formation of a verb in - αίω is unknown.

See also: - S. noch κνέωρος, κνήφη.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `scratch' (Ar. Th. 481, Men. 1021), περι-κνύω `scratch round about' (Phot.).

Compounds: IEX [562] * knu- `scratch'?

Derivatives: κνῦμα n. `scratching (Ar. Ek. 36, Gal. 19, 112) and `scratch': κνύος n. (Hes. Fr. 29, 1), κνῦσα f. (Herod. 7, 95 as term of abuse; cf. δεῖσα, μύξα a. o.; Chantraine Formation 100f.; Schwyzer 516f.), κνύζα (Philox. Gramm. ap. EM 523, 2, Eust.; cf. ἄζα, σκύζα, κνίζα a. o.). Note the H.-Glossen: κνύθος ἄκανθα μικρά, κνυθόν σμικρόν (cf. τυτθός, - όν and the plant-names in - θος in Chantraine 367f., Specht Ursprung 255); backformation κνῦ τὸ ἐλάχιστον, like γρῦ, βρῖ. - On κνόος, κνοῦς s. v.

Etymology: Wie zu den sinn- und lautähnlichen κναίω, κνῆν, κνάπτω, κνίζω kann man auch zu κνύω aus den verwandten Sprachen, namentlich aus dem Germanischen und Baltischen anklingende Wörter heranziehen: ahd. hniuwan `zerstoßen, zerquetschen', mit ausgehendem Dental awno. hnjōđa `stoßen, schlagen, nieten', beide idg. qneu-, lett. knūdu und knūstu `jucken'. Weitere Formen m. Lit. WP. 1, 396f., Pok. 562f.; vgl. noch de Vries IF 62, 142f. Schwyzer 676 will für κνύω (wie entsprechend für κνῆν, κναίειν) ein altes ablautendes Wurzelpräsens *qnṓu-mi: *qnū̆-me ansetzen.

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κνάω,

A

κνᾷ Plu.2.61d

, but in correct [dialect] Att. κνῇ, inf. κνῆν (v. ἐπικνάω ) corrupted to κνεῖν Moer.p.234 P., Hsch., [dialect] Ion.

κνᾶν Hdt.7.239

: [tense] fut.

κνήσω Hp.Coac. 460

(prob. l.): [tense] aor.

ἔκνησα Id.Int.23

, Pl.Smp. 185c (prob.l.), Arist.Pr. 965a23, ( κατ-) Ar.V. 965; but κνᾶσαι· ὀλέσαι, λυπῆσαι, Hsch.; [ per.] 3sg. [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf.

ἐπι-κνῆ Il.11.639

:—[voice] Med., inf.

κνῆσθαι Pl.Grg. 494c

, later

κνᾶσθαι Plu.2.89e

, etc.: [tense] fut.

κνήσομαι Herod.4.51

: [tense] aor.

ἐκνησάμην Luc.

Bis Acc.1, [dialect] Dor. ἐκνᾱς- Theoc.7.110:—[voice] Pass.,

κνᾶται Gal.10.979

: [tense] pf.

κατα-κέκνησμαι Id.13.1022

:—scrape, grate, ἐπὶ δ' αἴγειον κνῆ τυρόν Il.l.c., cf. Hp.Int. l.c.; τὸν κηρὸν κνᾶν to scrape it off, Hdt.l.c. (nisi leg. ἐκκν-), cf. Gal.13.1022:—[voice] Pass., prob. for κνισθεῖσα in Thphr.HP9.20.4.

II scratch,

τῇ χειρί Hp.Fract.21

; τὸν περὶ τὰς μασχάλας τόπον Arist.l.c.:—[voice] Med., scratch oneself,

ἀφθόνως ἔχειν τοῦ κνῆσθαι Pl.Grg.

l.c.;

κνώμενος τὸ κρανίον Timocl.2.5

D.; τὸ βρέγμα κνήσῃ Herod.l.c.; [

ἔλαφοι] κνώμενοι [τὰ κέρατα] πρὸς τὰ δένδρα Arist.HA 611b16

;

δακτύλῳ κνᾶσθαι τὴν κεφαλήν Plu.Pomp.48

: abs., Id.2.1091e, Jul.Caes. 323b;

τρίβειν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς καὶ κνᾶσθαι Phld. Rh.2.143

S.; κνήσασθαι τὸ οὖς Luc.l.c.;

κνησάμενον ἑνὶ τῶν ποδῶν τὴν πλευράν Gal.8.443

.

2 [voice] Med., itch, Id.10.437, 979.

III tickle, τὴν ῥῖνα prob. in Pl.Smp.l.c.:—[voice] Med., κνᾶσθαι τὰ ὦτα πτερῷ tickle one's ears, Luc.Salt.2, etc.: metaph.,

τοῦτο κνᾷ καὶ γαργαλίζει καὶ ἀναπείθει Plu.2.61d

:—[voice] Pass.,

οὐ παρέργως ἐκνώμην πρὸς αὐτά Luc. Nec.3

.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `card, comb, full (cloth)' as thechnical term, also metaph. `mangle, tear' in gen. (IA)

Other forms: rarely κνάμπτω, cf. γνάμπτω and Güntert Reimwortbildungen 115f.), young Att., hell., also Ion. γνάπτω,

Dialectal forms: Myc. kanapeu \/ knapheus\/

Compounds: sometimes with ἀνα-, ἐπι-,

Derivatives: Young Att. γν- for κν- (here not noted): κνάφος m. `teasel of the fuller', also `bur(r), folter-instrument' (Hdt., Hp., Com.) with κναφεύς `fuller' (IA.), also as fish-name (Dorio; on the motive Strömberg Fischnamen 93); κναφεῖον, -ήϊον `fuller's shop' (IA.), κναφευτική ( τέχνη) `art of fulling' (Pl.), κναφεύω `full' (Ar.) and, as late feminine formation, κνάφισσα `fuller-ess' (pap.; Chantraine Formation 110); κναφικός `belonging to fulling' (Dsc., pap.). - γνάψις `fulling' (Pl.), γνάπτωρ = κναφεύς (Man.). - γνάφαλλον `flocken, cushion of wool' (pap. a. ostr.) with γναφαλ(λ)ώδης `γ.-like', γναφάλλιον, - αλλίς plant-name, `Diotis maritima' (Dsc., Plin.; Strömberg Pflanzennamen 105); also κνέφαλλον `cushion' (com., E.; vv. ll. κναφ-, γναφ-) and γνόφαλλον (Alc. Ζ 14, 8; beside μόλθακον). - Verbal adj.: ἄ-γναπτος (Pl. com., Plu.) and ἄ-γναφος (NT, pap.) `unfulled, new', ἐπί-γναφος (: ἐπι-γνάπτω) `fulled again', of clothes (Poll.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Cf. κναίω, κνῆν, κνίζω, κνύω (s. vv.) with ending as in ῥάπτω, σκάπτω, ἅπτω etc.; κνάφος as ῥαφή etc. The forms with γν- cannot be explained as Greek, so they point to Pre-Greek; cf. Schwyzer 414 (who unconvincingly takes κνάπτω as assimilated from γνάπτω. Note the typical ο for α in γνόφαλλον bei Alc. ( κνέφαλλον cannot be old ablaut (cf. Persson Beitr. 1, 139f., Schwyzer 343). - As non-Greek cognate one cites a Celtic word for `fleece', e. g. Welsh cnaif (s. Vendryes WuS 12, 243); other forms in Germanic and Baltic are semantically further off, e. g. OWNo. * hnafa, pret. hnof `cut off' (with gemination hneppa `pinch, press'), Lith. knabénti `pick in, off', s. Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. knablỹs. The variation κ\/γ, α\/ο shows quite clearly Pre-Greek origin. (Not in Fur.) S. further κνήφη and κνώψ.

See also: S. noch κνήφη und κνώψ.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: name of a stinging plant, `Daphne, Thymelaea' (Thphr., Dsc., Plin., H.) with κ\<ν\> εωρεῖν πασχητιᾶν H.? (cf. Fraenkel Glotta 4, 42).

Other forms: - ον n.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Like synonymous κνῆστρον connected with κνῆν (s. - κναίω), but the formation remains unclear. A basic form *κνη[σ]ορος ( κνησ-: Skt. ki-knasa- `case-shot, coal-dust, grit' etc.; against this Mayrhofer KEWA s. v.) with suffixal - ορο- does not convince.

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