learned

• It is difficult to retain what you may have learned unless you should practice it. (Pliny the Younger)

• It is learned by teaching. (Seneca)

• A learned man always has wealth within himself

taught, instructed, learned, tutored.

ac-cĭpĭo, cēpi, ceptum, 3, v. a. ( fut. perf. accepso = accepero, Pac. ap. Non. 74, 31, or Rib. Trag. Rel. 118) [capio], to accept.

In gen., to take a person or thing to one's self: leno ad se accipiet hominem et aurum, will take the man and his money to himself (into his house), Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 51.

Of things received by the hand, to take, receive: cette manus vestras measque accipite, Enn. ap. Non. 85, 1 (Trag. v. 320 ed. Vahl.):

ex tua accepi manu pateram,

Plaut. Amph. 2, 2, 132; hence, trop. of the word given, the promise, with which a grasping of the hand was usually connected: accipe daque fidem, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 33 ed. Vahl.; so in the Gr. pista dounai kai labein); cf. Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 87; so Verg. A. 8, 150;

in Ter. of a person to be protected: hanc (virginem) accepi, acceptam servabo,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 62; cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 5, and Sall. C. 6, 5, —

Of things received or taken by different parts of the body: accipite hoc onus in vestros collos, Cato ap. Non. 200, 23:

gremio,

Verg. A. 1, 685:

oculis aut pectore noctem (i. e. somnum),

id. ib. 4, 531.—

In gen., very freq.,

as implying action, to take, to take possession of, to accept (Gr. dechesthai);

of something that falls to one's share, to get, to receive, to be the recipient of (Gr. lambanein).—

To take, accept:

hanc epistulam accipe a me,

take this letter from me, Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 52; 4, 2, 26; cf. id. Ep. 3, 4, 26:

persuasit aliis, ut pecuniam accipere mallent,

Cic. Off. 2, 23, 82:

condicionem pacis,

Caes. B. G. 2, 15:

armis obsidibusque acceptis Crassus profectus est,

after he had taken into his possession the arms and hostages, id. ib. 3, 23:

divitias,

Nep. Epam. 4, 3:

aliquid a patre,

to inherit, id. Timoth. 1, 1; id. Att. 1:

accipe et haec, manuum tibi quae monumenta mearum sint,

Verg. A. 3, 486 al. —Hence to receive or entertain as guest:

haec (tellus) fessos placidissima portu accipit,

Verg. A. 3, 78:

Laurentes nymphae, accipite Aenean,

id. ib. 8, 71; 155; Ov. M. 8, 655 al.—Of admittance to political privileges:

Nomentani et Pedani in civitatem accepti,

Liv. 8, 14; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 11, 35:

magnifice volo summos viros accipere,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 34:

in loco festivo sumus festive accepti,

id. ib. 5, 19; so id. Cist. 1, 1, 12; id. Men. 5, 2, 44; id. Pers. 1, 1, 32, etc.; Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 52; Lucr. 3, 907; Cic. Att. 16, 6; Ov. F. 2, 725 al.—Hence also ironically, to entertain, to treat, deal with:

ego te miseris jam accipiam modis,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 3:

hominem accipiam quibus dictis maeret,

id. Men. 5, 1, 7:

indignis acceptus modis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 12. Perh. also Lucil. ap. Non. 521, 1: adeo male me accipiunt decimae, treat or use me ill, deal harshly with me; and ib. 240, 8: sic, inquam, veteratorem illum vetulum lupum Hannibalem acceptum (Non. explains the latter in a very unusual manner, by deceptum).—

To get, to receive, to be the recipient of, Pac. ap. Non. 74, 31; Lucr. 1, 819, 909; 2, 762, 885, 1009:

ictus,

id. 4, 1048 (cf. Verg. A. 3, 243: vulnera accipiunt tergo): aridior nubes accipit ignem, takes or catches fire, Lucr. 6, 150; Caes. B. G. 1, 48:

humanitatem iis tribuere debemus, a quibus accepimus,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9:

pecuniam ob rem judicandam,

id. Verr. 1, 38:

luna lumen solis accipit,

id. de Or. 3, 45; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 17:

praeclarum accepimus a majoribus morem,

Cic. Off. 3, 10, 44: praecepta, Caes. B. G. 2, 6: accepi tuas litteras (in another sense than above), I have received your letter, it has reached me (allatae sunt ad me), Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 14; 2, 1, 1; 10, 1 al.:

acceptā injuriā ignoscere quam persequi malebant,

Sall. C. 9, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 33:

calamitatem,

ib. 1, 31:

detrimenta,

ib. 5, 22; cf. Cic. Mur. 21, 44 al. So often of dignities and offices:

provinciam,

id. Fam. 2, 10, 2:

consulatum,

Suet. Aug. 10:

Galliam,

id. Caes. 22 al.

In partic.

To take a thing by hearing, i. e.,

To hear, to perceive, to observe, to learn (cf. opp. do = I give in words, i. e. I say): hoc simul accipe dictum, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38 (Ann. v. 204): quod ego inaudivi, accipite, Pac. ap. Non. 126, 22 (Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 81): hoc etiam accipe quod dico, Lucil. ap. Non. 240, 1:

carmen auribus,

Lucr. 4, 983 (so id. 6, 164); 1, 270; cf. Verg. A. 2, 65:

voces,

Lucr. 4, 613 (so 6, 171):

si te aequo animo ferre accipiet,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 23:

quae gerantur, accipies ex Pollione,

Cic. Fam. 1, 6; 1, 9, 4; Liv. 1, 7. —Hence very freq. in the histt., to get or receive intelligence of any thing, to learn:

urbem Romam, sicuti ego accepi, condidere atque habuere initio Trojani,

as I have learned, Sall. C. 6, 1, and so al.—

To comprehend or understand any thing communicated:

haud satis meo corde accepi querelas tuas,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 2, 18:

et si quis est, qui haec putet arte accipi posse,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 114:

ut non solum celeriter acciperet, quae tradebantur, etc.,

Nep. Att. 1, 3; so Quint. 1, 3, 3; 2, 9, 3 al.—

With the accessory idea of judging, to take a thing thus or thus, to interpret or explain, usually constr. with ad or in c. acc.:

quibus res sunt minus secundae... ad contumeliam omnia accipiunt magis,

the more unfortunate one is, the more inclined is he to regard every thing as an insult, Ter. Ad. 4, 3, 15:

in eam partem accipio,

id. Eun. 5, 2, 37; cf. Cic. Fam. 10, 6; id. Att. 16, 6; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 2:

non recte accipis,

you put a wrong construction upon this, id. And. 2, 2, 30:

quae sibi quisque facilia factu putat, aequo animo accipit,

Sall. C. 3, 2.— Hence: accipere aliquid omen, or in omen, to regard a thing as a ( favorable) omen, to accept the omen (cf. dechesthai ton oiônon), Cic. Div. 1, 46, 103; 2, 40, 83; Liv. 1, 7, 11; 21, 63 fin.; Tac. H. 1, 62; id. A. 1, 28; 2, 13; Flor. 4, 12, 14 al.—Hence poet.:

accipio agnoscoque deos,

Verg. A. 12, 260; cf. Ov. M. 7, 620.—

To take a thing upon one's self, to undertake (syn. suscipio):

accipito hanc ad te litem,

Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 23: meā causā causam accipite, Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 47; cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 24; so id. Verr. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 20 al.—Hence also,

To bear, endure, suffer any thing disagreeable or troublesome:

hanccine ego ut contumeliam tam insignem ad me accipiam!

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 1:

nil satis firmi video, quamobrem accipere hunc me expediat metum,

id. Heaut. 2, 3, 96; 5, 1, 59; id. Eun. 4, 6, 24; id. Ad. 2, 1, 53; id. Ph. 5, 2, 4; Cic. Tusc. 5, 19, 56:

calamitatem,

id. Off. 3, 26:

injuriam,

id. ib. 1, 11 al.—

To accept a thing, to be satisfied with, to approve: dos, Pamphile, est decem talenta; Pam.:

Accipio,

Ter. And. 5, 4, 48:

accepit condicionem, dein quaestum accipit,

id. ib. 1, 1, 52:

visa ista... accipio iisque interdum etiam assentior, nec percipio tamen,

Cic. Ac. 2, 20, 66:

preces suas acceptas ab dis immortalibus ominati,

Liv. 42, 30, 8 Drak. Cf. Herz, Caes. B. G. 5, 1: “equi te esse feri similem, dico.” Ridemus et ipse Messius: “accipio.” I allow it, Exactly so, Hor. S. 1, 5, 58.—

In mercant. lang., t. t., to receive or collect a sum:

pro quo (frumento) cum a Varinio praetore pecuniam accepisset,

Cic. Fl. 45; hence subst.: acceptum, i, n., the receipt, and in account-books the credit side:

in acceptum referre alicui,

to carry over to the credit side, to place to one's credit, Cic. Verr. 1, 36, 57; id. Rosc. Com. 2; id. Phil. 2, 16; id. Caec. 6, 17; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 234 (opp. datum or expensum).—Hence also trop., to owe or be indebted to one, in a good or a bad sense:

ut esset nemo qui non mihi vitam suam, liberos, remp. referret acceptam,

Cic. Phil. 2, 5:

omnia mala, quae postea vidimus, uni accepta referemus Antonio,

ascribe, id. ib. 22; Caes. B. G. 8, 58; id. B. C, 3, 57: Acceptum [p. 18] refero versibus, esse nocens, Ov. Trist. 2, 10. —

In the gram m., to take a word or phrase thus or thus, to explain a word in any manner:

adversus interdum promiscue accipitur,

Charis. p. 207 P. al.—(Syn. nanciscor and adipiscor: he to whom something is given, accipit; he who gets by a fortunate occurrence, nanciscitur; he who obtains it by exertion, adipiscitur. “ Sumimus ipsi: accipimus ab alio,” Vel. Long. p. 2243 P.—“Inter tenere, sumere et accipere hoc interest, quod tenemus quae sunt in nostra potestate: sumimus posita: accipimus data,” Isid. Diff. 1).—Hence, acceptus, a, um, P. a., welcome, agreeable, acceptable (syn. gratus. Acceptus is related to gratus, as the effect to the cause; he who is gratus, i. e. dear, is on that account acceptus, welcome, acceptable;

hence the usual position: gratus atque acceptus).—First, of persons: essetne apud te is servus acceptissimus?

Plaut. Cap. 3, 5, 56:

plebi acceptus erat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 13;

acceptus erat in oculis,

Vulg. 1 Reg. 18, 5.—

Of things: dis et hominibus est acceptum quod, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 5:

quod vero approbaris. id gratum acceptumque habendum,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 15, 45:

munus eorum gratum acceptumque esse,

Nep. Hann. 7, 3:

quorum mihi dona accepta et grata habeo,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 56:

rem populo Romano gratam acceptamque,

Cic. Phil. 13, 50;

tempore accepto exaudivi,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 6, 2.— Comp., Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 96; Cic. Rep. 6, 13; Tac. A. 6, 45 al.— Sup., see above.— Adv. accepte does not occur.

ac-cĭpĭo, cēpi, ceptum, 3, v. a. ( fut. perf. accepso = accepero, Pac. ap. Non. 74, 31, or Rib. Trag. Rel. 118) [capio], to accept.

In gen., to take a person or thing to one's self: leno ad se accipiet hominem et aurum, will take the man and his money to himself (into his house), Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 51.

Of things received by the hand, to take, receive: cette manus vestras measque accipite, Enn. ap. Non. 85, 1 (Trag. v. 320 ed. Vahl.):

ex tua accepi manu pateram,

Plaut. Amph. 2, 2, 132; hence, trop. of the word given, the promise, with which a grasping of the hand was usually connected: accipe daque fidem, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 33 ed. Vahl.; so in the Gr. pista dounai kai labein); cf. Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 87; so Verg. A. 8, 150;

in Ter. of a person to be protected: hanc (virginem) accepi, acceptam servabo,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 62; cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 5, and Sall. C. 6, 5, —

Of things received or taken by different parts of the body: accipite hoc onus in vestros collos, Cato ap. Non. 200, 23:

gremio,

Verg. A. 1, 685:

oculis aut pectore noctem (i. e. somnum),

id. ib. 4, 531.—

In gen., very freq.,

as implying action, to take, to take possession of, to accept (Gr. dechesthai);

of something that falls to one's share, to get, to receive, to be the recipient of (Gr. lambanein).—

To take, accept:

hanc epistulam accipe a me,

take this letter from me, Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 52; 4, 2, 26; cf. id. Ep. 3, 4, 26:

persuasit aliis, ut pecuniam accipere mallent,

Cic. Off. 2, 23, 82:

condicionem pacis,

Caes. B. G. 2, 15:

armis obsidibusque acceptis Crassus profectus est,

after he had taken into his possession the arms and hostages, id. ib. 3, 23:

divitias,

Nep. Epam. 4, 3:

aliquid a patre,

to inherit, id. Timoth. 1, 1; id. Att. 1:

accipe et haec, manuum tibi quae monumenta mearum sint,

Verg. A. 3, 486 al. —Hence to receive or entertain as guest:

haec (tellus) fessos placidissima portu accipit,

Verg. A. 3, 78:

Laurentes nymphae, accipite Aenean,

id. ib. 8, 71; 155; Ov. M. 8, 655 al.—Of admittance to political privileges:

Nomentani et Pedani in civitatem accepti,

Liv. 8, 14; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 11, 35:

magnifice volo summos viros accipere,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 34:

in loco festivo sumus festive accepti,

id. ib. 5, 19; so id. Cist. 1, 1, 12; id. Men. 5, 2, 44; id. Pers. 1, 1, 32, etc.; Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 52; Lucr. 3, 907; Cic. Att. 16, 6; Ov. F. 2, 725 al.—Hence also ironically, to entertain, to treat, deal with:

ego te miseris jam accipiam modis,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 3:

hominem accipiam quibus dictis maeret,

id. Men. 5, 1, 7:

indignis acceptus modis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 12. Perh. also Lucil. ap. Non. 521, 1: adeo male me accipiunt decimae, treat or use me ill, deal harshly with me; and ib. 240, 8: sic, inquam, veteratorem illum vetulum lupum Hannibalem acceptum (Non. explains the latter in a very unusual manner, by deceptum).—

To get, to receive, to be the recipient of, Pac. ap. Non. 74, 31; Lucr. 1, 819, 909; 2, 762, 885, 1009:

ictus,

id. 4, 1048 (cf. Verg. A. 3, 243: vulnera accipiunt tergo): aridior nubes accipit ignem, takes or catches fire, Lucr. 6, 150; Caes. B. G. 1, 48:

humanitatem iis tribuere debemus, a quibus accepimus,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9:

pecuniam ob rem judicandam,

id. Verr. 1, 38:

luna lumen solis accipit,

id. de Or. 3, 45; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 17:

praeclarum accepimus a majoribus morem,

Cic. Off. 3, 10, 44: praecepta, Caes. B. G. 2, 6: accepi tuas litteras (in another sense than above), I have received your letter, it has reached me (allatae sunt ad me), Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 14; 2, 1, 1; 10, 1 al.:

acceptā injuriā ignoscere quam persequi malebant,

Sall. C. 9, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 33:

calamitatem,

ib. 1, 31:

detrimenta,

ib. 5, 22; cf. Cic. Mur. 21, 44 al. So often of dignities and offices:

provinciam,

id. Fam. 2, 10, 2:

consulatum,

Suet. Aug. 10:

Galliam,

id. Caes. 22 al.

In partic.

To take a thing by hearing, i. e.,

To hear, to perceive, to observe, to learn (cf. opp. do = I give in words, i. e. I say): hoc simul accipe dictum, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38 (Ann. v. 204): quod ego inaudivi, accipite, Pac. ap. Non. 126, 22 (Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 81): hoc etiam accipe quod dico, Lucil. ap. Non. 240, 1:

carmen auribus,

Lucr. 4, 983 (so id. 6, 164); 1, 270; cf. Verg. A. 2, 65:

voces,

Lucr. 4, 613 (so 6, 171):

si te aequo animo ferre accipiet,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 23:

quae gerantur, accipies ex Pollione,

Cic. Fam. 1, 6; 1, 9, 4; Liv. 1, 7. —Hence very freq. in the histt., to get or receive intelligence of any thing, to learn:

urbem Romam, sicuti ego accepi, condidere atque habuere initio Trojani,

as I have learned, Sall. C. 6, 1, and so al.—

To comprehend or understand any thing communicated:

haud satis meo corde accepi querelas tuas,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 2, 18:

et si quis est, qui haec putet arte accipi posse,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 114:

ut non solum celeriter acciperet, quae tradebantur, etc.,

Nep. Att. 1, 3; so Quint. 1, 3, 3; 2, 9, 3 al.—

With the accessory idea of judging, to take a thing thus or thus, to interpret or explain, usually constr. with ad or in c. acc.:

quibus res sunt minus secundae... ad contumeliam omnia accipiunt magis,

the more unfortunate one is, the more inclined is he to regard every thing as an insult, Ter. Ad. 4, 3, 15:

in eam partem accipio,

id. Eun. 5, 2, 37; cf. Cic. Fam. 10, 6; id. Att. 16, 6; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 2:

non recte accipis,

you put a wrong construction upon this, id. And. 2, 2, 30:

quae sibi quisque facilia factu putat, aequo animo accipit,

Sall. C. 3, 2.— Hence: accipere aliquid omen, or in omen, to regard a thing as a ( favorable) omen, to accept the omen (cf. dechesthai ton oiônon), Cic. Div. 1, 46, 103; 2, 40, 83; Liv. 1, 7, 11; 21, 63 fin.; Tac. H. 1, 62; id. A. 1, 28; 2, 13; Flor. 4, 12, 14 al.—Hence poet.:

accipio agnoscoque deos,

Verg. A. 12, 260; cf. Ov. M. 7, 620.—

To take a thing upon one's self, to undertake (syn. suscipio):

accipito hanc ad te litem,

Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 23: meā causā causam accipite, Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 47; cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 24; so id. Verr. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 20 al.—Hence also,

To bear, endure, suffer any thing disagreeable or troublesome:

hanccine ego ut contumeliam tam insignem ad me accipiam!

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 1:

nil satis firmi video, quamobrem accipere hunc me expediat metum,

id. Heaut. 2, 3, 96; 5, 1, 59; id. Eun. 4, 6, 24; id. Ad. 2, 1, 53; id. Ph. 5, 2, 4; Cic. Tusc. 5, 19, 56:

calamitatem,

id. Off. 3, 26:

injuriam,

id. ib. 1, 11 al.—

To accept a thing, to be satisfied with, to approve: dos, Pamphile, est decem talenta; Pam.:

Accipio,

Ter. And. 5, 4, 48:

accepit condicionem, dein quaestum accipit,

id. ib. 1, 1, 52:

visa ista... accipio iisque interdum etiam assentior, nec percipio tamen,

Cic. Ac. 2, 20, 66:

preces suas acceptas ab dis immortalibus ominati,

Liv. 42, 30, 8 Drak. Cf. Herz, Caes. B. G. 5, 1: “equi te esse feri similem, dico.” Ridemus et ipse Messius: “accipio.” I allow it, Exactly so, Hor. S. 1, 5, 58.—

In mercant. lang., t. t., to receive or collect a sum:

pro quo (frumento) cum a Varinio praetore pecuniam accepisset,

Cic. Fl. 45; hence subst.: acceptum, i, n., the receipt, and in account-books the credit side:

in acceptum referre alicui,

to carry over to the credit side, to place to one's credit, Cic. Verr. 1, 36, 57; id. Rosc. Com. 2; id. Phil. 2, 16; id. Caec. 6, 17; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 234 (opp. datum or expensum).—Hence also trop., to owe or be indebted to one, in a good or a bad sense:

ut esset nemo qui non mihi vitam suam, liberos, remp. referret acceptam,

Cic. Phil. 2, 5:

omnia mala, quae postea vidimus, uni accepta referemus Antonio,

ascribe, id. ib. 22; Caes. B. G. 8, 58; id. B. C, 3, 57: Acceptum [p. 18] refero versibus, esse nocens, Ov. Trist. 2, 10. —

In the gram m., to take a word or phrase thus or thus, to explain a word in any manner:

adversus interdum promiscue accipitur,

Charis. p. 207 P. al.—(Syn. nanciscor and adipiscor: he to whom something is given, accipit; he who gets by a fortunate occurrence, nanciscitur; he who obtains it by exertion, adipiscitur. “ Sumimus ipsi: accipimus ab alio,” Vel. Long. p. 2243 P.—“Inter tenere, sumere et accipere hoc interest, quod tenemus quae sunt in nostra potestate: sumimus posita: accipimus data,” Isid. Diff. 1).—Hence, acceptus, a, um, P. a., welcome, agreeable, acceptable (syn. gratus. Acceptus is related to gratus, as the effect to the cause; he who is gratus, i. e. dear, is on that account acceptus, welcome, acceptable;

hence the usual position: gratus atque acceptus).—First, of persons: essetne apud te is servus acceptissimus?

Plaut. Cap. 3, 5, 56:

plebi acceptus erat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 13;

acceptus erat in oculis,

Vulg. 1 Reg. 18, 5.—

Of things: dis et hominibus est acceptum quod, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 5:

quod vero approbaris. id gratum acceptumque habendum,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 15, 45:

munus eorum gratum acceptumque esse,

Nep. Hann. 7, 3:

quorum mihi dona accepta et grata habeo,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 56:

rem populo Romano gratam acceptamque,

Cic. Phil. 13, 50;

tempore accepto exaudivi,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 6, 2.— Comp., Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 96; Cic. Rep. 6, 13; Tac. A. 6, 45 al.— Sup., see above.— Adv. accepte does not occur.

ap-prŏbo ( adp-, Fleck., Bait., Halm, Weissenb.; app-, Kayser), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.

To assent to as good, to regard as good, to approve, to favor (freq. and class.; syn.: probo, laudo): id si non fama adprobat, * Ter. Phorm. 4, 5, 12:

(populus Romanus) meum jus jurandum unā voce et consensu approbavit,

Cic. Pis. 3, 7:

approbatā laudatāque Cottae sententiā,

id. Sest. 34, 74:

aliquid magno clamore,

id. Arch. 10, 24:

legiones clamore donum adprobantes,

Liv. 7, 37; 7, 41:

consilium vehementer adprobare,

Cic. ad Q. Fr. 3, 4 et saep.—So of the gods, to allow a thing to take place, to favor (cf. admitto, II. B.):

quod actum est di adprobent,

Cic. Fam. 2, 15; 1, 9, 19:

musis omnibus adprobantibus,

id. ib. 7, 23, 2; cf. Plaut. Am. prol. 13.—

To show as being good and true, to make evident, to prove, demonstrate, confirm, establish:

hoc autem nihil attinet approbari,

Cic. Inv. 1, 36 fin.:

innocentiam adprobare,

Tac. A. 1, 44:

excusationem,

id. Agr. 42.—With acc. and inf.:

vivere eos approbant,

Plin. 9, 57, 83:

quo magis degenerāsse eum a civili more approbaret,

Suet. Aug. 17:

Cajo talem et se et exercitum approbavit, ut, etc.,

Suet. Galb. 6 al. —

Aliquid alicui adprobare, to make good to one, to render acceptable, satisfactory:

opus manu factum regi adprobavit,

Vitr. 9, 3:

prima castrorum rudimenta duci adprobavit,

his first military duties he learned to the satisfaction of his commander, Tac. Agr. 5; Dig. 19, 2, 24; cf. Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 7, 63.

angustus, a, um. adj. [v. ango], narrow, strait, esp. of local relations, close, contracted, small, not spacious (syn.: artus, brevis, contractus;

opp. latus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 92). [p. 120]

Lit.:

fretus,

Lucr. 1, 720:

Angustum per iter,

id. 5, 1132; so Sall. J. 92, 7, and Vulg. Judith, 4, 6; 7, 5:

pontes angusti,

Cic. Leg. 3, 17:

domus,

id. Fin. 1, 20, 65:

fauces portūs angustissimae,

Caes. B. C. 1, 25:

fines,

id. B. G. 1, 2 Herz.:

cellae,

Hor. S. 1, 8, 8:

rima,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 29:

Principis angustā Caprearum in rupe sedentis,

on the narrow rock, Juv. 10, 93 Herm., where Jahn reads augusta, both readings yielding an apposite sense:

porta,

Vulg. Matt. 7, 13; ib. Luc. 13, 24 al.— Subst.: angustum, i, n., narrowness:

per angustum,

Lucr. 4, 530:

angusta viarum,

Verg. A. 2, 332:

pontes et viarum angusta,

Tac. H. 4, 35.—

Trop.

In angustum concludere, adducere, deducere, etc., to reduce to a strait, i. e. to restrain, confine, etc.:

ab illā immensā societate humani generis in exiguum angustumque concluditur,

Cic. Off. 1, 17:

amicitia ex infinitā societate generis humani ita contracta est et adducta in angustum, ut, etc.,

id. Am. 5.—Of the passions, to curb, restrain, moderate:

perturbationes animi contrahere et in angustum deducere,

Cic. Ac. 1, 10.—

Of other things: clavus angustus, the narrow purple stripe upon the tunic, v. clavus:

spiritus,

short, difficult, Cic. de Or. 1, 61:

odor rosae,

not diffused far, Plin. 21, 4, 10, § 14.—Once also of the point of an arrow = acutus, Cels. 7, 5, n. 2.—

Of time, short, brief:

angustus dies,

Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 8; Stat. Th. 1, 442:

nox,

Ov. Am. 3, 7, 25:

tempus,

Luc. 4, 447.—

Of means of living, and the like, pinching, scanty, needy:

pauperies,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 1:

res angusta domi,

Juv. 3, 164:

mensa,

Sen. Thyest. 452: domus, poor, i. e. built without much expense, Tac. A. 2, 33.—

Of other external relations of life, difficult, critical, uncertain:

rebus angustis animosus atque Fortis adpare,

Hor. C. 2, 10, 21:

cum fides totā Italiā esset angustior,

was weakened, Caes. B. C. 3, 1.— Subst.: angustum, i, n., a difficult, critical, condition, danger: in angustum cogi, * Ter. Heaut. 4, 2, 2:

res est in angusto,

the condition is perilous, Caes. B. G. 2, 25:

spes est in angusto,

hope is feeble, Cels. 8, 4.—

Of mind or character, narrow, base, low, mean-spirited:

nihil est tam angusti animi, tam parvi, quam amare divitias,

Cic. Off. 1, 20, 68:

animi angusti et demissi,

id. Pis. 24, 57:

ecce autem alii minuti et angusti, aut omnia semper desperantes, aut malevoli, invidi, etc.,

id. Fin. 1, 18, 61.—

Of learned investigations that lay too much stress upon little things, subtle, hair-splitting:

minutae angustaeque concertationes,

Cic. de Or. 3, 31:

pungunt (Stoici) quasi aculeis, interrogatiunculis angustis,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7.—

Of discourse, brief, simple:

et angusta quaedam et concisa, et alia est dilatata et fusa oratio,

Cic. Or. 56, 187:

Intonet angusto pectore Callimachus,

i.e. in simple style, Prop. 2, 1, 40.— Adv.: angustē.

Lit., of space, quantity, or number, within narrow limits, closely, hardly: recepissem te, nisi anguste sederem, if I were not in close quarters, Cic. ap. Macr. S. 2, 3:

anguste putare vitem,

to prune close, Col. 4, 16, 1; so,

anguste aliquid deputare,

id. 4, 22, 3:

quā (re frumentariā) anguste utebatur,

in small quantity, Caes. B. C. 3, 16:

tantum navium repperit, ut anguste quindecim milia militum, quingentos equites transportare possent, = vix,

scarcely fifteen thousand, id. ib. 3, 2.— Comp.:

angustius pabulabantur,

within narrower range, Caes. B. C. 1, 59:

aliae (arbores) radices angustius diffundunt,

Varr. R. R. 1, 37, 5:

quanto sit angustius imperitatum,

Tac. A. 4, 4:

eo anno frumentum propter siccitates angustius provenerat,

more scantily, Caes. B. G. 5, 24.— Sup.:

Caesar (nitebatur) ut quam angustissime Pompeium contineret,

Caes. B. C. 3, 45:

furunculus angustissime praecisus,

Col. 4, 24, 17. —

Trop.

In gen., within narrow limits:

anguste intraque civiles actiones coërcere rhetoricam,

Quint. 2, 15, 36.— Comp.: haud scio an recte ea virtus frugalitas appellari possit, quod angustius apud Graecos valet, qui frugi homines chrêsimous appellant, id est tantum modo utiles, has a narrower meaning, Cic. Tusc. 3, 8, 16:

Reliqui habere se videntur angustius, enatant tamen etc.,

seem to be more hampered, id. ib. 5, 31, 87.—

Esp. of speaking or writing, closely, briefly, concisely, without diffuseness: anguste scribere, Cic. Mur. 13, 28:

anguste et exiliter dicere,

id. Brut. 84, 289:

anguste disserere,

id. Part. Or. 41, 139:

presse et anguste rem definire,

id. Or. 33, 117:

anguste materiem terminare,

Quint. 7, 4, 40.— Comp.:

Pergit idem et urget angustius,

Cic. N. D. 2, 8, 22:

concludere brevius angustiusque,

id. ib. 2, 7, 20.

angustus, a, um. adj. [v. ango], narrow, strait, esp. of local relations, close, contracted, small, not spacious (syn.: artus, brevis, contractus;

opp. latus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 92). [p. 120]

Lit.:

fretus,

Lucr. 1, 720:

Angustum per iter,

id. 5, 1132; so Sall. J. 92, 7, and Vulg. Judith, 4, 6; 7, 5:

pontes angusti,

Cic. Leg. 3, 17:

domus,

id. Fin. 1, 20, 65:

fauces portūs angustissimae,

Caes. B. C. 1, 25:

fines,

id. B. G. 1, 2 Herz.:

cellae,

Hor. S. 1, 8, 8:

rima,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 29:

Principis angustā Caprearum in rupe sedentis,

on the narrow rock, Juv. 10, 93 Herm., where Jahn reads augusta, both readings yielding an apposite sense:

porta,

Vulg. Matt. 7, 13; ib. Luc. 13, 24 al.— Subst.: angustum, i, n., narrowness:

per angustum,

Lucr. 4, 530:

angusta viarum,

Verg. A. 2, 332:

pontes et viarum angusta,

Tac. H. 4, 35.—

Trop.

In angustum concludere, adducere, deducere, etc., to reduce to a strait, i. e. to restrain, confine, etc.:

ab illā immensā societate humani generis in exiguum angustumque concluditur,

Cic. Off. 1, 17:

amicitia ex infinitā societate generis humani ita contracta est et adducta in angustum, ut, etc.,

id. Am. 5.—Of the passions, to curb, restrain, moderate:

perturbationes animi contrahere et in angustum deducere,

Cic. Ac. 1, 10.—

Of other things: clavus angustus, the narrow purple stripe upon the tunic, v. clavus:

spiritus,

short, difficult, Cic. de Or. 1, 61:

odor rosae,

not diffused far, Plin. 21, 4, 10, § 14.—Once also of the point of an arrow = acutus, Cels. 7, 5, n. 2.—

Of time, short, brief:

angustus dies,

Ov. Tr. 5, 10, 8; Stat. Th. 1, 442:

nox,

Ov. Am. 3, 7, 25:

tempus,

Luc. 4, 447.—

Of means of living, and the like, pinching, scanty, needy:

pauperies,

Hor. C. 3, 2, 1:

res angusta domi,

Juv. 3, 164:

mensa,

Sen. Thyest. 452: domus, poor, i. e. built without much expense, Tac. A. 2, 33.—

Of other external relations of life, difficult, critical, uncertain:

rebus angustis animosus atque Fortis adpare,

Hor. C. 2, 10, 21:

cum fides totā Italiā esset angustior,

was weakened, Caes. B. C. 3, 1.— Subst.: angustum, i, n., a difficult, critical, condition, danger: in angustum cogi, * Ter. Heaut. 4, 2, 2:

res est in angusto,

the condition is perilous, Caes. B. G. 2, 25:

spes est in angusto,

hope is feeble, Cels. 8, 4.—

Of mind or character, narrow, base, low, mean-spirited:

nihil est tam angusti animi, tam parvi, quam amare divitias,

Cic. Off. 1, 20, 68:

animi angusti et demissi,

id. Pis. 24, 57:

ecce autem alii minuti et angusti, aut omnia semper desperantes, aut malevoli, invidi, etc.,

id. Fin. 1, 18, 61.—

Of learned investigations that lay too much stress upon little things, subtle, hair-splitting:

minutae angustaeque concertationes,

Cic. de Or. 3, 31:

pungunt (Stoici) quasi aculeis, interrogatiunculis angustis,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7.—

Of discourse, brief, simple:

et angusta quaedam et concisa, et alia est dilatata et fusa oratio,

Cic. Or. 56, 187:

Intonet angusto pectore Callimachus,

i.e. in simple style, Prop. 2, 1, 40.— Adv.: angustē.

Lit., of space, quantity, or number, within narrow limits, closely, hardly: recepissem te, nisi anguste sederem, if I were not in close quarters, Cic. ap. Macr. S. 2, 3:

anguste putare vitem,

to prune close, Col. 4, 16, 1; so,

anguste aliquid deputare,

id. 4, 22, 3:

quā (re frumentariā) anguste utebatur,

in small quantity, Caes. B. C. 3, 16:

tantum navium repperit, ut anguste quindecim milia militum, quingentos equites transportare possent, = vix,

scarcely fifteen thousand, id. ib. 3, 2.— Comp.:

angustius pabulabantur,

within narrower range, Caes. B. C. 1, 59:

aliae (arbores) radices angustius diffundunt,

Varr. R. R. 1, 37, 5:

quanto sit angustius imperitatum,

Tac. A. 4, 4:

eo anno frumentum propter siccitates angustius provenerat,

more scantily, Caes. B. G. 5, 24.— Sup.:

Caesar (nitebatur) ut quam angustissime Pompeium contineret,

Caes. B. C. 3, 45:

furunculus angustissime praecisus,

Col. 4, 24, 17. —

Trop.

In gen., within narrow limits:

anguste intraque civiles actiones coërcere rhetoricam,

Quint. 2, 15, 36.— Comp.: haud scio an recte ea virtus frugalitas appellari possit, quod angustius apud Graecos valet, qui frugi homines chrêsimous appellant, id est tantum modo utiles, has a narrower meaning, Cic. Tusc. 3, 8, 16:

Reliqui habere se videntur angustius, enatant tamen etc.,

seem to be more hampered, id. ib. 5, 31, 87.—

Esp. of speaking or writing, closely, briefly, concisely, without diffuseness: anguste scribere, Cic. Mur. 13, 28:

anguste et exiliter dicere,

id. Brut. 84, 289:

anguste disserere,

id. Part. Or. 41, 139:

presse et anguste rem definire,

id. Or. 33, 117:

anguste materiem terminare,

Quint. 7, 4, 40.— Comp.:

Pergit idem et urget angustius,

Cic. N. D. 2, 8, 22:

concludere brevius angustiusque,

id. ib. 2, 7, 20.

ap-prŏbo ( adp-, Fleck., Bait., Halm, Weissenb.; app-, Kayser), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.

To assent to as good, to regard as good, to approve, to favor (freq. and class.; syn.: probo, laudo): id si non fama adprobat, * Ter. Phorm. 4, 5, 12:

(populus Romanus) meum jus jurandum unā voce et consensu approbavit,

Cic. Pis. 3, 7:

approbatā laudatāque Cottae sententiā,

id. Sest. 34, 74:

aliquid magno clamore,

id. Arch. 10, 24:

legiones clamore donum adprobantes,

Liv. 7, 37; 7, 41:

consilium vehementer adprobare,

Cic. ad Q. Fr. 3, 4 et saep.—So of the gods, to allow a thing to take place, to favor (cf. admitto, II. B.):

quod actum est di adprobent,

Cic. Fam. 2, 15; 1, 9, 19:

musis omnibus adprobantibus,

id. ib. 7, 23, 2; cf. Plaut. Am. prol. 13.—

To show as being good and true, to make evident, to prove, demonstrate, confirm, establish:

hoc autem nihil attinet approbari,

Cic. Inv. 1, 36 fin.:

innocentiam adprobare,

Tac. A. 1, 44:

excusationem,

id. Agr. 42.—With acc. and inf.:

vivere eos approbant,

Plin. 9, 57, 83:

quo magis degenerāsse eum a civili more approbaret,

Suet. Aug. 17:

Cajo talem et se et exercitum approbavit, ut, etc.,

Suet. Galb. 6 al. —

Aliquid alicui adprobare, to make good to one, to render acceptable, satisfactory:

opus manu factum regi adprobavit,

Vitr. 9, 3:

prima castrorum rudimenta duci adprobavit,

his first military duties he learned to the satisfaction of his commander, Tac. Agr. 5; Dig. 19, 2, 24; cf. Herz. ad Caes. B. G. 7, 63.

ārĕa (in inscriptions freq. ARIA, Inscr. Orell. 4130, etc.), ae, f [some comp. eraze = on the ground; Germ. Erde; Engl. earth, hearth; others, as Varro and Festus, connected it with areo, as if pr. dry land, as terra may be connected with torreo; so Bopp and Curt.], a piece of level ground, a vacant place, esp. in the town (syn.:

planities, aequor): in urbe loca pura areae,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 38 Müll: area proprie dicitur locus vacuus, Paul. ex Fest. p. 11 Müll.: locus sine aedificio in urbe area;

rure autem ager appellatur,

Dig. 50, 16, 211.

Lit., ground for a house, a building-spot:

si Ponendae domo quaerenda est area primum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 13. arearum electio, Vitr. 1, 7, 1:

pontifices si sustulerint religionem, aream praeclaram habebimus,

Cic. Att. 4, 1 fin.; Liv. 4, 16; 1, 55; Suet. Vesp. 8; Dig. 7, 4, 10 al.—

Transf.

A vacant space around or in a house, a court (syn. spatium):

resedimus in areā domŭs,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 4; so id. ib. 7, 27, 10; Vulg. 3 Reg. 22, 10; Dig. 43, 22, 1; 8, 2, 1 al.—

An open space for games, an open play-ground (syn.:

campus, curriculum),

Hor. C. 1, 9, 18.— Hence, in gen., a field for effort, etc. (syn.:

campus, locus, q. v.),

Ov. Am. 3, 1, 26, and trop.:

area scelerum,

i. e. where vices have full scope, Cic. Att. 9, 18.—Also, a raceground, Ov. F. 4, 10 (cf. id. ib. 2, 360); and trop., the course of life:

vitae tribus areis peractis (i. e. pueritiā, juventute, senectute),

Mart. 10, 24.—

A threshing floor (among the ancients, an open space in the vicinity of the house).

Lit.:

neque in segetibus neque in areis neque in horreis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 8; Hor. C. 1, 1, 10; id. S. 1, 1, 45; Tib. 1, 5, 22; Vulg. Gen. 50, 10; ib. Isa. 21, 10. Its construction may be learned from Cato, R. R. 91 and 129; Varr. R. R. 1, 51; Verg. G. 1, 178 sqq. Voss; Col. 5, 1, 4; 5, 2, 20; and Pall. 1, 36 al.—

Trop., of the body of Christians, as subject to separation, judgment (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Matt. 3, 12; Aug. Ver. Rel. 5.—

The halo around the sun or moon: tales splendores Graeci areas (i. e. halônas) vocavere, Sen. Q. N. 1, 2.—

A bed or border in a garden, Varr. L. L. 6, § 64 Müll.; Col. 11, 3; Plin. 19, 4, 20, § 60; Pall. 1, 34.—

A fowling-floor, Plaut. As. 1, 3, 64: aedes nobis area est;

auceps sum ego,

id. ib. 1, 3, 67.—

A burying-ground, church-yard, Tert. ad Scap. 3. —

A bald spot upon the head, baldness, Cels. 6, 4; Mart. 5, 50.

Ăristŏtĕles, is ( gen. Aristoteli, Cic. Att. 13, 28, like Archimedi, Achilli, Pericli; acc. Aristotelen, Quint. 3, 6, 60; cf. Rudd. I. 58, n. 71; Neue, Formenl. I. pp. 181, 311), m., = Aristotelês.

A.. Aristotle, a very learned and distinguished pupil of Plato, from Stagira, in Macedonia, teacher of Alexander the Great, and founder of the Peripatetic philosophy, Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 22; 3, 28, 69; id. Ac. 1, 4, 17; id. Fin. 5, 5, 12; id. Off. 3, 8, 35; id. de Or. 3, 35, 141 al.—Hence,

Ăristŏtĕlīus and - ēus, a, um, adj., Aristotelian:

vis,

Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 71:

pigmenta,

id. Att. 2, 1:

ratio,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

Topica Aristotelea,

id. ib. 7, 19.—

A guest of Cicero, Cic. Fam. 13, 52.

Ăristŏtĕles, is ( gen. Aristoteli, Cic. Att. 13, 28, like Archimedi, Achilli, Pericli; acc. Aristotelen, Quint. 3, 6, 60; cf. Rudd. I. 58, n. 71; Neue, Formenl. I. pp. 181, 311), m., = Aristotelês.

A.. Aristotle, a very learned and distinguished pupil of Plato, from Stagira, in Macedonia, teacher of Alexander the Great, and founder of the Peripatetic philosophy, Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 22; 3, 28, 69; id. Ac. 1, 4, 17; id. Fin. 5, 5, 12; id. Off. 3, 8, 35; id. de Or. 3, 35, 141 al.—Hence,

Ăristŏtĕlīus and - ēus, a, um, adj., Aristotelian:

vis,

Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 71:

pigmenta,

id. Att. 2, 1:

ratio,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

Topica Aristotelea,

id. ib. 7, 19.—

A guest of Cicero, Cic. Fam. 13, 52.

Ăristŏtĕles, is ( gen. Aristoteli, Cic. Att. 13, 28, like Archimedi, Achilli, Pericli; acc. Aristotelen, Quint. 3, 6, 60; cf. Rudd. I. 58, n. 71; Neue, Formenl. I. pp. 181, 311), m., = Aristotelês.

A.. Aristotle, a very learned and distinguished pupil of Plato, from Stagira, in Macedonia, teacher of Alexander the Great, and founder of the Peripatetic philosophy, Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 22; 3, 28, 69; id. Ac. 1, 4, 17; id. Fin. 5, 5, 12; id. Off. 3, 8, 35; id. de Or. 3, 35, 141 al.—Hence,

Ăristŏtĕlīus and - ēus, a, um, adj., Aristotelian:

vis,

Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 71:

pigmenta,

id. Att. 2, 1:

ratio,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

Topica Aristotelea,

id. ib. 7, 19.—

A guest of Cicero, Cic. Fam. 13, 52.