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1 किम्
kímind. (fr. 1. ki, originally nom. andﾠ acc. sg. n. of 2. ká q.v.), what? how? whence? wherefore? why?
kimis much used as a particle of interrogation like the Lat. num, an,
sometimes translatable by « whether?» but oftener serving only like a note of interrogation to mark a question
(e.g.. kiṉvyādhāvane'sminsaṉcaranti, « do hunters roam about in this wood?»
In an interrogation the verb, if uncompounded with a preposition, generally retains its accent after kim Pāṇ. 8-1, 44)
To this sense may be referred the kim expressing inferiority, deficiency, etc. at the beginning of compounds
(e.g.. kiṉ-rājan, what sort of king? i.e. a bad king Pāṇ. 2-1, 64; V, 4, 70);
alsoﾠ the kim prefixed to verbs with a similar meaning (e.g.. kim-adhî ̱te, he reads badly Pāṇ. 8-1, 44 Kāṡ.)
kim-uta, orﾠ kim-uta-vā orﾠ kim-athavā-uta, whether- orﾠ- orﾠ R. Ṡak. Bhartṛ. etc. (cf. utá.)
is very frequently connected with other particles, as follows:
kímaṅgá, wherefore then? RV. ;
athakim seeﾠ átha;
kimapi, somewhat, to a considerable extent, rather, much more, still further Ṡak. Megh. etc.;
kimiti, why? Ṡak. Kum. Pañcat. etc.;
kim-iva, what for? Ṡiṡ. XVI, 31 ;
kím-u orﾠ kím-utá how much more? how much less? RV. ṠBr. MBh. etc.;
kiṉkila, what a pity! (expressing dissatisfaction) Pāṇ. 3-3, 146 ;
kiṉ-ca, moreover, further Pañcat. Kathās. etc.;
what more (expressing impatience) Ṡak. ;
kiṉ-cana (originally - cana, negative = « in no way»), to a certain degree, a little Kathās. ;
(with a negation) in no way, not at all MBh. I, 6132 ;
kiṉ-cid, somewhat, a little MBh. R. etc.;
kiṉtarhi, how then? but, however Pāṇ. 2-2, 4 Pat.; IV, 1, 163, Kaṡ. ;
kiṉ-tu, but, however, nevertheless (bearing the same relation to tu that kiṉ-ca bears to ca) MBh. R. etc.;
kiṉ-nu, whether indeed? (a stronger interrogative than kim alone) MBh. R. etc.;
how much more? how much less? Bhag. I, 35 ;
kiṉnukhalu, how possibly? (a still stronger interrogative) Ṡak. ;
kimpunar, how much more? how much less? R. Bhag. IX, 33 etc.. ;
however Bālar. ;
but ib. ;
kiṉvā, whether? orﾠ whether? Ṡak. Pañcat. etc.;
orﾠ (often a mere particle of interrogation);
kíṉsvid, why? Kathās. XXVI, 75 ;
a stronger interrogative than kim alone RV. MBh. Kathās. ;
(in comp.)
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2 प्राञ्च्
prāñc
nom. prā́ṅ, prā́cī, prā́k;
cf. Pāṇ. 6-1, 182)
directed furwards orﾠ towards, being in front, facing, opposite RV. VS. AV. Mn. ;
(acc. with kṛi, to bring, procure, offer RV. ;
to stretch forth < the fingers> ib. ;
to make straight, prepare orﾠ clear < a path> ib. ;
alsoﾠ with pra- tir, orﾠ - ni
to advance, promote, further ib. ;
with Caus. of kḷī, to face, turn opposite to Mn. VII, 189);
turned eastward, eastern, easterly (opp. to ápāc, western) RV. etc. etc.;
being to the east of (abl.) Mn. II, 21 ;
running from west to east, taken lengthwise KātyṠr. ;
(with viṡvataḥ) turned to all directions RV. ;
inclined, willing ib. ;
lasting, long (as life) AV. ;
(esp. ibc.;
cf. below) previous, prior, former;
( prañcas), m. pl. the people of the east, eastern people orﾠ grammarians Pāṇ. I, 1, 75 etc.. ;
(prā́cī) f. (with orﾠ scil. diṡ) the east ṠBr. MBh. etc.;
the post to which an elephant is tied L. ;
(prā́k;
prāṅ Lāṭy. KātyṠr.) ind. before (in place orﾠ in order orﾠ time;
as prep. with abl. <cf. Pāṇ. 2-1, 11 12 >, rarely with gen.;
alsoﾠ in comp. with its subst. Pāṇ. ib.) ṠrS. Up. MBh. etc.;
in the east, to the east of (abl.) RV. Lāṭy. ;
before the eyes Hit. I, 76 ;
at first, formerly, previously, already Mn. MBh. etc.;
(with eva), a short while ago, recently, just Ṡak. ;
still more so, how much more (= kim-uta) Buddh. ;
above, in the former part (of a book) Mn. Pāṇ. ;
first, in the first place, above all Kathās. MārkP. ;
from now, henceforth Var. ;
up to, as far as (with abl.;
esp. in gram., e.g.. prākkaḍārāt, up to the word kaḍāra Pāṇ. 2-1, 3);
between (= avâ̱ntare) L. ;
early in the morning L. ;
w.r. for drāk MBh. ;
(prācā́) ind. forwards, onwards RV. ;
eastwards ib. ;
( prācás) ind. from the front ib.
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3 उत
uta1) mfn. (fr. ve q.v.), sewn, woven
mfn. woven etc. seeﾠ 1. uta
utá
often used for the sake of emphasis, especially at the end of a line after iti orﾠ a verb
(e.g.. sarva-bhūtānitampārthasadāparibhavantyuta,
all creatures, O king, certainly always despise him MBh. III, 1026)
MBh. Bhag. etc.
(As an interrogative particle, generally at the beginning of the second orﾠ following part of a double interrogation)
orﾠ, utrum - an (e.g.. kathamnirṇīyatekiṉsyānnishkāraṇobandhurutaviṡvāsa-ghātakaḥ,
how can it be decided whether he be a friend without a motive orﾠ a violator of confidence? Hit.)
Kum. Kathās. Bhartṛ. Sāh. etc.. ;
in this sense it may be strengthened by āho
(e.g.. kaccittvamasimānushīutâ̱hosurâ̱ṅganā,
art thou a mortal woman orﾠ divine? Nala), orﾠ by āho-svit
(e.g.. ṡālihotraḥkiṉnusyādutâ̱hosvidrājānalaḥ,
can it be Ṡālihotra orﾠ king Nala?)
Rarely kim is repeated before uta used in this sense
(e.g.. kimnusvargātprāptātasyārūpeṇakimutâ̱nyâ̱gatā,
has she arrived from heaven orﾠ has another come in her form? Mṛicch.)
Amar. MBh. etc.
(As a particle of wishing, especially at the beginning of a sentence followed by a potential)
would that! utinam!
(e.g.. utâ̱dhīyīta, would that he would read!)
( uta preceded by kim) on the contrary, how much more, how much less
(e.g.. samartho'sisahasramapijetuṉkimutai ͡kam,
thou art able to conquer even a thousand, how much more one R.)
Ṡak. Vikr. Ragh. etc.
( uta preceded by prati) on the contrary, rather
(e.g.. eshapṛishṭo'smābhirnajalpatihantipraty-utapāshāṇaih,
this one questioned by us does not speak, but rather throws stones a us)
Kathās. Pañcat. etc.;
utavā, orﾠ else, andﾠ (e.g.. samudrādutavāpurīshāt, from the sea orﾠ from the moisture in the air);
vā - utavā orﾠ utâ̱hovâ̱pi - vā, either - orﾠ;
uta - uta, both - andﾠ (e.g.. utabalavānutâ̱balaḥ, both the strong andﾠ the weak);
kim - utavā, whether - orﾠ else
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4 स्विद्
svid1) ind. (prob. fr. 5. su + id;
cf. kuvid) a particle of interrogation orﾠ inquiry orﾠ doubt,
often translatable by « do you think?», « perhaps», « pray», « indeed», « any» (esp. used after the interrogative ka andﾠ its derivatives
e.g.. kaḥsvideshāmbrāhmaṇānāmanucāna-tamaḥ, « pray who < orﾠ « who do you think» > is the most learned of these Brahmans?» ṠBr. ;
but alsoﾠ without another interrogative e.g.. tvaṉsvinnoyājñavalkyabrakmishṭho'si, « do you think Yājñavalkya, you are the greatest Brāhman among us?» ib. ;
alsoﾠ used after uta, api, āho, andﾠ utâ̱ho, andﾠ disjunctively in the first orﾠ second orﾠ both parts of a double interrogation, thus:
kiṉnu-svid;
kiṉsvid-svid;
svid-svid;
svid-utâ̱ho;
nu-svid;
svid-nu;
svid-uta;
svid-vā;
svid-kimu;
svid-kim-nukim;
sometimes making a preceding interrogative indefinite e.g.. kvásvid, « anywhere» ;
káḥsvid, « whoever», « any one» ;
similarly with yad e.g.. yadsviddīyate, « whatever is given» MaitrS. ;
sometimes apparently a mere expletive) RV. etc. etc.
2) cl. 1. Ā. 4. P. Dhātup. XVIII, 4; XXVI, 79 ;
svedate orﾠ svidyati (Ā. svidyate Yājñ. ;
p. svidyamāna Suṡr. ;
pf. sishveda Gr.;
sishvide MBh. ;
p. sishvidāná RV. ;
aor. asvidat Ṡiṡ. ;
fut. svettā, svetsyati Gr.;
ind. p. - svedam Br.), to sweat, perspire AitĀr. ChUp. KātyṠr. MBh. etc.;
( svedate), to be anointed Dhātup. ;
to be disturbed (?) ib.:
Caus. svedayati (aor. asishvidat), to cause to sweat, treat with sudorifics Suṡr. ;
to foment, soften SāmavBr.:
Desid. of Caus. sisvedayishati, Gr.:
Desid. sisvitshati ib.:
Intens. seshvidyate, seshvetti ib. ;
+ cf. Gk. ἱδρώς;
Lat. sūdor, sūdare;
Angl. Sax. swât;
Eng. sweat;
Germ. shchweiss, schwitṡen
3) (ifc.) sweating, perspiring Ṡiṡ.
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5 उ
u
2) ind. an interjection of compassion, anger L. ;
a particle implying assent, calling, command L. ;
3) ind. an enclitic copula used frequently in the Vedas;
(as a particle implying restriction andﾠ antithesis, generally after pronominals, prepositions, particles, andﾠ before nu andﾠ su, equivalent to) andﾠ, alsoﾠ, further;
on the other hand (especially in connexion with a relative
e.g.. yau, he on the contrary who etc.)
This particle may serve to give emphasis, like id andﾠ eva,
especially after prepositions orﾠ demonstrative pronouns,
in conjunction with nu, vai, hi, cid, etc.
(e.g.. ayámuvāmpurutámo.. johavīti RV. III, 62, 2,
this very person < your worshipper> invokes you etc.)
It is especially used in the figure of speech called Anaphora,
andﾠ particularly when the pronouns are repeated
(e.g.. támustushaíndramtámgṛiṇīshe RV. II, 20, 4,
him I praise, Indra, him I sing)
It may be used in drawing a conclusion, like the English « now»
(e.g.. tádutáthānákuryāt ṠBr. V, 2, 2, 3,
that now he should not do in such a manner),
andﾠ is frequently found in interrogative sentences
(e.g.. káutácciketa RV. I, 164, 48,
who, I ask, should know that?)
Pāṇini calls this particle uñ to distinguish it from the interrogative u
In the Pada-pāṭha it is written ūm. In the c
assical language u occurs only after atha, na, andﾠ kim, with a slight modification of the sense, andﾠ often only as an expletive ( seeﾠ kim);
u - u orﾠ u - uta, on the one hand - on the other hand;
partly - partly;
as, well - as
4) cl. 5. P. unoti ( seeﾠ vy-u RV. V, 31, 1):
cl. 2. Ā. (1. sg. uvé RV. X, 86, 7):
cl. 1. Ā. avate Dhātup. ;
to call to, hail;
to roar, bellow ( seeﾠ alsoﾠ ôta = ā-uta)
5) m. N. of Ṡiva;
alsoﾠ of Brahman L. ;
- उकार
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6 वा
vā1) ind. orﾠ (excluded, like the Lat. ve, from the first place in a sentence, andﾠ generally immediately following, rarely andﾠ only m.c. preceding, the word to which it refers) RV. etc. etc. (often used in disjunctive sentences;
vā-vā, either - orﾠ, on the one side - on the other;
navā - vā orﾠ na - vā, neither - nor;
vāna-vā, either not - orﾠ;
yadivā-vā, whether - orﾠ;
in a sentence containing more than two members vā is nearly always repeated, although if a negative is in the first clause it need not be so repeated;
vā is sometimes interchangeable with ca andﾠ api, andﾠ is frequently combined with other particles, esp. with atha, athô, uta, kim, yad, yadi q.v. <e.g.. athavā, « orﾠ else» >;
it is alsoﾠ sometimes used as an expletive);
either- orﾠ not, optionally KātyṠr. Mn. etc. (in gram. vā is used in a rule to denote its being optional e.g.. Pāṇ. 1-2, 13; 35 etc..);
as, like (= iva) PārGṛ. MBh. etc.;
just, even, indeed, very (= eva, laying stress on the preceding word) KātyṠr. Kāv. ;
but even if, even supposing (followed by a future) Pañc. V, 36/37 ;
however, nevertheless Bādar. Bālar. ;
(after a rel. orﾠ interr.) possibly, perhaps, I dare say MBh. Kāv. etc.
(e.g.. kiṉvāṡakuntalêtyasyamāturākhyā, « is his mother's name perhaps Ṡakuntalā?» Ṡak. VII, 20/21 ;
kovā orﾠ kevā followed by a negative may in such cases be translated by « every one, all»
e.g.. kevānasyuḥparibhava-padaṉnishphalâ̱ram-bha-yatnāḥ, « everybody whose efforts are fruitless is an object of contempt» Megh. 55)
2) cl. 2. P. Dhātup. XXIV, 42 ;
vā́ti (pf. vavau Br. MBh. etc.;
aor. avāsīt Br. ;
fut. vāsyati Megh. ;
inf. vātum Hariv.), to blow (as the wind) RV. etc. etc.;
to procure orﾠ bestow anything (acc.) by blowing RV. I, 89, 4 ;
to blow towards orﾠ upon (acc.) MBh. XII, 2798 ;
to emit an odour, be diffused (as perfume) ṠBr. ;
to smell (trans.) Vikr. IV, 41 (v.l.);
to hurt, injure Vop.:
Caus. vāpayati seeﾠ nir-vā andﾠ cf. vājaya:
Desid. vivāsati seeﾠ 1. van
+ cf. Gk. ἄημι for φφαημι;
Lat. ventus;
Slav. vejati;
Goth. waian, winds;
Germ. wâjan, woejen, wehen, Wind;
Angl. Sax. wâwan;
Eng. wind
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