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41 system
1) система || системный2) система; установка; устройство; комплекс3) программа•- adaptive control system
- address selection system
- addressing system
- advice-giving system
- AI planning system
- AI system
- analog computing system
- analog-digital computing system
- analysis information system
- application system
- arabic number system
- arithmetic system
- assembly system
- asymmetrical system
- atomic system
- attached processor system
- audio system
- authoring system
- automated office system
- automatic block system
- automatic checkout system
- automatic control system
- automatic search system
- automatic test system
- automatically programmed system
- automatically taught system
- autoprogrammable system
- axiomatic system
- backup system
- bad system
- bang-bang system
- base-2 system
- basic system
- batch-processing system
- binary system
- binary-coded decimal system
- binary-number system
- biquinary system
- bit-mapped system
- bit-slice system
- black-board expert system
- block parity system
- buddy system
- business system
- bus-oriented system
- bussed system
- CAD system
- call-reply system
- carrier system
- cause-controlled system
- character recognition system
- character-reading system
- chargeback system
- check sum error-detecting system
- chip-layout system
- clock system
- closed loop system
- closed system
- co-authoring system
- code recognition system
- code system
- coded-decimal system
- code-dependent system
- code-insensitive system
- code-sensitive system
- code-transparent system
- coding system
- coincident selection system
- cold system
- color-coded system
- command system
- common-bus system
- communication data system
- communications-oriented system
- complete articulated system
- computer system
- computer-aided design system
- computer-aided system
- computer-based system
- computer-based weapon system
- computerized system
- computing system
- concatenated coding system
- concealment system
- conservative system
- contention system
- continuous presence system
- control system
- controlled system
- controlling system
- coordinate system
- cordonnier system
- costrained vision system
- cross system
- crossbar switch system
- data acquisition system
- data collection system
- data exchange system
- data flow system
- data gethering system
- data handling system
- data management system
- data preparation system
- data processing system
- data reduction system
- data retrieval system
- data storage system
- data system
- data transmission system
- database management system
- database support system
- data-managed system
- decimal number system
- decimal system
- decimal numeration system
- decision support system
- decision-aided system
- decision-making system
- decision-support system
- decision-taking system
- decoding selection system
- decomposable system
- dedicated system
- degenerate system
- design library support system
- design-automation system
- design-verification system
- development support system
- development system
- digital communication system
- digital computing system
- direct-current system
- directly coupled system
- discrete system
- discrete-continuous system
- disk operating system
- display system
- distributed database management system
- distributed function system
- distributed intelligence system
- distributed parameter system
- distributed system
- distribution system
- double intermediate tape system
- down system
- drafting system
- dual system
- dual-computer system
- dual-processor system
- duodecimal number system
- duodecimal system
- duotricenary number system
- duotricenary system
- duplexed computer system
- duplex computer system
- dyadic number system
- dyadic system
- dynamic mapping system
- dynamic scene system
- dynamic support system
- electronic data processing system
- electronic sorting system
- encoding system
- equipment adapted data system
- erasing system
- error-controlled system
- error-correcting system
- error-detecting system
- executive file-control system
- executive system
- expert control system
- expert support system
- expert system
- expert-planning system
- externally pulsed system
- fail-safe system
- fail-soft system
- fan-out system
- fault-tolerant system
- feasible system
- federated system
- feed system
- feedback system
- feedforward control system
- fiche retrieval system
- file control system
- file system
- fixed-lenght record system
- fixed-point system
- fixed-radix numeration system
- floating-point system
- fluid transport system
- follow-up system
- forgiving system
- front-end system
- fuzzy expert system
- generic expert system
- geographically distributed system
- goal-seeking system
- good system
- graceful degradation system
- graphic data system
- graphics display system
- graphics system
- help system
- heterogeneous system
- hexadecimal number system
- hexadecimal system - host system
- hostless system
- host-satellite system
- human visual system
- hunting system
- hypermedia system
- imaging system
- incremental system
- independent system
- indirectly coupled system
- information storage and retrieval system
- information retrieval system
- information handling system
- information management system
- information processing system
- information system
- information-feedback system
- in-plant system
- input/output control system
- instruction system
- instrumentation management system
- integrated system
- intelligence system
- interactive control system
- interactive system
- intercommunicating system
- interlock system
- internal number system
- internal system
- Internet-enabled system
- interrupt system
- isolated system
- kernel system
- key-to-disk/tape system
- knowledge base management system
- knowledge system
- knowledge-based system
- large-scale computing system
- laser communication system
- layered control system - lexicon-driven system
- library reference system
- local-network system
- long-haul system
- lumped-parameter system
- machine tool control system
- machine-limited system
- machine-oriented programming system
- macroinstruction system
- macro system
- magnetic memory system
- magnetic recording system
- magnetic tape plotting system
- mail message system
- mail system
- mailbox system
- management information system
- man-machine system
- mapping system
- map-reading system
- mass memory system
- mass storage system
- master/slave system
- matrix memory system
- memory driver system
- memory system
- message handling system
- message system
- microcomputer system
- microfilm printing system
- midsplit system
- MIMO system
- mixed-base numbering system
- mixed-base number system
- mixed-radix numeration system
- model-based expert system
- modular system
- monitoring system
- monitor system
- mosaic system - multicomputer system
- multidimensional system
- multifrequency system
- multilevel storage system
- multiloop system
- multimaster communication system
- multimicroprocessor system
- multiple computation system
- multiple-bus system
- multiple-coincident magnetic storage system
- multiple-output control system
- multiplex system
- multiport system
- multiprocessing system
- multiprocessor system
- multiprogramming computer system
- multiprogramming system
- multisite system
- multispeaker system
- multistable system
- multitasking operating system
- multiterminal system
- multiuser computer system
- multiuser system
- multiuser operating system
- multivariable system
- multivariate system
- negative-base number representation system
- negative-base number system
- network operating system
- node-replicated system
- noncomputerized system
- nonconsistently based number system
- nondegenerate system
- number representation system
- numbering system
- number system
- numeral system
- numeration system
- numerical system
- octal number system
- octal system
- office automation system
- off-line system
- on-demand system
- one-level storage system
- one-loop system
- one-over-one address system
- on-line system
- open-ended system
- open system
- open-loop system
- operating system
- operational system
- optical memory system
- overdetermined system
- overload-hold system
- page-on-demand system
- panelboard system
- paper-tape system
- parameter-driven expert system
- pattern recognition system
- peek-a-boo system
- peripheral system
- pipeline system
- polled system
- polymorphic system
- polyphase system
- portable system
- positional representation system
- Post-production system
- priority scheduling system
- priority system
- procedural expert system
- process control system
- processor-sharing system
- production control system
- production system
- program system
- programming system
- protection system
- pulse system
- pulse-or-no-pulse system
- pulse-signal system
- punch card computer system
- pure-binary numeration system
- purposeful system
- quadruplex system
- question-answering system
- queueing system
- queue system
- radix numbering system
- radix number system
- reactive system
- reading system
- real-time expert system
- real-time operating system
- real-time system
- reasoning system
- recognition system
- recording system
- recovery system
- reduntant number system
- reduntant system
- reflected binary number system
- reflected binary system
- refreshment system
- remote-access system
- replicating system
- representation system
- request-repeat system
- rerecording system
- residue number system
- residue system
- resource-sharing system
- restorable system
- retrieval system
- retrieval-only system - robotic system
- robot system
- rule-based expert system
- rule-based system
- scalable system
- selection system
- self-adapting system
- self-adjusting system
- self-aligning system
- self-balancing system
- self-check system
- self-contained system
- self-correcting system
- self-descriptive system
- self-learning system
- self-organizing system
- self-sustained oscillation system
- self-test system
- sensor-based system
- sequential scheduling system
- sexadecimal number system
- sexadecimal system
- shared-files system
- shell expert system
- silicon-development system
- simplex system
- single-drive system
- single-inheritance system
- single-phase clock system
- single-site system
- single-user computer system
- SISO system
- skeletal expert system
- slave system
- soft-sectored disk system
- software system
- sound system
- source code control system
- source-destination system
- space-division system
- stabilizing system
- stable system
- stand-alone system
- start-stop system
- state-determined system
- stepped start-stop system
- stereo system
- stochastically disturbed system
- storage system
- stripped-down expert system
- subsplit system
- supervisor control system
- switching system
- symbolic assembly system
- syntactical system
- system explanation system
- system of logic
- system of notation
- system with delay
- system with time lag
- tabulating system
- tape data processing system
- tape drive system
- tape handling system
- tape operating system
- tape plotting system
- tape resident system
- tape-oriented system
- target system
- taught system
- telecommunictions system
- telecontrol system
- terminal system
- ternary number system
- ternary system
- test system
- testbed system
- text-to-speech system
- time-division system
- time-pattern control system
- time-shared system
- time-shared-bus system
- time-sharing system
- timing system
- total system
- translating system
- translation system
- translator writing system
- transmitting system
- tree-structured system
- trusted computer system
- two-failure mode system
- two-level return system
- two-level system
- two-phase clock system
- ultrastable system
- Unified system
- uninterruptible power system
- uniprocessor system
- unrestorable system
- unstable system
- up system
- variable-lenght record system
- virtual system
- virtual-memory operating system
- vision system
- visual system
- voice/audio processing system
- voice-response system
- volunteer system
- weighted number system
- weighted system
- writing system
- xerox copy system
- zero-one systemEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > system
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42 EXTERNAL BALANCE
Равновесие платежного баланса/внешнее равновесие
Ситуация, характеризующаяся долговременным равновесием платежного баланса страны. Это означает, что расходы и инвестиции страны за границей не превышают расходы и инвестиции других государств в этой стране. Достижение равновесия платежного баланса - одна из целей макроэкономической политики государства. Ср.: Internal balance. См. также Demand management, Exchange rates, Macroeconomic policy, Internal-external balance model.Новый англо-русский словарь-справочник. Экономика. > EXTERNAL BALANCE
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43 law
1) право ( в объективном смысле)2) закон3) общее право5) юстиция; юристы•according to law — в соответствии с правом, с законом; правомерно | соответствующий праву, закону; правомерный, законный;
law and order — правопорядок;
law and usage of Parliament — парламентский обычай;
law as amended — закон в изменённой редакции;
law as fact — право как факт, право как сущее;
law as norm — право как норма, право как должное;
at law — в соответствии с правом, в силу права, в области права; в рамках общего права;
law Christian — церковное право;
contrary to law — в противоречии с правом; в противоречии с законом | противоречащий праву; противоречащий закону;
law due to expire — закон с истекающим сроком действия;
law for the time being — закон, действующий в настоящее время;
law in force — 1. действующее право 2. действующий закон;
in law — по закону;
contemplation in law — 1. юридически значимые намерения, цель 2. точка зрения закона;
law in vigour — действующий закон;
law martial — военное положение;
law merchant — торговое право; обычное торговое право;
law spiritual — церковное право;
to be in trouble with the law — вступить в конфликт с законом;
to carry law into effect — ввести закон в действие;
to clarify the law — разъяснить смысл правовой нормы, закона;
to consult the law — обратиться за разъяснением к закону; обратиться за консультацией к юристу, к адвокату;
to continue existing law — продлевать действие существующей правовой нормы, закона;
to create new law — создавать новую правовую норму; принимать (новый) закон;
to elaborate the law — разрабатывать закон;
to emerge as law — обретать силу закона;
to get into difficulty with the law — вступить в конфликт с законом;
to go to law — обратиться к правосудию;
to keep law current — модернизировать право, закон;
to make laws — законодательствовать;
to practice law — заниматься юридической [адвокатской] практикой;
to provide for by law — предусмотреть законом, узаконить;
to restate the law — переформулировать, перередактировать правовую норму, закон;
to stand to the law — предстать перед судом;
to strain the law — допустить натяжку в истолковании закона;
to teach law — преподавать право;
law unacted upon — закон, который не соблюдается;
within the law — в рамках закона, в пределах закона
- law of armslaw of international organizations — право, регулирующее деятельность международных организаций
- law of civil procedure
- law of conflict of laws
- law of conflict
- law of contract
- law of copyright
- law of corrections
- law of crimes
- law of crime
- law of criminal procedure
- law of domestical relations
- law of domestic relations
- law of employment
- law of equity
- law of evidence
- law of God
- law of honour
- law of industrial relations
- law of international trade
- law of landlord and tenant
- law of marriage
- law of master and servant
- law of merchants
- law of merchant shipping
- law of nations
- law of nature
- law of neighbouring tenements
- law of obligation
- law of outer space
- law of peace
- law of personal property
- law of persons
- law of power
- law of practice
- law of prize
- law of procedure
- law of property
- law of quasi-contract
- law of real property
- law of shipping
- law of substance
- law of succession
- law of taxation
- law of the air
- law of the case
- law of the church
- law of the Constitution
- law of the court
- law of the flag
- law of the land
- law of the sea
- law of the situs
- law of the staple
- law of torts
- law of treaties
- law of trusts
- law of war
- abnormal law
- absolute law
- actual law
- adjective law
- adjective patent law
- administrative law
- admiralty law
- admitted law
- agrarian law
- air carriage law
- ambassadorial law
- American Indian law
- American international law
- Antarctic law
- anti-corrupt practices laws
- antipollution laws
- anti-trust laws
- antiunion laws
- applicable law
- applied law
- bad law
- banking law
- basic law
- binding law
- blue law
- blue sky laws
- Brehon laws
- broken law
- business law
- canon law
- case law
- census disclosure law
- church law
- cited law
- civil law
- club law
- commercial law
- commitment law
- common law
- company law
- comparative law
- compiled laws
- congressional law
- conservation laws
- consolidated laws
- conspiracy law
- constitutional law
- consuetudinary law
- consular law
- continental law
- contract law
- conventional law
- conventional international law
- copyright law
- corporate law
- criminal law
- crown law
- current law
- customary law
- customary international law
- customs law
- decisional law
- diplomatic law
- discriminating law
- discriminatory law
- domestic law
- domiciliary law
- dormant law
- draft law
- dry law
- ecclesiastical law
- economic law
- educational law
- effective law
- efficacious law
- election law
- emergency laws
- employment law
- enacted law
- enforceable law
- enrolled law
- environmental law
- equity law
- established law
- exchange law
- exclusion laws
- executive law
- executively inspired law
- existing law
- ex post facto law
- extradition laws
- extradition law
- factory laws
- factory law
- fair employment practices law
- fair trade laws
- family law
- fecial law
- federal law
- feudal law
- finance law
- fiscal law
- foreign law
- formal law
- free law
- French Canadian law
- fundamental law
- game laws
- general law
- generally applicable law
- gibbet law
- good law
- group law
- Halifax law
- harsh law
- health laws
- highway laws
- highway traffic law
- homestead laws
- housing law
- hovering laws
- humanitarian law
- immutable law
- industrial law
- industrial property case law
- inheritance law
- inner comparative law
- insurance law
- interlocal criminal law
- internal law
- internal-revenue law
- international law
- international law of the sea
- international administrative law
- international conventional law
- international criminal law
- international fluvial law
- international public law
- interpersonal law
- interstate law
- intertemporal law
- intestate laws
- introduced law
- Jim Crow laws
- judaic law
- judge-made law
- judicial law
- judiciary law
- labour relations law
- labour law
- land law
- legislation law
- licensing law
- living law
- Lynch law
- magisterial law
- maritime law
- market law
- marriage law
- martial law
- matrimonial law
- mercantile law
- military law
- mining law
- mob law
- model law
- modern law
- Mohammedan law
- moral law
- municipal law
- national law
- nationality law
- natural law
- naval law
- naval prize law
- neutrality laws
- new law
- no-fault law
- nondiscriminating law
- nondiscriminatory law
- non-enacted law
- nuclear law
- obscenity law
- obsolete law
- occupational safety laws
- official law
- official session law volume
- old law
- organic law
- original law
- ostensible law
- outmoded law
- pamphlet laws
- parliamentary law
- pass law
- passed law
- patent law
- penal law
- permissive law
- personal law
- personal law of origin
- police law
- political law
- poor laws
- positive law
- present law
- prevailing law
- preventive martial law
- prima facie law
- primary law
- prior law
- prison laws
- privacy law
- private law
- private international law
- privilege law
- prize law
- procedural law
- procedural criminal law
- promulgated law
- proper law of the contract
- property law
- proposed law
- provincial law
- public law
- public contract law
- punitive law
- quarantine laws
- real property law
- real law
- regional international law
- relevant law
- remedial law
- retroactive law
- retrospective law
- revenue laws
- road laws
- road transport law
- Roman Civil law
- Roman law
- safety laws
- sea law
- secular law
- session law
- settled law
- slip law
- social security law
- social law
- sound law
- space law
- special law
- speed law
- standing law
- state law
- state-use law
- state-wide law
- statute law
- stringent law
- subsidiary law
- succession law
- sumptuary laws
- Sunday closing laws
- superior law
- supreme law of the land
- tacit law
- tariff law
- tax law
- territorial law
- trade laws
- traditional law
- traffic laws
- transnational law
- treaty law
- unalterable law
- unenforceable law
- unified laws
- uniform law
- ununified laws
- unwritten law
- unwritten constitutional law
- vagrancy laws
- wage and hour laws
- war law
- welfare laws
- wildlife law
- working law
- written law
- written constitutional law
- zoning law
- electoral law
- financial law
- indefeasible law
- merchant law
- statutory law -
44 engine
двигатель (внутреннего сгорания); машина; мотор- engine analyzer - engine and gearbox unit - engine area - engine assembly - engine assembly shop - engine bonnet - engine braking force - engine breathing - engine-building - engine capacity - engine cleansing agents - engine column - engine component - engine conk - engine control - engine-cooling - engine-cooling thermometer - engine cowl flap - engine cross-drive casing - engine cutoff - engine cycle - engine data - engine deck - engine department - engine details - engine diagnostic connector - engine-driven air compressor - engine-driven industrial shop truck - engine dry weight - engine efficiency - engine failure - engine fan pulley - engine flameout - engine flywheel - engine for different fuels - engine frame - engine front - engine front area - engine front support bracket - engine fuel - engine gearbox - engine-gearbox unit - engine-generator - engine-governed speed - engine governor - engine gum - engine hatch - engine hoist - engine hood - engine house - engine idles rough - engine in situ - engine installation - engine is smooth - engine is tractable - engine knock - engine lacquer - engine life - engine lifetime pecypc - engine lifting bracket - engine lifting fixture - engine lifting hook - engine location - engine lubrication system - engine lug - engine management - engine management system - engine map - engine misfires - engine model - engine motoring - engine mount - engine-mounted - engine mounted longitudinally - engine mounted transversally - engine mounting - engine-mounting bracket - engine nameplate - engine noise - engine number - engine off - engine oil - engine oil capacity - engine oil filler cap - engine oil filling cap - engine oil tank - engine on - engine operating temperature - engine out of work - engine output - engine overhaul - engine pan - engine peak speed - engine performance - engine picks up - engine pings - engine piston - engine plant - engine power - engine pressure - engine primer - engine rating - engine rear support - engine reconditioning - engine renovation - engine repair stand - engine retarder - engine revolution counter - engine rig test - engine room - engine roughness - engine rpm indicator - engine run-in - engine runs rough - engine runs roughly - engine shaft - engine shed - engine shield - engine shop - engine shorting-out - engine shutdown - engine sludge - engine snubber - engine speed - engine speed sensor - engine stability - engine stalls - engine start - engine starting system - engine starts per day - engine stroke - engine subframe - engine sump - engine sump well - engine support - engine temperature sensor - engine test stand - engine testing room - engine throttle - engine timing case - engine-to-cabin passthrough aperture - engine-transmission unit - engine torque - engine trends - engine trouble - engine tune-up - engine turning at peak revolution - engine under seat - engine unit - engine vacuum checking gauge - engine valve - engine varnish - engine vibration - engine wash - engine water inlet - engine water outlet - engine wear - engine weight - engine weight per horsepower - engine winterization system - engine with supercharger - engine wobble - engine works - engine yard - engine's flexibility - aero-engine - atmospheric engine - atmospheric steam engine - atomic engine - augmented engine - AV-1 engine - aviation engine - back-up engine - birotary engine - blast-injection diesel engine - blower-cooled engine - bored-out engine - boxer engine - bull engine - car engine - charge-cooled engine - crank engine - crankcase-scavenged engine - crude engine - crude-oil engine - diaphragm engine - diesel-electric engine - Diesel engine - Diesel engine with air cell - Diesel engine with antechamber - Diesel engine with direct injection - Diesel engine with mechanical injection - direct injection engine - divided-chamber engine - double-flow engine - double-overhead camshaft engine - drilling engine - driving engine - drop-valve engine - ducted-fan engine - duofuel engine - emergency engine - explosion engine - external combustion engine - external-internal combustion engine - F-head engine - failed engine - fan engine - federal engine - field engine - fire-engine - five-cylinder engine - fixed engine - flame engine - flat engine - flat-four engine - flat twin engine - flexibly mounted engine - forced-induction engine - four-cycle engine - four-cylinder engine - four-stroke engine - free-piston engine - free-piston gas generator engine - front-mounted engine - free-turbine engine - fuel-injection engine - full-load engine - gas engine - gas blowing engine - gas-power engine - gas-turbine engine - gasoline engine - geared engine - heat engine - heavy-duty engine - heavy-oil engine - high-by-pass-ratio turbofan engine - high-compression engine - high-efficiency engine - high-performance engine - high-power engine - high-speed engine - hoisting engine - hopped-up engine - horizontal engine - horizontally opposed engine - hot engine - hot-air engine - hot-bulb engine - hydrogen engine - I-head engine - in-line engine - inclined engine - indirect injection engine - individual-cylinder engine - industrial engine - inhibited engine - injection oil engine - injection-type engine - intercooled diesel engine - intermittent-cycle engine - internal combustion engine - inverted engine - inverted Vee-engine - jet engine - jet-propulsion engine - kerosene engine - knock test engine - L-head engine - launch engine - lean-burn engine - left-hand engine - lift engine - light engine - liquid-cooled engine - liquid propane engine - locomotive engine - longitudinal engine - long-stroke engine - low-compression engine - low-consumption engine - low-emission engine - low-performance engine - low-speed engine - marine engine - modular engine - monosoupape engine - motor engine - motor an engine round - motor-boat engine - motor-fire engine - motorcycle engine - motored engine - multibank engine - multicarburetor engine - multicrank engine - multicylinder engine - multifuel engine - multirow engine - naturally aspirated engine - non-compression engine - non-condensing engine - non-exhaust valve engine - non-poppet valve engine - non-reversible engine - nuclear engine - oil engine - oil-electric engine - oil well drilling engine - one-cylinder engine - operating engine - opposed engine - opposed cylinders engine - Otto engine - out-board engine - overcooled engine - overhead valve engine - oversquare engine - overstroke engine - pancake engine - paraffin engine - paraffine engine - petrol engine - Petter AV-1 Diesel engine - pilot engine - piston engine - piston blast engine - port engine - precombustion chamber engine - prime an engine - producer-gas engine - production engine - prototype engine - pumping engine - pushrod engine - quadruple-expansion engine - qual-cam engine - racing engine - radial engine - radial cylinder engine - radial second motion engine - railway engine - ram induction engine - ram-jet engine - reaction engine - rear-mounted engine - rebuilt engine - reciprocating engine - reciprocating piston engine - reconditioned engine - regenerative engine - regular engine - reheat engine - research-cylinder engine - reversible engine - reversing engine - right-hand engine - rocket engine - rotary engine - rough engine - row engine - run in an engine - scavenged gasoline engine - scavenging engine - sea-level engine - second-motion engine - self-ignition engine - semidiesel engine - series-wound engine - servo-engine - short-life engine - short-stroke engine - shorted-out engine - shunting engine - shunt-wound engine - side-by-side engine - side-valve engine - simple-expansion engine - single-acting engine - single-chamber rocket engine - single-cylinder engine - single-cylinder test engine - single-row engine - six-cylinder engine - skid engine - slanted engine - sleeve-valve engine - sleeveless engine - slide-valve engine - slope engine - slow-running engine - slow-speed engine - small-bore engine - small-displacement engine - solid-injection engine - spark-ignition engine - spark-ignition fuel-injection engine - split-compressor engine - square engine - square stroke engine - stalled engine - stand-by engine - start the engine cold - start the engine light - start the engine warm- hot- starting engine - static engine - stationary engine - steam engine - steering engine - Stirling engine - straight-eight engine - straight-line engine - straight-type engine - stratified charge engine - stripped engine - submersible engine - suction gas engine - supercharged engine - supercompression engine - supplementary engine - swash-plate engine - switching engine - tandem engine - tank engine - thermal engine - three-cylinder engine - traction engine - triple-expansion engine - tractor engine - transversally-mounted engine - truck engine - trunk-piston Diesel engine - turbine engine - turbo-jet engine - turbo-charged engine - turbo-compound engine - turbo-prop engine - turbo-ramjet engine - turbo-supercharged engine - turbocharged-and-aftercooled engine - turbofan engine - turboprop engine - twin engine - twin cam engine - twin crankshaft engine - twin six engine - two-bank engine - two-cycle engine - two-cylinder engine - two-spool engine - two-stroke engine - unblown engine - uncooled engine - underfloor engine - undersquare engine - uniflow engine - unsupercharged engine - uprated engine - V-engine - V-type engine - valve-in-the-head engine - valveless engine - vaporizer engine - vaporizing-oil engine - variable compression engine - variable-stroke engine - variable valve-timing engine - vee engine - vertical engine - vertical turn engine - vertical vortex engine - W-type engine - Wankel engine - warm engine - waste-heat engine - water-cooled engine - winding engine - windshield wiper engine - woolly-type engine - worn engine - X-engine - Y-engine - yard engine -
45 Brayton, George Bailey
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 1839 Rhode Island, USAd. 1892 Leeds, England[br]American engineer, inventor of gas and oil engines.[br]During the thirty years prior to his death, Brayton devoted considerable effort to the development of internal-combustion engines. He designed the first commercial gas engine of American origin in 1872. An oil-burning engine was produced in 1875. An aptitude for mechanical innovation became apparent whilst he was employed at the Exeter Machine Works, New Hampshire, where he developed a successful steam generator for use in domestic and industrial heating systems. Brayton engines were distinguished by the method of combustion. A pressurized air-fuel mixture from a reservoir was ignited as it entered the working cylinder—a precursor of the constant-pressure cycle. A further feature of these early engines was a rocking beam. There exist accounts of Brayton engines fitted into river craft, and of one in a carriage which operated for a few months in 1872–3. However, the appearance of the four-stroke Otto engine in 1876, together with technical problems associated with backfiring into the fuel reservoir, prevented large-scale acceptance of the Brayton engine. Although Thompson Sterne \& Co. of Glasgow became licensees, the engine failed to gain usage in Britain. A working model of Brayton's gas engine is exhibited in the Museum of History and Technology in Washington, DC.[br]Bibliography1872, US patent no. 125,166 (Brayton gas engine).July 1890, British patent no. 11,062 (oil engine; under patent agent W.R.Lake).Further ReadingD.Clerk, 1895, The Gas and Oil Engine, 6th edn, London, pp. 152–62 (includes a description and report of tests carried out on a Brayton engine).KAB -
46 Brown, Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. unknownd. 1849 England[br]English cooper, inventor of a gas vacuum engine.[br]Between the years 1823 and 1833, Brown achieved a number of a firsts as a pioneer of internal-combustion engines. In 1824 he built a full-scale working model of a pumping engine; in 1826, a vehicle fitted with a gas vacuum engine ascended Shooters Hill in Kent; and in 1827 he conducted trials of a motor-driven boat on the Thames that were witnessed by Lords of the Admiralty. The principle of Brown's engine had been demonstrated by Cecil in 1820. A burning gas flame was extinguished within a closed cylinder, creating a partial vacuum; atmospheric pressure was then utilized to produce the working stroke. By 1832 a number of Brown's engines in use for pumping water were reported, the most notable being at Croydon Canal. However, high fuel consumption and running costs prevented a wide acceptance of Brown's engines, and a company formed in 1825 was dissolved only two years later. Brown continued alone with his work until his death.[br]Bibliography1823, British patent no. 4,874 (gas vacuum engine).1826, British patent no. 5,350 (improved gas vacuum engine).1846, British patent no. 11,076, "Improvements in Gas Engines and in Propelling Carriages and Vessels" (no specification was enrolled).Further ReadingVarious discussions of Brown's engines can be found in Mechanics Magazine (1824) 2:360, 385; (1825) 3:6; (1825) 4:19, 309; (1826) 5:145; (1826) 6:79; (1827) 7:82–134; (1832) 17:273.The Engineer 182:214.A.K.Bruce, Samuel Brown and the Gas Engine.Dugald Clerk, 1895, The Gas and Oil Engine, 6th edn, London, pp. 2–3.KAB -
47 Perception
Perception is the immediate discriminatory response of the organism to energy-activating sense organs.... To discriminate is to make a choice reaction in which contextual conditions play a deciding role. (Bartley, 1969, pp. 11-12)t seems (to many) that we cannot account for perception unless we suppose it provides us with an internal image (or model or map) of the external world, and yet what good would that image do us unless we have an inner eye to perceive it, and how are we to explain its capacity for perception? It also seems (to many) that understanding a heard sentence must be somehow translating it into some internal message, but how will this message be understood: by translating it into something else? The problem is an old one, and let's call it Hume's Problem, for while he did not state it explicitly, he appreciated its force and strove mightily to escape its clutches. (Dennett, 1978a, p. 122)Perception refers to the way in which we interpret the information gathered (and processed) by the senses. In a word, we sense the presence of a stimulus, but we perceive what it is. (Levine & Schefner, 1981, p. 1)[W]henever we do try and find the source of... a perception or an idea, we find ourselves in an ever-receding fractal, and wherever we choose to delve we find it equally full of details and interdependencies. It is always the perception of a perception of a perception. (Varela, 1984, p. 320)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Perception
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48 cost of retained earnings
фин. стоимость нераспределенной прибыли* (стоимость финансирования за счет нераспределенной прибыли; характеризуется уровнем доходности, требуемым держателями обыкновенных акций; обычно рассчитывается с использованием модели дисконтирования дивидендов, модели CAPM, подхода "доходность облигаций плюс премия за риск" и т. д.)Syn:See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > cost of retained earnings
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49 debt
сущ.1)а) эк. долг, задолженность; долговое обязательство (определенная сумма, которую одно юридическое или физическое лицо должно возвратить другому в соответствии с имеющимся соглашением; долг возникает в результате отсрочки платежа или предоставления кредита и может быть обеспеченным или необеспеченным)to be in debt(s) — быть в долгу [долгах\], иметь долг [задолженность\]
to be out of debt(s) — освободиться от долга [долгов\]
to run into debt, to get into debt(s); to run up debts — влезать в долги; наделать долгов
to be liable for smb's debts — нести ответственность за чьи-л. долги, быть обязанным платить чьи-л. долги
to get rid of debt, to rid (oneself) of debts — расплатиться с долгами, освободиться от долгов
to discharge [to pay, to repay, to pay off, to pay back, to settle\] debt — выплатить [погасить\] долг, погасить задолженность
to clear debts — покрывать [погашать\] долги
to release smb. from debt — освободить кого-л. от уплаты долга
to forgive a debt — прощать долг, отказываться от получения долга
involved in debt(s) — имеющий долги [задолженность\]
debt in the amount of— долг [задолженность\] в сумме
mountain of debts — куча [масса, гора\] долгов
debt to the government — задолженность государству, задолженность перед государством
See:accumulated debt, active debt, antecedent debt, bad debt, bond debt, consolidated debt, convertible debt, current debt, doubtful debt, fixed-rate debt, floating-rate debt, foreign debt, instalment debt, judgement debt, junior debt, long-term debt, medium-term debt, mezzanine debt, net debt, privileged debt, provable debt, secured debt, senior debt, subordinated debt, trade debt, unsecured debt, acknowledgement of debt, amortization of debt, assumption of debt, debt adjustment, debt adviser, debt bomb, debt burden б), debt buyback, debt cancellation, debt collection, debt consolidation, debt conversion, debt discount, debt forgiveness, debt investment, debt management, debt market, debt manager, debt position, debt reduction, debt refinancing, debt relief, debt reorganization, debt rescheduling, debt restructuring, debt security, debt service, debt trap, debt workout, discharge of debt, evidence of debt, offset of debt, debt coverage ratio, free of debt, debtor, debtee, co-debtor, indebted, indebtednessб) гос. фин. государственный долг ( накопленный дефицит бюджета)Syn:See:bilateral debt, eligible debt, external debt, federal debt, floating debt 1) б), internal debt, multilateral debt, debt burden а), debt crisis, debt Laffer curve, debt overhang, debt swap, deficit, overlapping generations model, government-provided consumption, government borrowing, Lerner's modelв) (состояние, в котором находится должник)They are heavily in debt. — Они глубоко увязли в долгах.
2) фин., учет заемные средства, заемный капитал (часть капитала, сформированная за счет получения долгосрочных кредитов и выпуска долгосрочных долговых ценных бумаг)Syn:See:3) общ. долг, моральное обязательство, признательностьI love each of them very much and hope that one day I can do something to partially repay the great debt of friendship I owe them. — Я очень люблю каждого из них и надеюсь, что когда-нибудь я смогу сделать что-нибудь, чтобы хотя бы частично оплатить долг дружбы перед ними.
* * *
долг: 1) определенная денежная сумма или другой актив, который одно юридическое или физическое лицо должно оплатить (возвратить) другому в соответствии с достигнутым соглашением; долг возникает в результате отсрочки платежа или предоставления кредита и может быть обеспеченным или необеспеченным; 2) долговые инструменты типа облигаций и ипотек, представляющие собой свидетельство долга и оплачиваемые в оговоренный срок или до востребования; = liability.* * *долг; задолженность; заемный капитал; кредит; кредитование. . Словарь экономических терминов . -
50 debt burden
долговое бремя, бремя долгов [долга, задолженности\]а) гос. фин. (общая сумма основной суммы и процентных платежей по внешним долговым обязательствам страны; при анализе уровня задолженности, часто выражается в виде процента от общей суммы поступлений от экспорта либо в виде процента от валового внутреннего продукта)б) фин. (общая сумма процентных платежей и платежей в счет погашения основной суммы долга данного физического или юридического лица; может выражаться в процентах к стоимости активов данного лица или величине его доходов)Syn:See:interest burden, debt service, debt service constant, debt service ratio, debt coverage ratio, internal debt, external debt, debt overhang, debt crisis, overlapping generations model, Lerner's model, intergenerational transfer, debt fatigue, debt-for-development swap, debt-for-nature swap* * ** * *бремя задолженности; долговое бремя. . Словарь экономических терминов . -
51 test
1) испытание; опыт; проба; проверка2) критерий; мерило, пробный камень3) испытательный, контрольный, пробный4) испытывать; делать опыты; подвергать испытанию5) брать пробы•test for soundness — испытание ( цемента) на равномерность изменения объёма
- abruption test - absorption test - accelerated corrosion test - accelerated wear test - acceptance test - acid test - adhesion test - adverse field test - ageing test - air test - air-content test - air-pressure test - alkalimetric test - alternate stress test - alternating bending test - alternating impact test - alternating torsion fatigue test - altitude test - angular test - appearance test - approval test - arbitration test - Atterberg test - autoclave test - axial test - back-and-forth bending test - bacteriological test - ball test - ball hardness test - ball rebound test - beam test - beam rotating fatigue test - beam-strength test - bearing test of soil - bench test - bending test - bending and unbending test - bloating test - blow test - blow-bending test - blowpipe test - bounce test - breakdown test - breaking test - Brinell hardness test - brittleness test - buckling test - burning test - bursting test - calibration test - calorimeter test - cannon test - carbon residue test - Charpy test - check test - chemical test of drain - cleavage test - closure test - coating test - cold test - cold bending test - colorimetric test for organic impurities - commercial test - commissioning tests - compaction test - comparative test - comprehensive test - compression test - compression-compression test - consistency test of concrete - continuous test - continuity of test - corrosion test - corrosive wear test - crack test - crash test - creep test - cross-bending test - crushing test - cupping test - cyclic test - damp test - decantation test - deep test - deflection test - deformation test - degradation rate test - density test - destruction test - destructive test - Deval abrasion test - doubling test - drain test - drill test - drop test - dummy test - duplicate test - dynamic breaking test - elongation test - endurance test - end-use test - evaluation test - extraction test on Portland cement - factory test - failure test - fatigue test - field tests - field in-place test - file test - fire hose reel test - fire resistance test - flange test - flattening test - flexion test - flexure test - float test - flow test - folding test - fracture test - free-bend test - freezing test - freezing and thawing test - fuel test - full-scale test - green test - grinding test - guarantee test - hardness test - hot bend test - hot twist test - immersion test - impact test - impact bend test - indentation test - ink test - intermittent test - internal pressure test - Izod impact test - knock test - Knoop microhardness test - laboratory test - leak test - leakage test - life test - limiting pressure test - load test on pile - load test - loading test - long run tests - minimum flow rate test - model test - moment test - mortar bar test - non-destructive test - notch bar test - notch bending test - on-the-road test - organic impurities test - pat test - pendulum test - penetration test - percentage test - performance test - physical endurance test - pile test - pile loading test - pneumatic test - preliminary test - pressure test - prototype test - pull-out bond test - pumping test - puncture test - qualification test - quality test - rattler test - reduced section tension test - reduction-in-alkalinity test - reduction-in-expansion test - reheat test - relaxation test - remolding test - repair test - repetition test - resistance to corrosion test - resistance to impact test - reversed bend test - ride test - rig test - road tests - rod test - running test - running-in test - salt spray tests - scale test - scratch test - sedimentation test - service test - settleability test - severe test - shear test - shear test of soil - shock test - shop test - Shore's scleroscope hardness test - short-circuit test - size test - sizing test - skid test - slump test - smell test - smoke test - soap test - sodium solution test - soil test - soundness test - spray angle test - spring closure test - squeeze test - stain test - static test - strength test - strip-off adhesion test - subgrade test - subzero test - sugar test of cement - taking over tests - tear test - tee-bend test - tensile test - tension test - throw range test - time-of-setting test - torsion test - transverse test - twisting test - ultrasonic test - unit-weight test - vane test - Vicat needle test - warpage test - warranty test - water test - water absorption test - water retention test - wear test - weather exposure test - weldability test - X-ray testto test the instrument — проверять прибор, эталонировать прибор
* * *испытание; проверка; тест; опыт; проба; анализ; исследование; эксперимент || испытывать; проверять; исследовать- test of timetest by immersion in boiling water — проба [испытание] кипячением в воде
- AASHO density test
- Abbot compaction test
- Abrams' test
- abrasion test
- absorption test
- accelerated test
- accelerated test for compressive strength
- accelerated strength test
- acceptance test
- accredited tests
- acid test
- aggregate crushing test
- aggregate impact test
- air test
- air content test
- air entrainment test
- air filter blackness test
- air leakage test
- air permeability test
- air permeability fineness test
- alternating bending test
- anchorage shear test
- aptitude test
- Atterberg test
- attrition test
- autoclave test
- baling-out permeability test
- ball test
- ball hardness test
- barium sulphate test
- beam test
- bearing test
- bending test
- bending tensile test
- bit wear test
- blackness air filter test
- Blain test
- block shear test
- blow flexure test
- boiling test
- bond test
- bootstrap test
- borehole shear test
- breaking test
- Brinell hardness test
- California bearing ratio test
- cement tests
- Charpy test
- Charpy V-notch impact test
- checking test
- check test
- COLE volume change test
- colorimetric test
- color test
- compacting factor test
- compaction test
- complience test
- compression test
- cone penetration test
- consistency test
- consolidated quick test
- consolidation test
- constant head permeability test
- constant rate of penetration test
- constant rate of uplift test
- constant volume test
- control test
- core test
- creep test
- C.R.P. test
- crushing test
- cube strength test
- cube test
- cylinder test
- dehydration test
- diametral compression test
- diamond pyramid hardness test
- dioctylphthalate test
- direct shear test
- dispersion test
- dissipation test
- DOP test
- Dorry test
- drain test
- drained triaxial test
- driving test
- drop-weight test
- durability test
- dust spot test
- Dutch sounding test
- dynamic penetration test
- expandable sleeve concrete test
- exposure tests
- fast field tests
- fatigue test
- field tests
- field density test
- field loading test
- field percolation test
- field vane test
- flexure test
- flow-table test
- flow test
- four-point bending test
- fracture test
- freeze-thaw test
- freeze-thaw durability test
- freezing test
- gravimetric air filter test
- hardening test of concrete
- hardness test
- Herbert cloudburst test
- hollow cylinder test
- hydraulic drain test
- hydraulic flat-jack test
- hydraulic pressure test
- hydraulic test
- hydrostatic test
- impact test
- impact crushing value test
- indentation test
- ink test
- in-place test
- in-place slump test
- in-situ test
- in-situ soil tests
- insulation test
- integrity test
- Izod impact test
- Izod test
- jolt test
- Kelly ball test
- Knoop hardness test
- laboratory test
- leakage test
- life test
- line-load test
- load test of structures
- loading test
- long-term test
- long-time creep test
- maintained load test
- manufacturer test
- methylene blue test
- model test
- needle test
- notch bending test
- notched bar test
- nuclear density test
- operational test
- organic test
- organic test for fine aggregate
- orifice tube test
- penetration test
- percussion test
- performance test
- photoelastic test
- pile load test
- pile pulling test
- pile redriving test
- plate-bearing test
- pneumatic test
- point-load test
- preliminary test
- pressure test
- pressure meter test
- proof test
- proof load test
- pumping test
- punching shear test
- pycnometer test
- Q-test
- quick test
- R-test
- Ro test
- radial percolation test
- Raymond standard test
- reception test
- reference test
- reliability test
- repeated load test
- resonant-column test
- reverse bend test
- rock bolts convergence test
- Rockwell hardness test
- Rockwell superficial hardness test
- S-test
- saponification test
- scratch test
- shearing test
- shear test
- shock bending test
- short-term test
- single point test
- site test for cement content of mortars
- slow test
- slump test
- smoke test
- soap test
- splitting tensile test
- standard-density test
- standard penetration test
- static penetration test
- strength test
- stress-relaxation test
- stress-rupture test
- tensile test
- tightness test
- time-of-set test
- torsion test
- triaxial compression test
- triaxial test
- two-point test
- type test
- ultrasonic test
- undrained test
- vacuum test
- vane test
- vibrated mortar cube test
- vibrating crushing test
- Vicat needle test
- water test
- water loading test
- water retention test
- wind loading test
- wind-tunnel test
- works beam test
- works cube test
- yield test -
52 structure
1. конструкция2. структура; схема2-D structureaircraft structureanechoic structurearticulated structureback-up structurebasing structurebeam structureblended wing/fuselage structureboron epoxy structurebuilt-up structurecarry-through structurecellular structureconceptual structurecontrol structurecontrol law structurecontrol system structurecracked structurecurved structuredamage tolerant structuredistributed structuredistributed-parameter structureelastic structureelastic-plastic structurefail-safe structurefeedback structureflight structureflow structureframed structurefull-support structurefuselage structuregrid structurehelicopter structurehighly coupled structurehypersonic structureimpact-resistant structureinlet structureinspection-free structureintegrally stiffened structureinternal structurejoined-wing structurelaminar flow control structurelarge support structurelife-limiting structurelightly-damped structurelinearly elastic structureloop structurelow-maintenance structuremembrane structuremodel structuremodel-following structuremulti load path structuremultispar structureNavier-Stokes structure of flownon-Gaussian structurenoninspectable structurepanel structurepitch control structureplane structureprimary structureroof structureroute structuresemimonocoque structureshell structureshock structureshock-absorbing structureskin structureskin-stringer structurespace structurestatically determinate structurestatically indeterminate structurestiffness coupled structurestrength sized structuresupport structuretailored structurethin-walled structuretire structuretorsion-box structuretruss structuretwo-spar structureundamped structureuntailored structureviscoelastically damped structurevortex structurewelded structurewing structurewing box structurewing carry-through structure -
53 system
система; установка; устройство; ркт. комплекс"see to land" system — система посадки с визуальным приземлением
A.S.I. system — система указателя воздушной скорости
ablating heat-protection system — аблирующая [абляционная] система тепловой защиты
ablating heat-shield system — аблирующая [абляционная] система тепловой защиты
active attitude control system — ксм. активная система ориентации
aft-end rocket ignition system — система воспламенения заряда с задней части РДТТ [со стороны сопла]
aircraft response sensing system — система измерений параметров, характеризующих поведение ЛА
air-inlet bypass door system — дв. система перепуска воздуха на входе
antiaircraft guided missile system — ракетная система ПВО; зенитный ракетный комплекс
antiaircraft guided weapons system — ракетная система ПВО; зенитный ракетный комплекс
attenuated intercept satellite rendez-vous system — система безударного соединения спутников на орбите
attitude and azimuth reference system — система измерения или индикации углов тангажа, крена и азимута
automatic departure prevention system — система автоматического предотвращения сваливания или вращения после сваливания
automatic drift kick-off system — система автоматического устранения угла упреждения сноса (перед приземлением)
automatic hovering control system — верт. система автостабилизации на висении
automatic indicating feathering system — автоматическая система флюгирования с индикацией отказа (двигателя)
automatic mixture-ratio control system — система автоматического регулирования состава (топливной) смеси
automatic pitch control system — автомат тангажа; автоматическая система продольного управления [управления по каналу тангажа]
B.L.C. high-lift system — система управления пограничным слоем для повышения подъёмной силы (крыла)
backpack life support system — ксм. ранцевая система жизнеобеспечения
beam-rider (control, guidance) system — ркт. система наведения по лучу
biowaste electric propulsion system — электрический двигатель, работающий на биологических отходах
buddy (refueling, tank) system — (подвесная) автономная система дозаправки топливом в полете
closed(-circuit, -cycle) system — замкнутая система, система с замкнутым контуром или циклом; система с обратной связью
Cooper-Harper pilot rating system — система баллов оценки ЛА лётчиком по Куперу — Харперу
deployable aerodynamic deceleration system — развёртываемая (в атмосфере) аэродинамическая тормозная система
depressurize the fuel system — стравливать избыточное давление (воздуха, газа) в топливной системе
driver gas heating system — аэрд. система подогрева толкающего газа
dry sump (lubrication) system — дв. система смазки с сухим картером [отстойником]
electrically powered hydraulic system — электронасосная гидросистема (в отличие от гидросистемы с насосами, приводимыми от двигателя)
exponential control flare system — система выравнивания с экспоненциальным управлением (перед приземлением)
flywheel attitude control system — ксм. инерционная система ориентации
gas-ejection attitude control system — ксм. газоструйная система ориентация
gas-jet attitude control system — ксм. газоструйная система ориентация
ground proximity extraction system — система извлечения грузов из самолёта, пролетающего на уровне земли
hot-air balloon water recovery system — система спасения путем посадки на воду с помощью баллонов, наполняемых горячими газами
hypersonic air data entry system — система для оценки аэродинамики тела, входящего в атмосферу планеты с гиперзвуковой скоростью
igh-temperature fatigue test system — установка для испытаний на выносливость при высоких температурах
interceptor (directing, vectoring) system — система наведения перехватчиков
ion electrical propulsion system — ксм. ионная двигательная установка
isotope-heated catalytic oxidizer system — система каталитического окислителя с нагревом от изотопного источника
jet vane actuation system — ркт. система привода газового руля
laminar flow pumping system — система насосов [компрессоров] для ламинаризации обтекания
launching range safety system — система безопасности ракетного полигона; система обеспечения безопасности космодрома
leading edge slat system — система выдвижных [отклоняемых] предкрылков
low-altitude parachute extraction system — система беспосадочного десантирования грузов с малых высот с использованием вытяжных парашютов
magnetic attitude control system — ксм. магнитная система ориентации
magnetically slaved compass system — курсовая система с магнитной коррекцией, гироиндукционная курсовая система
mass-expulsion attitude control system — система ориентации за счёт истечения массы (газа, жидкости)
mass-motion attitude control system — ксм. система ориентации за счёт перемещения масс
mass-shifting attitude control system — ксм. система ориентации за счёт перемещения масс
monopropellant rocket propulsion system — двигательная установка с ЖРД на унитарном [однокомпонентном] топливе
nucleonic propellant gauging and utilization system — система измерения и регулирования подачи топлива с использованием радиоактивных изотопов
open(-circuit, -cycle) system — открытая [незамкнутая] система, система с незамкнутым контуром или циклом; система без обратной связи
plenum chamber burning system — дв. система сжигания топлива во втором контуре
positioning system for the landing gear — система регулирования высоты шасси (при стоянке самолёта на земле)
radar altimeter low-altitude control system — система управления на малых высотах с использованием радиовысотомера
radar system for unmanned cooperative rendezvous in space — радиолокационная система для обеспечения встречи (на орбите) беспилотных кооперируемых КЛА
range and orbit determination system — система определения дальностей [расстояний] и орбит
real-time telemetry processing system — система обработки радиотелеметрических данных в реальном масштабе времени
recuperative cycle regenerable carbon dioxide removal system — система удаления углекислого газа с регенерацией поглотителя, работающая по рекуперативному циклу
rendezvous beacon and command system — маячно-командная система обеспечения встречи («а орбите)
satellite automatic terminal rendezvous and coupling system — автоматическая система сближения и стыковки спутников на орбите
Schuler tuned inertial navigation system — система инерциальной навигации на принципе маятника Шулера
sodium superoxide carbon dioxide removal system — система удаления углекислого газа с помощью надперекиси натрия
space shuttle separation system — система разделения ступеней челночного воздушно-космического аппарата
stellar-monitored astroinertial navigation guidance system — астроинерциальная система навигации и управления с астрокоррекцией
terminal control landing system — система управления посадкой по траектории, связанной с выбранной точкой приземления
terminal descent control system — ксм. система управления на конечном этапе спуска [снижения]
terminal guidance system for a satellite rendezvous — система управления на конечном участке траектории встречи спутников
test cell flow system — ркт. система питания (двигателя) топливом в огневом боксе
vectored thrust (propulsion) system — силовая установка с подъёмно-маршевым двигателем [двигателями]
water to oxygen system — ксм. система добывания кислорода из воды
wind tunnel data acquisition system — система регистрации (и обработки) данных при испытаниях в аэродинамической трубе
— D system -
54 Renard, Charles
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 23 November 1847 Damblain, Vosges, Franced. 13 April 1905 Chalais-Meudon, France[br]French pioneer of military aeronautics who, with A.C.Krebs, built an airship powered by an electric motor.[br]Charles Renard was a French army officer with an interest in aviation. In 1873 he constructed an unusual unmanned glider with ten wings and an automatic stabilizing device to control rolling. This operated by means of a pendulum device linked to moving control surfaces. The model was launched from a tower near Arras, but unfortunately it spiralled into the ground. The control surfaces could not cope with the basic instability of the design, but as an idea for automatic flight control it was ahead of its time.Following a Commission report on the military use of balloons, carrier pigeons and an optical telegraph, an aeronautical establishment was set up in 1877 at Chalais-Meudon, near Paris, under the direction of Charles Renard, who was assisted by his brother Paul. The following year Renard and a colleague, Arthur Krebs, began to plan an airship. They received financial help from Léon Gambetta, a prominent politician who had escaped from Paris by balloon in 1870 during the siege by the Prussians. Renard and Krebs studied earlier airship designs: they used the outside shape of Paul Haenlein's gas-engined airship of 1872 and included Meusnier's internal air-filled ballonnets. The gas-engine had not been a success so they decided on an electric motor. Renard developed lightweight pile batteries while Krebs designed a motor, although this was later replaced by a more powerful Gramme motor of 6.5 kW (9 hp). La France was constructed at Chalais-Meudon and, after a two-month wait for calm conditions, the airship finally ascended on 9 August 1884. The motor was switched on and the flight began. Renard and Krebs found their airship handled well and after twenty-three minutes they landed back at their base. La, France made several successful flights, but its speed of only 24 km/h (15 mph) meant that flights could be made only in calm weather. Parts of La, France, including the electric motor, are preserved in the Musée de l'Air in Paris.Renard remained in charge of the establishment at Chalais-Meudon until his death. Among other things, he developed the "Train Renard", a train of articulated road vehicles for military and civil use, of which a number were built between 1903 and 1911. Towards the end of his life Renard became interested in helicopters, and in 1904 he built a large twin-rotor model which, however, failed to take off.[br]Bibliography1886, Le Ballon dirigeable La France, Paris (a description of the airship).Further ReadingDescriptions of Renard and Kreb's airship are given in most books on the history of lighter-than-air flight, e.g.L.T.C.Rolt, 1966, The Aeronauts, London; pub. in paperback 1985.C.Bailleux, c. 1988, Association pour l'Histoire de l'Electricité en France, (a detailed account of the conception and operations of La France).1977, Centenaire de la recherche aéronautique à Chalais-Meudon, Paris (an official memoir on the work of Chalais-Meudon with a chapter on Renard).JDS -
55 design
dɪˈzaɪn
1. сущ.
1) замысел, план He has ambitious designs for his son. ≈ Он строит амбициозные планы, касающиеся сына. more by accident than design ≈ скорее случайно, чем по плану Syn: plan
1., project
1.
2) намерение, цель Happiness is the natural design of all the world. ≈ Счастье - естественная цель всех людей. by design Syn: plan
1., intention
3) замысел (тайно вынашиваемый план) ;
мн. умысел, интрига (on, against) sinister design ≈ коварные планы He has designs on the money. ≈ Он вынашивает нехорошие планы относительно денег. Syn: plot II
1.
4) чертеж, эскиз, набросок;
рисунок, узор Syn: delineation
5) модель, шаблон;
лежащая в основе схема;
композиция the general design of the epic ≈ общая композиция эпоса Syn: pattern
6) дизайн school of design ≈ школа дизайна
2. гл.
1) а) задумывать, придумывать, разрабатывать;
замышлять The family designed the house for their own needs. ≈ Семья проектировала дом специально для своих нужд и удобств. The mat has been designed specially for the children's room. ≈ Ковер был придуман специально для детской. He designed the perfect crime. ≈ Он замыслил идеальное преступление. Syn: plan
2., contrive, devise
2. б) намереваться, собираться (сделать что-л.) She designed to excel in her studies. ≈ Она намерена превзойти всех в учебе. Syn: intend, purpose
2. в) намереваться отправиться( for - куда-л.) The new Lord Lieutenant had at first designed for Munster. ≈ Новый лорд-наместник намеревался отправиться сначала в Манстер.
2) предназначать a book designed primarily as a college textbook ≈ книга, предназначенная преимущественно в качестве учебника для колледжей Syn: intend, destine
3) проектировать;
конструировать to design a building ≈ спроектировать здание This man designs dresses for the Queen. ≈ Этот человек придумывает туалеты для Королевы.
4) делать эскизы, наброски, создавать узоры и т. п. Syn: sketch, delineate, draw
2. замысел;
план - far-reaching *s далеко идущие замыслы - to have a * for /of/ an insurrection планировать восстание - to frustrate smb.'s *s сорвать чьи-л. замыслы /планы/ часто pl (злой) умысел - criminal * преступный замысел - to harbour *s вынашивать( коварные) замыслы - to have *s on /against/ smb. вынашивать коварные замыслы против кого-л. - to have *s on smb.'s life покушаться на чью-л. жизнь (религия) божье провидение, божий промыс(е) л цель, намерение - stern * твердое намерение - the *s of France намерения Франции - with this * с этой целью - with (a) * с намерением, с целью - without * без всякого намерения - by * намеренно;
преднамеренно, предумышленно - it was done by * это было сделано намеренно - my * was to go to London я собирался поехать в Лондон (творческий) замысел;
план, проект - the composer's * замысел композитора - conceptual * эскизный проект планирование - * of experiments планирование экспериментов (компьютерное) проектирование;
конструирование - computer * проектирование или конструирование вычислительных машин - * engineer( инженер-) конструктор - on-line * оперативное проектирование( в режиме взаимодействия человека с машиной) чертеж, эскиз;
конструкция;
проект;
расчет - antiseismic * антисейсмическая конструкция - * office конструкторское бюро - * drawing рабочий чертеж - * conditions исходные условия расчета - * load расчетная нагрузка( корабля, самолета) - * for a building чертеж здания рисунок, узор - * of flowers узор из цветов - (of) poor * плохо выполненный, бедный, бедного рисунка - (of) fine * прекрасно выполненный - arts of * изобразительные искусства - school of * школа изобразительных искусств, художественная школа модель - our latest * наша последняя модель - car of the latest * последняя модель автомобиля композиция - the picture lacks * в картине есть композиционные недостатки искусство композиции дизайн;
внешний вид, исполнение - industrial * промышленная эстетика - in marketing an article * is as important as construction для коммерческого успеха товара дизайн имеет такое же значение, как конструкция произведение искусства замышлять;
намереваться;
планировать предназначать - to * the room as /to be/ a study отвести комнату под кабинет - the books are *ed for the German reader книги предназначаются для /рассчитаны на / немецкого читателя составлять план, схему;
планировать, проектировать, конструировать - to * the construction of the docks проектировать строительство доков вынашивать замысел;
задумать - to * a book вынашивать замысел книги чертить;
вычерчивать схему заниматься проектированием, проектировать;
быть проектировщиком, конструктором - to * a building создать архитектурный проект здания создавать узор, рисунок, фасон и т. д. - to * a carpet создать узор для ковра - to * a dress придумать фасон платья исполнять, выполнять - the picture is superbly *ed картина выполнена великолепно - the new model is *ed much better в новом исполнении модель сильно выигрывает (книжное) собираться поехать - to * for France собираться во Францию architectural ~ вчт. проектирование архитектуры augmented ~ вчт. расширенный план block ~ вчт. блочная конструкция bottom-up ~ вчт. восходящее проектирование ~ намерение, цель;
by design намеренно, преднамеренно conceptual ~ вчт. концептуальное проектирование copyright ~ промышленный образец с авторским правом database ~ вчт. проектирование базы данных design дизайн ~ задумывать, замышлять, намереваться, предполагать;
we did not design this result мы не ожидали такого результата;
we designed for his good мы делали все для его блага ~ задумывать ~ замысел, план ~ замысел ~ замышлять ~ исполнять ~ композиция (картины и т. п.) ~ композиция ~ конструировать ~ конструкция ~ модель ~ намереваться ~ намерение, цель;
by design намеренно, преднамеренно ~ намерение ~ образец ~ план ~ планировать ~ предназначать;
this room is designed as a study эта комната предназначается для кабинета ~ проект;
план;
чертеж;
конструкция, расчет;
a design for a building проект здания ~ проект ~ проектирование ~ проектировать ~ вчт. разработка ~ расчет ~ рисовать, изображать;
делать эскизы (костюмов и т. п.) ~ рисунок, эскиз;
узор ~ рисунок ~ составлять план, проектировать;
конструировать ~ составлять план ~ вчт. схема ~ (тж. pl) (злой) умысел;
to have (или to harbour) designs (on (или against) smb.) вынашивать коварные замыслы (против кого-л.) ~ умысел ~ чертеж ~ чертить ~ эскиз ~ проект;
план;
чертеж;
конструкция, расчет;
a design for a building проект здания ~ for reliability надежностное проектирование ~ of typeface вчт. начертание шрифта detailed ~ вчт. рабочий проект dialog ~ вчт. проектирование диалога dialogue ~ вчт. проектирование диалога draft ~ вчт. эскизный проект external ~ вчт. внешний проект faulty ~ несовершенная конструкция flaw ~ вчт. недоработанный проект functional ~ вчт. функциональное проектирование graphic ~ рекл. красочное оформление ~ (тж. pl) (злой) умысел;
to have (или to harbour) designs (on (или against) smb.) вынашивать коварные замыслы (против кого-л.) industrial ~ проектирование промышленного объекта industrial ~ промышленный образец industrial ~ художественное конструирование interactive ~ вчт. интерактивное проектирование internal ~ вчт. внутренний проект job ~ характер работы joint venture ~ структура совместного предприятия layout ~ вчт. проектирование размещения logic ~ вчт. логическое проектирование logical ~ вчт. логическое проектирование modular ~ вчт. блочная конструкция package ~ дизайн упаковки pilot ~ вчт. опытная конструкция poor ~ вчт. некачественная конструкция preliminary ~ вчт. технический проект product ~ проектирование изделия program ~ вчт. проектирование программы proprietary ~ вчт. оригинальная разработка protected ~ охраняемый промышленный образец registered ~ внесенный в реестр промышленный образец registered ~ зарегистрированный промышленный образец repairable ~ вчт. устранимая недоработка sample ~ вчт. составление выборки structured ~ вчт. структурное проектирование systematic ~ вчт. системное проектирование ~ предназначать;
this room is designed as a study эта комната предназначается для кабинета top-down ~ вчт. нисходящее проектирование trial ~ вчт. пробная конструкция type ~ вчт. начертание шрифта uniprocessor ~ вчт. однопроцессорная конструкция view ~ вчт. проектирование представлений visual ~ вчт. визуальное конструирование ~ задумывать, замышлять, намереваться, предполагать;
we did not design this result мы не ожидали такого результата;
we designed for his good мы делали все для его блага ~ задумывать, замышлять, намереваться, предполагать;
we did not design this result мы не ожидали такого результата;
we designed for his good мы делали все для его блага -
56 control
1) управление; регулирование; регулировка || управлять; регулировать; задавать2) контроль; проверка || контролировать; проверять3) орган управления; орган регулировки, регулятор; орган настройки4) устройство управления; блок управления6) рукоятка или рычаг управления7) профилактические мероприятия, надзор•"operation is under control" — всё предусмотрено для нормальной работы;to gain control — вчт. получать управление:to go out of control — становиться неуправляемым;to operate ( to handle) the flight controls — оперировать органами управления полётом;to pass control — вчт. передавать управление;to return control — вчт. возвращать управление;to take over control — брать управление на себя;to transfer control — вчт. передавать управление-
cascaded control-
cathode control-
CO/O2 combustion control-
communications control-
computer control-
contactor-type control-
continuous-path control-
course gage control-
current-mode control-
dispatcher control-
focusing control-
holding control-
horizontal-frequency control-
hue range control-
long-distance control-
managerial control-
microprogramming control-
numerical program control-
on-off action control-
position-based control-
slide control-
step-by-step control-
time-pattern control -
57 file
1) папка(-регистратор), скоросшиватель || регистрировать; хранить документы в определённом порядке2) дело; подшитые документы || подшивать3) картотека, архив || составлять картотеку5) вчт. файл || записывать (заносить) в файл6) напильник; надфиль || обрабатывать напильником, затачивать напильником; опиливать7) ряд•to file away — сдавать в архив;to close a file — закрывать файл;to establish a file — создавать файл;to mark a file — размечать файл;to open a file — открывать файл-
active file
-
aircraft's file
-
amendments file
-
angular file
-
arch file
-
arm file
-
backup file
-
barrette file
-
bastard file
-
batch file
-
blunt file
-
boundary file
-
broach file
-
bubble-lattice file
-
carousel file
-
chained file
-
change file
-
circular file
-
coarse file
-
color-coded file
-
command file
-
compressor bar file
-
contiguous file
-
crossing file
-
data file
-
dead file
-
destination file
-
detail file
-
differential file
-
direct-access file
-
direct file
-
directory file
-
disk file
-
display file
-
double-cut file
-
double-faced file
-
drawing file
-
dustproof file
-
expanding file
-
external file
-
father file
-
fine cut file
-
flat file
-
float-cut file
-
float file
-
fork file
-
hand file
-
hierarchical file
-
high-security file
-
image file
-
inactive file
-
index file
-
indexed file
-
indirect file
-
input file
-
internal file
-
inverted file
-
journal file
-
knife file
-
lateral file
-
lever arch file
-
link file
-
locked file
-
logical file
-
machine file
-
magneto file
-
main file
-
many-reel file
-
master file
-
material file
-
mechanical card file
-
microfiche file
-
microfilm file
-
model file
-
multireel file
-
multivolume file
-
object file
-
open back file
-
output file
-
part file
-
permalloy bar file
-
pointed file
-
printout file
-
problem file
-
program file
-
random file
-
rasping file
-
rasp file
-
register file
-
relational file
-
relative file
-
remote file
-
robot description file
-
rotary file
-
round file
-
route file
-
safeguarded file
-
scratch file
-
sequential file
-
shareable file
-
smooth file
-
son file
-
source file
-
spool file
-
suspension file
-
swapping file
-
system data file
-
tape reel file
-
taper file
-
temporary file
-
text file
-
threaded file
-
tool file
-
tooling file
-
transaction file
-
triangular file
-
update file
-
user authorization file
-
vertical file
-
virtual file
-
visible file
-
volatile file
-
work file -
58 conflict
1. сущ.1) общ. конфликт, конфликтная ситуация, столкновение, коллизия (столкновение противоположных интересов, сторон, мнений, сил)armed conflict — вооруженное столкновение, война
See:conflict of interest, individual conflict of interest, institutional conflict of interest, personality clash, social conflict, conflict management, accommodation of conflicting interests, Dahrendorf, Ralf, Dahrendorf, Ralf, Dahrendorf, Ralf, Dahrendorf, Ralf, Dahrendorf, Ralf, Dahrendorf, Ralf, Dahrendorf, Ralf, Dahrendorf, Ralf, Dahrendorf, Ralf, Dahrendorf, Ralf, Dahrendorf, Ralf, Dahrendorf, Ralf, Dahrendorf, Ralf, Dahrendorf, Ralf2) общ. противоречие (между идеями, законами и т. д.)to come into conflict with — вступить в противоречие с кем-л.
to be in conflict with — находиться в ситуации противоречия (с чем-л.)
See:2. гл.общ. быть в конфликте, противоречитьto conflict with smb's interests — противоречить интересам кого-л.
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59 external balance curve
межд. эк. кривая внешнего баланса (в модели Манделла-Флеминга: кривая, показывающая множество сочетаний уровня реальной процентной ставки и уровня внутреннего реального спроса, при которых соблюдается внешний баланс)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > external balance curve
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60 heat
1) жар
2) жаровой
3) забег
4) каление
5) нагревать
6) накаливать
7) натапливать
8) натопить
9) обогревать
10) плавочный
11) подогрев
12) подогревать
13) тепло
14) тепловоспринимающий
15) тепловый
16) теплозащитный
17) теплообменный
18) теплота
19) тепловой
20) тепловая энергия
21) нагреваться
22) накаливаться
23) греть
24) калильный
25) жаровый
26) котел
27) накалить
28) теплоемкость
29) калория
– accumulation of heat
– available heat
– blow heat
– bring to red heat
– by-product heat
– cold heat
– convection heat
– cupola heat
– diverted heat
– evaporation heat
– external heat
– finishing off a heat
– generate heat
– heat abstraction
– heat ageing
– heat balance
– heat barrier
– heat blower
– heat capacity
– heat carrier
– heat chamber
– heat conducting
– heat conduction
– heat conductivity
– heat conductor
– heat consumer
– heat content
– heat demand
– heat detector
– heat differential
– heat dissipation
– heat emission
– heat energy
– heat engine
– heat engineering
– heat exchange
– heat exchanger
– heat exchanging
– heat filter
– heat finishing
– heat flow
– heat generation
– heat generator
– heat input
– heat insulation
– heat log
– heat model
– heat of combustion
– heat of formation
– heat of superheat
– heat of vaporization
– heat peeling
– heat pick-up
– heat pipe
– heat production
– heat productivity
– heat rate
– heat rating
– heat rays
– heat recovery
– heat regeneration
– heat removal
– heat removing
– heat requirement
– heat resistance
– heat run
– heat sample
– heat schedule
– heat shield
– heat shielding
– heat shock
– heat sink
– heat source
– heat sterilization
– heat storage
– heat stress
– heat supply
– heat supplying
– heat tapping
– heat test
– heat time
– heat transfer
– heat transmission
– heat transmitting
– heat transport
– heat treatment
– heat utilization
– heat waves
– internal heat
– Joulean heat
– latent heat
– liberate heat
– low heat value
– low-grade heat
– melting heat
– overblow heat
– pour heat
– progress of heat
– quantity of heat
– radiant heat
– radiogenic heat
– recover heat
– red heat
– residual heat
– resistance to heat
– sensible heat
– specific heat
– store heat
– surplus heat
– total heat
– utilize heat
– viscous heat
– waste heat
– waste-gas heat
– welding heat
– work the heat
ablation heat shield — <cosm.> экран тепловой эрозионный
counter-current heat exchanger — противоточный теплообменник
cross-flow heat exchanger — теплообменник с перекрестным током
float-head heat exchanger — теплообменник с плавающей головкой
heat exchange coefficient — <phys.> коэффициент теплообмена
heat transfer coefficient — <phys.> коэффициент теплоотдачи, коэффициент теплопередачи
intermediate heat exchanger — <engin.> теплообменник промежутночный
mechanical equivalent of heat — механический эквивалент тепла
U-tube heat exchanger — теплообменник с У-образными трубками
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