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group+of+numbers

  • 41 number

    I
    [΄nʌmbə] n թիվ, քանակ, համար. broken numberմաթ. կոտորակ. even/odd number զույգ/ կենտ թիվ. prime/whole number պարզ/ամբող ջական թիվ. a number of մի շարք, շատ. quite a number բազ մաթիվ, մի ամբողջ շարք. without number անթիվ, անհամար. (համար) the current number վերջին համարը (թերթ, ամսագիր). serial number հաջորդական համար. (լրագրի) բացթողման համար. file number գործի /գրանցման համար. account number հաշվի համար. back number հին համար (թերթի, ամսագրի). numbers մեծ քանակություն. in numbers մեծ քանակությամբ. մաթ. թվական. քեր. թիվ, թվի կարգ. բնստ. չափ, ռիթմ. cardinal/ ordinal numbers քանակական/դասական թվա կան round numbers կլոր թվեր. in round numbers կլոր թվերով, կլորացնելով. be not good at numbers թվաբանությունից թույլ լինել. (քանակ) one of their number նրանցից մեկը. in a number of cases որոշ/մի շարք դեպքերում. quite a number of people բավական շատ մարդ. any number of reasons շատ պատ ճառներ. time without number անընդհատ, մի լիոն անգամ. room number 7 համար յոթ սենյակ. Baghramyan str.number 1 Բաղրամյան փ. տուն համար
    1. (հեռախոս) telephone number հեռա խոսի նամար. Wrong number Սխալ եք ընկել/ Սխալվել եք. reference number տեղեկատու համար. catalogue number գրացուցակի գրանիշը/ շիֆ րը. registration number գրանցման համար. number plate համարանիշ. a number 9 bus ավտոբուս համար ինը. (համերգի/ծրագրի համար) for the next number the singer հաջորդ համարով երգիչը. look after number one փխբ., խսկց. քո մասին հոգա/մտածիր. His numbers are up Նրա երգը երգված է. She is a nice, little number Նա այնքան լա վիկն է. He is my opposite number in Paris Փա րիզում նա զբաղեցնում է նույն պաշտոնը, ինչ որ ես այստեղ. հմկրգ. number code թվի կոդ. number shift թվի տե ղա շարժ. number system համրանքի համակարգ
    II
    [΄nʌmbə] v համարակալել, համրել. հաշվել. number pages էջերը համարակալել. His days are numbered Նրա օրերը հաշված են. number off ներկա-բացակա անել. The group numbers about 10 persons Խումբը պարունակում է մոտ տասը հոգի. The exhibitiion numbers some 50 items Ցուցահանդեսում ներկայացված են մոտ հիսուն ցուցանմուշ. I number him among my best friends Ես նրան համարում եմ իմ ամենալավ ընկերներից մեկը

    English-Armenian dictionary > number

  • 42 desaparecer

    v.
    1 to disappear.
    me ha desaparecido la pluma my pen has disappeared
    será mejor que desaparezcas de escena durante una temporada you'd better make yourself scarce for a while
    desaparecer de la faz de la tierra to vanish from the face of the earth
    ¡desaparece de mi vista ahora mismo! get out of my sight this minute!
    La tristeza desaparece al amanecer Sadness disappears at dawn.
    Sus dudas desaparecieron His doubts disappeared.
    2 to go missing.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ AGRADECER], like link=agradecer agradecer
    1 (dejar de estar) to disappear
    \
    desaparecer del mapa figurado to vanish off the face of the earth
    hacer desaparecer to cause to disappear, hide 2 (quitar) to get rid of
    * * *
    verb
    to disappear, vanish
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) [persona, objeto] to disappear, go missing

    ¡desaparece de mi vista! — get out of my sight!

    mapa
    2) [mancha, olor, síntoma] to disappear, go (away)
    3) euf (=morir) to pass away
    2.
    VT LAm (Pol) to disappear

    desaparecieron a los disidentes — they disappeared the dissidents, the dissidents were disappeared

    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) ( de lugar) to disappear
    b) dolor/síntoma/cicatriz to disappear, go; costumbre to disappear, die out; mancha to come out
    c) ( de la vista) to disappear

    desapareció entre la muchedumbre — he disappeared o vanished into the crowd

    desaparece de mi vista — (fam) get out of my sight

    2.
    desaparecerse v pron (Andes) to disappear
    * * *
    = disappear, disband, fade (away/out), fall into + obscurity, vanish, die out, evaporate, go away, dissolve, pass on, go + missing, sweep away, slip through + the cracks, swallow up, slip from + the scene, go out of + existence, go + the way of the dodo, follow + the dodo, go + the way of the horseless carriage, go + the way of the dinosaur(s), blow away, wither away, drop from + sight, pass away, fizzle out, efface, fade into + obscurity, fade into + oblivion, go + forever, peter out, skulk off, sneak off, sneak away, go into + hiding, wear off, be all gone.
    Ex. This feature, portability, can be a mixed blessing-things which can be moved have a habit of disappearing.
    Ex. With the completion of the draft in 1983, the Working Group on an International Authority System was officially disbanded.
    Ex. Trails that are not frequently followed are prone to fade, items are not fully permanent, memory is transitory.
    Ex. The acid rain literature illustrated the 1st paradigm, where journals from the unadjusted literature were thrust forward in the adjusted literature, and no unadjusted journal fell into obscurity.
    Ex. She seized her sweater and purse and vanished.
    Ex. These changes accelerated through much of the nineteenth century, with the older material such as the chivalric romance dying out about the 1960s.
    Ex. It is pointless to create interest if it is then allowed to evaporate because the books cannot be obtained.
    Ex. Not surprisingly, the girls went away embarrassed, and the mother, if she was any better informed, was certainly none the wiser.
    Ex. He adjusted himself comfortably in the chair, overlapped his legs, and blew a smoke ring that dissolved two feet above her head.
    Ex. Further, it is true in nature that organisms are born, grow and mature, decline and pass on.
    Ex. This article describes the consequences of a burglary of a during which the desktop system, computer, image setter, and a FAX machine went missing.
    Ex. Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.
    Ex. The author discusses the factors which have led to early adolescent services slipping through the cracks.
    Ex. The growing complexity of computing environments requires creative solutions to prevent the gain in productivity promised by computing advances from being swallowed up by the necessity of moving information from one environment to another.
    Ex. With their numbers and their prices, serials in the paper format are as a spring fog slipping from the scene.
    Ex. The volunteer fire companies went out of existence, as did their library associations.
    Ex. Today, all of the early independents have gone the way of the dodo = En la actualidad, todas las empresas independientes originales han desaparecido.
    Ex. It has the choice: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex. When databases of information (particularly in full text) first became available on the Internet, many users felt that thesauri and subject classifications were no longer needed and would go the way of horseless carriages.
    Ex. The library will have to learn to cope with new technology and even larger amounts of material if it wishes to avoid going the way of the dinosaur.
    Ex. Its prediction that, with the passing of years, the taint of scandal will blow away, looks over-optimistic.
    Ex. He concludes that public libraries will wither away, together with the rights of the individual member of the public to information.
    Ex. The older material, such as the chivalric romances, dropped from sight.
    Ex. These tools are useable for analytical studies of how technologies emerge, mature and pass away.
    Ex. Over the weekend, she started three articles and each one fizzled out for lack of inspiration.
    Ex. The beauty, the aliveness, the creativity, the passion that made her lovable and gave her life meaning has been effaced.
    Ex. But he may be put under house arrest, a dire fate for a man who is terrified of fading into obscurity.
    Ex. The music industry as we know it is slowly fading into oblivion.
    Ex. Those were the good old days and now they have gone forever.
    Ex. Press demands for information soon petered out but enquiries from the general public continued for many months.
    Ex. Good attendance with 21 people there though a few skulked off without paying!.
    Ex. One of the great joys in life is sneaking off.
    Ex. So I decided to take my chances and sneak away quietly on a day when Fabiola had a group meeting at her lab.
    Ex. The three have been jailed for more than two weeks while a fourth journalist went into hiding after receiving a judicial summons.
    Ex. We're all familiar with the idea of novelty value and how it wears off with time.
    Ex. The hall is quiet, the band has packed up, and the munchies are all gone.
    ----
    * aparecer y desaparecer = come and go.
    * barreras + desaparecer = boundaries + dissolve.
    * desaparecer de la faz de la tierra = vanish from + the face of the earth, disappear from + the face of the earth.
    * desaparecer en el horizonte cabalgando al atardecer = ride off + into the sunset.
    * desaparecer en la distancia = disappear in + the distance.
    * desaparecer gradualmente = fade into + the sunset.
    * desaparecer las diferencias = blur + distinctions, blur + the lines between, blur + the boundaries between.
    * desaparecer poco a poco = fade into + the sunset.
    * desaparecer sin dejar huella = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * desaparecer sin dejar rastro = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * desear fuertemente que Algo desaparezca = will + Nombre + away.
    * estar desapareciendo = be on the way out.
    * hacer desaparecer = eradicate, dispel, banish.
    * hacer desaparecer un mito = dispel + myth.
    * hacer mucho tiempo que Algo ha desaparecido = be long gone.
    * límites + desaparecer = boundaries + crumble.
    * problema + desaparecer = problem + go away.
    * que no desaparece = lingering.
    * viejas costumbres nunca desaparecen, las = old ways never die, the.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) ( de lugar) to disappear
    b) dolor/síntoma/cicatriz to disappear, go; costumbre to disappear, die out; mancha to come out
    c) ( de la vista) to disappear

    desapareció entre la muchedumbre — he disappeared o vanished into the crowd

    desaparece de mi vista — (fam) get out of my sight

    2.
    desaparecerse v pron (Andes) to disappear
    * * *
    = disappear, disband, fade (away/out), fall into + obscurity, vanish, die out, evaporate, go away, dissolve, pass on, go + missing, sweep away, slip through + the cracks, swallow up, slip from + the scene, go out of + existence, go + the way of the dodo, follow + the dodo, go + the way of the horseless carriage, go + the way of the dinosaur(s), blow away, wither away, drop from + sight, pass away, fizzle out, efface, fade into + obscurity, fade into + oblivion, go + forever, peter out, skulk off, sneak off, sneak away, go into + hiding, wear off, be all gone.

    Ex: This feature, portability, can be a mixed blessing-things which can be moved have a habit of disappearing.

    Ex: With the completion of the draft in 1983, the Working Group on an International Authority System was officially disbanded.
    Ex: Trails that are not frequently followed are prone to fade, items are not fully permanent, memory is transitory.
    Ex: The acid rain literature illustrated the 1st paradigm, where journals from the unadjusted literature were thrust forward in the adjusted literature, and no unadjusted journal fell into obscurity.
    Ex: She seized her sweater and purse and vanished.
    Ex: These changes accelerated through much of the nineteenth century, with the older material such as the chivalric romance dying out about the 1960s.
    Ex: It is pointless to create interest if it is then allowed to evaporate because the books cannot be obtained.
    Ex: Not surprisingly, the girls went away embarrassed, and the mother, if she was any better informed, was certainly none the wiser.
    Ex: He adjusted himself comfortably in the chair, overlapped his legs, and blew a smoke ring that dissolved two feet above her head.
    Ex: Further, it is true in nature that organisms are born, grow and mature, decline and pass on.
    Ex: This article describes the consequences of a burglary of a during which the desktop system, computer, image setter, and a FAX machine went missing.
    Ex: Librarians should ensure that the principles they stand for are not swept away on a tide of technological jingoism.
    Ex: The author discusses the factors which have led to early adolescent services slipping through the cracks.
    Ex: The growing complexity of computing environments requires creative solutions to prevent the gain in productivity promised by computing advances from being swallowed up by the necessity of moving information from one environment to another.
    Ex: With their numbers and their prices, serials in the paper format are as a spring fog slipping from the scene.
    Ex: The volunteer fire companies went out of existence, as did their library associations.
    Ex: Today, all of the early independents have gone the way of the dodo = En la actualidad, todas las empresas independientes originales han desaparecido.
    Ex: It has the choice: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex: When databases of information (particularly in full text) first became available on the Internet, many users felt that thesauri and subject classifications were no longer needed and would go the way of horseless carriages.
    Ex: The library will have to learn to cope with new technology and even larger amounts of material if it wishes to avoid going the way of the dinosaur.
    Ex: Its prediction that, with the passing of years, the taint of scandal will blow away, looks over-optimistic.
    Ex: He concludes that public libraries will wither away, together with the rights of the individual member of the public to information.
    Ex: The older material, such as the chivalric romances, dropped from sight.
    Ex: These tools are useable for analytical studies of how technologies emerge, mature and pass away.
    Ex: Over the weekend, she started three articles and each one fizzled out for lack of inspiration.
    Ex: The beauty, the aliveness, the creativity, the passion that made her lovable and gave her life meaning has been effaced.
    Ex: But he may be put under house arrest, a dire fate for a man who is terrified of fading into obscurity.
    Ex: The music industry as we know it is slowly fading into oblivion.
    Ex: Those were the good old days and now they have gone forever.
    Ex: Press demands for information soon petered out but enquiries from the general public continued for many months.
    Ex: Good attendance with 21 people there though a few skulked off without paying!.
    Ex: One of the great joys in life is sneaking off.
    Ex: So I decided to take my chances and sneak away quietly on a day when Fabiola had a group meeting at her lab.
    Ex: The three have been jailed for more than two weeks while a fourth journalist went into hiding after receiving a judicial summons.
    Ex: We're all familiar with the idea of novelty value and how it wears off with time.
    Ex: The hall is quiet, the band has packed up, and the munchies are all gone.
    * aparecer y desaparecer = come and go.
    * barreras + desaparecer = boundaries + dissolve.
    * desaparecer de la faz de la tierra = vanish from + the face of the earth, disappear from + the face of the earth.
    * desaparecer en el horizonte cabalgando al atardecer = ride off + into the sunset.
    * desaparecer en la distancia = disappear in + the distance.
    * desaparecer gradualmente = fade into + the sunset.
    * desaparecer las diferencias = blur + distinctions, blur + the lines between, blur + the boundaries between.
    * desaparecer poco a poco = fade into + the sunset.
    * desaparecer sin dejar huella = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * desaparecer sin dejar rastro = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * desear fuertemente que Algo desaparezca = will + Nombre + away.
    * estar desapareciendo = be on the way out.
    * hacer desaparecer = eradicate, dispel, banish.
    * hacer desaparecer un mito = dispel + myth.
    * hacer mucho tiempo que Algo ha desaparecido = be long gone.
    * límites + desaparecer = boundaries + crumble.
    * problema + desaparecer = problem + go away.
    * que no desaparece = lingering.
    * viejas costumbres nunca desaparecen, las = old ways never die, the.

    * * *
    vi
    1 (de un lugar) to disappear
    desapareció sin dejar huella he disappeared o vanished without trace, he did a vanishing trick o a disappearing act ( hum)
    hizo desaparecer el sombrero ante sus ojos he made the hat disappear o vanish before their very eyes
    en esta oficina las cosas tienden a desaparecer things tend to disappear o go missing in this office
    2 «dolor/síntoma» to disappear; «cicatriz» to disappear, go; «costumbre» to disappear, die out
    lo dejé en remojo y la mancha desapareció I left it to soak and the stain came out
    tenía que hacer desaparecer las pruebas he had to get rid of the evidence
    3 (de la vista) to disappear
    el sol desapareció detrás de una nube the sun disappeared o went behind a cloud
    el ladrón desapareció entre la muchedumbre the thief disappeared o vanished into the crowd
    desaparece de mi vista antes de que te pegue ( fam); get out of my sight before I wallop you ( colloq)
    1 (de un lugar) to disappear
    se desaparecieron mis gafas my glasses have disappeared
    2 (de la vista) to disappear
    * * *

     

    desaparecer ( conjugate desaparecer) verbo intransitivo [persona/objeto] to disappear;
    [dolor/síntoma/cicatriz] to disappear, go;
    [ costumbre] to disappear, die out;
    [ mancha] to come out
    desaparecerse verbo pronominal (Andes) to disappear
    desaparecer verbo intransitivo to disappear: me ha desaparecido la cartera, I can't find my wallet
    el sol desapareció detrás de las nubes, the sun vanished behind the clouds
    ♦ Locuciones: desaparecer del mapa/de la faz de la tierra, to vanish off the face of the earth
    ' desaparecer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    confundirse
    - disipar
    - escabullirse
    - lance
    - magia
    - mapa
    - obliterar
    - perderse
    - volar
    - volatilizarse
    - camino
    - comer
    - ir
    - pasar
    - quitar
    - sacar
    English:
    disappear
    - dissipate
    - linger
    - lost
    - magic away
    - melt away
    - sink away
    - trace
    - vanish
    - face
    - melt
    - missing
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [de la vista] to disappear (de from);
    desapareció tras las colinas it dropped out of sight behind the hills;
    me ha desaparecido la pluma my pen has disappeared;
    hizo desaparecer una paloma y un conejo he made a dove and a rabbit vanish;
    será mejor que desaparezcas de escena durante una temporada you'd better make yourself scarce for a while;
    desaparecer de la faz de la tierra to vanish from the face of the earth;
    ¡desaparece de mi vista ahora mismo! get out of my sight this minute!
    2. [dolor, síntomas, mancha] to disappear, to go;
    [cicatriz] to disappear; [sarpullido] to clear up
    3. [en guerra, accidente] to go missing, to disappear;
    muchos desaparecieron durante la represión many people disappeared during the crackdown
    ♦ vt
    Am [persona] = to detain extrajudicially during political repression and possibly kill
    * * *
    I v/i disappear, vanish
    II v/t L.Am.
    disappear fam, make disappear
    * * *
    desaparecer {53} vt
    : to cause to disappear
    : to disappear, to vanish
    * * *
    desaparecer vb to disappear

    Spanish-English dictionary > desaparecer

  • 43 según

    prep.
    1 according to, as per, in accordance with, in pursuance of.
    2 after the fashion of.
    * * *
    1 (conforme) according to
    2 (dependiendo) depending on
    ■ según lo que digan, tomaremos una decisión depending on what they say, we'll make a decision
    3 (como) just as
    5 (tal vez) it depends
    ■ iré o me quedaré, según I'll either go or I'll stay, it depends
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. PREP
    1) (=de acuerdo con) according to

    según lo que dice — from what he says, going by what he says

    según parece — seemingly, apparently

    2) (=depende de) depending on
    2. CONJ
    1) (=depende de) depending on
    2) [indicando manera] as

    según están las cosas, es mejor no intervenir — the way things are, it's better not to get involved

    según se entra, a la izquierda — to the left as you go in

    3) [indicando simultaneidad] as
    3.
    ADV *

    -¿lo vas a comprar? -según — "are you going to buy it?" - "it all depends"

    según y como, según y conforme — it all depends

    * * *
    I
    1) ( de acuerdo con) according to

    según parece... — it would appear o seem (that)...

    según me dijo, piensa quedarse — from what he told me, he intends to stay

    según + subj: según te parezca as you think best; obtendrás distintos resultados según cómo lo hagas you will get different results depending (on) how you do it; ¿me llevas a casa? - según dónde vivas — will you take me home? - (it) depends where you live

    II
    adverbio it depends

    este método puede resultar o no, según — this method may or may not work, it depends

    III
    a) ( a medida que) as
    b) ( en cuanto)

    según llegamos a la ventanilla, pusieron el cartel de cerrado — just as we reached the window they put up the closed sign

    * * *
    = as, as, in the form that, in terms of, in the manner, by, based on, in the words of, along the lines of, judging by, to judge by, in the opinion of, judging from, according to.
    Ex. As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.
    Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
    Ex. The edition statement is given if stated in the document, in the form that is given in the document.
    Ex. And we have all of the ingredients for the creation of an atmosphere in which the proponents of expediency could couch their arguments in terms of cost effectiveness.
    Ex. One might, for example, speak to a microphone, in the manner described in connection with the speech-controlled typewriter, and thus make his selections.
    Ex. The name to be chosen for the author must be, by rule 40, 'the name by which he is commonly identified, whether it is his real name, or an assumed name, nickname, title of nobility, or other appellation'.
    Ex. Libraries will make judgements based on criteria such as better information resources, quicker answers, and more cost-effective services = Las bibliotecas tomarán decisiones de acuerdo con criterios tales como mejores recursos informativos, rapidez de respuesta y servicios más rentables.
    Ex. The general opinion of Edward Wood seemed to be summed up in the words of one staff member, who said, 'Ed Wood's a prince of a guy'.
    Ex. The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.
    Ex. The number of titles is expected to double within a relatively short period, judging by the enthusiasm expressed by the publishers.
    Ex. To judge by some of the comments presented here, weeding may function as a homogenizing agent in many public libraries, creating a situation where the product lines (books) offered show little variation from library to library.
    Ex. These bureaucratic organisations contribute to a social malaise, symptomatic, in the opinion of many workers, of a general social crisis which will accelerate in the decades ahead.
    Ex. Judging from the history of warfare and skirmish between the British and the French, I am surprised you are so civil towards each other.
    Ex. The headings will be arranged according to the filing sequence of the notation (for example, alphabetically for letters or numerically for numbers).
    ----
    * actuar según = act on/upon.
    * de pago según el uso = on a pay as you go basis.
    * edificio construido según un plan cúbico = deep building.
    * grupo según edad = age group [age-group].
    * ordenación topográfica según los intereses del lector = reader interest arrangement.
    * salir según lo planeado = go off + as planned.
    * salir según lo previsto = go off + as planned.
    * según cabe suponer = presumably, presumably, supposedly, allegedly.
    * según convenga = as appropriate.
    * según corresponda = as appropriate.
    * según cuenta la leyenda = legend has it that, as legend goes.
    * según el color del cristal con que se mire = in the eye of the beholder.
    * según el contexto = contextually.
    * según el huso horario de Europa Central = CET (Central European Time).
    * según el testimonio de = on the evidence of.
    * según la aplicación de reglas = rule-governed.
    * según la costumbre = according to normal practice.
    * según la estación del año = seasonally.
    * según la información obtenida = output-oriented.
    * según la leyenda = as legend goes, legend has it that.
    * según la opinión de = in the opinion of.
    * según las palabras de = to quote + Nombre de Persona, in the words of.
    * según lo cual = where.
    * según lo planeado = as planned.
    * según lo previsto = on schedule, as planned.
    * según lo que + Pronombre Personal + saber = to + Posesivo + knowledge.
    * según los ingresos = means-tested.
    * según los intereses personales de cada uno = interest-based.
    * según lo ve + Nombre = as seen through the eyes of + Nombre.
    * según mi opinión = to the best of my knowledge.
    * según + Nombre = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, as per + Nombre, going on + Nombre.
    * según nuestro entender = as far as we know.
    * según parece = apparently, apparently, by the looks of it.
    * según + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.
    * según + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * según + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * según + Pronombre = Pronombre + understanding + be, in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * según + Pronombre + entender = it + be + Posesivo + understanding, Pronombre + understanding + be.
    * según + Pronombre Personal = in + Posesivo + eyes.
    * según quedó indicado en = as was pointed out in.
    * según sea conveniente = to suit.
    * según sea necesario = as required.
    * según sea pertinente = as applicable.
    * según se cree = reputedly.
    * según se desee = at will.
    * según se dice = reportedly, so the argument goes, reputedly.
    * según se necesite = on demand, on request, at need, as required, as the occasion arises, pro re nata.
    * según surja la ocasión = as the occasion arises.
    * según sus propias condiciones = on + Posesivo + own terms, in + Posesivo + own terms.
    * según sus propias palabras = in + Posesivo + own terms.
    * según una secuencia ordinal = ordinally.
    * según un método prescrito = clerically.
    * según vayan llegando = on a first come first served basis.
    * según yo = in my books.
    * según yo sé = to the best of my knowledge, AFAIK (as far as I know), to my knowledge.
    * * *
    I
    1) ( de acuerdo con) according to

    según parece... — it would appear o seem (that)...

    según me dijo, piensa quedarse — from what he told me, he intends to stay

    según + subj: según te parezca as you think best; obtendrás distintos resultados según cómo lo hagas you will get different results depending (on) how you do it; ¿me llevas a casa? - según dónde vivas — will you take me home? - (it) depends where you live

    II
    adverbio it depends

    este método puede resultar o no, según — this method may or may not work, it depends

    III
    a) ( a medida que) as
    b) ( en cuanto)

    según llegamos a la ventanilla, pusieron el cartel de cerrado — just as we reached the window they put up the closed sign

    * * *
    = as, as, in the form that, in terms of, in the manner, by, based on, in the words of, along the lines of, judging by, to judge by, in the opinion of, judging from, according to.

    Ex: As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.

    Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
    Ex: The edition statement is given if stated in the document, in the form that is given in the document.
    Ex: And we have all of the ingredients for the creation of an atmosphere in which the proponents of expediency could couch their arguments in terms of cost effectiveness.
    Ex: One might, for example, speak to a microphone, in the manner described in connection with the speech-controlled typewriter, and thus make his selections.
    Ex: The name to be chosen for the author must be, by rule 40, 'the name by which he is commonly identified, whether it is his real name, or an assumed name, nickname, title of nobility, or other appellation'.
    Ex: Libraries will make judgements based on criteria such as better information resources, quicker answers, and more cost-effective services = Las bibliotecas tomarán decisiones de acuerdo con criterios tales como mejores recursos informativos, rapidez de respuesta y servicios más rentables.
    Ex: The general opinion of Edward Wood seemed to be summed up in the words of one staff member, who said, 'Ed Wood's a prince of a guy'.
    Ex: The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.
    Ex: The number of titles is expected to double within a relatively short period, judging by the enthusiasm expressed by the publishers.
    Ex: To judge by some of the comments presented here, weeding may function as a homogenizing agent in many public libraries, creating a situation where the product lines (books) offered show little variation from library to library.
    Ex: These bureaucratic organisations contribute to a social malaise, symptomatic, in the opinion of many workers, of a general social crisis which will accelerate in the decades ahead.
    Ex: Judging from the history of warfare and skirmish between the British and the French, I am surprised you are so civil towards each other.
    Ex: The headings will be arranged according to the filing sequence of the notation (for example, alphabetically for letters or numerically for numbers).
    * actuar según = act on/upon.
    * de pago según el uso = on a pay as you go basis.
    * edificio construido según un plan cúbico = deep building.
    * grupo según edad = age group [age-group].
    * ordenación topográfica según los intereses del lector = reader interest arrangement.
    * salir según lo planeado = go off + as planned.
    * salir según lo previsto = go off + as planned.
    * según cabe suponer = presumably, presumably, supposedly, allegedly.
    * según convenga = as appropriate.
    * según corresponda = as appropriate.
    * según cuenta la leyenda = legend has it that, as legend goes.
    * según el color del cristal con que se mire = in the eye of the beholder.
    * según el contexto = contextually.
    * según el huso horario de Europa Central = CET (Central European Time).
    * según el testimonio de = on the evidence of.
    * según la aplicación de reglas = rule-governed.
    * según la costumbre = according to normal practice.
    * según la estación del año = seasonally.
    * según la información obtenida = output-oriented.
    * según la leyenda = as legend goes, legend has it that.
    * según la opinión de = in the opinion of.
    * según las palabras de = to quote + Nombre de Persona, in the words of.
    * según lo cual = where.
    * según lo planeado = as planned.
    * según lo previsto = on schedule, as planned.
    * según lo que + Pronombre Personal + saber = to + Posesivo + knowledge.
    * según los ingresos = means-tested.
    * según los intereses personales de cada uno = interest-based.
    * según lo ve + Nombre = as seen through the eyes of + Nombre.
    * según mi opinión = to the best of my knowledge.
    * según + Nombre = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, as per + Nombre, going on + Nombre.
    * según nuestro entender = as far as we know.
    * según parece = apparently, apparently, by the looks of it.
    * según + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.
    * según + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * según + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * según + Pronombre = Pronombre + understanding + be, in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * según + Pronombre + entender = it + be + Posesivo + understanding, Pronombre + understanding + be.
    * según + Pronombre Personal = in + Posesivo + eyes.
    * según quedó indicado en = as was pointed out in.
    * según sea conveniente = to suit.
    * según sea necesario = as required.
    * según sea pertinente = as applicable.
    * según se cree = reputedly.
    * según se desee = at will.
    * según se dice = reportedly, so the argument goes, reputedly.
    * según se necesite = on demand, on request, at need, as required, as the occasion arises, pro re nata.
    * según surja la ocasión = as the occasion arises.
    * según sus propias condiciones = on + Posesivo + own terms, in + Posesivo + own terms.
    * según sus propias palabras = in + Posesivo + own terms.
    * según una secuencia ordinal = ordinally.
    * según un método prescrito = clerically.
    * según vayan llegando = on a first come first served basis.
    * según yo = in my books.
    * según yo sé = to the best of my knowledge, AFAIK (as far as I know), to my knowledge.

    * * *
    A (de acuerdo con) according to
    según Elena/él according to Elena/him
    el evangelio según San Mateo the Gospel according to St Matthew
    según fuentes autorizadas/nuestros cálculos according to official sources/our calculations
    lo hice según tus indicaciones I did it according to o following your instructions, I followed your instructions
    según parece sus días están contados apparently, its days are numbered o it would appear o seem its days are numbered
    así que está en la India … — según parece … so he's in India … — so it seems o apparently
    según las órdenes que me dieron in accordance with the orders I was given
    según me dijo, piensa quedarse from what he told me, he intends to stay
    B (dependiendo de) según + SUBJ:
    según te parezca as you think best
    obtendrás distintos resultados según cómo lo hagas you will get different results depending (on) how you do it
    ¿me llevas a casa? — según dónde vivas will you take me home? — (it) depends where you live
    iré según y cómo or según y conforme me sienta whether I go or not depends on how I feel
    it depends
    este método puede resultar o no, según this method may or may not work, it depends
    según van entrando as they come in
    2
    (en cuanto): según llegamos a la ventanilla, pusieron el cartel de cerrado just as we reached the window they put up the closed sign
    según llegues sube a verme come up and see me as soon as you arrive
    * * *

     

    según preposición
    1 ( de acuerdo con) according to;

    según parece apparently
    2 ( dependiendo de):

    ¿me llevas a casa? — según dónde vivas will you take me home? — (it) depends where you live
    ■ adverbio
    it depends;
    ◊ puede resultar o no, según it may or may not work, it depends

    ■ conjunción ( a medida que) as;
    según van entrando as they come in
    según
    I preposición
    1 (de acuerdo con) according to
    según mis cálculos, according to my calculations
    2 (en la opinión de) según los metodistas, according to the Methodists
    según tú, María es la mejor, according to you, Maria is the best
    3 (dependiendo de) depending on: el precio varía según el peso, the price varies according to the weight
    4 (por el modo en que) según lo dijo, parecía preocupada, by the way she was speaking, she seemed worried
    II adverbio
    1 (tal como) just as: cóselo según indica el patrón, sew it just as the pattern shows
    2 (a medida que) as: según nos íbamos acercando..., as we were coming closer...

    ' según' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acuerdo
    - cálculo
    - conforme
    - cuchara
    - dispuesta
    - dispuesto
    - previsión
    - tesis
    - última
    - último
    - caso
    - corresponder
    - cual
    - desarrollo
    - dizque
    - entendido
    English:
    according
    - account
    - by
    - customize
    - depend
    - eye
    - from
    - Greenwich Mean Time
    - law
    - merit
    - on
    - performance-related pay
    - plan
    - point
    - pursuant
    - reportedly
    - reputedly
    - seasonally
    - to
    - under
    - wear on
    - accordance
    - apparently
    - comprehensive
    - custom
    - evidently
    - halal
    - record
    - stream
    - whereby
    * * *
    ♦ prep
    1. [de acuerdo con] according to;
    según el ministro, fue un accidente according to the minister, it was an accident;
    según su opinión, ha sido un éxito in her opinion o according to her, it was a success;
    según pone aquí, ahora hay que apretar la tecla de retorno according to what it says here, now you have to press the return key;
    según Nietzsche,… according to Nietzsche,…;
    el Evangelio según San Juan the Gospel according to St John
    2. [dependiendo de] depending on;
    según la hora que sea depending on the time;
    según el tiempo que haga iremos a la montaña depending on what the weather's like, we may go to the mountains;
    según como te vaya en el examen, podemos ir a celebrarlo depending on how you do in the exam, we could go out for a celebration
    ♦ adv
    1. [como] (just) as;
    todo permanecía según lo recordaba everything was just as she remembered it;
    actuó según se le recomendó he did as he had been advised;
    hazlo según creas do as you see fit;
    lo hice según y como o [m5] según y conforme me dijiste I did it exactly o just like you told me;
    según parece, no van a poder venir apparently, they're not going to be able to come
    2. [a medida que] as;
    entrarás en forma según vayas entrenando you'll get fit as you train
    3. [dependiendo]
    según se mire depending on how you look at it;
    ¿te gusta la pasta? – según do you like pasta? – it depends;
    lo intentaré según esté de tiempo I'll try to do it, depending on how much time I have;
    según qué días la clase es muy aburrida some days the class is really boring
    * * *
    I prp according to;
    según él according to him;
    según eso which means;
    según el tiempo depending on the weather;
    según y como, según y conforme vaya depending on how things pan out
    II adv
    1 it depends;
    aceptaré o no, según I might accept, it all depends
    III conj (a medida que)
    :
    la tensión crecía según se acercaba el final the tension mounted as the end approached
    * * *
    según adv
    : it depends
    según y como: it all depends on
    según conj
    1) como, conforme: as, just as
    según lo dejé: just as I left it
    2) : depending on how
    según se vea: depending on how one sees it
    según prep
    1) : according to
    según los rumores: according to the rumors
    2) : depending on
    según los resultados: depending on the results
    * * *
    según1 adv
    1. (dependiendo de) depending on
    2. it depends
    no sé si iré o me quedaré, según I don't know if I'll go or stay, it depends
    según iban entrando, se les daba una copa de cava as they came in, they were given a glass of cava
    según2 prep according to
    según lo previsto according to plan / just as planned

    Spanish-English dictionary > según

  • 44 unit

    noun
    1) (element, group; also Mil.) Einheit, die; (in complex mechanism) Element, das

    armoured unit — (Mil.) Panzereinheit, die

    2) (in adding numbers by columns) Einer, der (Math.)
    3) (quantity chosen as standard) [Maß]einheit, die; (of gas, electricity) Einheit, die

    unit of length/monetary unit — Längen-/Währungseinheit, die

    4) (piece of furniture) Element, das

    kitchen unit — Küchenelement, das

    * * *
    ['ju:nit]
    1) (a single thing, individual etc within a group: The building is divided into twelve different apartments or living units.) die Einheit
    2) (an amount or quantity that is used as a standard in a system of measuring or coinage: The dollar is the standard unit of currency in America.) die Einheit
    3) (the smallest whole number, 1, or any number between 1 and 9: In the number 23, 2 is a ten, and 3 is a unit.) der Einer
    * * *
    [ˈju:nɪt]
    n
    \unit of alcohol Alkoholeinheit f
    \unit of currency Währungseinheit f
    \unit of length Längenmaß nt
    \unit operation CHEM Grundoperation f
    \unit weight PHYS spezifisches Gewicht
    2. + sing/pl vb (group of people) Abteilung f
    anti-terrorist \unit Antiterroreinheit f
    the family \unit der Familienverband
    policy \unit politische Abteilung
    3. (part) Teil m, Einheit f
    \unit of a course Abschnitt m eines Kurses
    \unit of a course book Kapitel nt eines Kursbuches
    kitchen \unit Küchenelement nt
    5. MECH Einheit f
    central processing \unit zentrale Datenverarbeitungsanlage
    video display \unit Sichtgerät nt
    6. COMM Einheit f; STOCKEX Anlageeinheit f
    7. MIL Einheit f, Verband m
    8. MED Abteilung f
    9. AM, AUS (apartment) Wohnung f
    multiple-\unit dwelling Wohnanlage f
    10. MATH Einer m
    11. COMPUT (machine) einzelne Maschine
    12. AM (sl: penis) Schwanz m fam
    * * *
    ['juːnɪt]
    n
    1) (= entity MIL) Einheit f; (= set of equipment) Anlage f, Einheit f
    2) (= section) Einheit f; (of furniture) Element nt; (of machine) Element nt, Teil nt; (of organization) Abteilung f; (of course book) Lektion f

    power unit — Aggregat nt; (of a rocket) Triebwerk nt

    where did you get those units in your bedroom? — wo haben Sie die Anbauelemente in Ihrem Schlafzimmer her?

    3) (= measure) Einheit f

    unit of account/length — Rechnungs-/Längeneinheit f

    4) (MATH) Einer m
    * * *
    unit [ˈjuːnıt] s
    1. allg Einheit f, (besonders Möbel) Element n:
    unit of account (currency, trade, value) WIRTSCH (Ver)Rechnungs-(Währungs-, Handels-, Wertungs)einheit;
    unit of measure Maßeinheit;
    unit character BIOL (nach den Mendelschen Gesetzen) vererbte Eigenschaft;
    unit cost WIRTSCH Kosten pl pro Einheit;
    unit factor BIOL Erbfaktor m;
    unit furniture Anbaumöbel pl;
    unit price WIRTSCH Stück-, Einzelpreis m
    2. a) PHYS (Grund)Einheit f:
    unit of power (time, work) Leistungs-(Zeit-, Arbeits)einheit
    b) TEL (Gesprächs)Einheit f
    3. MATH Einer m, Einheit f:
    unit fraction Stammbruch m
    4. TECH
    a) (Bau)Einheit f
    b) Aggregat n, Anlage f:
    unit construction Konstruktion f nach dem Baukastenprinzip, Baukastenbauweise f
    5. MIL Einheit f, Verband m, Truppenteil m
    6. SCHULE
    a) besonders US (Schul-, Lehr)Jahr n (in einem Fach)
    b) Unit f, (Lern)Einheit f, Lektion f
    7. MED Einheit f, Dosis f, Menge f
    8. Grundeinheit f, Kern m, Zelle f:
    9. US Gruppe f Gleichgesinnter, (feste) Gemeinschaft
    u. abk
    2. unit Einh.
    3. upper ob.
    U. abk
    1. MATH union
    2. unit Einh.
    3. united ver(ein).
    4. university Univ.
    5. Utah
    * * *
    noun
    1) (element, group; also Mil.) Einheit, die; (in complex mechanism) Element, das

    armoured unit — (Mil.) Panzereinheit, die

    3) (quantity chosen as standard) [Maß]einheit, die; (of gas, electricity) Einheit, die

    unit of length/monetary unit — Längen-/Währungseinheit, die

    4) (piece of furniture) Element, das

    kitchen unit — Küchenelement, das

    * * *
    n.
    Aggregat -e (Technik) n.
    Bauteil -e n.
    Einheit -en f.
    Gerät -e n.

    English-german dictionary > unit

  • 45 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 46 make up

    1) (to invent: He made up the whole story.) inventar
    2) (to compose or be part(s) of: The group was made up of doctors and lawyers.) componer, formar, integrar
    3) (to complete: We need one more player - will you make up the number(s)?) completar
    4) (to apply cosmetics to (the face): I don't like to see women making up (their faces) in public.) maquillar
    5) (to become friends again (after a quarrel etc): They've finally made up (their disagreement).) hacer las paces, reconciliarse
    make up1 n maquillaje
    make up2 vb
    1. inventar
    2. hacer las paces
    1) invent: inventar
    2) : recuperar
    she made up the time: recuperó las horas perdidas
    reconcile: hacer las paces, reconciliarse
    v.
    • compaginar v.
    • enjalbegar v.
    • inventar v.
    • jalbegar v.
    • maquillar v.
    1) v + o + adv, v + adv + o
    \<\<story/excuse\>\> inventar
    2)
    a) (assemble, prepare) \<\<prescription/food parcel\>\> preparar

    to make up a sweater — coser or armar un suéter

    b) ( draw up) \<\<agenda/list\>\> hacer*
    3)
    a) (complete, add) completar

    I'll take the afternoon off, and make up the time later — me tomaré la tarde libre y ya recuperaré el tiempo más tarde; see also make up for

    4) v + adv + o ( constitute) formar
    5) v + adv, v + o + adv ( achieve reconciliation)

    to make (it) up (with somebody) — hacer* las paces (con alguien), reconciliarse (con alguien)

    6)
    a) v + adv ( with cosmetics) maquillarse, pintarse
    b) v + adv + o, v + o + adv \<\<person/eyes\>\> maquillar, pintar; \<\<actor\>\> maquillar, caracterizar*

    to make oneself up — maquillarse, pintarse

    1. VT + ADV
    1) (=invent) inventar(se)

    • you're making it up! — ¡te lo estás inventando!

    2) (=put together, prepare) [+ list] hacer, preparar; [+ parcel, bed] hacer; [+ medicine] preparar; [+ collection] formar, reunir; [+ sweater, dress] montar y coser

    • I'll make up a bed for him on the sofa — le haré una cama en el sofá

    • the chemist's where I went to get the prescription made up — la farmacia a la que fui para que me preparasen la medicina

    3) (=settle)

    • to make up one's differences (with sb) — resolver sus diferencias (con algn)

    • to make it up with sb — hacer las paces con algn, reconciliarse con algn

    • they'd made up their quarrel — se habían reconciliado

    4) (=complete) completar

    • I paid £200 and my parents made up the difference — pagué 200 libras y mis padres pusieron la diferencia

    • we need someone to make up the numbers — necesitamos a alguien para completar el grupo

    5) (=decide)

    • to make up one's mind — decidirse

    6) (=compensate for, replace) [+ loss] compensar; [+ deficit] cubrir

    • I'd like to make it up to him for spoiling his birthday — me gustaría compensarle por haberle estropeado el cumpleaños

    • to make up (lost) time — recuperar el tiempo perdido

    7) (=constitute) componer

    women make up 13% of the police force — las mujeres componen el 13% del cuerpo de policía

    it is made up of 6 parts — lo componen 6 partes, está compuesto de 6 partes

    the group was made up of parents, teachers and doctors — el grupo lo componían or integraban padres, profesores y médicos

    8) (with cosmetics) [+ actor] maquillar

    to make o.s. up — maquillarse, pintarse

    9) [+ fire] (with coal) echar carbón a; (with wood) echar madera or leña a
    2. VI + ADV
    1) (after quarrelling) hacer las paces, reconciliarse
    2) (=apply cosmetics) maquillarse, pintarse
    * * *
    1) v + o + adv, v + adv + o
    \<\<story/excuse\>\> inventar
    2)
    a) (assemble, prepare) \<\<prescription/food parcel\>\> preparar

    to make up a sweater — coser or armar un suéter

    b) ( draw up) \<\<agenda/list\>\> hacer*
    3)
    a) (complete, add) completar

    I'll take the afternoon off, and make up the time later — me tomaré la tarde libre y ya recuperaré el tiempo más tarde; see also make up for

    4) v + adv + o ( constitute) formar
    5) v + adv, v + o + adv ( achieve reconciliation)

    to make (it) up (with somebody) — hacer* las paces (con alguien), reconciliarse (con alguien)

    6)
    a) v + adv ( with cosmetics) maquillarse, pintarse
    b) v + adv + o, v + o + adv \<\<person/eyes\>\> maquillar, pintar; \<\<actor\>\> maquillar, caracterizar*

    to make oneself up — maquillarse, pintarse

    English-spanish dictionary > make up

  • 47 aproximación

    f.
    1 approximation, approach, coming together, nearness.
    2 smoothing.
    * * *
    1 (gen) approximation
    2 (acercamiento) bringing together; (de países) rapprochement
    3 (lotería) consolation prize
    \
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) approach, rapprochement
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Mat) approximation (a to)
    2) (=proximidad) nearness, closeness

    no parece ni por aproximación que vaya a ceder — he seems to be nowhere near giving up, he doesn't look remotely like giving up

    3) (=acercamiento) approach (a to)
    (Pol) rapprochement
    4) [en lotería] consolation prize
    * * *
    a) (Mat) approximation

    con una aproximación del 99% — with 99% accuracy

    * * *
    = overview, approximation, rapprochement, approach [approaches, -pl.].
    Ex. Figure 16 on page 24 gives an overview of searching.
    Ex. If we try to group the concepts arising from the titles, we find that a first approximation gives us four groups.
    Ex. The antifascism of ALA executive director Carl Milam was instrumental in reaching a rapprochement.
    Ex. During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.
    ----
    * aproximación conceptual = conceptual approach.
    * * *
    a) (Mat) approximation

    con una aproximación del 99% — with 99% accuracy

    * * *
    = overview, approximation, rapprochement, approach [approaches, -pl.].

    Ex: Figure 16 on page 24 gives an overview of searching.

    Ex: If we try to group the concepts arising from the titles, we find that a first approximation gives us four groups.
    Ex: The antifascism of ALA executive director Carl Milam was instrumental in reaching a rapprochement.
    Ex: During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.
    * aproximación conceptual = conceptual approach.

    * * *
    1 ( Mat) approximation
    esta cifra sólo es una aproximación this figure is only an approximation
    lo calcularon con una aproximación del 99% they calculated it with 99% accuracy
    2
    (acercamiento): la aproximación de los dos países the rapprochement between the two countries
    un intento de aproximación an attempt to improve relations
    3 (en una lotería) prize given to holders of numbers immediately above or below the winning number
    4 ( Aviac) tb
    * * *

    aproximación sustantivo femenino approximation
    ' aproximación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    estrechamiento
    - venir
    - cerca
    - como
    - hacia
    - un
    English:
    approximation
    * * *
    1. [acercamiento] approach;
    [de países] rapprochement; [de puntos de vista] converging;
    ha habido una ligera aproximación de las dos partes [en negociación] the two sides have come a little closer;
    maniobra de aproximación [de avión] approach
    2. [en cálculo] approximation
    3. [en lotería] = consolation prize given to numbers immediately before and after the winning number
    * * *
    f
    1 approximation
    2 ( acercamiento) approach
    3 en lotería consolation prize ( won by those with numbers immediately before and after the winning number)
    * * *
    1) : approximation, estimate
    2) : rapprochement

    Spanish-English dictionary > aproximación

  • 48 algebraically

    алгебраически algebraically best approximation ≈ алгебраически наилучшее приближение algebraically closed body ≈ алгебраически замкнутое тело algebraically closed expansion ≈ алгебраически замкнутое расширение algebraically closed extension ≈ алгебраически замкнутое расширение algebraically closed field ≈ алгебраически замкнутое поле algebraically closed group ≈ алгебраически замкнутая группа algebraically closed hull ≈ алгебраически замкнутая оболочка algebraically closed model ≈ алгебраически замкнутая модель algebraically closed subfield ≈ алгебраически замкнутое подполе algebraically compact group ≈ алгебраически компактная группа algebraically complete field ≈ алгебраически полное поле algebraically complete model ≈ алгебраически полная модель algebraically complete system ≈ алгебраически полная система algebraically connected functions ≈ алгебраически связанные функции algebraically definable function ≈ алгебраически определимая функция algebraically dependent functions ≈ алгебраически зависимые функции algebraically dependent numbers ≈ алгебраически зависимые числа algebraically dependent set ≈ алгебраически зависимое множество algebraically equivalent curves ≈ алгебраические эквивалентные кривые algebraically equivalent cycles ≈ алгебраически эквивалентные циклы algebraically independent numbers ≈ алгебраически независимые числа algebraically independent set ≈ алгебраически независимое множество algebraically irreducible representation ≈ алгебраически неприводимое представление algebraically irreducible semigroup ≈ алгебраически неприводимая полугруппа algebraically isomorphic structures ≈ алгебраически изоморфные структуры algebraically parallel space ≈ алгебраически параллельные пространства algebraically simple group ≈ алгебраически простая группа algebraically trivial mapping ≈ алгебраически тривиальное отображение - algebraically closed - algebraically compact - algebraically complete - algebraically connected - algebraically definable - algebraically dependent - algebraically determined - algebraically equivalent - algebraically independent - algebraically simple - algebraically solvable - algebraically trivial
    алгебраическим способом;
    алгебраически

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > algebraically

  • 49 zählen

    vt/i pay (auch fig.); (Rechnung, Schulden) auch settle; (Ware, Dienstleistung etc.) pay for; zahlen ( bitte)! im Gasthaus: (could I oder we have) the bill (Am. check), please; jemandem etw. zahlen oder etw. an jemanden zahlen pay s.o. s.th., pay s.th. to s.o.; jemandem ein Bier / den Eintritt zahlen buy s.o. a beer / pay for s.o.’s ticket ( oder pay for s.o. to go in); gut / schlecht zahlen Arbeitgeber etc.: pay well / badly; was oder wie viel hast du dafür gezahlt? what ( oder how much) did you pay for that?; was habe ich ( Ihnen) zu zahlen? what do I owe you?; zahlst du bitte das Taxi / den Lieferanten? would you pay (for) the taxi / pay the deliveryman, please?; ich zahle das schon I’ll pay for that, leave that to me; Strafe zahlen müssen have to pay a fine; dafür wird er zahlen! oder dafür wird er mir zahlen müssen! fig. he’ll pay for that!, I’ll make him pay for that!
    * * *
    to pay
    * * *
    zah|len ['tsaːlən]
    1. vi
    to pay

    Herr Ober, (bitte) záhlen! — waiter, the bill (esp Brit) or check (US) please

    dort zahlt man gut/schlecht — the pay there is good/bad, they pay well/badly

    wenn er nicht bald zahlt, dann... — if he doesn't pay up soon, then...

    2. vt
    (= bezahlen) to pay

    was habe ich (Ihnen) zu záhlen? — what do I owe you?

    einen hohen Preis záhlen (lit, fig) — to pay a high price

    lass mal, ich zahls — no no, I'll pay or it's on me or it's my treat (inf)

    * * *
    1) (to name the numbers up to: Count (up to) ten.) count
    2) (to calculate using numbers: Count (up) the number of pages; Count how many people there are; There were six people present, not counting the chairman.) count
    3) (to be important or have an effect or value: What he says doesn't count; All these essays count towards my final mark.) count
    4) (to include: He numbered her among his closest friends.) number
    5) (to come to in total: The group numbered ten.) number
    * * *
    zah·len
    [ˈtsa:lən]
    I. vt
    ▪ [jdm] etw [für etw akk] \zahlen to pay [sb] sth [for sth]
    seine Miete/Schulden \zahlen to pay one's rent/debts
    das Hotelzimmer/Taxi \zahlen (fam) to pay for a hotel room/taxi
    ▪ [jdm] etw \zahlen to pay [sb] sth
    II. vi
    [gut/besser/schlecht] \zahlen to pay [well/more/badly]
    ▪ für etw akk \zahlen to pay for sth
    bitte \zahlen Sie an der Kasse please pay at the till [or register]
    [bitte] \zahlen! [can I/we have] the bill please!
    ▪ für jdn \zahlen to pay for sb
    * * *
    1.
    1) pay <price, amount, rent, tax, fine, etc.> (an + Akk. to)

    einen hohen Preis zahlen — (auch fig.) pay a high price

    2) (ugs.): (bezahlen) pay for <taxi, repair, etc.>

    jemandem etwas zahlen — give somebody the money for something; (spendieren) pay for something for somebody

    2.
    intransitives Verb pay

    er will nicht zahlen — he won't pay [up]

    zahlen bitte! — (im Lokal) [can I/we have] the bill, please!

    * * *
    A. v/i
    1. count (
    bis [up] to);
    falsch zählen miscount, count wrong(ly); → drei 1
    2. (gelten) count;
    mehr/weniger zählen als matter more/less than, count for more/less than;
    hier zählt nur Quantität only quantity counts ( oder matters) here
    3.
    zählen auf (+akk) count on;
    kann ich auf dich zählen? can I count on you?, can I count you in?;
    wir können nicht auf sie zählen don’t count her in, we can count her out
    4.
    zählen zu rank with ( oder among), be among, belong to;
    zu einer Gruppe zählen be one of a group, belong to a group;
    zu den größten Malern zählen rank among ( oder with) the greatest painters
    5. geh:
    sein Vermögen zählt nach Millionen his fortune runs into millions
    B. v/t
    1. count;
    Punkte zählen SPORT, Kartenspiel etc: keep (the) score;
    das Geld auf den Tisch zählen count the money out on the table;
    man zählte das Jahr … obs it was in the year …;
    seine Tage sind gezählt fig his days are numbered
    2. fig (haben) have;
    der Ort zählt 20 000 Einwohner the town has 20,000 inhabitants;
    sie zählte 12 Jahre obs she was 12 (years old);
    das Ass zählt 11 Punkte the ace counts 11 (points)
    3. (rechnen) count (
    als as);
    … nicht gezählt not counting …;
    zählen count sb as a friend etc ( oder among one’s friends etc)
    * * *
    1.
    1) pay <price, amount, rent, tax, fine, etc.> (an + Akk. to)

    einen hohen Preis zahlen — (auch fig.) pay a high price

    2) (ugs.): (bezahlen) pay for <taxi, repair, etc.>

    jemandem etwas zahlen — give somebody the money for something; (spendieren) pay for something for somebody

    2.
    intransitives Verb pay

    er will nicht zahlen — he won't pay [up]

    zahlen bitte! — (im Lokal) [can I/we have] the bill, please!

    * * *
    n.
    counting n.
    metering n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > zählen

  • 50 force

    I 1. [fɔːs]
    1) (physical strength, impact) (of blow, collision) forza f., violenza f.; (of fall) impatto m.
    2) (physical means) forza f. (anche mil.)
    3) fig. (of intellect, memory, logic, etc.) forza f.

    from force of habit, of circumstance — per forza d'abitudine, per cause di forza maggiore

    4) (influence) forza f.
    5) U (organized group) forze f.pl.
    6) (police) (anche Force)
    7) fis. forza f.
    8) meteor.
    9) in force (in large numbers, strength) in forze; (effective) [law, prices, ban] in vigore
    2.
    nome plurale forces mil. (anche armed forces)
    II 1. [fɔːs]
    1) (compel, oblige) forzare, obbligare, costringere ( to do a fare)
    2) (push, thrust)

    to force one's way through [sth.] — farsi largo fra [ crowd]; aprirsi un varco in [ jungle]

    to force sb. up against sth. — spingere qcn. contro qcs.

    3) (apply great pressure to) forzare [door, lock, safe]; sforzare [ screw]

    to force an entry — dir. entrare con la forza

    4) agr. (speed up growth) forzare la crescita di [ plant]; ingrassare, mettere all'ingrasso [ animal]
    2.
    •
    ••

    to force sb.'s hand — forzare la mano a qcn

    * * *
    [fo:s] 1. noun
    1) (strength or power that can be felt: the force of the wind.) forza
    2) (a person or thing that has great power: the forces of Nature.) forza
    3) ((sometimes with capital) a group of men prepared for action: the police force; the Royal Air Force.) forza
    2. verb
    1) (to make (someone or something) do something, go somewhere etc, often against his etc will: He forced me to give him money.) forzare, costringere
    2) (to achieve by strength or effort: He forced a smile despite his grief.) strappare
    •
    - forceful
    - forcefully
    - forces
    - in
    - into force
    * * *
    I 1. [fɔːs]
    1) (physical strength, impact) (of blow, collision) forza f., violenza f.; (of fall) impatto m.
    2) (physical means) forza f. (anche mil.)
    3) fig. (of intellect, memory, logic, etc.) forza f.

    from force of habit, of circumstance — per forza d'abitudine, per cause di forza maggiore

    4) (influence) forza f.
    5) U (organized group) forze f.pl.
    6) (police) (anche Force)
    7) fis. forza f.
    8) meteor.
    9) in force (in large numbers, strength) in forze; (effective) [law, prices, ban] in vigore
    2.
    nome plurale forces mil. (anche armed forces)
    II 1. [fɔːs]
    1) (compel, oblige) forzare, obbligare, costringere ( to do a fare)
    2) (push, thrust)

    to force one's way through [sth.] — farsi largo fra [ crowd]; aprirsi un varco in [ jungle]

    to force sb. up against sth. — spingere qcn. contro qcs.

    3) (apply great pressure to) forzare [door, lock, safe]; sforzare [ screw]

    to force an entry — dir. entrare con la forza

    4) agr. (speed up growth) forzare la crescita di [ plant]; ingrassare, mettere all'ingrasso [ animal]
    2.
    •
    ••

    to force sb.'s hand — forzare la mano a qcn

    English-Italian dictionary > force

  • 51 score

    1. noun
    1) (points) [Spiel]stand, der; (made by one player) Punktzahl, die

    final score — Endstand, der

    keep [the] score — zählen

    know the score — (fig. coll.) wissen, was Sache ist od. was läuft (salopp)

    2) (Mus.) Partitur, die; (Film) [Film]musik, die
    3) pl. score or scores (group of 20) zwanzig
    4) in pl. (great numbers)

    scores [and scores] of — zig (ugs.); Dutzende [von]

    5) (notch) Kerbe, die; (weal) Striemen, der
    6)

    pay off or settle an old score — (fig.) eine alte Rechnung begleichen

    7) (reason) Grund, der

    on that score — was das betrifft od. angeht; diesbezüglich

    2. transitive verb
    1) (win) erzielen [Erfolg, Punkt, Treffer usw.]

    score a direct hit on something — [Person:] einen Volltreffer landen; [Bombe:] etwas voll treffen

    they scored a success — sie konnten einen Erfolg [für sich] verbuchen

    score a goal — ein Tor schießen/werfen

    2) (make notch/notches in) einkerben
    3) (be worth) zählen
    4) (Mus.) setzen; (orchestrate) orchestrieren [Musikstück]
    3. intransitive verb
    1) (make score) Punkte/einen Punkt erzielen od. (ugs.) machen; punkten (bes. Boxen); (score goal/goals) ein Tor/Tore schießen/werfen

    score high or well — (in test etc.) eine hohe Punktzahl erreichen od. erzielen

    2) (keep score) aufschreiben; anschreiben
    3) (secure advantage) die besseren Karten haben ( over gegenüber, im Vergleich zu)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/110167/score_out">score out
    * * *
    [sko:] 1. plurals - scores; noun
    1) (the number of points, goals etc gained in a game, competition etc: The cricket score is 59 for 3.) die Punktzahl
    2) (a written piece of music showing all the parts for instruments and voices: the score of an opera.) die Partitur
    3) (a set or group of twenty: There was barely a score of people there.) zwanzig
    2. verb
    1) (to gain (goals etc) in a game etc: He scored two goals before half-time.) erzielen
    2) ((sometimes with off or out) to remove (eg a name) from eg a list by putting a line through it: Please could you score my name off (the list)?; Is that word meant to be scored out?) streichen
    3) (to keep score: Will you score for us, please?) aufschreiben
    •
    - scorer
    - score-board
    - on that score
    - scores of
    - scores
    - settle old scores
    * * *
    [skɔ:ʳ, AM skɔ:r]
    I. n
    1. (of points) Punktestand m; (of game) Spielstand m
    at half time, the \score stood at two all zur Halbzeit stand es zwei zu zwei
    final \score Endstand m
    to keep [ BRIT the] \score die Punkte [o den Spielstand] mitschreiben
    2. SCH Punktzahl f, Ergebnis nt
    an IQ \score of 110 ein IQ von 110
    3. (act of getting point) Treffer m
    4. ( esp form: twenty) zwanzig
    he lived to be three \score [years] er wurde sechzig Jahre alt
    the play has only been performed a \score of times das Stück wurde nur an die zwanzig Mal aufgeführt
    ▪ \scores pl Dutzende pl
    there have been \scores of injuries es hat Dutzende von Verletzten gegeben
    by the \score reihenweise fam
    5. ( fam: reason) Grund m
    there's nothing to worry about on that \score darüber brauchst du dir nicht den Kopf zu zerbrechen
    6. (dispute) Streit[punkt] m
    it's time these old \scores were forgotten es ist an der Zeit, diese alten Streitereien zu vergessen
    to settle a \score eine Rechnung begleichen fig
    7. MUS Partitur f
    8. (for musical/film) [Titel]musik f
    9. (mark scratched into a surface) Kerbe f, Einschnitt m
    10.
    ▶ to know the \score wissen, wie der Hase läuft fam
    ▶ what's the \score? ( fam) wie sieht's aus? fam
    II. vt
    to \score a goal ein Tor [o SCHWEIZ Goal] schießen
    to \score a point einen Punkt machen
    2. (achieve result)
    ▪ to \score sth etw erreichen [o erzielen]
    she \scored 18 out of 20 sie erreichte 18 von 20 möglichen Punkten
    two of the machines we tested \scored high marks zwei der getesteten Maschinen erzielten hohe Wertungen
    to \score a hit einen Treffer landen fam
    nearly every shot \scored a hit nahezu jeder Schuss war ein [voller] Treffer
    to \score points ( fig) sich dat einen Vorteil verschaffen
    to \score a triumph einen Triumph erzielen
    to \score a victory einen Sieg erringen
    3. (mark, cut)
    ▪ to \score sth etw einkerben
    to \score the surface of sth die Oberfläche einer S. gen verkratzen
    4. ( fam: obtain, esp illegally)
    ▪ to \score sth etw beschaffen
    to \score drugs sich dat Stoff beschaffen sl
    ▪ to \score sth etw orchestrieren
    6. (get cheaply, easily)
    ▪ to \score sth [from sb] etw [von jdm] abstauben sl
    III. vi
    1. (make a point) einen Punkt machen [o erzielen
    2. (achieve result) abschneiden
    to \score well/badly gut/schlecht abschneiden
    3. (record) aufschreiben
    that's where you \score over your opponents darin liegt dein Vorteil gegenüber deinen Mitbewerbern
    this new CD player really \scores in terms of sound quality dieser neue CD-Spieler ist in punkto Klangqualität eindeutig überlegen
    5. (sl: make sexual conquest) eine Eroberung machen
    ▪ to \score with sb jdn aufreißen sl, bei jdm zum Schuss kommen fig sl
    6. (sl: obtain illegal drugs) [sich dat] Stoff beschaffen sl
    * * *
    [skɔː(r)]
    1. n
    1) (= number of points) (Punkte)stand m; (of game, Sport) (Spiel)stand m; (= final score) Spielergebnis nt

    what was your score in the test? — wie viele Punkte hast du bei dem Test erreicht or gemacht? (inf)

    England didn't get a very good score — England hat nicht sehr gut abgeschnitten; (in game, test also) England hat nicht sehr viele Punkte erzielt; (Ftbl etc also) England hat nicht sehr viele Tore erzielt or geschossen

    the score was Rangers 3, Celtic 0 — es stand 3:0 für Rangers (gegen Celtic)

    there was no score at half-time — zur Halbzeit stand es 0:0

    to keep (the) score — (mit)zählen; (officially) Punkte zählen; (on scoreboard) Punkte anschreiben

    what's the score? — wie steht es?; (fig also) wie sieht es aus? (on mit) (inf)

    he doesn't know the score (fig) — er weiß nicht, was gespielt wird (inf)

    2) (= reckoning, grudge) Rechnung f

    what's the score? — was bin ich schuldig?, wie viel macht das?

    3) (MUS: printed music) Noten pl; (esp of classical music) Partitur f; (of film, musical) Musik f
    4) (= line, cut) Rille f, Kerbe f; (on body) Kratzer m; (= weal) Striemen m
    5) (= 20) zwanzig

    a score of people —

    scores and scores — hunderte or Hunderte, jede Menge (inf)

    scores of times — hundertmal, zigmal (inf)

    6) (= reason, ground) Grund m

    on that score — aus diesem Grund, deshalb

    2. vt
    1) (= win) erzielen; marks, points erzielen, bekommen; goals schießen, erzielen; runs schaffen; (RUGBY) try erzielen; (GOLF) hole-in-one machen
    2) (= groove) einkerben, Rillen/eine Rille machen in (+acc); (= mark) Kratzer/einen Kratzer machen in (+acc); (COOK) fat, meat etc einschneiden
    3) (MUS) schreiben

    the film was scored by Michael Nyman — die Musik zu dem Film ist or stammt von Michael Nyman

    4) (inf) drugs sich (dat) beschaffen
    3. vi
    1) (= win points etc) einen Punkt erzielen or machen (inf); (FTBL ETC) ein Tor schießen

    to score well/badly — gut/schlecht abschneiden; (in game, test etc also) eine gute/keine gute Punktzahl erreichen; (Ftbl etc also)

    2) (= keep score) (mit)zählen
    3) (inf

    sexually) did you score (with her)? — hast du sie flachgelegt? (sl)

    4) (inf: obtain drugs) sich (dat) Stoff beschaffen (inf)
    * * *
    score [skɔː(r); US auch ˈskəʊər]
    A s
    1. Kerbe f, Einschnitt m, Rille f
    2. (Markierungs)Linie f
    3. SPORT Start- oder Ziellinie f:
    a) losrasen, rangehen wie Blücher umg,
    b) aus dem Häuschen geraten umg
    4. SPORT
    a) (Spiel)Stand m
    b) (erzielte) Punkt- oder Trefferzahl, (Spiel)Ergebnis n, (Be)Wertung f
    c) Punktliste f:
    score at half time Halbzeitstand, -ergebnis;
    the score stood at ( oder was) 3-2 at half time bei oder zur Halbzeit stand das Spiel 3:2;
    what is the score? wie steht das Spiel oder es?, fig US wie ist die Lage?;
    the score is even das Spiel steht unentschieden;
    keep (the) score anschreiben;
    know the score umg Bescheid wissen;
    score one for me! umg eins zu null für mich!
    5. Rechnung f, Zeche f:
    run up a score Schulden machen, eine Rechnung auflaufen lassen;
    have a score to settle with sb fig eine Rechnung mit jemandem zu begleichen haben;
    what’s the score? wie viel macht oder kostet das?;
    on the score of aufgrund (gen), wegen (gen);
    on that score in dieser Hinsicht;
    on what score? aus welchem Grund?
    6. (Gruppe f oder Satz m von) zwanzig, zwanzig Stück:
    a score of apples 20 Äpfel;
    7. pl eine große (An)Zahl:
    scores of times hundertmal, x-mal umg
    a) jemandem eins auswischen,
    b) jemanden lächerlich machen
    9. MUS Partitur f:
    in score in Partitur (gesetzt oder herausgegeben)
    B v/t
    1. SPORT
    a) einen Punkt, Treffer erzielen, ein Tor auch schießen
    b) die Punkte, den Spielstand etc anschreiben
    c) fig Erfolge, Siege verzeichnen, erringen, verbuchen, feiern:
    score a hit einen Treffer erzielen, fig einen Bombenerfolg haben;
    score points for sth fig mit etwas imponieren
    2. besonders SPORT zählen:
    3. SCHULE, PSYCH jemandes Leistung etc bewerten
    4. MUS
    a) in Partitur setzen
    b) instrumentieren, setzen ( for für)
    5. GASTR Fleisch etc schlitzen
    6. einkerben, -schneiden
    7. markieren:
    score out aus- oder durchstreichen;
    score under unterstreichen
    8. oft score up Schulden, eine Zeche etc anschreiben:
    score (up) sth against ( oder to) sb fig jemandem etwas ankreiden
    9. besonders US scharf kritisieren oder angreifen
    C v/i
    1. SPORT
    a) einen Punkt oder Treffer oder ein Tor erzielen, Tore schießen:
    he scored twice er war zweimal erfolgreich
    b) die Punkte anschreiben
    2. umg Erfolg oder Glück haben ( with mit):
    a) jemandem eins auswischen,
    b) jemanden lächerlich machen;
    score over sb (sth) jemanden (etwas) übertreffen
    3. gezählt werden, zählen:
    that scores for us das zählt für uns
    4. Linien oder Striche ziehen oder einkerben
    5. sl sich Stoff (Rauschgift) beschaffen
    6. score with a girl sl ein Mädchen ins Bett kriegen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (points) [Spiel]stand, der; (made by one player) Punktzahl, die

    What's the score? - The score was 4-1 at half-time — Wie steht es? - Der Halbzeitstand war 4: 1

    final score — Endstand, der

    keep [the] score — zählen

    know the score — (fig. coll.) wissen, was Sache ist od. was läuft (salopp)

    2) (Mus.) Partitur, die; (Film) [Film]musik, die
    3) pl. score or scores (group of 20) zwanzig
    4) in pl. (great numbers)

    scores [and scores] of — zig (ugs.); Dutzende [von]

    5) (notch) Kerbe, die; (weal) Striemen, der
    6)

    pay off or settle an old score — (fig.) eine alte Rechnung begleichen

    7) (reason) Grund, der

    on that score — was das betrifft od. angeht; diesbezüglich

    2. transitive verb
    1) (win) erzielen [Erfolg, Punkt, Treffer usw.]

    score a direct hit on something — [Person:] einen Volltreffer landen; [Bombe:] etwas voll treffen

    they scored a success — sie konnten einen Erfolg [für sich] verbuchen

    score a goal — ein Tor schießen/werfen

    2) (make notch/notches in) einkerben
    3) (be worth) zählen
    4) (Mus.) setzen; (orchestrate) orchestrieren [Musikstück]
    3. intransitive verb
    1) (make score) Punkte/einen Punkt erzielen od. (ugs.) machen; punkten (bes. Boxen); (score goal/goals) ein Tor/Tore schießen/werfen

    score high or well — (in test etc.) eine hohe Punktzahl erreichen od. erzielen

    2) (keep score) aufschreiben; anschreiben
    3) (secure advantage) die besseren Karten haben ( over gegenüber, im Vergleich zu)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Auswertung f.
    Ergebnis -se n.
    Punktzahl f.
    Spielergebnis n.
    Spielstand m.
    Stand eines Wettkampfes m. v.
    erringen v.

    English-german dictionary > score

  • 52 law

    •

    under the law — по закону, согласно закону, в соответствии с законом

    - converse law of double negation - distributive law of disjunction over conjunction - double law of the mean - fifth power law - first distributive law - first law of mean - idempotency law - infinitely decomposable law - infinitely divisible law - inverse sine law - inverse square law - law of addition of probability - law of alteration of quantifiers - law of associativity of disjunction - law of comparative judgment - law of constant angles - law of double complementation - law of equal significance - law of mass action - law of random function - law of random vector - law of requisite variety - law of right invertibility - law of statistical regularity - law of universal causation - law of universal gravitation - Newton's first law of motion - Newton's law of gravitation - Newton's second law of motion - Newton's third law of motion - normal law of composition - normal law of errors - one-sided modular law - probabilistic law - probability law - product law of probability - quadratic reciprocity law - second law of mean - second order law - similitude law

    English-Russian scientific dictionary > law

  • 53 colectivo

    adj.
    collective, joint.
    m.
    1 association.
    2 bus, coach.
    3 professional association.
    4 collective taxi, taxi.
    * * *
    1 collective, group
    1 (asociación) association, guild
    2 LINGÚÍSTICA collective noun
    ————————
    1 (asociación) association, guild
    2 LINGÚÍSTICA collective noun
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. (f. - colectiva)
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [responsabilidad, esfuerzo] collective; [obra, proyecto] collective, group antes de s
    convenio, inconsciente 2., negociación
    2) (Ling) collective
    2. SM
    1) (=grupo) group
    2) LAm (=autobús) bus; (=taxi) taxi
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo collective
    II
    1) (period) ( agrupación) group
    2) (Ling) collective noun
    3)
    a) (Andes) ( taxi) collective taxi ( with a fixed route and fare)
    b) (Arg) ( autobús) bus
    4) (Per, Ur) ( para regalo) collection
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo collective
    II
    1) (period) ( agrupación) group
    2) (Ling) collective noun
    3)
    a) (Andes) ( taxi) collective taxi ( with a fixed route and fare)
    b) (Arg) ( autobús) bus
    4) (Per, Ur) ( para regalo) collection
    * * *
    colectivo1
    1 = community, collective, segment.

    Ex: Language of documents and data bases will need to be tailored to each community.

    Ex: These collectives are at present seeking compensation for copies made of copyrighted material based on the nature, volume and use of copies made.
    Ex: No such constraints exist where online display is anticipated, since only one segment at a time is displayed.
    * sabiduría del colectivo, la = wisdom of the crowds, the.
    * sentimiento del colectivo = ethos.

    colectivo2
    2 = collective, pooled, aggregated.

    Ex: 'I'm really not trying to put anyone on the spot and, frankly, I'm not too surprised and only a little disappointed at your collective ignorance,' he commented.

    Ex: A group of 64 libraries realised substantial cost reductions by joining in a pooled fund to self-insure for unemployment compensation.
    Ex: These numbers have no meaning or correlation to anything outside of the aggregated data file in which they appear.
    * amnesia colectiva = collective amnesia.
    * catálogo colectivo = union catalogue.
    * Catálogo Colectivo Nacional = National Union Catalog, NUC.
    * demanda colectiva = class action, class action suit.
    * demanda colectiva de los inversionistas = securities class action.
    * identidad colectiva = collective identity.
    * inconsciente colectivo, el = collective unconscious, the.
    * índice colectivo = pool index.
    * listado colectivo = union-listing.
    * memoria colectiva = collective memoir, collective memory.
    * negociación colectiva = collective bargaining.
    * poder colectivo = collective power.
    * registro de catálogo colectivo = joint record, joint catalogue record.
    * responsabilidad colectiva = collective responsibility, group responsibility.
    * sabiduría colectiva, la = wisdom of the crowds, the.
    * término colectivo = collective term.

    * * *
    colectivo1 -va
    1 ‹responsabilidad/interés› collective
    2 ( Ling) collective
    suman un colectivo de más de 800 trabajadores they make up a group of more than 800 workers
    B ( Ling) collective noun
    C
    1 ( Andes) (taxi) collective taxi ( with a fixed route and fare)
    2 ( Arg) (autobús) bus
    D (Per, Ur) (para un regalo) collection, whip-round ( colloq)
    * * *

    colectivo 1
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    collective
    colectivo 2 sustantivo masculino
    a) (period) ( agrupación) group


    c) (Arg) ( autobús) bus

    d) (Per, Ur) ( para regalo) collection

    colectivo,-a
    I adjetivo collective
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 (asociación) association: el colectivo gay ha expuesto sus reivindicaciones, the gay community has stated its demands
    2 LAm long-distance taxi
    3 LAm bus
    ' colectivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    colectiva
    - convenio
    - obra
    - unitaria
    - unitario
    - chofer
    - taxi
    English:
    collective
    - fellowship
    - joint
    - leadership
    - mutual fund
    - public transport
    - womanhood
    - bus
    - corporate
    - mass
    * * *
    colectivo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [responsabilidad] collective;
    [iniciativa] joint; [suicidio, despidos] mass;
    el interés colectivo collective interests;
    transporte colectivo public transport
    2. Ling collective
    ♦ nm
    1. [grupo] group;
    [en estadística] collective, population;
    es miembro de un colectivo pacifista she is a member of a pacifist group;
    una reforma que afecta especialmente al colectivo médico a reform which affects the medical community in particular
    2. Ling [nombre] collective noun
    3. Andes [taxi] collective taxi [with a fixed rate and that travels a fixed route]
    4. Arg, Bol [autobús] bus
    5. RP [regalo] = money from a whipround deposited by friends in a bank account or at a shop as a wedding present
    * * *
    I adj collective
    II m
    1 L.Am.
    bus
    2 Méx, C.Am.
    taxi
    3 para regalo collection, Br tb
    whip-round
    * * *
    colectivo, -va adj
    : collective
    1) : collective
    2) Arg, Bol, Peru : city bus

    Spanish-English dictionary > colectivo

  • 54 مجموعة

    مَجْمُوعَة \ body: a group of people, united in some way: a small body of helpers.. bunch: a group of things of the same kind, growing or placed together: a bunch of keys. category: a group or division in which each member is like the rest in a certain way; a kind or sort: Fishing may be placed in the category of sport, or in that of earning a living, according to its purpose. cluster: a group of people gathered close together. collection: things collected: His friend has a collection of ancient coins. crew: a group of people working together, doing certain jobs: a repair crew. group: a number of people or things, gathered together or considered together: They stood in a group under the tree. He controls a group of companies. set: a group of things that look like one another or are used together: a coffee set (coffee pot and cups, etc., of the same pattern); a set of rules. \ See Also جمهور (جُمهور)، طقم (طَقْم)‏ \ مَجْمُوعَة أشياء مُخْتَلِطة \ jumble: a confused mixture: a jumble of sounds. \ مَجْمُوعَة أشياء من صِنف واحِد \ line: a kind or class of goods: We sell a cheap line in brushes. \ مَجْمُوعَة الأَغاني \ repertoire: all the songs or pieces of music that a singer or musician can perform. \ See Also القِطَع المُوسيقيّة \ مَجْمُوعَة أوراق اللَّعب ذات النَّقْش الوَاحِد \ suit: one of the four patterns in a set of playing cards (clubs, diamonds, hearts, spades). \ مَجْمُوعَة دَرَج \ flight: a set of stairs: His room was up three flights of stairs. step: pl. usu. outside a building, compared with stairs in a building) a set of these: He ran down the steps into the street. \ مَجْمُوعَة رموز سِرّيّة \ code: a special way of using words, letters, numbers, etc. instead of writing, to keep messages secret. \ مَجْمُوعَة سَكَنِيّة متكامِلة \ housing estate: a large group of houses that are built together at one time, often with their own shops, like a small new town. \ مَجْمُوعَة قوانين \ code: a special collection of laws, rules, or customs: an established code of behaviour; Christianity’s moral code. \ مَجْمُوعَة كاملة من وَرَق اللّعب \ pack: a set of playing cards. \ مَجْمُوعَة متجانِسَة \ colony: a group of people or animals of the same kind, living together: a colony of artists; a colony of ants; a colony of Americans in Rome. \ مَجْمُوعَة متجانِسة من الطّلاب يدرسون مَعًا (في المدارس)‏ \ stream: (in schools) a division of children of the same age according to their ability. \ مَجْمُوعَة مُتَرابِطَة \ complex: sth. (esp. a building) made up of many different but related parts: a factory complex. \ مَجْمُوعَة المُفردات ومعانِيها (في آخر كتاب)‏ \ vocabulary: a list of words with their meanings (at the end of a school book; in a student’s notebook). \ مَجْمُوعَة مَقالات \ omnibus: a large book that contains various works of one writer (or of several writers, on related subjects): an omnibus of murder stories. \ مَجْمُوعَة من ورق الرسائِل \ pad: a block of writing-paper, in which the sheets are stuck together at one end. \ مَجْمُوعَة مُنَوّعَة \ assortment: an assorted collection: Our new shop has a large assortment of kitchen goods. choice: a variety from which to choose: The shop had a good choice of shoes. range: a variety (between limits that may not be stated): a wide range of colours (from light yellow to dark brown). \ مَجْمُوعَة نجوم ثابِتَة \ constellation: a group of fixed stars, often with a name, such as the Great Bear.

    Arabic-English dictionary > مجموعة

  • 55 pack

    [pæk] 1. noun
    1) (things tied up together or put in a container, especially to be carried on one's back: He carried his luggage in a pack on his back.) bylt
    2) (a set of (fifty-two) playing-cards: a pack of cards.) spil
    3) (a number or group of certain animals: a pack of wolves / a wolf-pack.) flok
    4) (a packet: a pack of cigarettes.) pakke
    2. verb
    1) (to put (clothes etc) into a bag, suitcase or trunk for a journey: I've packed all I need and I'm ready to go.) pakke
    2) (to come together in large numbers in a small space: They packed into the hall to hear his speech.) stuve sammen
    •
    - packing-case
    - packed out
    - packed
    - pack off
    - pack up
    * * *
    [pæk] 1. noun
    1) (things tied up together or put in a container, especially to be carried on one's back: He carried his luggage in a pack on his back.) bylt
    2) (a set of (fifty-two) playing-cards: a pack of cards.) spil
    3) (a number or group of certain animals: a pack of wolves / a wolf-pack.) flok
    4) (a packet: a pack of cigarettes.) pakke
    2. verb
    1) (to put (clothes etc) into a bag, suitcase or trunk for a journey: I've packed all I need and I'm ready to go.) pakke
    2) (to come together in large numbers in a small space: They packed into the hall to hear his speech.) stuve sammen
    •
    - packing-case
    - packed out
    - packed
    - pack off
    - pack up

    English-Danish dictionary > pack

  • 56 scale

    I [skeil] noun
    1) (a set of regularly spaced marks made on something (eg a thermometer or a ruler) for use as a measure; a system of numbers, measurement etc: This thermometer has two scales marked on it, one in Fahrenheit and one in Centigrade.) skala
    2) (a series or system of items of increasing or decreasing size, value etc: a wage/salary scale.) skala; -skala
    3) (in music, a group of notes going up or down in order: The boy practised his scales on the piano.) skala
    4) (the size of measurements on a map etc compared with the real size of the country etc shown by it: In a map drawn to the scale 1:50,000, one centimetre represents half a kilometre.) skala; målestoksforhold
    5) (the size of an activity: These guns are being manufactured on a large scale.) omfang
    II [skeil] verb
    (to climb (a ladder, cliff etc): The prisoner scaled the prison walls and escaped.) klatre
    III [skeil] noun
    (any of the small thin plates or flakes that cover the skin of fishes, reptiles etc: A herring's scales are silver in colour.) skæl
    * * *
    I [skeil] noun
    1) (a set of regularly spaced marks made on something (eg a thermometer or a ruler) for use as a measure; a system of numbers, measurement etc: This thermometer has two scales marked on it, one in Fahrenheit and one in Centigrade.) skala
    2) (a series or system of items of increasing or decreasing size, value etc: a wage/salary scale.) skala; -skala
    3) (in music, a group of notes going up or down in order: The boy practised his scales on the piano.) skala
    4) (the size of measurements on a map etc compared with the real size of the country etc shown by it: In a map drawn to the scale 1:50,000, one centimetre represents half a kilometre.) skala; målestoksforhold
    5) (the size of an activity: These guns are being manufactured on a large scale.) omfang
    II [skeil] verb
    (to climb (a ladder, cliff etc): The prisoner scaled the prison walls and escaped.) klatre
    III [skeil] noun
    (any of the small thin plates or flakes that cover the skin of fishes, reptiles etc: A herring's scales are silver in colour.) skæl

    English-Danish dictionary > scale

  • 57 compañero

    adj.
    accompanying.
    m.
    1 companion, comrade, friend, pal.
    2 associate, affiliate, partner.
    3 live-in lover.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 (sentimental, pareja) partner
    2 (colega) companion, mate; (camarada) comrade
    3 figurado (guante, zapato, etc) the other one, the one that goes with this one
    \
    compañero,-a de armas comrade-in-arms
    compañero,-a de colegio schoolmate
    compañero,-a de equipo team-mate
    compañero,-a de fatigas fellow sufferer
    compañero,-a de habitación roommate
    compañero,-a de piso flatmate
    compañero,-a de trabajo workmate, colleague
    compañero,-a de viaje travelling companion
    * * *
    (f. - compañera)
    noun
    companion, fellow
    * * *
    compañero, -a
    SM / F
    1) [gen] companion; (Dep, Naipes) partner; (Dep) [de equipo] team-mate

    compañero/a de armas — comrade-in-arms

    compañero/a de baile — dancing partner

    compañero/a de cama — bedfellow

    compañero/a de candidatura — running mate

    compañero/a de clase — schoolmate, classmate

    compañero/a de cuarto — roommate

    compañero/a de infortunio — companion in misfortune

    compañero/a de juego — playmate

    compañero/a de piso — flatmate, roommate (EEUU)

    compañero/a de rancho — messmate

    compañero/a de trabajo — [en fábrica] workmate, fellow worker; [en oficina] colleague

    compañero/a de viaje — fellow traveller, fellow traveler (EEUU)

    compañero/a sentimental — partner

    2)

    dos calcetines que no son compañeros — two odd socks, two socks which do not match

    ¿dónde está el compañero de este? — where is the one that goes with this?, where is the other one (of the pair)?

    3) (Pol) brother/sister

    ¡compañeros! — comrades!

    * * *
    - ra masculino, femenino

    compañero de cuarto or habitación — roommate

    compañero de juegos/de clase/de trabajo — playmate/classmate/workmate

    b) (pareja sentimental, en juegos) partner
    c) (fam) (de guante, calcetín) pair

    ¿dónde está el compañero de este guante? — where's the other glove?

    d) ( Pol) comrade
    * * *
    = bedfellow, colleague, companion, fellow, partner, helpmate, mate, partner, male partner, sexual partner, matching.
    Ex. I would like to devote a couple of moments each to what may seem strange bedfellows at first: Sholom Aleichem, Melvil's Rib, the CIA, and La Jolla, California.
    Ex. Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.
    Ex. In one, called working on time or in pocket, the clicker received copy and instructions from the overseer and divided the work among his companions.
    Ex. Some children are swayed more than others by the attitudes, opinions, behavior of friends and fellows, but none escapes unaffected, not even the outsider, the loner.
    Ex. Under this agreement, UTLAS has a Quebec partner with the exclusive right to offer UTLAS' services and products in that province.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Microcomputer library resources: headache or helpmate?.
    Ex. Equally the housewife happily crossing off her numbers in the bingo hall is just as much at leisure as is her husband painting his pigeon loft and then going for a drink with his mates at the pub.
    Ex. This project did not attempt to look at more personal factors such as partners and dependants on this occasion.
    Ex. According to custom, men are allowed to have concubines & women lack the right to refuse sex to their male partners.
    Ex. Mating strategies also appeared to be influenced by birth order, most notably in the area of infidelity, with middleborns being the least likely birth order to cheat on a sexual partner.
    Ex. By selecting this qualifier all works having a matching number of pages will be included in the search.
    ----
    * compañero de casa = housemate.
    * compañero de casa, compañero de piso = housemate.
    * compañero de clase = classmate.
    * compañero de equipo = teammate.
    * compañero de estudios = co-student.
    * compañero de fatigas = brother in arms.
    * compañero de habitación = roommate.
    * compañero de juego = teammate.
    * compañero del alma = soulmate, kindred spirit.
    * compañero de piso = flatmate, housemate.
    * compañero de profesión = colleague.
    * compañero de trabajo = co-worker [coworker], male colleague, work colleague, fellow worker.
    * compañero de viaje = fellow traveller.
    * compañero de vida = lifemate.
    * compañeros = peer group.
    * compañero sentimental = male partner.
    * enseñanza por compañeros = peer instruction.
    * red de antiguos compañeros = old boy network.
    * relación entre compañeros = peer interaction.
    * tutorías por compañeros = peer coaching.
    * * *
    - ra masculino, femenino

    compañero de cuarto or habitación — roommate

    compañero de juegos/de clase/de trabajo — playmate/classmate/workmate

    b) (pareja sentimental, en juegos) partner
    c) (fam) (de guante, calcetín) pair

    ¿dónde está el compañero de este guante? — where's the other glove?

    d) ( Pol) comrade
    * * *
    = bedfellow, colleague, companion, fellow, partner, helpmate, mate, partner, male partner, sexual partner, matching.

    Ex: I would like to devote a couple of moments each to what may seem strange bedfellows at first: Sholom Aleichem, Melvil's Rib, the CIA, and La Jolla, California.

    Ex: Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.
    Ex: In one, called working on time or in pocket, the clicker received copy and instructions from the overseer and divided the work among his companions.
    Ex: Some children are swayed more than others by the attitudes, opinions, behavior of friends and fellows, but none escapes unaffected, not even the outsider, the loner.
    Ex: Under this agreement, UTLAS has a Quebec partner with the exclusive right to offer UTLAS' services and products in that province.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Microcomputer library resources: headache or helpmate?.
    Ex: Equally the housewife happily crossing off her numbers in the bingo hall is just as much at leisure as is her husband painting his pigeon loft and then going for a drink with his mates at the pub.
    Ex: This project did not attempt to look at more personal factors such as partners and dependants on this occasion.
    Ex: According to custom, men are allowed to have concubines & women lack the right to refuse sex to their male partners.
    Ex: Mating strategies also appeared to be influenced by birth order, most notably in the area of infidelity, with middleborns being the least likely birth order to cheat on a sexual partner.
    Ex: By selecting this qualifier all works having a matching number of pages will be included in the search.
    * compañero de casa = housemate.
    * compañero de casa, compañero de piso = housemate.
    * compañero de clase = classmate.
    * compañero de equipo = teammate.
    * compañero de estudios = co-student.
    * compañero de fatigas = brother in arms.
    * compañero de habitación = roommate.
    * compañero de juego = teammate.
    * compañero del alma = soulmate, kindred spirit.
    * compañero de piso = flatmate, housemate.
    * compañero de profesión = colleague.
    * compañero de trabajo = co-worker [coworker], male colleague, work colleague, fellow worker.
    * compañero de viaje = fellow traveller.
    * compañero de vida = lifemate.
    * compañeros = peer group.
    * compañero sentimental = male partner.
    * enseñanza por compañeros = peer instruction.
    * red de antiguos compañeros = old boy network.
    * relación entre compañeros = peer interaction.
    * tutorías por compañeros = peer coaching.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    1
    (en una actividad): un compañero de equipo a fellow team member, another member of the team
    es una compañera que trabaja en la fábrica she works with me at the factory, she's a worker from the factory ( AmE), she's a workmate of mine at the factory
    mi compañero de banco or pupitre the boy who sits next to me at school
    fuimos compañeros de universidad we were at college together
    éramos compañeras de clase we were schoolmates, we were at school together
    compañero de piso roommate ( AmE), flatmate ( BrE)
    compañero de cuarto or habitación roommate
    compañero de trabajo (en una fábrica) workmate, fellow worker, coworker ( AmE) (en una oficina) colleague, workmate, coworker ( AmE)
    2 (en naipes) partner
    siempre que jugamos de compañeros perdemos every time we play together o as partners we lose
    3 (pareja) partner
    4 ( fam) (de un guante, calcetín) pair
    ¿dónde está el compañero de este guante/pendiente? where's the pair for this glove/earring?, where's the glove/earring that goes with this one?
    Compuestos:
    comrade-in-arms
    (en un viaje) traveling* companion; ( Pol) fellow traveler*
    * * *

     

    compañero
    ◊ -ra sustantivo masculino, femenino



    fuimos compañeros de universidad we were at college together;
    compañero de clase/de trabajo classmate/workmate
    b) (pareja sentimental, en juegos) partner;

    (de guante, calcetín) (fam) pair
    c) ( Pol) comrade

    compañero,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino
    1 companion: fuimos compañeros de colegio, we were school friends
    (de piso) flatmate
    (de habitación) roommate
    2 (pareja sentimental) partner
    ' compañero' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amiga
    - amigo
    - compadre
    - compañera
    - pareja
    - parejo
    - socia
    - socio
    - compinche
    - cuñado
    English:
    associate
    - brother
    - cellmate
    - classmate
    - colleague
    - companion
    - comrade
    - escort
    - fellow
    - flatmate
    - match
    - mate
    - partner
    - playmate
    - roommate
    - team-mate
    - workmate
    - class
    - coworker
    - flat
    - man
    - play
    - room
    - team
    * * *
    compañero, -a nm,f
    1. [pareja, acompañante] partner;
    la actriz asistió junto a su actual compañero the actress was accompanied by her current partner
    2. [colega] colleague;
    compañero (de trabajo) colleague, Br workmate, US co-worker;
    fue compañero mío en la universidad he was at university with me;
    hemos sido compañeros de aventuras we've done lots of things together
    compañero de apartamento Br flatmate, US roommate;
    compañero de armas comrade-in-arms;
    compañero de casa housemate;
    Esp compañero de piso Br flatmate, US roommate;
    compañero de viaje travelling companion
    3. [en juegos por parejas] partner
    4. [par]
    el compañero de este guante/calcetín the glove/sock that goes with this one
    5. [camarada] comrade;
    el compañero Rodríguez comrade Rodríguez
    * * *
    m, compañera f companion; en una relación, un juego partner
    * * *
    : companion, mate, partner
    * * *
    1. (amigo) companion
    2. (pareja) partner
    3. (de trabajo) colleague

    Spanish-English dictionary > compañero

  • 58 depredación

    f.
    depredation, devastation, plundering, predation.
    * * *
    1 (saqueo) pillaging, plundering
    2 (malversación) misappropriation (of funds), embezzlement
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=saqueo) pillage
    2) (Zool) predation
    * * *
    femenino (frml)
    a) (Zool) predation (frml)
    b) ( daño) depredation (frml)
    * * *
    = predation, depredation, plundering.
    Ex. Safety in numbers serves as a defense strategy in many organisms, as aggregation can reduce the probability of predation for individual group members.
    Ex. Libraries and archives are the subject of increasing depredations by thieves and vandals.
    Ex. The focus of the study was the plundering of Jewish gold in the German death camps.
    * * *
    femenino (frml)
    a) (Zool) predation (frml)
    b) ( daño) depredation (frml)
    * * *
    = predation, depredation, plundering.

    Ex: Safety in numbers serves as a defense strategy in many organisms, as aggregation can reduce the probability of predation for individual group members.

    Ex: Libraries and archives are the subject of increasing depredations by thieves and vandals.
    Ex: The focus of the study was the plundering of Jewish gold in the German death camps.

    * * *
    ( frml)
    1 ( Zool) predation ( frml)
    2 (daño) depredation ( frml)
    * * *
    1. [entre animales] hunting, preying
    2. [daño] depredation, pillaging
    * * *
    f depredation
    * * *
    saqueo: depredation, plunder

    Spanish-English dictionary > depredación

  • 59 estafa de la venta en cadena

    (n.) = pyramid scam
    Ex. This group voluntarily look for and report any illegal activity conducted over the Internet, such as pyramid scams, transmission of stolen credit card and calling card numbers, and pedophilia.
    * * *

    Ex: This group voluntarily look for and report any illegal activity conducted over the Internet, such as pyramid scams, transmission of stolen credit card and calling card numbers, and pedophilia.

    Spanish-English dictionary > estafa de la venta en cadena

  • 60 estrategia de defensa

    Ex. Safety in numbers serves as a defense strategy in many organisms, as aggregation can reduce the probability of predation for individual group members.
    * * *

    Ex: Safety in numbers serves as a defense strategy in many organisms, as aggregation can reduce the probability of predation for individual group members.

    Spanish-English dictionary > estrategia de defensa

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